Download ICT and Cyber Law - Milestone International College

Chapter
Information Communication Technology and Cyber
Law/Multimedia/Artificial Intelligence/Contemporary Technology
Q1. What do you mean by IT? Explain the advantage and disadvantages of IT?
Ans:- Information technology used for processing information using telecommunication, electronic and digital
devices like computers and computer software to convert store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information.
IT includes all matters resources concerned with the enhancement, installation and implementation of information
system and applications.
Advantages of IT
a) It helps to make tasks easier to find and work out
b) It has increased huge amount of employment opportunities.
c) It has speedy updates and global access of every information needed.
d) It has enhanced the social and economic standard of people.
Disadvantages of IT
a) It is difficult to update keep track of new technologies as every new software hardware need to be update as
it changes every now and then.
b) Needs a specialized or trained manpower to use it.
c) Sometime it takes huge amount of time due to slow processing of data.
d) There is greater insecurity.
e) The main server or the main computer may face problem and may create problems to others.
f) Peoples, organization and government may face of lots of problem due its misuse by hackers or
unauthorized person.
Q2.Write short notes on:a) URL (Uniform Resource Locator):- A URL is the standard address used to find a page, web server or
other device on the web or the internet. A typical address or URL is http://www.undp.org.np
The first part of the address specifies the protocol used for connection to the server, http stands for
hypertext transfer protocol, which is used for websites.
b) Domain Names: - Domain name is a string of identifiers separated by full-stop ( called dot when we are
reading out an address. The domain name of the servers identifies the type of organization and often the
country in which the server is located.
Example:.com- commercial organizations
.edu-Educational organizations
.gov- US governmental organizations
. np – representing nepal
c) World Wide Web (WWW):- The World Wide Web is one of the newest and most popular hypertext
based internet tools. It allows users to access and display documents and graphics stored on any server on
the internet. In 1989, Tim Burners-Lee, a computer scientist designed WWW as a tool to help an
international group of physicists to exchange findings and information related to their research. It became
popular only in late 1993 when window was developed.
d) Home page:- Home page is an electronic description of the company and its products and services, similar
to a catalog or a brochure. Just as catalogs should be attractive and grab the interest of customers, the
homepage should also be attractive and encourage the user to further explore the company and its products.
It can cost from Rs 5000 to 10000 for each website but for interactive homepages (where the user and the
system can interact) the cost can be higher.
Example: - cybersansar.com
Afterslc.com
Nepalnews.com
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Q2. Explain the role of multimedia. What are various tools used in multimedia? What are the minimum
requirements to make a computer multimedia equipped.
Ans:-Nowadays multimedia is used widely. It has changed the entire functions of working, learning, playing
and organizing the business. Multimedia with computer has replaced slide projector, tape, decks and movie
projector. Before multimedia with computer come into use, presentations ware hard to put together and it was
very difficult to run also. Now it is very easy to prepare presentation on the computer and it does not need any
special skill. Anybody who is familiar with computer can prepare good presentations.
Multimedia plays an important role in the different sectors of the society, ranging from the student to the movie
makers. A student can see film/images of related topic and understand it in a better way. Moviemaker can use
multimedia in effective ways with its help. They can create what they want.
Various tools used in Multimedia are:Multimedia may have one of the following
-Text and sound
-Text, sound and still or animated graphic images
-Text, sound and video images
-Video and sound
Minimum Requirement of Multimedia Computer
a) Intel Pentium processor + graphic accelerator
b) 32 or 64 MB of RAM
c) Keyboard, mouse, CD-ROM drive
d) 4 GB hard disk
e) Sound Card with external speaker and micro phone
f) SVGA Display ( Color monitor)
g) Voice display facility
Q.3 Explain the uses of e-commerce in different field?
Ans: - E-commerce has grown widely nowadays. Almost infinite variety of goods and services is available
on the internet. We can ask for any kind of works, purchase equipment and materials, book our holiday,
hire car, book theatre ticket and restaurant meal, buy anything from groceries, we can also buy or sell
stocks and shares on line, do our banking and apply for a job.
The main uses of e-commerce are:a) Banking transactions can be done through electronic means ( online banking)
b) Electronic shopping for various type of products where consumer can look out for various types for
products, view information about the products, can do comparison and after selecting can place an order for
them and pay for them electronically(shopping on the internet)
c) Government can collect tax electronically. As a result the processing is faster
d) The money transfer can take place electronically in the point of sales in supermarket around the globe.
e) Instead of floor trading by share brokers, online trading at stock exchange can be used for systematic
processing.
Q.4 Write Short notes:a) Artificial Intelligence (AI):- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on
creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. AI is the combination
of computer science, physiology and philosophy. AI means duplicating or imitating intelligence in
computers, robots or other devices which allow them to solve problems discriminate among objects and
respond to voice command.
AI is a term that in its broadest sense would indicate the ability of an artifact to
perform the same kinds of functions that characterize human thought. AI is a broad topic, consisting of
different fields from machine vision to expert systems. An artificial intelligence system has a knowledge
base and programming technique to probe and process the facts in the knowledge base. To develop a
knowledge base the designers and researcher consult experts of a particular field. They collect facts that
are based on the knowledge and experience of expert in that field. Important specialized fields are
medicine, training, computer science, mathematics, engineering, chemistry, biology, defense, oil
industry, mining geology etc
The different application field of AI is:a) Game playing
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b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Speech Recognition
Understanding natural language
Computer Vision
Automated planning and scheduling
Robotics
b) Cyber law:- Cyber law may be defined in simple words as the laws or acts or rules framed and adopted
by the concerned authority like individual government, organization for safe guarding against the digital
crime or any crimes concerned with computer that are performed by the people intentionally to damage,
make loss, steal information etc.
Cyber law is commonly known as the law of the internet. It governs the legal issues of cyberspace. The
term cyberspace is not only restricted to the internet. It is a very wide term that includes computers,
computer networks, internet, data, software etc.
Cyber law covers laws relating to the following:- Electronic and digital signatures
- Computer crime
- Intellectual property
- Data Protection and Privacy
- Telecommunications law
Q.5 What is computer animation? Where it is used mostly?
Ans:- Computer animation refers to moving of graphics. Animation is one of the important tools of multimedia
presentation, is a series of images that displayed in rapid succession, which gives illusion of movement. Animation
makes presentation attractive, real and livelier.
Computer animation is created by projecting still pictures called cells one after another at the rate of 30
per second, when the cells are projected fast enough, the illusion is smooth motion. Computer animation is also done
by projecting a series of still image called frames. Animation software like 3D studio MAX, Auto CAD or Maya
mostly used for creating animation. Computer animation is mostly used in filmmaking, multimedia presentation,
advertisement etc.
There are two type of animation they are:a) 2-D animation
b) 3-D animation
Q.6 Define viruses. Name some common viruses.
Ans: - Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the characters of biological viruses.
Computer viruses pass from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to person. A virus is a
program that can produce itself by attaching its code to another program. Some to common viruses are:1) E-mail viruses
2) Worms
3) Trojan horses
4) Logic bombs
5) File infectors
6) Cluster-infectors
7) Macro viruses
8) System infectors
Q.7 Explain the effects of computer on society.
Ans:-The effects of computer on society are as follows:Computer provide jobs to the people they don’t have to pass bachelor degree or master degree to get the
job, after having some computer courses they can get the job.
b) People whose jobs involve the use of computers are necessarily affected by them. However computers can
affect people who may never use one themselves. An unusually high electricity bill, generated from
incorrect data fed to a computer program, can cause inconvenience to the person receiving the bill
c) The introduction of automated telling machine means that an employee does not have to go to the bank
during working hours to withdraw or deposit money.
a)
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d) One of the most human effects of computers and telecommunications is the way in which they have
helped disabled people to participate in and contribute more fully to society.
e) Many working individuals would prefer to avoid the morning and afternoon rush hour traffic by working
at home. (Online job). The majorities of people are nature, gregarious and might prefer the social
atmosphere of the office. Initially they may enjoy the freedom of working at home, but sooner or later
they would become tired of working in isolation. They may also feel that they are losing the chance of a
promotion by not being in a position to see the boss easily.
f) Computers increase productivity, goods are produced more cheaply and services are provided more
easily. This increase in productivity has so far been matched by an increasing demand for material wealth.
g) Due to computers people will be required to work fewer hours to produce the goods and services required
by society. This in turn will mean more leisure hours which will be a genuine opportunity for parents to
spend more time with children, thus improving the quality of the family life.
h) A fundamental change that might take place in the future is a movement away from the cities. It will be
possible to remain in the countryside and have instant access to excellent educational, medical and
entertainment facilities. Greatest importance will be the fact that people could live in the country and still
have highly paid jobs.
i) Computer will reduce people to less numbers; more of our dealings will be with machines which are
without the human touch which creates unemployment.
Q.8 How does AI affect the society?
Ans: - AI will certainly affect the modern society by involvement of AI in doing many complex tasks that
human beings cannot do so far and especially in research field using AI technology most of the developed
countries are advancing in most of the areas. For example on January 3, 2004 USA, NASA was able to
send robot name SPIRIT all equipped with AI technology, which in deed provided lots of information
about the planet Mars. One day our living style will also change with proper use of AI and may make our
lives easier.
In future the use of Artificial Intelligence would increase but over all
human intelligence will reduce. Dependency on external hardwares would reduce the direct utilization of
brain. A technological revolution has already begun. Scientists are creating new life in the lab, nanobots
(nano-robot) are taking their first steps, and the foundations of many more world changing technologies are
now being set.
Q.9Write Short note on:
Robot: A mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of
often complex human tasks on command or by being programmed in advance. A machine or device that
operates automatically or by remote control. A device who works mechanically without original thought,
especially one who responds automatically to the commands of others. a mechanism that can move
automatically. Some robots are mobile but others are rooted to a fixed location.
Robotics:-It is the study of the design, construction and use of robots
Virtual reality: Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to
the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. On a computer,
virtual reality is primarily experienced through two of the five senses: sight and sound. In other word
virtual reality is defined as an artificial world that consists of images and sounds created by a computer and
that is affected by the actions of a person who is experiencing it
The simplest form of virtual reality is a 3-D image that can be explored interactively at a personal
computer, usually by manipulating keys or the mouse so that the content of the image moves in some
direction or zooms in or out. More sophisticated efforts involve such approaches as wrap-around display
screens, actual rooms augmented with wearable computers, and haptics devices that let you feel the display
images. For example, we might play tennis with another computer user somewhere else in the world. Both
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of us can see the moving ball and, using the haptic device, position and swing our tennis racket and feel the
impact of the ball.
Virtual reality can be divided into:


The simulation of a real environment for training and education.
The development of an imagined environment for a game or interactive story.
Popular products for creating virtual reality effects on personal computers include Bryce, Extreme 3D, Ray
Dream Studio, true Space, 3D Studio MAX, and Visual Reality. The Virtual Reality Modeling Language
(VRML) allows the creator to specify images and the rules for their display and interaction using textual
language statements.
Computer Crime: Computer crime has been defined broadly as a criminal act that has been committed
using a computer as the principal tool. Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a
network.
Cyber Crime: Any criminal act dealing with computers and networks (called hacking)is called cyber
crime. Cyber crime also includes traditional crimes conducted through the Internet. For example; hate
crimes, telemarketing and Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts are considered to be
cyber crimes when the illegal activities are committed through the use of a computer and the Internet. Any
illegal activities which are done by the help of internet is called cybercrime.
Q. 10 What are the advantage and disadvantage of robotics?
Ans:- The advantages of robotics are as follows:1) They have the capability to work at a constant speed without the need to take short breaks, sleeps and other
time spending factors. Moreover they have the potential to produce output considerably more than a
human worker
2) They don’t make any mistakes and errors as human do. This saves a lot of important output and production
time.
3) They provide optimum output in regards to quality as well as quantity.
4) In the medical they are used to carry out complicated surgeries which are very difficult for doctors and
surgeons to perform.
5) In the industrial sector they prevent any errors in the production of goods.
6) Robots that can perform house duties are also being manufactured. Some examples include robotic pool
cleaners and robotic vacuum cleaners.
The disadvantages of robotics are as follows:1) They are expensive
2) They have limited duties. They can only do what they have been ordered to do.
3) The aggressive introduction of robots and robotic systems in the world is making companies and human
beings more dependent upon robots and robotic systems and therefore a more dependent society
4) Because they would be able to think, robots would be tremendously more dangerous
Q. 11What are the different applications areas of robotics?
Ans:- The different applications areas of robotics are as follows:1) Outer space:-It is used to construct a space station and lunch satellites
2) The intelligent home:-automated systems can now monitor home security, environmental conditions and
energy usage. Door and windows can be opened automatically and appliances such as lighting and air
conditioning can be pre programmed to activate.
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3) Exploration:-Robots can visit environment that are harmful to human .An example is monitoring the
environment inside a volcano or exploring our deepest oceans.
4) Military robots:-Robots used for surveillance in today’s modern army. In the future automated aircraft and
vehicles could be used to carry fuel and missiles/bombs.
5) Farms:-Automated harvesters can cut and gather crops, Robotic dairies are available allowing operators to
feed and milk their cows remotely.
6) Car Industry:-Robotic arms that are able to perform multiple tasks are used in the car manufacturing
process. They perform tasks such as welding, cutting, lifting, sorting and bending.
7) Hospitals: - Under development is a robotic suit that will enable nurses to lift patients without damaging
their backs. Research institutions and companies have been trying to create robotic nurses to substitute for
humans.
8) Disaster areas:- Robots can be used in disaster areas(occurred by earthquake) for saving human life.
9) Entertainment:- Robots can be used in entertainment. SONY Company has one such robot which moves
freely, plays with a ball and can respond to verbal instructions.
Q. 12 What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual Reality?
Ans: - Advantages of virtual reality are as follows:a)
Many different fields can use VR as a way to trained students; this includes the fields of medicine,
architecture, aviation etc.
b) Virtual reality has helped to take entertainment to a whole new level altogether.
c) Many virtual reality models is being used to explain complex scientific situations. Scientists have used the
benefit of modeling that is offered by virtual reality to design things like car engines and internal
combustion engines.
d) Complicated subject like chemistry and biology are now being taught using virtual reality. This has not
only made job easier for teachers, but has also made the understanding of the subject matter, much quicker
and effective.
e) The technology has also been incorporated for use in medicine. Diseases like cancer can be treated more
effectively using virtual reality. This is because images of the affected area can be studied in a virtual
environment, enabling doctors to plan effective therapies for its cure
f) The use of this technology has helped many physically challenged people to learn to adapt and adjust with
their environment (children can learn how to best use their motorized wheel chairs, through an environment
created by virtual reality.
g) Various virtual surgical models are used to give information to the doctors regarding the response of
various organs towards the various surgical instruments used during an operation.
Disadvantages of Virtual Reality are as follows:a) It is expensive
b) It is complicated to use
c) The issue of dehumanization in our society is another negative aspect. It is essential to our existence that
we maintain humanistic mindset and not become overrun by a technology immersed world
d) Virtual reality, if as widespread as predicted, could result in a significant decrease in human interaction in
the real world
e) People may begin to spend more and more time in their preferred virtual or fantasy world and less time in
reality.
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