Download DATE: SEMESTER REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify

NAME:
CLASS:
DATE:
SEMESTER REVIEW
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Emperor Heraclius
A) converted the Byzantine Empire to Islam.
C) revised the law code.
B) recaptured many lost lands of the Western Roman
D) officially ended Roman traditions in the Eastern
Empire.
Empire.
2. Some Christians objected to the presence of icons in churches because they believed
A) icons gave iconoclasts too much power.
C) icons would be used to teach illiterate people about
Christianity.
B) the use of icons was too close to the worship of
D) icons had little artistic merit.
idols.
3. Which of the following was an iconoclast?
A) Leo III
C) Theodora
B) Justinian
D) Heraclius
4. The schism of 1054
A) increased the power of the pope.
C) created two distinct churches.
B) ended the golden age of Byzantine art and
D) led to the beginning of Muslim invasions of the
architecture.
Byzantine Empire.
5. Government officials located in Constantinople could be described as
A) Roman Catholic.
C) educated and cultured aristocrats.
B) militaristic.
D) uncultured peasants.
6. Under the Macedonian dynasty the Byzantine Empire was weakened by
A) conflicts between the military aristocracy and the
C) Justinian’s weak rule.
Constantinople government.
B) missionary activities of the Seljuk Turks.
D) the Nika Revolt.
7. Yaroslav successfully dealt with western Europe by
A) promising to make Roman Catholicism the state
C) arranging marriages between his daughters and
religion.
European princes.
B) threatening to attack with his mighty army.
D) bringing order and peace to the Slavs.
8. Which of the following was the main threat to Kievan Rus following the death of Yaroslav the Wise?
A) Muslim invaders from the south
C) the increasing power of princes within the state’s
borders
B) deepening divisions within the church
D) Mongol invaders from the east
9. Cyril and Methodius successfully converted many Moravians to Christianity because they
A) spoke Russian.
C) had the backing of the pope.
B) possessed superior weapons.
D) spoke the Slavonic language.
10. The Mongols did not bring destruction and devastation to much of Russia because
A) they never completely conquered it.
C) the Swedes drove them out.
B) a Russian prince discouraged rebellions against
D) most of the area was uninhabited.
Mongol conquerors.
11. What was the goal of the Teutonic Knights?
A) to banish Jews from Germany
C) to force Russians to convert to Roman Catholicism
B) to conquer the Swedes
D) to set up a feudal society in Russia
12. After the Mongols, Russia was ruled by the
A) Swedes.
C) Tatars.
B) Germans.
D) Americans.
13. The Byzantine Empire and the Russian people began a close connection when
A) Oleg successfully attacked Constantinople.
C) the Byzantines helped the Rus defend against a
Mongol invasion.
B) Rurik signed a trade agreement with Justinian.
D) Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky conquered Kiev.
14. Who was responsible for the successful introduction of Christianity to England?
A) Augustine of Canterbury
C) Clovis
B) Alfred the Great
D) Patrick
15. The author of City of God argued that
A) the Visigoths’ sack of Rome was inevitable.
C) Jesus was human.
B) people should pay less attention to God’s plan for
D) people should pay less attention to material things.
the world.
16. Monks who joined the Benedictine Order
A) had to have a university education.
C) were typically trying to avoid military service.
B) took vows of poverty and obedience.
D) abstained from manual labor.
17. The Eastern Roman Empire
A) fell to Germanic tribes called the Vandals.
C) relocated the capital to Antioch.
B) became known as the Byzantine Empire.
D) rejected all forms of Christianity.
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18. Although the people of Constantinople referred to themselves as Romans
A) the eastern emperors were not interested in restoring C) the emperor made Latin the official language
the original Roman Empire.
instead of Greek.
B) they were actually descendants of Germanic tribes. D) Greek cultural influences grew stronger over time.
19. Who were the Rus?
A) three brothers from Constantinople who set up a
C) Slavs who were imprisoned by the Khazars
trading post in Kiev
B) northern Europeans, perhaps Vikings, who united
D) three sisters who fought the Khazars to liberate
the Slavs along the Dnieper River and formed a
Slavic tribes from Kievan Rus
state called Kievan Rus
20. Because Cyril and Methodius were Greek monks
A) they only spoke Greek while celebrating the mass in C) they returned to Rome after converting the
Moravia.
Moravians.
B) it was the Byzantine version of Christianity that
D) they only spoke Latin and were rejected by speakers
spread to Russia.
of the Slavonic language.
21. Why was the Cyrillic alphabet developed?
A) to enable historians to record the history of the Rus C) to translate the religious texts of Byzantine
Christianity for the Slavs
B) to write the sacred text of the Slavic pagan religion D) to provide traders and merchants a way to record
economic transactions
22. Which group ended the period of Kievan Rus dominance?
A) the Nevskys
C) the Mongols
B) the Teutonic Knights
D) the Slavs
23. Who was instrumental in spreading Christianity to Ireland?
A) Augustine
C) Jerome
B) Peter
D) Patrick
24. Through the work of missionaries, a Christian society formed that included most of western Europe. Historians call that society
A) the Roman Catholic Church.
C) monasticism.
B) Christendom
D) the City of God.
25. Why did the pope name Charlemagne Emperor of the Roman People?
A) to ensure Charlemagne would not attack the Papal C) to reward the Lombards of Italy for faithful service
States
to the church
B) to thank Charlemagne for keeping him in power
D) because Charlemagne refused to support the pope’s
authority unless he was crowned emperor
26. Which of the following statements correctly represents Charlemagne’s views about education?
A) Education should only include military training and C) Scholars are useless in an empire.
agricultural skills.
B) All leaders should learn to read and write.
D) Only upper-class women need to receive an
education.
27. Which king drove the Vikings north of London?
A) William
C) Harold
B) Henry
D) Alfred
28. Why was King Otto finally able to defeat the Magyars in the mid-900s?
A) The Magyars had settled into a permanent home.
C) Careful animal husbandry had enabled Europeans to
breed a faster horse.
B) The Germans had discovered gunpowder.
D) A plague had weakened the Magyar army.
29. Europe became a feudal society because
A) the rarity of cash required land to be used as a
C) overpopulation required that a more efficient
payment for services.
agricultural system be developed.
B) Europeans needed to defend themselves against
D) skilled craftspeople had emerged as farming
constant raids and invasions.
techniques improved.
30. Christians drove the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula during the
A) First Crusade.
C) Reconquista.
B) sagas.
D) Battle of Hastings.
31. The pope’s influence in the Middle Ages resulted from
A) the fact that nearly everyone in Europe was
C) the powerful army he headed under General
Christian.
Charlemagne.
B) the economic influence of the Papal States.
D) his appointment by the Roman Emperor.
32. What led to the split in the Christian Church in 1054?
A) the defeat of the Papal States by Otto the Great
C) a pacifist group’s opposition to the Crusades
B) the desire of Henry IV for a divorce from his wife
D) the refusal of the patriarch of Constantinople to
recognize the pope’s authority
33. Which of the following families was the most influential in the expansion of the Franks?
A) Capetians
C) Carolingians
B) Stuarts
D) Saxons
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34. How did Charlemagne ensure that his counts remained loyal and did their jobs well?
A) by sending monks to convert them to Christianity
C) by replacing all local rulers with members of the
Carolingian family
B) by setting up a system of rewards and punishments D) by ensuring that they received excellent educations
administered by inspectors
35. Scholars in Aachen performed which of the following important services?
A) They opened finishing schools for young ladies
C) They defended libraries against raids by the
from the upper classes.
Vikings.
B) They made copies of ancient texts for monasteries D) They taught Charlemagne how to read and write.
across Europe.
36. Which of the following is considered one of the most important leaders in European history?
A) Charles Martel
C) Hugh Capet
B) Louis the Pious
D) Charlemagne
37. Vikings began raiding northern Europe because
A) they wanted to stop attacks on Scandinavia.
C) they wanted to spread their religion.
B) they had converted to Christianity and sought
D) Viking farmers could not grow enough food.
Christian relics.
38. How did the Magyars differ from the Vikings?
A) They were peaceful rather than warlike.
C) They were never defeated, unlike the Vikings.
B) They were nomads, rather than living in permanent D) They were Muslims, rather than Christians.
settlements.
39. How were the Vikings and the Magyars similar?
A) Both were great sailors.
C) Both originated in central Asia.
B) Both were fierce warriors.
D) Both fought the Muslims.
40. The feudal system had which of the following effects?
A) It centralized government.
C) It increased the pope’s power.
B) It diminished the power of kings.
D) It freed most Europeans from work obligations.
41. Which of the following countries was the first to develop a strong central government?
A) England
C) Germany
B) France
D) Italy
42. Which of the following began to extend the power of the monarchy throughout France?
A) Eleanor of Aquitaine
C) Hugh Capet
B) Otto the Great
D) King Harold
43. After Charlemagne’s death, which of the following occurred?
A) France divided into several small states.
C) The Papal States became an independent kingdom.
B) Germany divided into several small states.
D) Western Europe was split into five parts.
44. The church’s influence increased around 1000 because at that time
A) the Moors were finally driven completely off the
C) there was an upsurge of religious devotion across
Iberian Peninsula.
Europe.
B) the feudal system emerged.
D) Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope.
45. New monasteries were founded beginning in about 900 because
A) local political leaders desired more political power. C) Christianity was the dominant religion in Western
Europe for the first time.
B) the existing orders were too strict and attracted few D) older monasteries were usually led by abbots
new monks.
concerned only with power and prestige.
46. The goal of the First Crusade was to
A) convert Muslims to Christianity.
C) take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the
Muslims.
B) take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the
D) conquer Constantinople.
Byzantines.
47. Which of the following was an effect of the Crusades?
A) Roman Catholics became more tolerant of Eastern C) Important trade routes were destroyed.
Orthodoxy and Judaism.
B) Knights gained political power.
D) European kings gained more political power.
48. Merchants asked the king for special charters for towns because
A) the merchants did not want to pay fees to feudal
C) they wanted to keep women out of guilds.
lords.
B) the Crusades made Europe less safe, so rural people D) they wanted charters granting religious freedom.
banded together for protection.
49. Why were many of the written works created during the Early Middle Ages religious texts?
A) Most people did not enjoy reading epics or
C) Few people outside of the clergy could read and
romances.
write.
B) Church law required it.
D) Few people were very religious.
50. Some Christians may have disagreed with the ideas of Thomas Aquinas because he
A) was uneducated.
C) practiced alchemy despite Church laws forbidding
it.
B) wanted to reconcile faith and reason.
D) did not believe in the existence of God.
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51. What was the end result of the Wars of the Roses?
A) The French drove the English out of their country.
B) The Lancasters won the throne.
C) The plague was spread by soldiers.
D) A Tudor nobleman took the throne, beginning a
new era in English history.
52. The Black Death led to
A) massive witch hunts throughout Europe.
C) greater religious tolerance in Western Europe.
B) the collapse of the medieval manor system.
D) the end of the Hundred Years’ War.
53. The pope excommunicated all Crusaders taking part in the Fourth Crusade because they
A) massacred entire communities of Jews in Europe.
C) worshipped idols and prayed to icons.
B) attacked a Christian city to pay their passage to the D) burned the holy city of Jerusalem to the ground.
Holy Land.
54. How many organized Crusades set out from Europe between 1096 and 1291?
A) three
C) seven
B) four
D) nine
55. Which of the following was one effect of the Crusades?
A) Relations between religious groups became more
C) Trade decreased.
strained.
B) Jews moved to Jerusalem.
D) The feudal system strengthened.
56. What was the Hanseatic League?
A) a group of Italian cities and towns that worked
C) a group of northern German cities and towns that
together to promote and protect trade
worked together to promote and protect trade
B) speakers of the vernacular
D) a guild of troubadours that allowed women to join
57. Which of the following founded new towns during the medieval period?
A) feudal lords
C) farmers
B) bishops
D) merchants
58. It was difficult for journeymen to become masters
A) because they often had to return home to run family C) due to some of the guild restrictions.
farms when their fathers died.
B) because adequate training was unavailable.
D) because few could afford to buy from craftspeople.
59. Many artists in the Middle Ages created works of art
A) that were displayed in churches and cathedrals.
C) to satisfy debts to feudal lords.
B) to raise funds for the Crusaders.
D) in order to create a secular common culture.
60. What was the art of illumination?
A) traveling from court to court to spread news
C) decorating written manuscripts with pictures or
designs
B) installing stained glass windows in cathedrals
D) composing music in Latin
61. Both Geoffrey Chaucer and Dante Alighieri wrote in
A) Latin.
C) the vernacular.
B) English.
D) calligraphy.
62. European universities helped create
A) guilds.
C) the science of alchemy.
B) an educated class that spoke Latin.
D) secularism.
63. Epic poems differed from religious texts in that they were intended to be
A) entertaining.
C) read in private.
B) studied in universities.
D) accessible only to the clergy.
64. What is another name for the plague that devastated Europe in the mid-1300s?
A) the Human Scourge
C) the Black Death
B) the Mongol Hordes
D) the Danse Macabre
65. Who won the Hundred Years’ War?
A) the French
C) the Lancasters
B) the English
D) the Muslims
66. What military advantage did the English have over the French in the Hundred Years’ War?
A) better weapons
C) a powerful Navy
B) more soldiers
D) better navigational instruments
67. The city-state of Sparta was characterized by
A) democratic institutions.
C) an emphasis on warfare.
B) an emphasis on temple worship.
D) dependence upon the sea.
68. Which of the following gods or goddesses was the deity of war?
A) Athena
C) Hera
B) Apollo
D) Ares
69. Greeks tried to ensure that the gods and goddesses would protect them and their city-states by
A) writing epics.
C) performing rituals and sacrifices.
B) building them homes on Mount Olympus.
D) telling stories about their lives.
70. Which of the following leaders set the stage for Athenian democracy by breaking up the power of noble families?
A) Peisistratus
C) Solon
B) Cleisthenes
D) Draco
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71. What was the result of the first Persian invasion?
A) The Persians won but Darius was killed in the
C) The Spartans won.
battle.
B) The Athenians won.
D) Ionia won its independence.
72. Which of the following historians examined his sources critically and excluded those that were unreliable?
A) Herodotus
C) Thucydides
B) Homer
D) Zenophon
73. “What is truth?” is a question associated with
A) Socrates.
C) Aristotle.
B) Homer.
D) Aristophanes.
74. Who took the throne in Macedonia after King Philip II was assassinated?
A) Alexander
C) Darius II
B) Philip III
D) Archimedes
75. Alexander’s empire did not grow any larger because
A) his generals began fighting for power.
C) his soldiers wanted to return home.
B) the Hindu Kush defeated him.
D) he reached all his goals.
76. New schools of philosophy developed during the Hellenistic period, in part because
A) people sought ways to explain the violence and
C) Alexander brought philosophers together from all
bloodshed of the period.
over his empire.
B) people rejected the Greek gods.
D) classical philosophy absorbed ideas from other
cultures.
77. Which of the following is the correct sequence of influential men in the development of democracy in Athens, from first to last?
A) Draco, Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes
C) Solon, Peisistratus, Cleisthenes, Alexander
B) Plato, Pericles, Draco, Solon
D) Solon, Draco, Aristophanes, Peisistratus
78. Why did the Persian emperor Darius attack the Greek mainland?
A) to gain control of Greece’s vast natural resources
C) to kidnap Helen, the beautiful queen of Athens
B) to exact revenge for the Athenians’ victory at
D) to punish Athens for aiding the Ionians in their
Marathon
revolt against Persian rule
79. Some of the earliest examples of Greek epic poetry were
A) written by Aristophanes.
C) written by women.
B) the Iliad and the Odyssey.
D) written for the festival of Dionysus.
80. Why did a group of senators murder Julius Caesar?
A) because he was extremely unpopular with the
C) because he was waging a civil war
Roman people
B) to dismantle the Republic and return governing
D) to prevent him from destroying the Roman Republic
power to the monarchy
81. The statement “I found Rome built of bricks; I leave her clothed in marble” refers to
A) the ambitious building program initiated under
C) the ambitious building program initiated under
Hannibal’s rule.
Augustus’s rule.
B) the development of massive rock quarries in the
D) the rebuilding of Rome after Carthage burned the
Italian countryside.
city to the ground.
82. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the governments of Rome?
A) the Augustan Age, the Caesar Age, the Roman
C) the Julio-Claudians, the Roman Republic, the
Republic
Augustan Age, the Good Emperors
B) the Roman Republic, the Augustan Age, the
D) the Roman Republic, the Latin monarchy, the Good
Julio-Claudians, the Good Emperors
Emperors, the Augustan Age
83. Which of the following emerged in the early Christian Church to oversee church affairs and priests within each city?
A) bishops
C) popes
B) the laity
D) Apostles
84. The bishops of Rome claimed to have authority over all other bishops because
A) they were seen as Peter’s spiritual heirs.
C) they were seen as Paul’s spiritual heirs.
B) they were descended from Jesus.
D) Rome was the most powerful city in the Empire.
85. Which of the following was a Visigothic king who sacked Rome in 410?
A) Alaric
C) Attila
B) Diocletian
D) Odoacer
86. Which of the following was one of Diocletian’s reforms?
A) He divided the empire in two.
C) He issued the Edict of Milan.
B) He provided free food and entertainment to Roman D) He issued the first written law code.
citizens.
87. What caused the Third Punic War?
A) the Romans’ desire to destroy Carthage
C) Hannibal’s desire to conquer rural northern Italy
B) the Romans’ need for more land as its population
D) the Carthaginians’ fear that Roman expansion
grew
would interfere with trade and commerce
88. Why did Octavian adopt the title “first citizen”?
A) to emphasize that he had more power than other
C) to show that he was retiring from politics
magistrates
B) to illustrate the duties of citizens in a republic
D) to avoid the title of king or emperor
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89. What caused inflation after the last of the Good Emperors died?
A) the minting of new coins containing copper and lead C) the tax cut implemented to spur the Roman
in order to maintain the money supply
economy
B) the layoff of thousands of soldiers to save money
D) the flood of foreign currency into Rome as a result
of increased trade
90. Mesoamerica was the site of the first farming settlements in the Americas because
A) Europeans brought seeds and domesticated animals C) the groups that lived there were vegetarians.
there first.
B) people settled there first.
D) the warm temperatures, plentiful rainfall, and fertile
soils were ideal for agriculture.
91. Why was Tula a major center for trade?
A) Its people did not farm.
C) It was located near obsidian mines.
B) It was on the coast.
D) It was located near gold mines.
92. What was a major difference between the Maya civilization and other civilizations in Mesoamerica?
A) It emerged much earlier than any other civilization. C) Unlike other civilizations, its leaders preferred
diplomacy over warfare.
B) It was much larger than the others.
D) It engaged in trade, while others did not.
93. Which of the following built the largest empire in South America?
A) the Nazca
C) the Incas
B) the Aztecs
D) the Moche
94. Which of the following accurately describes the economy of the Incas?
A) government-controlled
C) dependent upon slavery
B) free market
D) weak
95. Which of the following groups in Inca society had to “pay” the labor tax or mita?
A) slaves
C) priests
B) the elite
D) farmers
96. Which of the following provide useful clues about Hopewell society?
A) paintings found on the walls of cliff dwellings
C) carvings made from walrus tusks
B) their early written records
D) objects buried inside large stone and earth mounds
97. What did the Zapotec, Toltec, and Maya cultures have in common?
A) All practiced human sacrifice.
C) None of the cultures built cities.
B) All used their strong militaries to dominate a large D) All were in Mesoamerica.
region for hundreds of years.
98. The Aztec Empire grew wealthy through
A) rich farmland and control of excellent hunting
C) tribute and trade.
ground.
B) rich natural resources.
D) the sale of slaves.
99. Which of the following was true about Inca society?
A) All lived with the fear of being sacrificed to the
C) Families were grouped into cooperative
gods.
communities.
B) People were allowed to worship only the sun god.
D) Individual achievements were highly valued and
richly rewarded.
100. Which dynasty unified China in 221 BC?
A) Han
C) Daoist
B) Qin
D) Zhou
101. Which of the following is a reason for the fall of the Han dynasty?
A) The Great Wall of China was destroyed by an
C) A rebel named Wang Mang seized the throne.
earthquake.
B) Nobles who had lost their land revolted and seized D) Peasants revolted, rebels caused chaos, and power
power.
shifted from the central government to local
warlords.
102. One of the most important ideas of Confucianism was that
A) trade should be the basis of any economy.
C) women and men should be equal under the law.
B) the family was central to the well-being of the state. D) government leaders should rule with an iron fist.
103. How did Chandragupta ensure a strong, centralized government in India?
A) by organizing a bureaucracy and a system of spies C) by establishing a civil service governed by
to monitor officials
Confucian principles
B) by handsomely rewarding loyal nobles
D) by establishing a civil service governed by Jainist
principles
104. Why is Ashoka considered one of India’s greatest rulers?
A) He greatly reduced the empire’s territory.
C) He worked to improve the lives of people in the
empire.
B) He was a Hindu.
D) He united the empire after centuries of
disorganization and division.
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105. A Greek ambassador, Megasthenes, described the capital of the Mauryan Empire as
A) an impoverished city with crumbling walls and
C) a city with magnificent palaces, temples and parks.
beggars in the street.
B) a hostile city where the citizens carried weapons
D) a surprisingly small, but growing town, with
and fights broke out in the streets.
friendly merchants selling fine wares.
106. The Gupta Empire reached its height under
A) Chandragupta Maurya.
C) Chandra Gupta II.
B) Samudra Gupta.
D) Faxian.
107. Which of the following best describes the goods that were traded during the Gupta period?
A) India sent silk to Rome, and Rome sent spices to
C) India sent cotton and ivory to Rome, and Rome sent
India.
spices to China.
B) India sent cashmere and cotton to China, and China D) Rome sent ceramics to India, and India sent silk to
sent silk to India.
Rome.
108. During the Gupta period,
A) doctors knew very little about curing diseases.
C) doctors didn’t know how to set broken bones.
B) medicines were created from plants and minerals.
D) many people died because of bungled surgeries.
109. Which of the following would a follower of Legalism most likely have supported as a punishment for a scholar who criticized the
government?
A) firing him from his university position
C) two days of house arrest
B) torture and death
D) forced labor on massive building projects
110. Why did the Han develop a civil service system?
A) to reward soldiers for military service
C) to obtain officials who held Confucian values
B) to encourage higher education among the nation’s
D) to solidify the dynasty’s power by offering rivals
youth
government jobs
111. Buddhism became popular in China because
A) the emperor became a Buddhist in AD 200.
C) Zhang Qian introduced Buddhism when he returned
from Central Asia.
B) civil service exams were based on Buddhist
D) its message of escape from suffering offered more
principles.
hope than did Confucianism.
112. Chandragupta divided his empire
A) among his four sons.
C) into districts and appointed relatives and generals to
rule them.
B) into two districts, each governed by one of his
D) among his fellow Jainist monks.
wives.
113. Which of the following promoted Buddhism in India?
A) Kautilya
C) Chandragupta
B) Ashoka
D) the Tamil king
114. Where was Mecca located?
A) on the Arabian Peninsula near the Red Sea
C) at the mouth of the Nile River
B) in the largest oasis of the Sinai Desert
D) on the Arabian Peninsula near the Mediterranean
Sea
115. Muhammad left Mecca because
A) he believed Allah commanded him to do so.
C) his teachings made it unsafe for him to stay there.
B) he wanted to spread his message.
D) the Kaaba had been destroyed.
116. A Muslim who states, “There is no god but God [Allah], and Muhammad is the messenger of God,” has fulfilled the
A) first pillar of Islam.
C) pilgrimage to Mecca.
B) Ten Commandments.
D) giving of alms.
117. During Ramadan, Muslims are required to
A) read the Qur’an.
C) make a pilgrimage to Mecca.
B) follow the lessons in the Sunna.
D) go without food or drink from dawn to dusk.
118. The Muslim place of worship is called a
A) minaret.
C) Kaaba.
B) hadith.
D) mosque.
119. Which of the following established a powerful dynasty in Egypt in 969?
A) the Seljuk Turks
C) the Mamluks
B) the Fatimids
D) the Mongols
120. Which of the following groups ended the Abbasid caliphate?
A) the Fatimids
C) the Mamluks
B) the Seljuk Turks
D) the Mongols
121. Muslim society remained distinct even after the fall of the Abbasid caliphate because
A) Islam remained the state religion in all areas.
C) only Arabs were Muslims.
B) Islam affected nearly all aspects of daily life.
D) by that time, all Muslims were Sunnis.
122. When did Muslim women lose status?
A) at the time of Muhammad
C) during the Abbasid dynasty
B) during the Umayyad dynasty
D) when Islam split into three groups
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123. The economy of the Muslim community depended largely on
A) commerce.
C) the banking industry.
B) subsistence agriculture.
D) manufacturing.
124. Which of the following Muslim scholars wrote a history of the world and warned historians against having bias?
A) Ibn Sina
C) Ibn Khaldun
B) Ibn Rushd
D) Ibn Sufi
125. Muslim artists avoided using figures and instead painted
A) elaborate landscape scenes.
C) geometric patterns and floral designs.
B) colorful, abstract patterns.
D) birds, insects, and reptiles.
126. Beautifully styled writing that is a distinctive feature of Islamic art is called
A) arabesque.
C) script.
B) calligraphy.
D) minaret.
127. Who wrote the Rubaiyat?
A) Jalal ad-Din Rumi
C) Omar Khayyam
B) Ibn Rushd
D) Muhammad
128. At the time of Muhammad’s birth, what brought religious pilgrims to Mecca?
A) the House of Wisdom
C) the Dome of the Rock
B) the Kaaba
D) the variety of mosques
129. Some Meccans did not accept Muhammad’s teachings because he
A) had a career as a merchant.
C) refused to share the angel’s message.
B) criticized their belief in many gods.
D) chose to live in Yathrib.
130. Islam spread to places such as West Africa and Southeast Asia because
A) escaped Umayyad princes set up dynasties there.
C) the Abbasids conquered those lands.
B) Muslims fought major battles there.
D) Muslim traders traveled there.
131. People who accepted the Umayyad rulers were known as
A) Meccans.
C) Shia.
B) Sunnis.
D) Sufis.
132. Some were unhappy with Umayyad rule because the Umayyads
A) extended privileges to non-Muslims.
C) did not extend the empire.
B) favored the Shia.
D) ruled contrary to the Muslim ideal of equality.
133. What was the result of Muslim scholars translating Greek texts into Arabic?
A) It kept the information from Europeans.
C) The texts were then translated into Latin and used in
European universities.
B) It limited what Muslim scholars studied.
D) Everyone under Muslim rule was required to learn
Greek and Arabic.
134. There are few figures in Islamic art because Muslims believe that
A) portraying people might tempt some to worship the C) calligraphy is the only acceptable artistic style.
images.
B) people are inherently sinful and not worthy of
D) art should focus solely on religious topics.
representation.
135. Why do scientists call the period before about 3000 BC prehistory?
A) because humans did not exist before that time
C) because scholars have learned nothing about that
period of time
B) because writing did not exist at that time
D) because no important historical events happened
before that time
136. Which of the following represents the correct sequence in which early humanlike beings appeared?
A) Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Australopithecine,
C) Australopithecine, Homo habilis, Homo erectus,
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
B) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Australopithecine,
D) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens,
Homo sapiens
Australopithecine
137. What led to the emergence of more defined social ranking?
A) the growth of settled communities
C) the emergence of Neanderthals
B) the adoption of a nomadic lifestyle
D) migration to the Americas
138. Where did the world’s first civilizations arise?
A) in sub-Saharan Africa
C) in sparsely populated areas
B) in North America
D) along fertile river valleys
139. Which of the following advances in farming was most important in the development of cities?
A) domestication of cattle
C) irrigation
B) the plow
D) use of metal tools
140. What was an early important development of Homo sapiens?
A) domestication of animals
C) the wheel
B) farming
D) spoken language
141. The shift from hunting and gathering to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution because it
A) coincided with the development of wooden tools.
C) began the process of global warming.
B) changed life dramatically.
D) began a long period of warfare in the Fertile
Crescent.
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142. Agriculture emerged
A) after a warming trend resulted in new plants and
C)
animals.
B) as glaciers moved toward the equator bringing
D)
water.
143. Cultural diffusion may have affected an early civilization
A) by making it more difficult to control trade.
C)
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when religious leaders forced some people to
become farmers.
in the Paleolithic Era.
when people adopted new customs, skills, and
technologies.
B) by encouraging the preservation of distinct
D) by lowering the standards for entry into a craft
characteristics.
guild.
Which of the following developments marked the transition from prehistory to the historical age?
A) cuneiform
C) Hammurabi’s Code
B) the Phoenician alphabet
D) the Torah
Which of the following is the most sacred text of Judaism?
A) the Talmud
C) the Hebrew Bible
B) the Torah
D) the Old Testament
The first civilization arose in Mesopotamia because
A) people in the Fertile Crescent had a vibrant religious C) the area was suitable for agriculture.
life.
B) the Hittites were able to master ironworking
D) the Phoenicians had become expert sailors.
techniques.
A government arose in Mesopotamia because
A) the invention of writing made record-keeping
C) the hunting and gathering societies there needed
possible.
structure and law.
B) their religion required a government to make laws. D) large projects to control flooding required
organization.
Why did the Phoenicians turn to trade and the sea for their livelihood?
A) because Phoenicians needed concrete for buildings C) because they needed a purple die used to color
traditional garments
B) because farming was difficult and resources were
D) because constant flooding made agriculture
limited
impossible
Sumerian writing is called
A) Sanskrit.
C) stylus.
B) the Phoenician alphabet.
D) cuneiform.
A distinct social hierarchy appeared in Sumer
A) because everyone had to work in the fields
C) because Hammurabi’s Code legislated that a strict
surrounding the city to produce enough food for
social hierarchy be developed.
survival.
B) as trade enriched Sumer.
D) because their military victories brought them many
artisans.
Which of the following reflects the chronological order of empires in and around the Fertile Crescent from first to last?
A) the Akkadian Empire, the Babylonian Empire, the C) the Assyrian Empire, the Chaldean Empire, the
Hittite Empire, the Assyrian Empire, and the
Akkadian Empire, the Babylonian Empire, and the
Chaldean Empire
Hittite Empire
B) the Akkadian Empire, the Assyrian Empire, the
D) the Babylonian Empire, the Akkadian Empire, the
Chaldean Empire, the Babylonian Empire, and the
Hittite Empire, the Chaldean Empire, and the
Hittite Empire
Assyrian Empire
Israel split into two kingdoms because
A) the twelve tribes disagreed over who should be
C) the Philistines invaded.
king.
B) the Assyrians invaded.
D) Moses told them God had willed it.
Darius I fought to restore order in the first year of his reign because
A) the well-loved Cyrus II had been assassinated in
C) most Persians wanted Cambyses II to take the
Central Asia.
throne.
B) there was a rebellion under Cambyses II and many D) the Medes had again taken control of part of Persia.
Persians disliked Darius I.
What religion arose in parts of Persia during the reign of Cyrus?
A) Christianity
C) Buddhism
B) Judaism
D) Zoroastrianism
The geography of Mesopotamia led people to
A) migrate to the Sinai Peninsula.
C) develop methods to control water.
B) adopt hunting and gathering as a way of life.
D) build cities along the Mediterranean coastline.
Sumerians developed a large trading network because
A) they wanted slaves to build ziggurats.
C) their army was not powerful.
B) the empire included many different kingdoms.
D) they lacked raw materials such as wood and metal.
Which of the following groups was the most brutal in dealing with opposition and dissent?
A) the Hittites
C) the Chaldeans
B) the Phoenicians
D) the Assyrians
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158. Who was the first king of Israel?
A) Saul
C) Solomon
B) David
D) Nebuchadnezzar II
159. A Jew who eats kosher food is following
A) the Diaspora.
C) Hammurabi’s Code.
B) Mosaic law.
D) the Psalms.
160. Persia’s Royal Road was built in order to
A) discourage far-flung trading networks.
C) conquer additional territory.
B) foster communication between distant parts of the
D) encourage tourism.
empire.
161. Why did pharaohs of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom improve defenses along the Nile?
A) to protect trade routes
C) to fight the Phoenicians
B) to defend against nobles from the Old Kingdom
D) to restore stability to Egypt
162. Why did pharaohs of the Egyptian New Kingdom build a strong military?
A) to protect trade routes
C) to defend against nobles from the Middle Kingdom
B) to protect Egypt against invasion
D) to restore stability to Egypt
163. Egypt became monotheistic during the reign of
A) Menes.
C) Hatshepsut.
B) Tut.
D) Akhenaten.
164. Which of the following restored the worship of traditional gods?
A) Ramses II
C) Akhenaten
B) Tut
D) Hatshepsut
165. Why did Egyptians bury possessions with their dead?
A) so the ka would recognize its body
C) to sustain the ka in the afterlife
B) to display the family’s wealth and privilege
D) because inheritance was unknown in Egypt
166. Egyptians were interested in math and science because
A) their religion revolved around numerical patterns.
C) they became intrigued by the writing of the ancient
Greeks.
B) they longed to understand how the world worked.
D) they wanted to use them to improve their lives.
167. Egyptian statues were often
A) detailed and unique.
C) displayed in private homes.
B) large and imposing.
D) models for paintings.
168. Nubia’s economy differed from Egypt’s in that it
A) had great mineral wealth but lacked Egypt’s rich
C) remained closed to trade with other societies.
farmland.
B) had rich farmland but lacked Egypt’s great mineral D) did not depend on the Nile.
wealth.
169. What funded building projects in Meroë?
A) tribute forced from conquered peoples
C) trade in iron products
B) trade in gold
D) agriculture
170. What ended the Kushite rule of Egypt?
A) the invasion of the Hyksos
C) a decline in trade caused by increased competition
and warfare
B) the invasion of the Assyrians
D) the end of the ice ages
171. Why did pharaohs have absolute power in Egypt?
A) Pharaohs ruled the country using terror.
C) The kingdom was small enough for one man to
exercise complete control.
B) Egyptians believed the pharaoh was a god in human D) Egyptians believed the pharaoh received
form.
instructions directly from the vizier.
172. What important change occurred in Egypt when Akhenaten became pharaoh?
A) Most Egyptians worshipped the Hittite gods.
C) Most Egyptians converted to Judaism.
B) Egypt became monotheistic.
D) Egypt became polytheistic.
173. Objects were buried with Egyptian mummies in order to
A) buy the person’s entry into heaven.
C) display wealth.
B) keep the gods happy.
D) serve the ka.
174. Due to his political achievements and artistic legacy, no other pharaoh is as remembered or admired as
A) Hatshepsut.
C) Menes.
B) Piankhi.
D) Ramses.
175. What were key differences between the Meroë and earlier Kushite culture?
A) Rulers of the Meroë abandoned many aspects of
C) Meroë was monotheistic; earlier Kushite culture
Egyptian culture the earlier Kushites had adopted.
was not.
B) Pyramids were no longer built in Meroë.
D) Women in earlier Kushite culture enjoyed a higher
status than they did in Meroë.
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176. Scholars believe that Indus civilization was a single society rather than a collection of independent city-states because
A) it maintained a large fleet of ocean-going vessels
C) only the largest city had granaries and warehouses.
and had a far-flung trading network.
B) city designs were similar and people shared a
D) a vast network of roads connected the largest cities
standard set of weights and measures.
with towns throughout the Indus Valley.
177. The economy of the Indus civilization was based on
A) shipbuilding.
C) agriculture and trade.
B) only agriculture.
D) warfare and tribute.
178. The brahmin varna gained more influence as
A) Vedic society abandoned hunting and gathering in C) religious rituals grew more complex and became
favor of agriculture.
more important in Vedic society.
B) Indus Valley cities were flooded and destroyed.
D) epidemic diseases became more common and more
deadly.
179. Hindus believe that the atman is released from the body at death and later reborn in another body in a process called
A) devas.
C) moksha.
B) karma.
D) reincarnation.
180. Jains disagreed with Hindus over which of the following?
A) the practice of nonviolence
C) the importance of honesty
B) the emphasis on ritual
D) whether achieving moksha was possible
181. The Four Noble Truths teach that
A) everyone suffers from the desire for material things, C) harming animals in any way is morally wrong.
but overcoming these desires will bring suffering to
an end.
B) special techniques can be used to harness spiritual
D) all people must respect the elder members of their
energy and achieve nirvana in a single lifetime.
family and care for children with loving kindness.
182. How did Buddhism change after Buddha’s death?
A) It developed an institutional hierarchy.
C) It split into three main traditions.
B) It began to emphasize Buddha’s descent from God. D) It began to require that Buddhists give up all their
earthly possessions.
183. Mountains, hills, and deserts helped the Chinese to thrive because
A) they provided varied ecosystems for a wide variety C) the dangers located there taught the Chinese how to
of plants and animals.
be great warriors.
B) these features protected China from invasion.
D) these features encouraged the Chinese to become
expert hunter-gatherers.
184. The presence of valuable items and sacrificed prisoners of war in Shang royal tombs indicates that the Shang
A) had no religious beliefs.
C) worshipped their ancestors.
B) believed in an afterlife.
D) often married close relatives.
185. Which of the following resulted from rebellions against Zhou rule?
A) the spread of Buddhism
C) the myth of the Xia
B) the Western Zhou dynasty
D) the Warring States Period
186. The people of India’s first civilization depended on monsoon rains to bring water for crops
A) which only happened every other year.
C) and to cause flooding which deposited fertile soil.
B) and to loosen rocks used for building.
D) and wash away accumulated debris from city
streets.
187. The Buddha taught
A) following your desires leads to enlightenment.
C) it is best to avoid meditation.
B) suffering is not part of human life.
D) those who follow the Eightfold Path can attain
nirvana.
188. During the Vedic period members of each varna
A) married into a higher varna.
C) played specific roles in society.
B) followed the Middle Way.
D) changed castes frequently.
189. Most Jains are vegetarians because
A) strict dietary laws in the Mahabharata forbid eating C) they dislike the religious rituals surrounding the
meat.
butchering of animals.
B) they are careful to not harm any living creature.
D) they cannot eat anything that requires cooking.
190. Confucius responded to the chaos in China during the late Zhou period by
A) withdrawing from the world and becoming a monk. C) teaching about the dynastic cycle to encourage
people to rise up against corrupt rulers.
B) teaching that people should love and respect one
D) encouraging people to retreat from the laws of
another through traditional manners and rituals.
society.