Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 137 Rat Eye Color: The Genes Involved and Their Interadlon l RILLA McCUBBINS, PhUUps Unlvenlt,., Enid INTRoDUCTION The purpose of this paper is to discU88 the genes involved in determlning eye color and coat color in rats and the relationship of these genee to each other. Rats have the following coat and eye color combinations: dark eyes and agouti coat, dark eyes and black coat, ruby eyes and yellow coat, pink eyes and yellow coat, ruby eyes and dark cream coat, pink eyea and cream coat, and pink eyes and albino coat. Three genes have been described by Dunn as affecUng eye color. The first of these is the albino locus with ita four alleles: a causing pink eyes and albino coat, (JJl causing pink eyes and yellow coat, a' causing ruby eyes and yellow coat, and aO allowing full color (Dunn, 1962). The two other genes described by Dunn (Sinnott, Dunn, Dobzhan8ky, 1958) showed simple dominance. The genes P and R pennitted full color; homozygou pp resulted in pink-eyed yellow animals, and homozygo.... IT In roby-eyed yellow animals. Animals of the genotype pprr were expected to appear pink-eyed and yellow. ME'l'HODS AND MATEa1AL8 Animals of the coat and eye color comblnatlou dacrlbed above were investigated. Hooded rats of all except the dark cream with roby eyee and the albino occurred, and these were coneldered u completely pigmented in counting offspring but were not WIed in turther breeding. PROC. OJ' THE OKLA. ACAD. OF SCI. FOR 1962 188 Kethodl UNcI In breeding were standard; spec1tic CODIIdered In the following eection. CI'088e8 have been RB8UL'fS AND DISCUSSION In plnk-eyed yellow anima" investigated, the presence of the homozygcondltlon wu determined by crossing an albino, 00, with a pinkeyed yellow. Agouti offspring occurred instead of the pink-eyed yellows which would have been obtained from crossing an ~~ animal. Evidence 8Upportlng this was the 11ght belly coloration characteristic of full-eolored agouti animala and slmDar to that described by DUDJ1 (1921). OWl GeGe Thl8 investigation indicated a gene in addition to the three previously reported, and the alleles of this gene were stUdied. Creams crossed with black an1Jnale produced all black offspring; the F l animals crossed With the parent cream produced dark-eyed black and pink-eyed cream animals in a 1:1 ratio. Using other animals, agouti bred with pink-eyed cream produced only dark-eyed black and dark-eYed agouti animals. The allele tor pink eyes and cream coat, be, was recessive to the one for dark eyes and black coat, b·, and dark eyes and agouti coat, b-,o and b· was recessive to ba • One or more d1llutlon genes caused an observable l1ghtenlng in the color of all animal coats. One animal occurred which had ruby eyes and a dark cream coat. In three crosses with a cream animal, which had previoualy bred In the expected manner, only black offspring were obtained. Backcrosates and F l X F l crosses produced offspring in ratios of pink-eyed cream and dark-eyed black animals as expected from the loci discussed above. It baa been hypothesized that the genotype of the ruby-eyed cream animal was that ot a homozygous black animal with a homozygous recessive dilution factor or factors. Of greatest interest see Figure 1. wu the interaction of these genes. For typical Cl'08l8S, An1ma1a which were ruby and pink-eyed yellow because of the " and r alleles were al80 studied. A family of rats was obtained which when inbred yielded lleveral generations of plnk-eyed yellow rats only. A sim11ar family wu obtained which when inbred for five generations produced pink and ruby-eyed yellow animals only. When pink-eyed yellows from the first famUy were croased with pink-eyed yellows from the second family, only pinkeyed yellow anlmala were obtained. However, when six pink-eyed yellows from the tlrat family were crossed with six ruby-eyed yellows from the IIeCODd famlly, four CI"088e8 yielded pink and ruby yellows and unanticipated dark-eyed agout1a; two produced only pink and ruby-yellow animals. The genotype of the unanticipated agouti animal was o'o'P"Rrb-b-. The pnotype of family ODe was o'G.""Rrb-b-. In family two, the pink eyed yellow anlmala were o'o'pprrb-b-, and the ruby-eyed yellows were G'G'Pprrba.,a. TIle interaction between these genes indicated a poalble order of tunctloD. The alleles at the albino locus governed the formation of the orlgtnal substrate. and no anlmal developed more pigment than dictated here. The P locUlI acted next, as W prevented the formation ot turther pigmentation. It the above genu cauaed lUftlc1ent substrate, homozygous rr permitted ODly partial uUllsatlon ot thiJI substrate, resulting in ruby eyes and yellow coat. The 1ut lOCUlI to function was the b locus, with be iDhlbiting almoet all plgmeDt, and b· lnblbltlng yellow pigment (Dunn. 1921). The time or tim. of tunction of the dllutlon factors have not been hypothealzed becaU88 of 1Ilautftctent tntormation. FIgure 1. eJ~d C rea 0'\ (a~at!'p? ,,? be be) Asouti (drat?" R e J:l11 Typical croaes showing gene interaction. 3]?u by ~ ycJ. Yell ow (a~a<! I])a rK eyeJ n K ce J/1.. BlacK (tia,c rrR? : bll) 3J)al' K ~yeJ A9 ot\.t, (~a.e 1'?R? hft If) 2. 'Pi " K e.yed y ellow (QI!~ ?,. If?) '/J2arK eyed 2'RnK eyed Yellow (4t~e'PP ?r !:J'?) "1< fJ by etetl Ye II ow- (tlOJe-p., rr Jl?) I f>,nK i I ~ ~ I! 140 PROC. OJ' THE OKLA.. ACAD. OJ' SCI. FOR 1962 SUMIIAKY A Mrta ot three allele. controlled formation ot dark eyes and black coat, pink eyes and cream coat, and dark eyes and agouti coat. This gene functioned with three other gen. and an unknown number of dilution facton In detennfnlng the tinal phenotype of the rat's eyes and coat. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The autatance ot the 8Cfence faculty and students at Phillips Univer81ty .. gratefully acknowledged. Lrl'EaATURE ClTm 1921. Unit of character variation in rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 2: 123-140. As reprinted in Classic Papers In Genetics. 1960. Prentice-Hall, Englewood cutts, N. J . Dunn, L. C. .....~...._.... ~....__ ~...... 1961. Personal correspondence. Sinnott, Dunn, Dobzhansky. 19:58. Principles ot Genetics. McGraw-HUI Book Company Inc., N. Y.