Download SS7H3c Explain the role of the United States in the rebuilding of

Rebuilding Japan After
World War II
Reasons for Rebuilding Japan
Reasons for US Rebuilding Japan
• Stop the spread of communism throughout
Asia
• Promote democracy in the region by
reforming Japan’s monarchy into a
constitutional monarchy
• Improve Japan’s economy in order to
trade with Japan and sell US products to
Japan’s market
• Devastation of dropping atomic bombs on
Japan
MacArthur
• General Douglas MacArthur, the American
commander of the occupied forces, was given
the job of putting Japan back on its feet.
• He was expected to create a Japan that would
guarantee it would not pose a military threat to
other countries in the future.
• MacArthur wanted Japan to have a democratic
government, but he also appreciated the
important place the Japanese emperor occupied
in the Japanese culture.
The Occupation
• 1945 - 1952
• Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
(SCAP) - General Douglas MacArthur
• Two main tasks:
– demilitarization
– democratization
Reforms Made to Japan
JAPANESE CHANGES
REFORMS
POLITICAL
New
Constitution
ECONOMIC
Improve
Infrastructure
Constitutional
Monarchy
SOCIAL
English as
2nd language
Japan adopts
US culture
Market Economy
Emperor Stripped
of Power
Invest in Human and
Capital Resources
Women’s
Suffrage
Demilitarization and War
Criminal Reforms
Demilitarization
• Purged almost all wartime officers and
politicians
• Disbanded almost all militaristic
associations and parties
• Prosecuted almost all war criminals
– The issue of Yasukuni Shrine
• Dismantled almost all war industries
Article 9 Controversy
1) Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and
order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign
right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of
settling international disputes.
2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land,
sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be
maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be
recognized.
• Renunciation of war
• No possession of military forces
• Denial of the state’s right of belligerency
Political Reforms
Government Choices
• MacArthur decided to Japan would be a
constitutional monarchy.
– A constitutional monarchy is one where…
• He wrote a constitution for the country, still
referred to as The MacArthur Constitution,
that created a two –house parliament called a
Diet.
Japan’s New Constitution
• The constitution created a two-house
parliament called The Diet.
• Everyone over the age of 20 could vote for
members of the Diet.
• The constitution also included a Bill of
Rights and guaranteed basic freedoms.
• The emperor remained as a symbol of the
country, but was stripped of his power.
FREE
ELECTIONS
AND
WOMEN’S
SUFFRAGE
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4152602444592357615
US ENDS OCCUPATION OF JAPAN
1952
US ends their
occupation of
Japan in 1952.
Japan is granted
membership into
the United
Nations in 1957.
Economic Reforms
US REBUILDS JAPAN’S ECONOMY
1955
U. S. financial
support, along
with the
Japanese
values of hard
work lead to a
period of great
economic
growth for
Japan.
Growth of Japanese Car
Industry
• The Japanese automotive industry is one of the
most prominent and largest industries in the world.
Japan has been in the top three of the countries with
most cars manufactured since the 1960s, surpassing
Germany.
• The automotive industry in Japan rapidly increased
from the 1970s to the 1990s (when it was oriented
both for domestic use and worldwide export)
• In the 1980s and 1990s, overtook the U.S. as the
production leader with up to 13 million cars per year
manufactured and significant exports.
Growth of Japanese Car
Industry
• The demand for domestic trucks was greatly increased by
the Japanese military buildup before World War II, causing
many Japanese manufacturers to break out of their shells
and design their own vehicles.
• In the 1970s Japan was the pioneer in robotics
manufacturing of vehicles.
• The country is home to a number of companies that
produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs,
and engines.
• Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota,
Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi,
Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.
Passenger cars
Manufacturer
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Toyota
3,849,353
3,631,146
2,543,715
2,993,714
2,473,546
3,170,289
Nissan
982,870
1,095,661
780,495
1,008,160
1,004,666
1,035,726
Honda
1,288,577
1,230,621
812,298
941,558
687,948
996,832
Suzuki
1,061,767
1,059,456
758,057
915,391
811,689
896,781
Mazda
952,290
1,038,725
693,598
893,323
798,060
830,294
Daihatsu
648,289
641,322
551,275
534,586
479,956
633,887
Subaru
403,428
460,515
357,276
437,443
366,518
551,812
Mitsubishi
758,038
770,667
365,447
586,187
536,142
448,598
Other
25
30
0
0
0
0
Total
9,944,637
9,928,143
6,862,161
8,310,362
7,158,525
8,554,219
Growth of Japan’s Economy
Known as the Japanese Miracle!
Korean War (1950 - 1953)
• Economic turning point for Japan:
– war supplies to Korea
– industrial resurgence
– foreign currency
• 1945 - 1950 growth rate: 9.4%
• 1950 - 1955 growth rate: 10.9%
• 1952 Japan’s GDP matched prewar high
High Growth of 1955-62
• Large investment in heavy industry
• Imports of energy and raw materials
• Government’s economic goals:
– achieve economic self-sufficiency
– achieve full employment
– improve export competitiveness
– keep domestic demand high
High Growth of 1963-1973
• Government’s “doubling income” plan
– Large-scale infrastructure construction
• Labor-intensive to capital-intensive
– Technological improvement and facility
modernization under government protection
• Aggressive export strategy
– Businesses compete with foreign counterparts
under government protection
High Growth of 1963-73
• Government’s plan to “double the national
income in ten years”
• scheduled 9% annual growth rate
• large-scale infrastructure construction
– Shinkansen (bullet train)
– Olympic Games
– port, road, and rails
– human infrastructure
High Growth of 1963-73
• labor-intensive in decline
– agricultural subsidies
– textile bankruptcies and
“excess capacity”
– coal industry in serious decline
• capital-intensive on the rise
– large firms had 10- and 20-fold
growth
• electronics and automobile
Government Response
• Government responded to some sectors’
decline with reorganization and
subsidization
• Technological improvement and facility
modernization under government
protection
– Ministry of International Trade and Industry
• constant and critical role in developing the
computer industry
High Growth of 1963-73
• Aggressive export strategy
– businesses compete with foreign counterparts
under government protection
• domestic market sealed off from
competition
• Strict limitations on governmt expenditures
• 1965 Japanese exports exceeded imports
for the first time in two decades
More Shocks in 1990s
• Large and rising government deficit and
public debt (now more than 200% of GDP)
• Aging population (median age now at 45)
• Banking crises and non-performing loans
• Asian financial crisis (1997-1998)
• “Hollowing out” of industry
• Natural disasters and terrorist attacks
• Economic position now taken over by
China and India
Today Japan has one of the most powerful
industrialized economies in the world. Like the
U.S., Japan encourages a market economy which
motivates people to develop new ideas and
expand businesses.
1941
Japan declares war on the U.S. by
bombing the naval base at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii. America then declares war on
Japan and enters WWII.
2009
1945
EXPLAIN THE
ROLE OF THE
UNITED STATES
IN THE
REBUILDING
OF JAPAN
AFTER
WORLD WAR II
U. S. financial support, along
with the Japanese values of
hard work lead to a period of
great economic growth for
Japan.
1955
The U.S. drops atomic
bombs on Japanese cities
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
ending WWII.
1945
Japan is granted
membership into the
United Nations five
years after a seven
year U.S.
occupation.
1952
Political, economic,
and social reforms
were introduced, such
as a freely elected
Japanese Diet
(legislature) and
universal adult
suffrage (voting
rights). Japan
establishes a
constitutional
monarchy.
1947
After WWII, Japan was
placed under international
control of the Allies through
the Supreme Commander,
General Douglas MacArthur.