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Insects are the most speciesrich group of organisms on earth as indicated in this species-scape. The size of the organism reflects the number of described species. Characteristics of insects: • 3 Body Segments • Exoskeleton of multilayered, firm cuticle • 6 Legs • Wings (typically 2 pair) • Compound Eyes (adults) • 2 Antennae Life Cycles of insects: • nearly ALL begin as an egg & finish an adult • 4 typical strategies, based on what happens in between the above 2 stages…. Apterygote (wingless) Insects 1. Ametabolous - hatch as miniature forms of adult! Little or no passing through stages Ex. Bristletails, silverfish Pterygote (winged) Insects • Major changes from egg to adult… Metamorphosis 2. Paurometabolous (Incomplete Metamorphosis) Egg Nymph Adult (3 stages) Nymphs are miniature adults, but start with no wing development (get bigger each molt) Ex. Grasshoppers, Crickets, True Bugs, Cockroaches, Mantids... 3. Hemimetabolous (Incomplete Metamorphosis) Egg Naiad Adult (3 stages) Naiads don’t resemble adults; they live in aquatic habitats and eat different foods Ex. Dragonflies, Damselflies, Mayflies... 4. Holometabolous (Complete Metamorphosis) Egg Larva Pupa Adult (4 stages) Wings develop inside pupa; larva seldom look anything like adult Ex. True flies, butterflies, beetles, etc. • Insects shed their exoskeleton as they grow; they ‘molt’. • ‘Instars’ are the stages in between molting! (egg 1st molt, is called the 1st Instar) • insects typically have 5-7, but can have up to 50! Parts of an insect Parts of an insect Head Thorax Abdomen Parts of an insect Head Thorax 3 pairs of legs Abdomen Parts of an insect Head Thorax Abdomen Wings and legs on thorax 3 pairs of legs Important areas to study to identify common insect orders Head Thorax 3 pairs of legs Abdomen Mouthparts: Chewing mandibles mandibles Mouthparts: Sucking Coiled Piercing Sponging-sucking Common insect orders Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) Greek “odon” = tooth (referring to teeth on their mandibles) Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) Spot ID • Long, slender, typically transparent wings Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) Spot ID • Long, slender, typically transparent wings • Long thin body Blattodea (roaches) Latin “blatta” = cockroach Blattodea (roaches) Blattodea (roaches) Spot ID • Flat Blattodea (roaches) Spot ID • Flat • Spiny legs Blattodea (roaches) Spot ID • Flat • Spiny legs • Long antennae Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) Greek “orthos” = straight, “pteros” = wing Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) Spot ID • Jumping hind legs Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) Spot ID • Jumping hind legs • Some with ovipositor at hind end Dermaptera (earwigs) Greek “derma” = skin, “ptero” = wing Dermaptera (earwigs) Greek “derma” = skin, “ptero” = wing Spot ID • Long skin-like hindwings folded under very short forewings Dermaptera (earwigs) Greek “derma” = skin, “ptero” = wing Spot ID • Long skin-like hindwings folded under very short forewings • Pinchers off end of abdomen Hemiptera (bugs, hoppers, aphids, scales, cicadas) Greek “hemisys” = half, “ptero” = wing Hemiptera (bugs, hoppers, aphids, scales, cicadas) Greek “hemisys” = half, “ptero” = wing Spot ID • A beak: piercing-sucking mouthparts Hemiptera (bugs, hoppers, aphids, scales, cicadas) Greek “hemisys” = half, “ptero” = wing Spot ID • A beak: piercing-sucking mouthparts • Forewings covering hindwings – Wing half membrane, half thickened or – Wing all membranous Coleoptera (beetles) Greek “koleos”= sheath, “ptero”= wing Coleoptera (beetles) Coleoptera (beetles) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts Coleoptera (beetles) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts • Forewings (elytra) form hard shell covering hindwings Diptera (flies) Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing Diptera (flies) Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing Diptera (flies) Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing Spot ID • Two wings Diptera (flies) Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing Spot ID • Two wings – Hind wings reduced to halteres Diptera (flies) Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing Spot ID • Two wings – Hind wings reduced to halteres • Sponging-sucking mouthparts – Except mosquitoes and some others that pierce skin Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Greek “hymen”=membrane, “ptero”=wing or Hymen, the Greek god of marriage because the forewing & hindwings are joined together with small hooks Hooks not shown Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts • Four membranous wings Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts • Four membranous wings • Waist often constricted Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) Spot ID • Chewing mouthparts • Four membranous wings • Waist often constricted • Females with ovipositor or stinger at end of abdomen Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Greek “lepido”= scale, “ptero”= wing Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Greek “lepido”= scale, “ptero”= wing • Coiling-sucking mouthparts Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Greek “lepido”= scale, “ptero”= wing • Coiling-sucking mouthparts • Four wings covered with scales Insects and other Arthropods