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FOUNDATIONS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Chapter in Review
public speaking
a sustained formal presentation by a
speaker to an audience
communication
the process of creating shared meaning
participants
the individuals who assume the roles
of senders and receivers during an
interaction
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senders
participants who form and transmit
messages using verbal symbols and
nonverbal behaviors
receivers
participants who interpret the
messages sent by others
messages
the verbal utterances , visual
images, and nonverbal behaviors to
which meaning is attributed during
communication
meanings
the interpretations participants make of
the messages they send and receive
encoding
the process of putting our thoughts
and feelings into words and nonverbal
behaviors
decoding
the process of interpreting the verbal
and nonverbal messages sent by others
feedback messages
messages sent by receivers intended to
let the sender know how the receiver
made sense of the original message
LO1
How does the communication process work?
LO2
LO3
What are the contexts in which communication occurs?
LO4
What does it mean to be an ethical speaker?
LO5
How does understanding the rhetorical situation help you prepare a
speech?
Public speaking is important to achieving success in nearly every walk of life. It is one
form of human communication, which consists of participants, messages, channels, interference/
noise, feedback, and contexts.
What is public speaking, and why is it important to study?
Public speaking occurs within the public communication context. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group communication, and public communication are additional contexts within which
we communication regularly. Effective public speaking skills are a liberal art that make it possible for
us to enact our civic responsibility to participate actively as a member of a democratic society.
To enact our civil responsibility, we must adhere to five essential ethical principles: to be
honest, to have integrity, to behave fairly, to demonstrate respect for others, and to act responsibly.
Public speaking challenges us to behave ethically.
Public speaking is an audience-centered process that occurs within a rhetorical situation comprised
of speaker, audience, and occasion and is guided by exigence.
LO6
LO7
What makes a speech effective?
What process can you use to prepare and make effective speeches?
How effective a speech is depends on how well audience members listen to, understand, remember, and are motivated to act on what the speaker has said. The audience-centered
speaker demonstrates honesty and respect for listeners by employing ethos, pathos, and logos
throughout the speech-planning and - presenting process and adhering to principles of effective
content, structure, and delivery.
channels
Chapter Quiz
both the route traveled by a message
and the means of transportation
interference/noise
any stimulus that interferes with the
process of sharing meaning
feedback
the reactions and responses to
messages that indicate to the sender
whether and how a message was
heard, seen, and interpreted
intrapersonal communication
communicating with yourself (a.k.a.
self-talk)
interpersonal communication
communication between two people
small group communication
communication that occurs among
approximately three to ten people
public communication
communication that occurs among
more than ten people where
one message is presented to the
participants who function as receivers
whose own messages are limited
primarily to feedback
True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Public speaking can occur in an informal setting.
The meaning of what a speaker is saying is almost always easy to interpret.
During communication, noise can be due to physical reasons or psychological reasons.
Interpersonal communication is another term for self-talk.
The participants of a communication process are known as senders and receivers.
Multiple Choice
6. Newspapers and magazines are examples of:
a. mass communication
b. small group communication
c. interpersonal communication
d. intrapersonal communication
e. targeted communication
7. During a lecture on police training, an audience member raises his hand and asks the speaker
to clarify the last point that he made. This is an example of:
a. encoding
b. decoding
c. noise
d. channels
e. feedback
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liberal art
a body of general knowledge and skills
needed to participate effectively in a
democratic society
ethics
moral principles that a society, group, or
individual holds that differentiate right from
wrong and good behavior from bad behavior
plagiarism
passing off the ideas, words, or created works
of another as one’s own by failing to credit the
source
rhetorical situation
the composite of the occasion, speaker, and
the audience that influences the speech that
is given
exigence
some real or perceived need that a speech
might help address
speaker
the source or originator of the speech
8. All of the following are principles that ethical principles that speakers should follow
EXCEPT:
a. Ethical communicators are honest.
b. Ethical communicators are responsible.
c. Ethical communicators have integrity.
d. Ethical communicators have little respect for others.
e. Ethical communicators are fair.
9. The source or originator of the speech is the:
a. audience
b. speaker
c. teacher
d. professor
e. research
10. All of the following are elements of the communication process EXCEPT:
a. messages
b. channels
c. criticism
d. noise
e. feedback
Answers:
audience
the specific group of people to whom your
speech is directed
Speech Snippets
audience analysis
a study made to learn about the diverse
characteristics of audience members and then,
based on these characteristics, to predict
how audience members are apt to listen to,
understand, and be motivated to act on your
speech
occasion
the setting in which the speech is given
speech effectiveness
the extent to which audience members listen
to, understand, remember, and are motivated
to act on what a speaker has said
audience centered
offering ideas in ways that respond to a felt
need, are appropriate to the occasion, reflect
careful research, make sense, and sound
interesting
Being Audience Centered
Kris’s first speech was a speech of self-introduction. Her audience was her classmates, a
diverse group of men and women with a variety of life experiences. In planning what to say,
Kris decided to concentrate on how being who she is led to her major. In this way, she hoped
to help her audience know her by comparing her academic journey to their own.
Content
Kris decided to talk about how growing up in a resort town influenced her plans to study
hospitality management, how being an identical twin contributed to her decision to attend
this college, and how she hoped to use her major to work in a ski resort where she could
help children with disabilities learn to snowboard. She made sure her content was audience
centered by focusing on the importance of pursuing one’s dreams when selecting a major
and a career goal.
ethos
Macrostructure
everything you say and do to convey
competence and good character
Kris decided that the most logical way to present her main ideas was chronologically. She
would begin by talking about being a twin, then discuss how her upbringing influenced her
choice of majors, and then she’d conclude with her dream of teaching kids with disabilities
to snowboard. She planned to use people’s curiosity about twins to pique interest during her
introduction, and she planned a conclusion that would challenge her audience to pursue their
passions.
pathos
everything you say and do to appeal to
emotions
logos
everything you say and do to appeal to logic
and sound reasoning
macrostructure
Rhetorical Devices
the overall framework you use to organize
your speech content
Kris used the rhetorical device called hypophora, when the speaker raises a question to
pique the audience’s curiosity and then answers it: “Have you ever looked into a mirror and
seen your reflection and realized that the reflection in the mirror wasn’t really you? I have,
many times.
microstructure
the specific language and style choices you
use as you frame your ideas and verbalize
them to your audience
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communication produced and transmitted via
media to massive audiences
1. F; 2. F; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T; 6. a; 7. e; 8. d; 9. b; 10. c
mass communication
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rhetorical devices
language techniques designed to create
audience attention, hold interest, and aid
memory
delivery
how you use your voice and body to present
your message
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