Download Famine in Ukraine (1932-33, 1946)

Ukrainian famine of
1932-1933
Mykola Khalangot, Institute of
Endocrinology
Alexander Vaiserman, Institute of
Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine
Famine in Ukraine
(1932-33, 1946)
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Estimated death tolls:
2.2-3.5 million die of starvation in 1932-1933 [1,2]
Up to 1 million starves to death in 1946 [3]
Investigation tool:
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) registers of 3 regions
exposed to 1932-33 famine
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n = 64,496, aged 40-79
Total population: n = 1,946,078 aged 40-79
DM registers for 2 Ukrainian regions unexposed to
1932-33 famine
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n =27,719, aged 40-79.
Total population: n = 864,801, aged 40-79.
We have gathered and analyzed
Ukrainian Diabetes Mellitus (DM) data
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According to the year of birth
According to gender
According to being part of USSR before/after
1939
A comparison to national diabetic register in
Denmark had also been made (Dr. Bendix Carstensen,
Copenhagen)
Total population of 5 Ukrainian regions
60000
40000
30000
20000
Female
Male
10000
0
19
27
19
29
19
31
19
33
19
35
19
37
19
39
19
41
19
43
19
45
19
47
19
49
19
51
19
53
19
55
19
57
19
59
19
61
19
63
19
65
Population
50000
Birth year
Population in 3 Ukrainian regions included into
USSR before (black) and 2 regions included after
(green) 1939
80000
70000
Crimea, Khersonska, Chernihyvska
Volynska, Rivnenska
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Birth year
19
61
19
63
19
65
19
53
19
55
19
57
19
59
19
45
19
47
19
49
19
51
19
37
19
39
19
41
19
43
19
29
19
31
19
33
19
35
0
19
27
Population
60000
Age/Gender-Related DM Prevalence in 5 Ukrainian regions in
relation to Denmark
(in cooperation with Dr. Bendix Carstensen, Copenhagen)
DM prevalence in Ukrainian regions
included into USSR before (red) and
after (blue) 1939
No age-related prevalence peak for patients
born between 1933-1937
16
14
Crimea, Kherson,
Chernihyv
12
Volyn, Rivne
10
8
6
4
2
79
76
73
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
0
40
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Thrifty Genotype
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Thrifty alleles – ancient evolutionary adjustment to
feast/famine conditions
Diabetics may carry thrifty alleles that make them
extremely efficient in food intake/utilization
Not advantageous in modern food-abundant
environment (4)
Non-thrifty genotypes carriers dyed in 1932-1933?
Thrifty Phenotype
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Results from nutritional deficiency in
gestational and early postnatal period
Maintained for life
Cause of type 2 DM if food-abundant lifestyle
is encountered later in life (5)
Thrifty Epigenotype
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DM 2 susceptibility is predominantly
determined by epigenetic variations
Such epigenotypes are inherited
Leptin is a candidate gene for thrifty
epigenotype aquisition (6)
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic
Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, June 2005
Stephen G. Wheatcroft, On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the
Soviet village in 1931-1933), V.P. Danilov et al, eds. [The Tragedy of the
Soviet Village: Collectivization and Dekulakization: Documents and Materials,
1927-39, vol. 3, Konets 1930-1933, Moscow, 2001, pp. 866-886.
Veselova, O. et al (eds). Holod v Ukraïni, 1946–1947: Dokumenty i materialy
(Kyiv–New York 1996)
Neel JV. 1962. Diabetes mellitus: a ‘‘thrifty’’ genotype rendered
detrimental by ‘‘progress’’? Am J Hum Genet 14:353–362.
Hales CN, Barker DJ. 1992. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes
mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35:595–601.
Stöger R.. The thrifty epigenotype: an acquired and heritable predisposition
for obesity and diabetes? Bioessays. 2008 Feb;30(2):156-66
Age/Gender-Related DM Prevalence in
Ukraine
Two peaks of DM prevalence among Ukrainians
from regions which were a part of USSR before 1939
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Patients born between 1933-1937
Patients born between 1946-1947
Female domination in all age groups
Age/Gender-Related DM Prevalence in
Denmark
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Linear increase of age-related DM prevalence
Male domination in all age groups