Download Dictionary of Computer Acronym - John C. Rigdon_53613

DictionaryofComputerAcronymsand Abbreviations PlusFileNameExtensions DictionaryofComputerAcronymsandAbbreviations 1stEdition–AUG20160/0/0/CS ThisdictionaryisadaptedfromMicrosoftLanguagePortalwithadditionsand editsbyJohnC.Rigdon. ©2016EasternDigitalResources.AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthisbook maybereproducedbyanymeanswithouttheexpresswrittenconsentofthe copyrightholder.“EntriesfromtheMicrosoftLanguagePortal.©2016 MicrosoftCorporation.Allrightsreserved.”Distributionreleaseby Microsoft.Seehttps://www.microsoft.com/Language/enUS/LicenseAgreement.aspx Publishedby: EasternDigitalResources 31BramblewoodDrSW Cartersville,GA30120 http://www.wordsrus.info EMAIL:[email protected] Tel.(678)739-9177 Overview ThisCompanionVolumetoourDictionaryofComputerandInternetTerms (Vol.2)-DictionaryofComputerAcronymsandAbbreviations,has4,300 terms.Italsoincludesasectiononfilenameextensionswith38,000entries showingthemostcommonlyusedextensionsandtheirassociationwith varioussoftwaresystems. Volume1containsover32,000termsthatarespecifictoComputersandthe Internet.Eachtermincludesadefinition/description.Withmorethan750 pages,thisdictionaryisoneofthemostcomprehensiveresourcesavailable. Termsrelatetoapplications,commands,functions,operatingsystems,image processingandnetworking. Nootherdictionaryofcomputingtermsevencomesclosetothebreadthof thisone.Itisdesignedtobeusedbyeveryonefromthenoviceseekingthe mostbasicinformation…tothemainframesystemsprogrammerandMIS professionallookingforsophisticatedandhard-to-findinformationthat’snot availableinmostreferencebooks.It’sallhereinoneindispensablereference source. ·artificialintelligence. ·computer-integratedmanufacturing ·datacommunication ·databases ·distributeddataprocessing ·fiberoptics ·fundamentalterms ·localareanetworks ·multimedia ·officeautomation ·opensystemsinterconnection ·peripheralequipment ·personalcomputing ·processingunits ·programming ·systemdevelopment ·textprocessing Thisdictionaryisidealnotonlyforstudentsofcomputingbutforthose studyingtherelatedfieldsofInformationTechnology,mathematics,physics, mediacommunications,electronicengineering,andnaturalsciences. Thisdictionaryisavailableinmorethan100languages.Seeourwebsitefor pricingandavailability. http://www.wordsrus.info/catalog/computer_dictionary.html Abbreviationsused: (n)–noun (pn)–ProperName (v)–verb (adj)–adjective (oth)–other Section1 ComputerAcronymsandAbbreviations ~A~ ÂµBGA/uBGA~MicroBallGridArray~Nexttobaredie,uBGAisthesmallestofthe chip-scalepackagingoptions. A~Ampere~Currentmeasurementunit A~Anchor~HTMLÂtag,alinktoanotherlocation A/N/K~alphabetic,numeric,katakana~Pertainingtoalphabetic,numeric,orkatakana characters. a+~a+~PronouncedAplus,acertificationdevelopedbytheComputingTechnology IndustryAssociation(CompTIA)tovalidatevendor-neutralskillsforentry-levelcomputer technicians.HoldersoftheA+certificationhavebeentrainedininstalling,repairing, troubleshooting,maintaining,customizingandoperatingPCs. a11y~accessibility~Thereareelevenlettersbetweenthe‘a’andthe‘y’. A2A~application-to-application~Anapproachtoenterpriseapplicationintegrationthat providesvisibilityintointernalsystems,sothatthesesystemscanshareinformationor businessprocesses. AA~anti-aliasing~thetechniqueofminimizingthedistortionartifactsknownasaliasing whenrepresentingahigh-resolutionsignalatalowerresolution AA~automatedattendant~Adevice,typicallyattachedtoaprivatebranchexchangeor voicemailsystem,thatanswersincomingcalls. AAA~authentication,authorization,andaccounting~Alsopronounced‘triplea.’Refers toaframeworkforintelligentlycontrollingaccesstocomputerresources,enforcing policies,auditingusage,andprovidingtheinformationnecessarytobillforservices. AAB~All-to-allbroadcast~theprocesswhereeverynodebroadcastsitsinformationto allothernodes. AAC~AdvancedAudioCoding~anaudiocompressionformatnewerandmoreefficient thanMP3,usedinternallybyiTunesandNintendoWii AAC~ATMaccessconcentrator~Adeviceusedtoconcentrateavarietyofservices (suchasframerelay,InternetProtocolandvideo)overasingleATMnetworkaccess connection. AAL~ATMadaptationlayer~TheATMlayerwherenon-ATMdataisconvertedto ATMformat.TheAALservesasthe‘glue’thatconnectstraditionalpacketandframe structureswithshort,fixed-lengthATMcells. AARP~AppleTalkAddressResolutionProtocol~Providesforthedynamicassignment ofnodeidentifierstonodeswithinanAppleTalknetwork. AAS~AutoAreaSegmentation~Scannertechnologywhichdetectsandoptimizestext andgraphicsonthesamepagebyEpson. AAT~AverageAccessTime~Theaverageamountoftimeittakesforastorage peripheraltotransferdatatotheCPU. AAUI~AppleAttachmentUnitInterface~A14-position,0.050-inch-spacedribbon contactconnector. ABAP~AdvancedBusinessApplicationProgramming~Powerfulprogramming languagecreatedspecificallyfordevelopingSAPapplications.Thecoredevelopmenttool inSAP’sR/3system. ABC~activity-basedcosting~Anapproachtounderstandingwhereandwhycostsare incurredwithinanenterprise. ABC~Atanasoff-BerryComputer~Firstdigitalcalculatingmachinethatusedvacuum tubes ABEND~abnormalend~Atypeofsystemerrorinwhichataskorprogramfailsto executeproperly(i.e.,‘abnormallyends’).Thetermisalsousedasthenameforatypeof errormessagethatindicatessuchafailurehasoccurred. ABEND~AbsentByEnforcedNetDeprivation~Sentine-mailsubjectlineswarning friendsandothersofforcedlossofInternetaccess ABI~applicationbinaryinterface~Asetofspecificationsthatenablesanapplication writtenforonetargetOSandhardwareplatformtorunonadifferentOSandplatform, wherethetwohardwareplatformssharethesameprocessortype. ABLE~AgentBuildingandLearningEnvironment~AJavaframeworkandtoolkitfor constructinganddeployingintelligentagents. ABM~activity-basedmanagement~TheuseofABCprinciplesintheongoing managementofcostsandresources. ABME~asynchronousbalancedmodeextended~Incommunications,anoperational modeinwhichmodulus128sequencenumbersareused. ABR~AutomaticBaudRatedetection~Theprocessinwhichareceivingdevice examinesthefirstcharacterofanincomingmessagetodeterminesitsspeed,codelevel, andstopbits. ABR~availablebitrate~AnATMservicecategory.ABRserviceisconceptuallysimilar tothatofaframerelaynetwork-aminimalcellrateisguaranteed,andburstscanbe supportedifthenetworkresourcesallowit. AC97~AC97~ThepopularaudiosystemfromRealtek. ACA~AustralianCommunicationsAuthority~TheAustraliangovernmentbodythat regulatesthenation’scommunicationsindustries. ACAP~ApplicationConfigurationAccessProtocol~astandardforaccessingprogram configurationinformationfromaremoteserver,allowingausertouseandchangetheir configurationfromanyworkstationbyreadingorwritingthevaluesonacentralserver. DefinedinRFC2244. ACC~AdaptiveCruiseControl~AdaptiveCruiseControl ACC~AuthorizationContractforContainers~Specification(JSR-115)thatdefinesnew java.security.PermissionclassestosatisfytheJ2EEauthorizationmodel ACCU~AssociationofCandC++Users~Aworldwideassociationofpeoplewhoare interestedinC,C++,andrelatedprogramminglanguages. ACD~AutomaticCallDelivery~featurethatallowscellular&wirelessphonesto receiveincomingcallswhenroaming. ACD~automaticcalldistributorordistribution~specializedphonesystemthathandles manyincomingcalls.ACDsareusedforavarietyoforder-takingfunctions,suchascalls tohelpdesksordispatchingofservicetechnicians. ACDI~AsynchronousCommunicationsDeviceInterface~Asoftwaredevicethat permitsasynchronoustransmission,awayoftransmittingdatainwhichonecharacteris sentatatime,andtheremaybeunevenamountsoftimebetweencharacters. ACE~accesscontrolentry~asetofidentitiesandpermissionsthataredirectly associatedwithaparticularresource.Eachaccesscontrolentryisdirectlyassociatedwith onlyoneresource.MorethanoneACEcanbeassociatedwitheachresource. ACE~AdobeCertifiedExpert~aprofessionalwhohasdemonstratedproficiencywith oneormoreAdobesoftwareproducts. ACE~AdvancedCMOS-ECL~Ahigh-endprocessortechnologyintroducedbyHitachi inthe1990s. ACE~AgileCommunicationEnvironment~NortelSIP-basedplatformacquiredby Avaya ACEE~accesscontrolenvironmentelement~InRACF,acontrolblockcontaining detailsofthecurrentuser,includinguserID,currentconnectgroup,userattributes,and groupauthorities. ACF~AdvancedCommunicationsFunction~AfamilyofIBMcommunications programsthathandletaskssuchasresourcesharinganddistributionoffunctions.They includeACF/VirtualTelecommunicationsAccessMethod(ACF/VTAM)and ACF/NetworkControlProgram(ACF/NCP). ACF2~AccessControlFacility2~Ahost-basedsecuritysubsystemfromCA(formerly ComputerAssociates);alsoknownasCA-ACF2. ACG~adaptivecodegeneration~Atechnologythatenablesaprogramthatuses processorfeaturesofagivensystemmodeltocontinuetoworkcorrectlywhenthe programismovedtoanothersystemmodelthatdoesnothavealltheprocessorfeaturesof theoriginalmodel. ACH~automatedclearinghouse~Atypeoffundstransfernetworkthatprocessesdebit andcredittransactionsbetweenaccountsfromparticipatingfinancialinstitutions. ACI~accesscontrolinformation~Datathatidentifiestheaccessrightsofagroupor principal. ACID~atomicity,consistency,isolation,durability~Fourwell-establishedtestsfor verifyingtheintegrityofbusinesstransactionsinadata-processingenvironment. ACK~acknowledgement~Whenamodemreceivesadatapacket,itsendsasignalback tothesendingmodem.Ifallthedataispresentandcorrect,itsendsanACKsignal,which actsasarequestforthenextdatapacket. ACK~Acknowledgement~Transportandotherlayers-TCP/IP,forexample.RFC793 ACL~Accesscontrollist~Alistofauthorisedusers,processesorsystems. ACL~applicationconnectivitylink~Aservicethattransmitsout-of-bandinformation betweenDirectTalkandtheSiemensHicom300switch. ACL~AsianetCommunicationsLimited~anIndianmediaconglomeratejointlyowned bySTARTVandJupiterEntertainment. ACL~AsynchronousConnectionlessLink~typeofdatapacket(dataonly). ACL~Accesscontrollist~Security,applicationlayer-Accesscontrollist,Cisco overview ACM~AssociationforComputingMachinery~aworldwideassociationofcomputer professionalsheadquarteredintheUnitedStates.www.acm.org ACM~AddressCompleteMessage~AddressCompleteMessage ACMS~ApplicationControlandManagementSystem~Atransaction-processing monitorfromCompaq(nowpartofHewlett-Packard);originallyaproductofDigital Equipment,whichCompaqacquiredin1998. acousticcoupler~acousticcoupler~Aspecialtypeofmodemthatconvertsacoustic energy(soundwaves)intoelectricalenergy,allowingastandardtelephonehandsettobe attachedtoacomputerordataterminalfordatatransmission.Â ACP~arraycontrolprocessor~Atypeofprocessorusedinstoragesystems. ACPI~AdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterface~AstandarddevelopedbyIntel, MicrosoftandToshibatoimprovePCpowermanagementandplug-and-playcapabilities. ACR~AllowedCellRate~AnABRserviceparameter,ACRisthecurrentratein cells/secatwhichasourceisallowedtosend. ACR~attenuation-to-crosstalkratio~Ameasureofsignalqualityinnetworkcabling. ACRI~additionalcoding-relatedrequiredinformation~Aspecificationthatisrequired byanencodingschemetocompleteitsdefinition,whichextendsbeyondthecharacterset andcodepageelements. ACROSS~AutomatedCargoReleaseandOperationsServiceSystem~Automated CargoReleaseandOperationsServiceSystem ACS~AffiliatedComputerServices,Inc~XeroxCorp.‘s$6.4billionacquisitionof AffiliatedComputerServicesInc. ACSE~AssociationControlServiceElement~ThemethodusedinInternational OrganizationforStandardization’sOSIforestablishingacallbetweentwoapplications. ACSLS~AutomatedCartridgeSystemLibrarySoftware~AUnix-basedtape-librarysharingsystemfromStorageTechnology. ACT~accesscontroltemplate~areusablenamedauthorizationpatternthatyoucan applytomultipleresources.Anaccesscontroltemplateconsistsofalistofusersand groupsandindicates,foreachuserorgroup,whetherpermissionsaregrantedordenied. ActiveX~ActiveX~AMicrosofttechnologythatfacilitatesvariousInternetapplications, andthereforeextendsandenhancesthefunctionalityofMicrosoft’sInternetExplorer browser.LikeJava,ActiveXenablesthedevelopmentofinteractivecontent. ActivityStreams~ActivityStreams~apublish/subscribenotificationmechanismthat providesfrequentupdatestosubscribersabouttheactivitiesoreventsthatrelatetoanother individual. ACU~abstractcodeunit~Ameasurementusedbythez/OSXLC/C++compilerfor judgingthesizeofafunction.ThenumberofACUsthatcompriseafunctionis proportionaltoitssizeandcomplexity. AD~ActiveDirectory~ThedirectoryserviceportionoftheWindows2000operating system.ADmanagestheidentitiesandrelationshipsofthedistributedresourcesthatmake upanetworkenvironment. AD~AdministrativeDomain~DefinedinRFC1136.OntheInternet,agroupof networks,hosts,androutersoperatedbythesameorganization. AdHocNetwork~AdHocNetwork~Adecentralizedwirelessnetworkinwhicheach nodeiscapableofforwardingdatatoothernodeswithoutrelyingonanestablishedaccess point.Anadhocnetworkcanbecreatedspontaneouslyasneededandrequiresno permanentinfrastructure. Ada~Ada~aprogramminglanguagedevelopedinthelate1970sfortheU.S. DepartmentofDefense. ADAPT~Architecture,Design,AnalysisandPlanningTool~Architecture,Design, AnalysisandPlanningTool ADB~AppleDesktopBus~PortontheMacintoshforakeyboard,amouse,andother peripherals. ADC~AdvancedDirectConnect~apeer-to-peerfile-sharingprotocol,basedonthe topologyoftheDirectConnect(DC)protocol. ADC~AnalogtoDigitalConverter~OftenreferredtoA/D,theanalogtodigital converterisanelectronicdevicethattransformstheanalogsignaltodigitalsignal,helping interconnectingthetwokindsoftechnology/gear. ADC~automateddatacollection~Theautomatedconversionofdisparatetypesof informationintocomputerrecords.ADCdevicesandtechnologiesincludebarcode systems,opticalcharacterrecognitionandspeechrecognition. ADCCP~AdvancedDataCommunicationsControlProcedures~Abit-oriented,ANSIstandardcommunicationslink-layerprotocol. ADDM~ApplicationDiscoveryandDependencyMapping~BMC’sapplication ADDM~AutomaticDatabaseDiagnosticMonitor~analyzesthedatainOracleâ€™s AutomaticWorkloadRepository(AWR)todiscovertheactualcausebehindperformance problems ADE~ApplicationDataExport~TechnologybyOracleDatabases ADE~applicationdevelopmentenvironment~Anproductthatoffersarangeoftoolsor features(forexample,forprogramming,interfacedevelopmentandtesting)toprovidea complete‘environment’fordevelopingapplications. ADF~ActivityDecisionFlow~Theformatinwhichmodelsareexportedfrom WebSphereBusinessIntegrationWorkbenchintoWebSphereBusinessModeler. ADF~ApplicationDevelopmentFacility~AnIBMprogramfordevelopingIMS applications ADF~automaticdocumentfeeder~adeviceforfeedingdocumentsintoaSCANNER automatically,sheetbysheet ADI~AnalogDevices,Inc.~leaderinhighperformancesignalprocessingsolutions http://www.analog.com/ ADI~ApplicationDesktopIntegrator~Spreadsheet-basedextensionofOracle Applications.Itprovidesfull-cycleaccountingwithinthecomfortandfamiliarityofa spreadsheetforGeneralLedgerandOracleAssets ADK~AdditionalDecryptionKey~Keytobeabletodecryptdataeveniftheprivate keyownerisunwillingtoprovidetheprivatekey ADL~AdvancedDistributedLearning~Asetofstandardsdesignedtofacilitatethe sharingoflearningobjectsacrossdifferentlearningmanagementsystems. ADM~Agiledevelopmentmanagement~Agiledevelopmentmanagement ADM~ApplicationDevelopmentManagerÂ~OracleSiebel’sproductthatreducethe deploymentefortandapplicationdowntimeandtoincreasetheapplicationdeployment quality ADMD~AdministrationManagementDomainorAdministrativeManagementDomain~ Apublice-mailmessageservicethatusestheX.400protocol. ADMF~AsynchronousDataMoverFacility~AIBMmainframefeaturedesignedto enhancesystemperformanceindatamovesbetweencentralandexpandedstorage. admin~ADMINISTRATOR~theaccountnameusedbythesystemadministratorunder WindowsNTanditssuccessors ADN~AdvancedDigitalNetwork~ADNreferstoa56Kbpsleased-line. ADN~applicationdeliverynetworking~ADNisanapproachandasuiteoftechnologies thatcomprisesapplicationsecurity,applicationaccelerationandnetworkavailability. ADO~ActiveXDataObjects~Ahigh-leveldataaccessobjectmodelintroducedby Microsoftin1996. ADP~AccidentalDamageProtection~Ahardwaresupportagreementcoveringphysical damagetoaproductcausedbyorresultingfromafortuitousincident.Accidentscovered includeliquidspills,dropimpact,electricalsurges,andaccidentalbreakage. ADPCM~adaptivedifferentialpulsecodemodulation~Aspeech-codingmethodthat calculatesthedifferencebetweentwoconsecutivespeechsamplesinstandardpulsecode modulation(PCM)codedtelecommunicationsvoicesignals. ADS~ActiveDirectoryService~Windows2000networkobjectsdatabasethatstores eachspecificnetworkiteminacentraldatabaseandthatmaybereplicated ADS~AsynchrousDataSwitching~APBXsystemthatsupportsasynchronousdata. ADSI~ActiveDirectoryServicesInterface~AMicrosoftActiveDirectoryfeaturethat enablesWindows2000applicationstointeractwithotherdirectoryserviceswithoutthe needtoknowthedetailsoftheunderlyingprotocols. ADSI~AnalogDisplayServicesInterface~Protocolthatsimplifiesuseofadvanced featuresbydisplayingtextmessages,generatedbyaremotecomputerorcentraloffice switch,onauser’stelephonedisplayortelevisionset. ADSL~AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine~Adigitallocalloopusingcopperfacilities andprovidinggreaterbandwidthinonedirectionthantheother. ADSL~asymmetricdigitalsubscriberline~Amethodofconnectingacomputertothe internetoverastandardvoicephonelineusingethernetÂofficenetworkingtechnology. MostÂbroadbandconnectionsworkthisway.Asymmetricbecauseitisfasterfrom internettoPCthantheotherway. ADSL~Asymmetricdigitalsubscriberline~Telecom-ITU-TG.992.5AnnexM,for example ADSM~ADSTARDistributedStorageManager~AnIBMproductwhichprovides servicesforbackingup,archivingandrestoringdatafilesbyallowingacentral workstationtoactasaserverfornetworkedworkstationsandpersonalcomputers. ADSR~Attack,Decay,Sustain,Release~thefourparametersinabasicsynthesizer. WhileSustainisalevelcontrol,theAttack,DecayandReleasearetimeandratiodependantparameters.Whenakeyispressed,theAttackdeterminestheratiowithwhich itreachesatoplevelandthebeginstofallattheratiooftheDecayparameterdowntothe levelsetbytheSustainvalue. ADSTAR~AutomatedDocumentStorageandRetrieval~IBM’snameforitsstorage productsbusinessinthe1990s. ADT~AbstractDataType~aclassofdatastructuresdescribedbymeansofasetof operationsratherthanbyphysicalrepresentation,suchasaclassinobject-oriented programming. ADT~admission,dischargeandtransfer~Acategoryofhospitalsoftware.AnADT systemrecordsadmissionsto,dischargesfromandtransferswithinahospital,and maintainsthehospitalcensus. ADT~applicationdeploymenttemplate~Acombinationofthelogicaldeployment templateandthenetworktopologytemplatethatdescribesthedeploymentofapplication modulesonserversandclusters. ADTG~AdvancedDataTableGram~MicrosoftProprietarybinaryformatforstoring databasedata ADUC~ActiveDirectoryUsersandComputers~Asnap-inintheMicrosoft ManagementConsole(MMC) Adwords~Adwords~anadvertisingservicebyGoogleforbusinesseswantingtodisplay adsonGoogleanditsadvertisingnetwork.TheAdWordsprogramenablesbusinessesto setabudgetforadvertisingandonlypaywhenpeopleclicktheads.adwords.google.com AEC~Architecture,Engineering,Construction~Acomputergraphicsmarketrequiring specializedapplicationsthatfacilitateefficientplanning,design,drafting,andanalysis. Aero~Aero~ThenewuserinterfaceforWindowsVista,exceptfortheStartandHome Basiceditions. AES~AdvancedEncryptionStandard~Acompetitioniscurrentlyunderwaytodefinea public256-bitsymmetricencryptionalgorithmthatwillreplaceDES(DataEncryption Standard). AES~AdvancedEncryptionStandard~Security-U.S.FIPSPUB197 AF~AssuredForwarding~UsingAF,aprovidermayofferdifferentlevelsofservicefor IPpacketsreceivedfromacustomerdomain.EachAFclassisallocatedaspecified amountofbufferspaceandbandwidth AF~audiofrequency~afrequencywithintherangeofhumanhearing,20to20,000 hertz AFAICS,AFAIK,AFAIR~AsFarAsICanSee/Know/Recall~Internetslang. AFC~antiferromagneticallycoupled~Atypeofstoragemediathatusesanadvanced magneticcoatingexpectedtodramaticallyincreaseHDDcapacity.IBMshippedthefirst AVC-basedstorageproductsin2001. AFI~AuthorityandFormatIdentifier~Thisidentifierispartofthenetworklevel addressheader. AFIS~AutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem~abiometricIDmethodologythat usesdigitalimagingtechnologytoobtain,store,andanalyzefingerprintdata.TheAFIS wasoriginallyusedbytheU.S.FederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)incriminalcases. AFK~AwayFromKeyboard~AnexampleofInternetshorthandusedinchatrooms,EMail,andinstantmessages. AFL~AcademicFreeLicense~permissivefreesoftwarelicensewrittenin2002by LawrenceE.Rosen AFM~AtomicForceMicroscope~apowerfultooltomanipulatemattersatthe nanoscale.Itistodayusedforimagingawiderangeofsurfacessuchasglass,composites, ceramics,polymersandbiologicalsamples.AFMfindsincreasingapplicationin nanotechnologyandbiophysics. AFP~AdvancedFunctionPrinting~AnIBMall-points-addressableenterprisewideprint architecture. AFP~AppleFilingProtocol~Aclient/serverprotocolusedbyApplefileservicetoshare filesandnetworkservices.AFPusesTCP/IPandotherprotocolstosupport communicationbetweencomputersonanetwork. AGC~AutomaticGainControl~Mostoftenusedinaudiocircuits;anelectroniccircuit whichautomaticallyincreasesthevolumewhensomeoneisspeakingquietlyanddrops thevolumewhensomeoneisspeakingloudly,tokeepthetransmittedsignalconstant. AGP~AcceleratedGraphicsPort~AnInteltechnologyfordesktopsystems.Itincreases systemperformancebyoffloadinggraphicrequirementsfromthesystembustoabus dedicatedtovideoprocessing. AHCI~AdvancedHostControllerInterface~aninterfacespecificationthatallowsthe storagedrivertoenableadvancedSATAfeaturessuchasNativeCommandQueuingand hotplug. AHP~analyticalhierarchyprocess~Aprocessthatuseshierarchicaldecompositionto dealwithcomplexinformationinmulticriteriondecisionmaking,suchasinformation technologyvendorandproductevaluation. AI~ActionIndicator~AIisanISDNterm AI~AdobeIllustrator~AIisadrawprogramforMacintoshandWindows.Itis especiallyusefulfortechnicaldrawing. AI~artificialintelligence~AIistheuseofcomputerstosimulatehumanthinking. Artificialintelligenceisconcernedwithbuildingcomputerprogramsthatcansolve problemscreatively AIA~ApplicationIntegrationArchitecture~ApplicationIntegrationArchitecture AID~attentionidentifier~Acharacterinadatastreamthatissenttothehostsystem whenadisplaystationuserpressesanAIDkey.TypicalAIDkeysarefunctionkeysorthe Clear,Enter,PageUp,PageDown,Help,Print,andHomekeys. AIM~AOLInstantMessenger~anapplicationthatallowscomputeruserstocorrespond withfriendswhileonline AIN~AdvancedIntelligentNetwork~IntroducedbyAT&TNetworkSystemsin1991, AINenablesserviceproviderstodefine,testandintroducenewmultimediamessaging, personal-communicationandcell-routingservices. AIO~allinone~Theseareprintersthatareacombinationofvariousdevicesinone machine,includingprinter,scanner,faxmachineandcopier. AIOD~AutomaticIdentifiedOutwardDialing~AnoptiononaPBXthatspecifiesthe extensionnumberinsteadofthePBXnumberonoutwardcalls.Usedforinternalbilling. AIP~AdvancedInspectionandÂPrevention~CiscoASAadd-inmodules AIR~AdditiveIncreaseRate~AnABRserviceparameter,AIRcontrolstherateat whichthecelltransmissionrateincreases.ItissignaledasAIRF,whereAIRF= AIR*Nrm/PCR. airinterface~airinterface~acellularindustryterm.Itreferstothesystemthatensures compatibilitybetweensubscriberterminalequipment(i.e.cellphonesandPDAs)andbase stations.Itinvolvesthespecificationofchannelfrequenciesandwidths, airPBX~airPBX~anIP-PBXsysteminwhichtraditionalPBXdeskphonesare replacedbycellphones.TheimplementationcanbeviaWLANorcellular.Devicesusing softwaretelephone(‘softphone’)technologycanuseallfunctionsprovidedbythecall manager. AIT~AdvancedIntelligentTape~Aneight-millimeterhelical-scantapedrivedesigned andmanufacturedbySony.SonyhasdifferentiateditsAITdrivefromother8-millimeter tapedriveswithauniquemediafeatureonthetapecartridgecalledmemoryincassette (MIC). AIUI~AsIUnderstandIt~Internetslang. AIX~AdvancedInteractiveExecutive~AIXisanoperatingsystemdevelopedbyIBM andisinfactUnix-based. Ajax~AsynchronousJavaScriptandXML~AwayofincludingcontentinaÂweb pageÂinwhichÂjavascriptÂcodeinthewebpagefetchessomedatafromaserverand displaysitwithoutre-fetchingtheentiresurroundingpageatthesametime(hencethe ‘Asynchronous’) AJP~ApacheJServProtocol~Binary,packet-orientedprotocolbridgingthewebserver withtheservletcontainer.ThewebserverattemptstomaintainpersistentTCPconnections totheservletcontainer,andtoreuseaconnectionformultiplerequest/responsecycles ALPA~ArbitratedLoopPhysicalAddress~InFibreChanneltransmissions,an8-bit valueusedtoidentifyaparticipatingdeviceinanarbitratedloop. ALET~accesslistentrytoken~Atokenthatservesasanindexintoanaccesslist. ALG~ApplicationLayerGateway~UsedinconjuctionwithÂNATÂtoallowIP addresstranslation ALGOL~ALGOrithmicLanguage~apairofprogramminglanguagesthathadastrong impactonprogramminglanguagedesign. ALI~Applicationlayerinterface~TheALIformstheinterfacefortheapplicationlayer intheOSIreferencemodel.Itprovidesaclearlydefinedseparationofcommunicationand application ALM~ApplicationLifeCycleManagement~thefacilityforcommonprocessworkflow andconsolidationofplanning,management,measurementandreportingofworkitem activitiesinthedevelopmentprocess. ALM~AssetLifecycleManagement~AssetLifecycleManagement ALM~AsynchronousLineMultiplexer~Adevicethatconnectsmultipleterminalsor otherserialinterfacedevicestoSunnetworkfileserversorworkstations.Alsoknownas ‘multipleterminalinterface.’ ALP~ApplicationLayerProgram/Protocol~Aprogramornetworkprotocolatthe ApplicationLayer ALSA~AdvancedLinuxSoundArchitecture~Linuxkernelcomponentintendedto replacetheoriginalOpenSoundSystemforprovidingdriversforsoundcards. ALT~alternative~UsedinanHTMLtagforthebenefitofpeopleusingnongraphical browsers,orforpeopleusingabrowserwithgraphicsturnedoff. ALT~~Atop-levelcategoryof‘alternative’USENETnewsgroups. ALT~~TheAltkeyonthekeyboardofPCcompatibles,typicallyusedinconjunction withotherkeys. ALU~Alcatel-Lucent~Aleaderinfixed,mobileandconvergedbroadbandnetworking, IPandopticsÂtechnologies,applicationsandserviceswww.alcatel-lucent.com ALU~arithmeticlogicunit~ACPU’scoreelement,whichcarriesoutarithmetic computations. always-on~always-on~Aninternetconnectionwhichremainson24/7suchasADSLor cable,ratherthanonlyconnectingondemandlikeadialup. AM~AmplitudeModulation~Aparticulartechnology,mostcommonlyusedinradio broadcasting,whereblendingamodulatedsignalintoacarrierwavebyvaryingthe amplitudeofthecarriercreatesthefinaltransmitfrequency. AMA~automaticmessageaccounting~Afunctionthatautomaticallydocumentsbilling datarelatedtosubscriber-dialedlong-distancecalls. Amanda~(formerly)AdvancedMarylandAutomaticNetworkDiskArchiver~anopen sourcecomputerarchivingtoolthatisabletobackupdataresidingonmultiplecomputers onanetwork.http://www.amanda.org/ AMD~ActiveMatrixDisplay~LCDtechnology,usedforcomputerscreens,inwhich thereisatransistorforeachpixel,whichpreventslosingimagequalitybetweenscans. AMD~AdvancedMicrochipDevices~Asemiconductormanufacturerandisamajor competitorofIntel.TheymanufacturetheAthlon,Duron,andK6CPUchips.Â www.amd.com AMD~architectedmodel-driven~SOAÂtoolsthatautomatemodelsandrules AME~AdvancedMetalEvaporated~AmediaformulationmanufacturedbySonyfor useinitsconsumerandcomputerproductlines. ami~Analyze,Metricate,Improve~Amethodforsoftwareprojectmanagementand processimprovement. AMI~advancedmeteringÂ~utility-focusedapplications AMI~infrastructure~LinecodingformatusedonT1facilitiesthattransmitsonesby alternatepositiveandnegativepulses. AMI~AlternateMarkInversion~TheprogramminginterfaceprovidedbyWebSphere MQthatdefinesahighlevelinterfacetomessagequeuingservices. AMI~ApplicationMessagingInterface~ AML~Anti-Money-Laundering~Verifytheidentityofanypersonseekingtoopenan account,determinethesourceanddestinationoftheirfunding,andchecktheaccount opener’snameagainstanygovernment-providedlistsofknownorsuspectedterroristsor terroristorganizations. AML~AstronomicalMarkupLanguage~Astandardizedformatforexchangeof metadatarelatedtoastronomy.Thislanguagewillenhancetheabilityofastronomersto retrievescientificdata,andmakeitpossibleforhumansandintelligentagentstousethe sameinformation. AMMA~AdvancedMemoryManagementArchitecture~Strategiesforproviding sufficientmemorytoalltheprocessesinacomputersystem,performedbythememory managementunit. AMP~ampere(A)~ameasurementofelectricalcurrent.Onecoulombflowingper second. AMP~amplifier~atermusedfordevicesthatincreaseoutputofsoundorelectrical voltageorcurrent. AMP~AsymmetricMulti-Processing~anoptionbuiltintomanycurrentoperating systemstoshareCPUfunctionsbetweentwomirroredservers. AMPS~AdvancedMobilePhoneSystem~Theoriginalstandardspecificationforanalog systems.UsedprimarilyinNorthAmerica,LatinAmerica,AustraliaandpartsofRussia andAsia. AMR~AudioModemRiser~anIntelspecificationthatdefinesanewarchitecturefor thedesignofmotherboards. AMR~Automaticmeterreading~thetechnologyofautomaticallycollecting consumption,diagnostic,andstatusdatafromwatermeterorenergymeteringdevices (water,gas,electric)andtransferringthatdatatoacentraldatabaseforbilling, troubleshooting,andanalyzing. AMRF~ActionMessageRetentionFacility~Az/OSfacilitythat,whenactive,retains allactionmessagesexceptthosespecifiedbytheinstallation. AMS~accessmethodservices~AmultifunctionutilitynamedIDCAMSthatisusedto managecatalogs,devices,andbothVSAMandnon-VSAMdatasets. AMS~Analog/Mixed-Signal~Analog/Mixed-Signal AMS~ApplicationManagementServices~ApplicationManagementServices AMT~ActiveManagementTechnology~AllowstheITteamtobetterdiscover,heal, andprotecttheirnetworkedcomputingassets AMT~addressmappingtable~Atablethatprovidesacurrentmappingofnode addressestohardwareaddresses. AMTA~AmericanMobileTelecommunicationsAssociation~AMTArepresentsand promotestheinterestofspecializedwirelesscommunications,meetingtheeducational, informationalandregulatoryneedsoflicenseesandrelatedbusinesses.Seethemat AMTAUSA.ORG. ANDF~Architecture-NeutralDistributionFormat~anemergingOSFstandardfor softwaredistribution.ProgramsarecompiledintoANDFbeforedistribution,and executablesareproducedfromitforthelocaltargetsystem. Android~Android~LinuxbasedoperatingsystemthatisbackedbyGoogleandthe othermembersoftheOpenHandsetAlliance. ANI~AutomaticNumberIdentification~Thenumberassociatedwiththetelephone stationfromwhichswitchedcallsareoriginatedorterminated. AnonFTP~AnonymousFTP~Amethodfordownloadinganduploadingfilesusing FTPprotocolwithouthavingausernameorapassword.ÂInplaceofausername,word ‘anonymous’isused,andinplaceofapassword,emailaddressisusuallyused. Anonymous~Anonymous~Withnotraceability;unabletoascertaintheactualidentity oftheclaimedidentity;verylikelytoimplynamingthatisintentionallyopaque. Anonymous~~AnonymousFTP:ServicesupportedbymanyInternethosts.Typically, allowsusertodownloaddocuments,files,programs,andotherpubliclyaccessibledata usingFTP. ANOVA~analysisofvariance~Aformofstatisticalanalysis. ANR~automaticnetworkrouting~InHigh-PerformanceRouting(HPR),ahighly efficientroutingprotocolthatminimizescyclesandstoragerequirementsforrouting networklayerpacketsthroughintermediatenodesontheroute. ANSI~AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute~themainindustrialstandardization organizationintheUnitedStates.ThereareofficialANSIstandardsinalmostall industries,andmanyofthemhavetodowithcomputers.www.ansi.org ANSI~AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute~Organization-ANSI antenna~antenna~Ametallicdeviceusedtotransmitandreceiveelectromagnetic waves.Anantennacanbeapassiveoractivedevice. ANX~AutomotiveNetworkExchange~EstablishedbytheAutomotiveIndustryAction Grouptoofferextranet-basedapplicationstosuppliersofChrysler,FordandGeneral Motors. AOA~angleofarrival~Basedontriangulation,amethodofprocessingcellularphone signals,AOAallowsthephysicalpositionofswitched-onwirelessdevicestobelocated. AOCE~AppleOpenCollaborationEnvironment~MacintoshSystem7extensionsthat makeitpossibletosharee-mail,directory,andotherservicesinamultiplatform environment. AoE~AtaOverEthernet~Networkprotocoldesignedforsimple,high-performance accessofSATAstoragedevicesoverEthernetnetworks.Itgivesthepossibilitytobuild SANswithlow-cost,standardtechnologies AOF~AdvancedOpenFile~Backupexecoptionbacksupopenfilesduringabackup job AOF~applicationobjectfile~AnASCIItextfilethatcontainsthenamesoftheglobal descriptionfileandthecomponentdescriptionfiles,whichtogetherdescribethe managementcharacteristicsofanapplication. AOL~AmericaOnline~AOLisfoundedin1985,AmericaOnline,basedinDulles, Virginia,wasoncetheworld’sleaderininteractiveservices,Webrands,Internet technologies,ande-commerceservices.Âwww.aol.com AOL~ApplicationObjectLibrary~AOLstandforApplicationObjectLibrary AOR~AddressofRecord~AnSIPterm,anAORprovidesasinglepublicaddressforall telecommunications.TheAORcanbemappedacrossmultipledevicesandmediatypes. AP~accesspoint~ahardwaredeviceoracomputer’ssoftwarethatactsasa communicationhubforusersofawirelessdevicetoconnecttoawiredLAN.APsare importantforprovidingheightenedwirelesssecurityandforextendingthephysicalrange ofserviceawirelessuserhasaccessto. APA~all-pointsaddressable~Abletoaddress,reference,andpositiontext,overlays,and imagesatanydefinedpositionorpictureelement(pel)ontheprintableareaofthepaper. APaaS~applicationplatformasaÂservice~applicationplatformasaservice APACS~AssociationforPaymentClearingServices~Theorganizationthatmanages U.K.paymentsystems. APaRT~automatedpacketrecognition/translation~Technologythatallowsaserverto beattachedtoCDDIorFDDIwithoutrequiringthereconfigurationofapplicationsor networkprotocols. APC~asynchronousprocedurecall~Akernel-definedcontrolobjectwhichrepresentsa procedurethatiscalledasynchronouslywithinaparticularthreadcontext. APC~AmericanPowerConversion~AmericanPowerConversion APC~AntennaPhaseCenter~Atheoreticalpointintheguidancereceiverforwhicha positionisderived. APDU~application-layerprotocoldataunit~InOSI,aprotocoldataunitinthe applicationlayer. APF~AutomatedPurposingFramework~Collectionofscriptsandutilitiesthatenable youtoconsistentlyandreliablypreparecomputerhardware(BIOS,massstorage)and installtheWindowsoperatingsystemandlayeredproductsononeormorebuild computers API~ApplicationProgrammingInterface~Aninterfacetoacomputeroperatingsystem orsoftwareprogramthatgivesotherprogramsaccesstofunctionssimilartothoseoffered tousersthroughagraphicaluserinterface. API~AdvancedPhotonix,Inc~aleadingsupplierofopto-electronicsolutionsand TerahertzsensorsandinstrumentationtoaglobalOEM…advancedphotonix.com/ APM~Activepolicymanagement~analyzesunstructuredcontentindocumentsandemails,andappliestheappropriaterulesforaccess,lifecyclemanagementandoversight. APM~AdvancedPowerManagement~AfeaturefromIntelandMicrosoftforbatterypoweredcomputers,whichpowers-downorthedisplaywhenthecomputerhasbeen inactiveforacertainlengthoftimeinordertoconservepower. APM~applicationperformancemanagement~applicationperformancemanagement APML~AttentionProfilingMarkupLanguage~usedtoconsolidateandaggregate individualusers’rankedinterests APNIC~AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCenter~NonprofitInternetregistry organizationfortheAsiaPacificregion.TheotherInternetregistriesarecurrentlyIANA, RIPENCC,andInterNIC.http://www.apnic.net/ APO~AdvancedPlannerandOptimizer~Asupply-chain-planningsuitefromSAP. APOP~AuthenticatedPostOfficeProtocol~similartothePOPprotocolexceptthat APOPenablesyourpasswordtobeencryptedwhilebeingtransmittedoverthenetwork. APOT~Alternate(Additional)PointofTermination~formidentifiesspecificcollocation terminationsattheICDFframewheretheCLEC‘UNEterminationcables’areterminated. TheseterminationsareusedforthepurposeoforderingUNEs,AncillaryServices,or FinishedServices. app~application~acomputerprogramthatperformsusefulworknotrelatedtothe computeritself.ExamplesincludeWORDPROCESSORs,PRESENTATIONGRAPHICS programs APPC~AdvancedProgram-to-ProgramCommunication~Theprogramminginterfaceto LU6.2,IBM’sprotocolforpeer-to-peerprogramcommunicationunderSNA. applet~applet~ThisaJavaprogramthatcanbeembeddedinaWebpage.The differencebetweenastandardJavaapplicationandaJavaappletisthatanappletcan’t accesssystemresourcesonthelocalcomputer. APPN~AdvancedPeertoPeerNetworking~IBMdatacommunicationssupportthat routesdatabetweenAdvancedPeer-to-PeerCommunication(APPC)systemstoenable usersanywhereonthenetworktohavedirectcommunicationwitheachother. APR~ApachePortableRuntime~ItsmissionistoprovideafreelibraryofCdata structuresandroutines,formingasystemportabilitylayertoasmanyoperatingsystemsas possible,includingUnices,MSWin32,BeOSandOS/2 APS~advancedplanningandscheduling~Asubcomponentofsupplychainplanning (SCP)thatfocusesonmanufacturingplanningandscheduling. APS~AutomaticProtectionSwitching~Ameanforautomaticallydetectingand signallingatransmissionlinkfailure APWG~Anti-PhishingWorkingGroup~aninternationalmembershiporganizationthat seekstoeliminatefraudbasedonattacksfromphishingande-mailspoofing.These attackshurtlegitimatebusinessesastheattackersfraudulentlyusetheidentityofan establishedorganizationintheirattack. AQCB~AutomatedQuoteContractBilling~Systemusedtopricenon-tariffedproducts andservices. AR~AccessRate~Thedatarateoftheuseraccesschannel.Therate(maximum)at whichaccessdevicescanofferdatatotheframerelaynetwork AR~Augmentedreality~atechnologythatsuperimposesgraphics,audioandother virtualenhancementsoveraliveviewoftherealworld.Itisthis‘realworld’element thatÂ AR~~differentiatesARfromvirtualreality. ARA~AppleRemoteAccess~Communicationsoftwaredesignedtoofferremoteaccess toanAppleTalk-compatiblenetworkviaanARAserver. ARAD~architectedrapidapplicationdevelopment~SOAÂtoolsthatautomatemodels andrules ARAG~AntiReflectionAntiGlare~Thereareadd-onscreensformonitorsthateliminate screenglareandprotecttheuserâ€™seyes. ARC~AmesResearchCenter~NASAfacilityischargedwiththemissionofassisting withbetterlifequalityonearth,humanexploration,spacetravelandthesearchforlifeon otherplanets.www.nasa.gov/centers/ames ARC~Archive~Archive archive~archive~Datathatisimportantinformation,storedforalongperiodoftimein somerecordingmediasuchasmagnetictapes,storagearraysorothernon-activehard disks. ARCNET~AttachedResourceComputerNETwork~aLANprotocol,similarinpurpose toEthernetorTokenRing. ARD~AutomaticRingDown~Privatelineconnectingastationinstrumentinone locationwithastationinstrumentinanotherlocation.Whenstationoneisoffhook,station tworings.Alsocalled‘hotline’. ARIA~AccessibleRichInternetApplications~ARIA,alsoWAI-ARIA,definesawayto makeWebcontentandWebapplicationsmoreaccessibletopeople ARIN~AmericanRegistryforInternetNumbers~theInternetregistryserviceforNorth andSouthAmerica,aswelltheCarribeanandsub-SaharanAfrica.http://arin.net/ ARL~ABLERuleLanguage~Arule-basedprogramminglanguagethatisusedto expressbusinesslogicoutsideofprogramlogic.ARLprovidestightintegrationwithJava objects,andthetoolingprovidedwithABLEisbasedontheEclipseplatform. ARM~AdvancedRISCMachines~aRISCprocessorfindmostoftheiruseonhandheldmachinesandPDAs.CurrentlyownedbyIntel,andcurrentlyproducedbyboththe aboveandDigital/Compaq. ARM~AsynchronousResponseMode~AsynchronousResponseMode ARM~ActiveRegistryMonitor~ActiveRegistryMonitor ARP~AddressResolutionProtocol~Amethodforfindingahost’sEthernetaddress fromitsInternetaddress.Itworkslikethis:ThesenderbroadcastsanARPpacket containingtheInternetaddressofanotherhostandwaitsforittosendbackitsEthernet address. ARP~AddressResolutionProtocol~Linklayer-RFC1122 ARPANET~AdvanceResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork~Apacket-switchednetwork developedintheearly1970s.Theâ€œfatherâ€?oftodayâ€™sInternet.ARPANETwas decommissionedinJune1990.http://www.arpa.mil/ ARQ~automaticrepeatrequest~Amodemstatussignalindicatedbyalightonthe modem;incasesoftransmissionserrors,theARQisarequesttothesendertoretransmit. ARS~ActionRequestSystem~calltrackingandresolutionsoftwareprovidedbyBMC Software ARS~automaticrouteselection~Device(orsoftware)whichchoosesthelowestcost routeforlong-distancecallsoverspecificlinesorservices,includingWATS,leased, specializednon-Bellcommoncarriersordirectdistancedialing(DDD). ART~AdditionalReferenceTransmission~ARTiscarrierterm ARTS~AssociationforRetailTechnologyStandards~DataModelstandard ARu~audioresponseunit~Outputdevicewhichprovidesaspokenresponsetodigital inquiriesfromatelephoneorotherdevice.Theresponseisusuallyassembledbya computerfromaprerecordedvocabularyofwords.Â AS~Activesync~ASisMicrosoftsoftware AS/ASN~autonomoussystem(number)~Anumberassignedtoalocalnetwork, registeredintothecarrier’sroutingcommunityandplacedundertheumbrellaofan administrativedomaincalledanautonomoussystem AS/400~ApplicationSystem/400~AmidrangecomputersystemintroducedbyIBMin 1988asareplacementforitsSystem/36andSystem/38productfamilies. AS2~ApplicabilityStatement2~aspecificationforEDIbetweenbusinessesusingthe Internet’sWebpageprotocol,HTTP.Thespecificationisanextensionoftheearlier version,ApplicabilityStatement1(AS1). ASA~averagespeedofanswer~Astandardquantitativemethodformeasuringthespeed atwhichcallcentercallsareanswered. ASBR~AutonomousSystemBoundaryRouter~ASBRsrunbothOSPFandanother routingprotocol,suchasRIP.ASBRsmustresideinanonstubOSPFarea. ASC~AbstractSyntaxChecker~InOSI,autilityprogramforOSICommunications Subsystemthatprocessesuser-specifiedASN.1statements ASCII~AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange~pronouncedas-kee, standardwayofencodingcharactersintodigitalcodes.AnASCIIfileistakentomeana textfilecontainingunformattedtextthatis,charactersbutnotinformationaboutfonts, sizesandsoon. ASCL~AsianetSatelliteCommunicationsLimited~dataline,broadbandinternet, leadingISPinkerala.asianet.co.in ASE~AdaptiveServerEnterprise~relationaldatabasemanagementsystemproductof SybaseCorporation,isadirectdescendantofSybaseSQLServer. ASE~applicationserviceelement~AsetoffunctionsintheapplicationlayerofOSIthat providesacapabilityfortheinterworkingofapplicationentitiesforaspecificpurposeon asingleapplicationassociation. ASF~AdvancedStreamingFormat~setofstandardsfromMicrosoftthatisutilizedin WMP7technology. ASF~AutomaticSheetFeeder~Thetechnologydictatesthedifferentwaysprintersfeed paper.DotmatrixprintersusuallyrunonacontinuousWebofpaperwhilelaserprintersor inkjettypeprintersaregenerallysinglesheet.Theyarealsooftenreferredtoaspage printers. ASIC~Application-SpecificIntegratedCircuit~Achipwithcustom-builthardware circuitsforaparticularsetoffunctions.ASICsarecommonlyusedinnetworkingdevices tomaximizeperformanceandprovideintegrationofmultiplefunctionsintoasinglechip. ASIF~accesssecurityinformationfield~InSNA,afieldwithinFunctionManagement HeaderType5(FMH-5),whichisusedtoconveysecurityinformation. ASIS~accesssecurityinformationsubfield~InSNA,asubfieldwithinFunction ManagementHeaderType5(FMH-5),whichisusedtoconveysecurityinformation. ASK~AnomalousStateofKnowledge~ASKisaprogrammingterm ASLR~AddressSpaceLayoutRandomization~aprocesswhichentailsarrangingthe positionsofmajordataareasrandomlyinvirtualaddressspace.Microsoft’sWindows VistaandWindowsServer2008haveASLRenabledbydefault ASLS~AnalogSingleLineStation~atelephonyterm.Anextensionportona PABX/KSUthatwillallowastandardhouseholdtypephonetointerfacewiththesystem. ASM~Auto-sequencingmemory~Antimachinedatamemoryincludingdatacountersto beprogrammedbyflowwaretogeneratethedatastreamsatruntime. ASM~AutomaticStorageManagement~Oracle10gdatabasefeaturethatprovidesthe databaseadministratorwithasimplestoragemanagementinterfacethatisconsistent acrossallserverandstorageplatforms ASML~originallyASMLithography(ASMforAdvancedSemiconductorMaterials)~ largestsupplierintheworldofphotolithographysystemsforthesemiconductorindustry, foundedin1984asajointventurebetweentheDutchcompaniesAdvanced SemiconductorMaterialsInternational(ASMI)andPhilips.www.asml.com ASN~AbstractSyntaxNotation~TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization’s OSIlanguagefordescribingabstractsyntax. ASN.1~AbstractSyntaxNotationOne~InOSI,anotationfordefiningdatastructures anddatatypes.ThenotationisdefinedininternationalstandardsISO8824/ITUX.208and ISO8825/ITUX.209. ASO~AddressSupportingOrganization~ICANNÂSupportingOrganization responsibleforreviewinganddevelopingrecommendationsonÂIPaddressÂpolicy ASO~~aso.icann.org ASP~AbstractServicePrimitive~Implementation-independentdescriptionof interactionbetweenservice-userandservice-provideratparticularserviceboundary,as definedbyÂOSI. ASP~ActiveServerPages~aMicrosofttechnology,allowsprogrammerstodevelop customcodethatworkswithMicrosoft’sÂIIS. ASP~ApplicationServerProcess~ApplicationServerProcess ASP~ApplicationServiceProvider~Sometimesreferedtoasan‘app-on-tap,’thisisa third-partycompanythatdistributessoftware-basedservicesfromacentrallocationto customersinotherlocations. ASP~AspectOrientedProgramming~AspectOrientedProgramming ASP~AverageSellingPrice~Thistermisusedinthemicrochipmanufacturingworld. CompanieslikeAMDandIntelstriveforhighASPs.TheASPisanindicationnotonlyof directprofits,buthowwellacompanyiskeepingupwiththetechnologycurve. ASPI~AdvancedSCSIProgrammingInterface~AninterfacefromAdaptecthatallows applicationprogramstoaccessSCSIhardware.SeeSCSI. ASPX~ActiveServerPageseXtended~DynamicwebpagesenginefortheMicrosoft .NETframework ASQ~AutomatedSoftwareQuality~ ASQ~~Theuseofsoftwaretools,suchasautomatedtestingtools,toimprovesoftware quality. ASQ~~ ASR~AccessServiceRequest~AccessServiceRequest ASR~AutomaticSpeechRecognition~AutomaticSpeechRecognition ASR~AutomatedSystemRecovery~AutomatedSystemRecovery ASR~AutomaticSendandReceive~Anyoneofseveraldevicesdesignedtotransmit andreceivedataunattended,incontrastwithRO,‘receiveonly’devices. ASR~automaticspeechrecognition~Anothernameforspeechrecognitiontechnology. ASR~Automatedsystemrecovery~OneofseveralbackupmechanismsonWindows XP.ASRisintendedtobetakeninfrequently,whenevertherearechangesinthesystem. ASV~ApprovedScanningVendor~CompanyapprovedbythePCISSCtoconduct externalvulnerabilityscanningservices. AT~AdvancedTechnology~theclassofIBMPCsoriginallyintroducedin1984using the80286microprocessoranda16-bitbus AT&T~AmericanTelephoneAndTelegraph~TheUSA’smajorcommoncarrierfor longdistancetelephonelines. ATA~ActualTimeofArrival~ActualTimeofArrival ATA~AdvancedTechnologyAttachment~Anintegratedbususuallyusedbetweenhost processorsanddiskdrives.UsedinterchangeablywithIDE. ATA~AnalogTelephoneAdaptor~connectstheconventionaltelephonetotheInternet, convertstheanalogvoicesignalsintoIPpackets,deliversdialtoneandmanagesthecall setup. ATAG~AuthoringToolAccessibilityGuidelines~W3Crecommendationthatexplains howtodevelopauthoringtoolsthatmakeiteasiertoproduceaccessibleWebpagesthat conformtotheWebContentAccessibilityGuidelines(WCAG) ATAPI~ATAttachmentPacketInterface~Ahardwareandsoftwarespecificationthat documentstheinterfacebetweenahostcomputerandCD-ROMdrivesusingtheATAbus. ATB~AlltheBest~Internetslang. ATB~alltrunksbusy~Asingletoneinterruptedata120impulsesperminute(ipm)rate toindicatealllinesortrunksinaroutinggrouparebusy.Â ATCA~AdvancedTelecomComputingArchitecture~ATCAprovidesthe telecommunicationsindustrywithanopportunitytoadoptastandardarchitecturefora broadspectrumofproducts,includingwirelessaccess,wirelesscorenetworks,andIP MultimediaSubsystemIMSnetworkelements. ATG~advancedtechnologygroup~Agroupchargedwithresearching,trackingand evaluatingemergingtechnologiesforanenterprise,andwithprototypingandpiloting advanced-technologyprojectspriortodeployment. ATG~ArtTechnologyGroup~Adeveloperofonlinecustomerrelationshipmanagement applications,headquarteredinCambridge,Massachusetts. ATI~AlliedTelesynInternational~Networkinghardwaremanufacturer ATL~ActiveTemplateLibrary~AgroupofroutinesprovidedbyMicrosoftthatcanbe usedtohelpmoreeasilycreateASP,ActiveX,andCOMobjectsinC++. ATL~automatedtapelibrary~Asystemusedforhigh-capacity,tape-baseddatastorage. ATLstypicallyhavedozensofdrivesandcanaccommodatehundredstapecartridges. ATLAS~AuthorizationTokenLayerAcquisitionService~Describestheserviceneeded toacquireauthorizationtokenstoaccessatargetsystemusingtheCSIv2protocol.This designdefinesasingleinterfacewithwhichaclientacquiresanauthorizationtoken ATM~AdobeTypeManager~asoftwareprogramorsystemextensionmanufacturedby AdobeSystemsthatisusedtoenhancethedisplayofscreenfontsoncomputermonitors, ATM~asynchronoustransfermode~atransfermodeforswitchingandtransmissionthat efficientlyandflexiblyorganizesinformationintocells.Itisasynchronousinthesense thattherecurrenceofcellsdependsontherequiredorinstantaneousbitrate. ATM~automatedtellermachine~Apublicbankingmachinethatcustomerscanaccess byinsertingorswipingamagneticcardandenteringapassword. ATM~Atthemoment~Internetslang. ATM~AsynchronousTransferMode~Telecom-ATMcelldescription ATO~assembletoorder~Astrategyallowingaproductorservicetobemadetomeet thecustomrequirementsofaspecificorder,wherealargenumberofsuchcustomized productscanbeassembledinvariousformsfromcommoncomponents. Atom~AnyTransportoverMPLS~atechnologydevelopedbyCiscofortransporting Layer2packetsoveranIP/MPLSbackbone. Atom~Atom~AtomisthenameofanXML-basedWebcontentandmetadata syndicationformat,andanapplication-levelprotocolforpublishingandeditingWeb resourcesbelongingtoperiodicallyupdatedWebsites. atom~atom~AtomisanalternateXMLformatforeasilysharingcontent,muchlike RSSReallySimpleSyndication(format).Blogsonhttp://www.blogger.com/forexample, publishAtomfeeds. ATP~AppleTalkTransactionProtocol~InAppleTalknetworks,aprotocolthatprovides client/serverrequestandresponsefunctionsforhostsaccessingtheZIPforzone information. ATP~availabletopromise~Theuncommittedportionofacompany’sinventoryor plannedproduction.Thisfigureisfrequentlycalculatedfromthemasterproduction scheduleandismaintainedasatoolfororderpromising. ATPCO~AirlineTariffPublishingCompany~Thecentraldatabasewhereairlinesfile andpublishtheirfares ATRAC~AdaptiveTRansformAcousticCoding~Audiocompressionalgorithm, introducedbySonyforitsMiniDisk,whichreliesonthemaskingoflow-amplitude frequencycomponentsbytemporalyadjacenthigh-amplitudecomponents ATRN~AuthenticatedTurn~AuthenticatedTurn ATS~AbstractTestSuite~AbstractTestSuite ATS~ApplicationsTechnologySatellite~ApplicationsTechnologySatellite ATS~AirtoSurface~AirtoSurface ATSC~AdvancedTelevisionSystemsCommittee~aninternational,non-profit organizationdevelopingvoluntarystandardsfordigitaltelevision. ATTIS~AT&TInformationSystems~AdivisionofAT&TTechnologiesthatsupplies andmanufacturesCPE. ATU-C/ATU-R~ADSLTransmissionUnit,CentralorRemote~Deviceatendof ADSLlinethatstandsbetweenlineandfirstitemofequipmentinsubscriberpremisesor telephoneswitch.Maybeintegratedwithinaccessnode. ATUL~ADSLTerminationUnitRemote~ATURistheADSLmodemorPCcardthat physicallyterminatesanADSLconnectionattheenduserâ€™slocation. ATVEF~AdvancedTVEnhancementForum~Astandardforcreatingenhanced, interactivetelevisioncontentandfordeliveringthatcontenttoarangeoftelevision,settop,andPC-basedreceivers(http://www.atvef.com). ATX~AdvancedTechnologyeXtended~Aparticularsetofcharacteristicsdefininga generictypeofmotherboard,powersupplyandchassiscombination.Thedefinitioncame fromIntel,alongwithaconsortiumofhardwareandsoftwaremakerstodefinetheability ofthedesign. AUDIT~AUtomatedDataInputTerminal~AUtomatedDataInputTerminal AUI~AttachmentUnitInterface~adevicethatcontainsa15-bitpin,orsocket,andis usedtoconnectaNICwithastandardEthernetcable. AUIML~AbstractUserInterfaceMarkupLanguage~AnXMLimplementationthat providesaplatformandtechnology-neutralmethodofrepresentingwindows,wizards, propertysheets,andotheruserinterfaceelements. AUP~acceptableusepolicy~apolicythatausermustagreetofollowinordertobe providedwithaccesstoanetworkortotheInternet. AUTOEXEC~AutomaticExecution~Whenaprogramisexecutedonit’sown. AUTONEG~Autonegotiation~afeaturethatdetermineslinkoptionsandoptimal settingsforagivenEthernetconnection.WhenAUTONEGisenabled,anetworkinterface cardoraswitchportcandeterminethecapabilitiesofthedeviceatthefarendofthelink andselectthebestmodeofoperation. AutonomousVehicles~AutonomousVehicles~candriveitselffromastartingpointtoa predetermineddestinationin‘autopilot’modeusingvariousin-vehicletechnologiesand sensors,includingGPSnavigationtechnology AUV~AutonomousUnderwaterVehicle~aroboticdevicedriventhroughwaterbya propulsionsystem.AUVsareself-sufficientvehiclescarryingtheirownenergysource.Â Thecontrolofthevehicleisdoneusinganonboardcomputerthuseliminatingtheneedof operatorslocatedelsewhere. AUX~auxiliarydevice~Aperipheraldevicethatmayperformausefulfunctionbutis notnecessaryfortheoperationofthecomputer.Examplesareprinters,scanners,and modems. AV~AntiVirus~AntiVirussoftware AV~AudioVideoorVisual~pertainingtotherecordingandreproductionofsoundsand pictures avatar~avatar~Agraphicaliconthatrepresentsarealpersoninacyberspacesystem. Whenyouenterthesystem,youcanchoosefromanumberoffancifulavatars. Sophisticated3Davatarsevenchangeshapedependingonwhattheyaredoing avatar~~AcommonnameforthesuperuseraccountonUNIXsystems.Theother commonnameisroot. AVD~alternatevoicedata~Asingletransmissionfacilitywhichcanbeusedforeither voiceordata.Â AVED~AntiVirusEmergencyDiscussionlist~Amailinglistforprofessionalantivirus researchersallowingthemtoalertotherresearcherstoemergingorongoing‘crisis’or ‘emergency’virusevents. AVG~AVG~AVGisafamilyofanti-virusandInternetsecuritysoftwareforthe MicrosoftWindows,Linux,MacOSX,andFreeBSDcomputingplatforms,developedby AVGTechnologies.http://www.avg.com AVI~Audio/VideoInterleaved~AVIisthemostcommonformatforaudio/videodataon thepersonalcomputer. AVK~ApplicationVerificationKit~Toolintendedtohelpdeveloperstesttheir applicationsforcorrectuseofJ2EEAPIsandportabilityacrossJ2EEcompatible applicationservers,andtohelpdevelopersavoidinadvertentlywritingnon-portablecode AVS~ApplicationVisualisationSystem~aportablemodularUNIX-basedgraphics packagesupportedbyaconsortiumofvendorsincludingConvex,DEC,IBM,HP,SET Technologies,StardentandWaveTracer. AVST~AppliedVoice&SpeechTechnologiesInc.~softwarecompanyinthe telecommunicationindustryhttp://www.avst.com/ AVVID~ArchitectureforVoice,VideoandIntegratedData~Anarchitecturalapproach forintegratingenterprisevoice,videoanddatatrafficoverIP-basednetworks,introduced byCiscoSystemsin1999. AWD~AccessWorkflowDesigner~Organizeandtrackinformation AWE~AdvancedWavEffects~AseriesofsoundcardsfromCreativeLabsthatincludes theSoundBlasterAWE32,theSoundBlasterAWE64,andtheAWE64Gold. AWS~AdvancedWirelessServices~AmazonWebServices(AWS)deliversasetof servicesthattogetherformareliable,scalable,andinexpensivecomputingplatformâ€œin thecloudâ€?.Âaws.amazon.com/ AWS~AmazonWebServices~acollectionofremotecomputingservices AWS~AutonomousWebServices~anextgenerationWebServicesbasedonbusiness processmodelharmonizationamongindependentsystems AWT~AbstractWindowToolkit~InJavaprogramming,acollectionofGUI componentsthatwereimplementedusingnative-platformversionsofthecomponents. Thesecomponentsprovidethatsubsetoffunctionalitywhichiscommontoalloperating systemenvironments. AZERTY~AZERTY~ThestandardFrenchlanguagekeyboardlayout.Termcomes fromthefirstsixlettersbelowtherowofnumbers. ~B~ b~bit~Thenumberofbitsusedtorepresentacharacter.Forpersonalcomputersabyte isusually8bits. B~byte~Thenumberofbitsusedtorepresentacharacter.Forpersonalcomputersabyte isusually8bits. Bchannel~BearerChannel~AwireusedinÂISDNÂservicethatcancarryupto64 Kbpsofdatawhenoperatingatfullcapacity.Itisaclearchannel‘pipe’thatcarriesvoice, data,orvideooverISDN.TheBRIserviceofferedtohomeusershastwoBchannels. B2B~business-to-business~B2Bisalsocommonlyusedasanadjectivetodescribeany activity,beitB2Bmarketing,sales,ore-commerce,thatoccursbetweenbusinessesand otherbusinesses B2C~business-to-consumer~B2Cdescribesactivitiesofcommercialorganizations servingtheendconsumerwithproductsand/orservices.Itisusuallyappliedexclusively toelectroniccommerce. B2E~business-to-employee~Theuseandleverageofe-businessapproachesand Internettechnologiestodeliveracomprehensivesetofservicestoanenterprise’s employeesandtheirmanagers.Thefulltermissometimespresentedas‘business-toenterprise.’ B8ZS~BinaryEightZeroSuppression.~8ZSisatechniqueinT1thatmodifiestheAMI encodingtoensureminimumpulsedensitywithoutalteringcustomerdata.Wheneight ‘zeros’inarowaredetected,apatternwithintentionalbipolarviolationsissubstituted. BAA~BlanketAuthorizationAgreement~Signedbyinterconnectorsguaranteeingthat theyhaveauthorityoftheendusercustomertorequestCPNIandplaceserviceorderson thecustomerâ€™sbehalf. BAC~BroadCastAgent~BusinessObjectsbroadcastagent BACNET~BuildingAutomationandControlNetworkprotocol~acommunications protocolforbuildingautomationandcontrolnetworks. BAF~BellcoreAMAFormat~Bellcore(NowTelcordiaTechnologies)AMAFormat BAI~BankAdministrationInstitute~File/reportformatusedinfinancialservices industry BAM~businessactivitymonitoring~AGartnertermthatdefinestheconceptof providingreal-timeaccesstocriticalbusinessperformanceindicatorstoimprovethespeed andeffectivenessofbusinessoperations.Atitsbroadestlevel,BAMistheconvergenceof operationalbusinessintelligenceandreal-timeapplicationintegration. BAN~BodyAreaNetworks~anemergingfieldoftechnologythathasthepotentialto revolutionizehealthcareandpathbreakingapplicationsinsports,communicationsand security.Â BAPI~BusinessApplicationProgrammingInterface~Asetofdocumented,server-side interfacestooneormoreR/3processes,fromSAP.BAPIpackagesmultipleinternal functionstoenableprogrammaticaccesstosuchhigher-ordertasksascheckingcustomer numbers,providingproductdescriptions,selectingproducts,creatingquotationsor creatingorders. barfile~brokerarchivefile~Theunitofdeploymenttothebroker;alsoknownasabar file.Itcontainsanynumberofcompiledmessageflows(.cmf),messagesets(.dictionary), andasingledeploymentdescriptor. BaselII~BaselCapitalAccord~aregulatoryframeworkforthebankingsector, developedbytheBaselCommitteeonBankingSupervision.Thiscommitteemeetsevery threemonthsattheBankforInternationalSettlementsinBasel,Switzerland. BASH~Bourne-AgainSHell~aninteractiveUNIXshellbasedonthetraditionalBourne shell,butwithincreasedfunctionality.BASHistheshell,orcommandlanguage interpreter,thatwillappearintheGNUoperatingsystem BASIC~Beginners’All-purposeSymbolicInstructionCode~Ahigh-levelalgebraic programminglanguagedevelopedatDartmouthCollegeinthe1960sandwidelytaughtto beginningprogrammers.Itissimpletousebutlacksspeed. BAT~BabyAdvancedTechnology~Atypeofsystemboard BBC~BritishBroadcastingCorporation~TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC) isaBritishpublicservicebroadcaster,headquarteredatBroadcastingHouseintheCityof Westminster,Londonhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/> BBCs~buffer-to-buffercredits~allowdatacommunicationinaFibre ChannelÂSANÂwheretherearelongspansoffiberopticcable.Unlessstoragedistance extensionisemployed,ÂlatencyÂimposesadistancelimitationofafewkilometers betweenthesourceandthedestinationinthenetwork. BBN~Bolt,BeranekandNewman~thelastnamesofthethreefoundersofBBN Technologiesandtheoriginalnameofthecompany. BBP~Business-to-BusinessProcurement~Acatalog-basedprocurementproduct fromÂSAP. BBS~BulletinBoardSystem~Acomputerizedmeetingandannouncementsystemthat allowspeopletocarryondiscussions,uploadanddownloadfiles,andmake announcementswithoutthepeoplebeingconnectedtothecomputeratthesametime. BC4J~BusinessComponentsForJava~Java2platform,EnterpriseEdition(J2EE) frameworkthathelpsdevelopersquicklyconstructhigh-performanceJ2EEapplications followingindustry-standarddesignpatterns BCB~buffercontrolblock~Anopaquecachemanagerstructurethatisusedtomaintain stateasafilesystempinsandreleasesdata(forexample,itsvolumestructure)inthe cache. Bcc~BlindCarbonCopy~Whenyousendane-mailtoonlyoneperson,youtypethe recipient’saddressinthe‘To:’field.Whenyousendamessagetomorethanoneperson, youhavetheoptiontoenteraddressesinthe‘Cc:’and‘Bcc:’fields. BCC~BlockCheckCharacter~Acontrolcharacteraddedtoablockincharacter orientedprotocols(suchasBisync)usedfordeterminingiftheblockwasreceivedinerror BCD~binary-codeddecimal~aformatforrepresentingdecimalnumbers(integers)in whicheachdigitisrepresentedbyfourbits(nybbleornibble).Seebyte.Forexample,the number375wouldberepresentedas:001101110101. BCE~BellCanadaEnterprises;~Canada’sLargestCommunications CompanyÂhttp://www.bce.ca BCEL~ByteCodeEngineeringLibrary~Libraryintendedtogiveusersaconvenient possibilitytoanalyze,create,andmanipulate(binary)Javaclassfiles BCI~BusinessContinuityInstitute~TheÂBCIÂpromotesthehigheststandardsof professionalcompetenceandcommercialethicsintheprovision,maintenanceand servicesforBusinessContinuityManagement(BCM). BCM/BCMP~BusinessContinuityManagement(Planning)~automatesthe collaborativeresearch,analysisandwritingneededtocreatearecoveryplanforcritical businessandIToperationsthatcanbepublishedanddistributedtotherecoveryteams. BCOCA~BarCodeObjectContentArchitecture~Anarchitectedcollectionof constructsusedtointerchangeandpresentbarcodedata. BCP~BestCurrentPractice~Meansthatacertainmannerofproceedingisingeneralthe mostlogicalchoice BCS~basiccontentservices~BCSsprovidedocumentlibraryserviceswith complementaryadhocimaging,basicWebpublishing,documentcollaborationand documentroutingastheircorefunctionalities. BCUG~bilateralclosedusergroup~Indatacommunication,twouserswhohave bilaterallyagreedtocommunicatewitheachother,butnotwithotherusers. BCV~businesscontinuancevolume~EMC’snameforthedatavolumescreatedbyits SymmetrixTimeFinderfeature.BCVsarecopiesofactivedatavolumesthatare separatelyaddressedfromthesourcevolume. BCX~BasicToCTranslator~anopensourceandfreesoftware,translatesBASICto C/C++forcompilationonvariousWin32compilers.Itisasmallcommandlinetoolthat takesaBASICsourcecodefileandoutputsaC/C++sourcecodefile. BD~Blu-rayDisc~Thisisanopticaldiscformatthatwasdevelopedtoenable recording,playback,andrewritingofÂHDÂvideo.Thistechnologyhasastorage capacityfargreaterthanthatoftraditionalDVDs. BDC~BackupDomainController~SecondarytothePDC,providesuser/computer domainauthentication BDF~buildingdistributionframe~Thelocationinabuildingwhereequipmentattaches anumberofcablesfromtheLDF’s BECN~BackwardExplicitCongestionNotification~Abitsentbyaframerelaynetwork tonotifyaninterfacedevice(DTE)thatcongestionavoidanceproceduresshouldbe initiatedbythesendingdevice BEEP~BlocksExtensibleExchangeProtocol~aframeworkforcreatingnetwork applicationprotocols.Itisintendedtoabstract-outthecommonfeaturesthathave traditionallybeenduplicatedineachprotocolimplementation Bellcore~BellCommunicationsResearch~Ajointlyowned,financedandcentrally staffedorganizationoftheregionalholdingcompaniesformedaftertheAT&Tdivestiture in1984,chargedwithestablishingnetworkstandardsandinterfaces.Bellcorechangedits nametoTelcordiaTechnologiesin1999. BER~BasicEncodingRules~Standardrulesforencodingdataunitsdescribedin ASN.1. BERT~BitErrorRateTest~Atestthatreflectstheratiooferroredbitstothetotal numbertransmitted.Usuallyshowninexponentialform(10^-6)toindicatethatoneoutof acertainnumberofbitsareinerror. BES~BlackBerryEnterpriseServer~BlackBerry’smobilityplatform BFR~BonaFideRequest~SubmittedCLECswithaninterconnection,orpending, agreementwithQwestfornon-tariffed,non-negotiated,non-mandatedservices,including operationsstandards. BFT~BinaryFileTransfer~Amethodoftransferringfilesusingfaxmodems.It’san extensiontothefaxprotocol. BGA~ballgridarray~Asopposedtoapingridarray(PGA),aballgridarrayisatype ofmicrochipconnectionmethodology.Ballgridarraychipstypicallyuseagroupofsolder dots,orballs,arrangedinconcentricrectanglestoconnecttoacircuitboard. BGAN~BroadbandGlobalAreaNetwork~BGANisamobilecommunicationssystem createdtotransmitbroadbandwirelessvoiceanddatacommunicationsalmostanywhere ontheearth’ssurface. BGI~BinaryGatewayInterface~ProvidesamethodofrunningaprogramfromaWeb server.SimilartoaCommonGatewayInterface(CGI).TheBGIusesabinaryDLLwhich isloadedintomemorywhentheserverstarts.WhilemoreefficienthanaCGI,theBGI mustbecompiledandisnoteasilyportabletootherenvironments. BGP~BorderGatewayProtocol(routingprotocol)~Applicationlayer,Routers-RFC 4271 BGP~BorderGatewayProtocol~Theinterdomainroutingprotocolimplementedin TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)networks. BGP-4~BorderGatewayProtocol-4~AnetworkingredundancyservicebasedonBGP. ItenablesanenterprisetorouteInformationProtocol(IP)trafficdestinedforthesameIP addressviadifferentnetworkconnections.InaBGP-4environment,whenatransmission comesfromanInternetserviceprovider’snetwork,itwilllookfortheprimaryrouterthat connectstotheenterprise’slocation. B-HAVW~BehavioralHeuristicAnalyzerinVirtualEnvironments~Bitdefender technology BHCA~busyhourcallattempt~Thecapacityofavoicecallprocessorcanbemeasured inBHCAs.BHCAsmeasuretheamountofcallsthatavoicesystemcanattempttohandle inacontinuousone-hourperiod(forexample,2,500busyhourcallattemptsor, equivalently,2,500callattemptsduringthebusyhour).BHCAcapacitiesincludeallcalls attempted,whethercompletedornot. BHCC~busyhourcallcompletion~Thecapacityofaprocessorcanbemeasuredin termsof BHLI~BroadbandHighLayerInformation~ThisisaQ.2931informationelementthat identifiesanapplication(orsessionlayerprotocolofanapplication). BHMC~BusyHourMinutesofCapacity~ForSwitchedAccess BHO~BrowserHelpObject~asoftwarecomponentthatcanbeaddedtoInternet Explorertoaddnewfunctions. BI~businessintelligence~Aninteractiveprocessforexploringandanalyzingstructured, domain-specificinformationtodiscernbusinesstrendsorpatterns,therebyderiving insightsanddrawingconclusions.TheBIprocessincludescommunicatingfindingsand effectingchange. BIA~businessimpactanalysis~Ananalysisofthecoststhatwouldbeincurredifa systemorsetofbusinessprocessesfailedtofunctionproperly.BIAisarequiredearlystep intheBCPprocess. BIBOP~bigbagofpages~atechniquethatencodesobjecttypeinthehigh-orderbitsof theiraddress,byusingalookuptablethatmapsfromthosebitstoatype. BIC~bankidentifiercode~Acodeusedtouniquelyidentifyabank,logicalterminal,or branchwithinaSWIFTnetwork. BICI~BroadbandInter-CarrierInterface~Acarrier-to-carrierinterfacelinePNNI (privatenetwork-to-networkinterface)thatisneededbecausecarriersdonotpermittheir switchestoshareroutinginformationordetailednetworkmapswiththeircompetition’s equipment. BiDi~Bi-Directional~thecapabilityofacomputersystemtocorrectlydisplaybidirectionaltext. BIDS~BusinessIntelligenceDevelopmentStudio~IDEÂfromMicrosoftusedfor developingdataanalysisandBusinessIntelligencesolutionsutilizingthe MicrosoftÂSQLÂServerAnalysisServices,ReportingServicesandIntegrationServices Bin~binary~Binarydata,composedofsomethingotherthanhuman-readabletext. Binarycode,thedigitalrepresentationoftextanddata Binhex~BINaryHEXadecimal~Amethodforconvertingnon-textfiles(non-ASCII) intoÂASCII.ThisisneededbecauseInternete-mailcanonlyhandleASCII. BIOD~blockinput/outputdaemon~IntheNetworkFileSystem(NFS),adaemonthat performsparallelread/writerequestsonbehalfofanNFSclient. BIOS~BasicInput/OutputSystem~AfundamentalelementofPCsandothercomputers. Itisakindofbuilt-insoftwarethatdetermineswhatacomputercandowithoutaccessing programsfromadisk. BIP~BitInterleavedParity~MethodusedatPHYlayertomonitorerrorperformanceof link.Checkbitorwordissentinlinkoverheadcoveringpreviousblockorframe.Bit errorsinpayloadwillbedetectedandmaybereportedasmaintenanceinformation. BIPS~BankInternetPaymentSystem~TheBIPSspecificationincludesaprotocolfor sendingpaymentinstructionstobankssafelyovertheInternetandapaymentserver architectureforprocessingthosepaymentinstructions BIRT~BusinessIntelligenceandReportingTools~Opensource,Eclipse-based reportingsystemthatintegrateswithyourapplicationtoproducecompellingreportsfor bothwebandPDF. BIST~built-inselftest~afeatureincludedinnewerintegratedcircuitsandother electronicequipment BISUP~BroadbandISDNUser’sPart~SS7protocolthatdefinessignalingmessagesto controlconnectionsandservices. BisyncorBSC~BinarySYNChronous~Asynchronouscommunicationsprotocolthat transmitsbinary-codeddatabetweentwodevicesbyusingasetofcontrolcharactersand controlcharactersequences. Bit~BinaryDigIT~Asingledigitnumberinbase-2,inotherwords,eithera1orazero. Thesmallestunitofcomputerizeddata.ÂBandwidthisusuallymeasuredinbits-persecond. BIT7~BitSeven~ATR008DS1linecodethatperformszerocodesuppressionby placingaoneinbit7ofanall-zerosbyte. BITNET~BecauseIt’sTimeNetworking~Low-cost,low-speedacademicnetwork consistingprimarilyofIBMmainframesand9600-bpsleasedlines.BITNETisnowpart ofCREN. BITS~BackgroundIntelligentTransferService~Enablesdeveloperstowriteclient applicationsthattransferfilesasynchronouslybetweenaclientandserver. BITW~Bump-In-The-Wire~ConfigurationwhereIPsecisimplementedthroughtheuse ofanoutboardcryptoprocessor. BIW~BusinessInformationWarehouse~AcomponentofSAP’sR/3system. BL~BLadeServer~AnHPbrandnameforProLiantBladeServers,whicharedesigned fortheperformance,management,densityandtotalcostofownership(TCO)savings requirementsofdatacenters. BLAST~BasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool~consistsofasetofalgorithms.BLASTis usedtocomparebiologicalsequenceslikeproteinsequencesornucleotides.WithBLAST acomparisonofindividualsequencecanbedoneagainstadatabaseofsequencesand informationobtainedincasethereismatchingofsequences. BLISS~BroadbandLocalIntegratedServicesSolution~Allowsserviceprovidersto offerabundleofpacket-basedservicesincludinglocalandlongdistancevoiceservices andhigh-speeddata B-LLI~BroadbandLowLayerInformation~ThisisaQ.2931informationelementthat identifiesalayer2andalayer3protocolusedbytheapplication. BLOB~binarylargeobject~Agenerictermusedtodescribethehandlingandstorageof longstringsofdatabydatabasemanagementsystems.ABLOBisacategoryofdata, characterizedbylargesize(includingmediaformatssuchasaudioandvideo),whichcan placeextremedemandsonstoragesystemsandnetworkbandwidth. BLOG~BetterListingsonGoogle~BetterListingsonGoogle Blog/Blogger~weBLOG~AblogisbasicallyajournalthatisavailableontheÂweb. Theactivityofupdatingablogis‘blogging’andsomeonewhokeepsablogisa‘blogger.’ Blogsaretypicallyupdateddailyusingsoftwarethatallowspeoplewithlittleorno technicalbackgroundtoupdateandmaintaintheblog. BLS~BasicLinkService~aFibreChannelrequestandresponseprotocolusedbyall devices. BMRT~BlueMoonRenderingTools~RenderMan-compliantphotorealisticrendering systems.Itwasdistributedasfreeware BMT~BielMeanTime~asynonymforInternetTime.BMTisfollowedbya@and3 numbersrangingfrom001to999.TheSwatchorganizationdevisedanideatodividethe 24hourdayinto1000‘beats’,oftencalledSwatchbeats,eachbeing26.4secondsin length. BNC~Bayone-Neill-Concelman/BritishNavalConnector~Aconnectortypefor 10Base2orThin-Netnetworks.ShapedliketheletterT,itconnectscoaxialcables.Theâ €œTâ€?hastwomaleconnectorsandonefemaleconnector. BNF~Backus-NaurForm~formalmeta-syntaxfordescribingcontext-freesyntaxes. InÂspeechrecognition,aspecialadaptationofgrammarrepresentationspecifiedby SpeechRecognitionControlLanguage(SRCL) BNI~BroadbandNetworkInterface~BroadbandNetworkInterface BNOS~BrocadeNetworkOS~BrocadeOSthatcanconvergefbrechannelandIPontoa Linuxcore BO/BOBJ~BusinessObjects~aFrenchenterprisesoftwarecompany,specializingin BI.Since2007ispartofSAPAG. BOA~BasicObjectAdapter~SoftwarethatprovidesCORBA-compliantservicesfor objectimplementations. BOB~BreakoutBox~AlsoknownasanEIAmonitor,abreakoutboxservestomonitor thestatusofsignalsofthepinsofanRS-232Cconnectororcableandallowssignalstobe broken,patched,orcross-connected. BOC~Belloperatingcompany~Anyofthe22originalcompanies(ortheirsuccessors) thatwerecreatedfromthebreakupofAT&Tin1983.Theywerereorganizedintoseven Bellregionalholdingcompanies(RHCs). BOCU-1~BinaryOrderedCompressionforUnicode~AUnicodecompressionscheme thatisMIME-compatible(directlyusablefore-mail)andpreservesbinaryorder,whichis usefulfordatabasesandsortedlists. BoD~BandwidthonDemand~BoDvalue-addedserviceenablesyoutorequest additionalÂbandwidthÂbetweenanytwolocationsduringheavyÂdemandÂperiod BOD~BusinessObjectDocument~Arepresentationofastandardbusinessprocessthat flowswithinanorganizationorbetweenorganizations.BODsaredefinedbytheOpen ApplicationsGroupusingXML. BOL~BooksOnline~AbookstoreontheInternetcreatedasajointventureofGerman publisherBertelsmannandFrenchpublisherHavas.Itisdesignedtobepan-European withaWebsiteavailableinvariouslocallanguages.Âhttp://www.bol.com BOM~BeginningofMessage~atelephonyterm.Ashortelectricalpulseprovidedbya digitalannouncerwhenusedincertain4wireE&Mmodes. BONDING~BandwidthonDemandInter-OperabilityGroup~Anindustryworking groupthatdevelopscommoncontrolandsynchronizationstandardsneededtomanage high-speeddataasittravelsthroughtheÂPSTN.ThesestandardsareforDS0inverse multiplexingandswitchedservices. boot~bootstrap~Tostartacomputerandloadtheoperatingsystemtopreparethe computertoexecuteanapplication. BOOTP~BootstrapProtocol~Aprotocol-definedinInternetEngineeringTaskForce RequestforComment951-thatenablesadisklessclientmachineconnectedtoanIP networktodiscoveritsownIPaddressandtheaddressofaserverrunningtheprotocol. BOPS~BillionsofProcessesPerSecond~Processingspeed BOT~beginningoftape~Intapestoragesystems,thepointatthestartofthetapeina cartridge.TapecartridgeloadtimesareoftenmeasuredintermsofthetimetoBOT. bot/botnet~robot(network)~generallyusedtorefertoanautomatedprogramusedto processdatawithminimalhumanintervention.Mostoftenreferredtoascertaintypesof searchenginesthatseekoutinformationfrompagesontheInternet. BPA~BusinessProcessAnalysis~thebusiness-modelingspaceinwhichbusiness professionalsandITanalystscollaborateonenterprisebusinessarchitecture,aimedat transformingandimprovingbusinessperformance. BPC~BusinessPlanningandConsolidation~SAPNetWeavercapabilities BPDM~BusinessProcessDefinitionMetamodel~thefirststandardmetamodelto facilitatedevelopmentofservice-orientedarchitectureswithinandamongenterprisesby unifyinginternalbusinessordepartmentprocesses(orchestration)withinteractions betweenbusinessesordepartments(choreography). BPDU~BridgeProtocolDataUnit~partsoftheSTPthathelpdescribeandidentify attributesofaswitchport. BPEL~BusinessProcessExecutionLanguage~AnXML-basedlanguagefortheformal specificationofbusinessprocessesandbusinessinteractionprotocols. BPEL4WS~BusinessProcessExecutionLanguageforWebServices~Asetof specificationsreleasedin2002byIBMandMicrosoft,combiningpreviouslyseparate effortsofthetwocompanies.BPEL4WSisdesignedtoenableWebservicestosupport workflowandbusinessprocessexecution. bpi~bitsperinch~Thedensity,measuredinnumberofbitsperinch,atwhich informationcanbestoredonmagnetictape. BPL~broadbandoverpowerlines~Thisisatechnologythathasneveremerged successfullyfrommanyattemptssincetheearly’80s.Itisadirectcompetitorwithboth DSLandcableconnectivityandattemptsthesamecapabilityoverelectricaltransmission lines. BPM~businessprocessmanagement~BPMactivitiesseektomakebusinessprocesses moreeffective,moreefficient,andmorecapableofadaptingtoanever-changing environment. BPON~BroadbandPassiveOpticalNetwork~BPONstandardsweresetbytheITU-Tas G.983.3foralocallooptechnologyrunningtheATMprotocoloversinglemodefiber. BPOS~BusinessProductivityOnlineStandardSuite~MicrosoftCloud-basedservices BPP~BluetoothBasicPrinting~Representsaspecially-developedBluetoothprofilethat allowsdevicestosendtext,e-mails,vCards,imagesorotheritemstoprintersbasedon printjobs. BPPM~BMCProactiveNetPerformanceManagement~BMC’sAPMsolutionincludes bothrealandsynthetictransactioncapabilities,includingapassiveenduserexperience agentdeployedasasofwareprocessorwithinaVMasavirtualappliance. bps~BitsPerSecond~Bitspersecondisthestandardwayofmeasuringhowfastdata movesacrossanetworkorphonesystem.Forexample,a56Kmodemcanhypothetically transferdataat56,700bitspersecond. BPV~BiPolarViolation~theoccurrenceoftwosuccessivepulsesofthesamepolarityin abipolarsignal.InT1itisdetectedasanerror. BRA~BasicRateAccess~ThenameusedinCanadaandEuropeforBasicRate Interface(seeBRI). BRAN~BroadbandRadioAccessNetworks~AnETSIproject,itprovides telecommunicationsservicesthemiddlegroundbetweenmobilesystemsandthewired accessworld BRAS~BroadbandRemoteAccessServer~theaggregationpointforthesubscriber traffic. BRE~Businessruleengines~usedtoautomatecontrols,especiallywhenbusiness processmanagementisimplementedtostandardizeandautomatecriticalregulated processes. BREW~BinaryRuntimeEnvironmentÂforWireless~mobilechanneltechnologiesfor wireless BRF~BenchmarkReportFormat~Incomputergraphics,astandardformatforreporting benchmarkresults.Thisformatprovidesthepurchaserwithaconsistentdata-tracking systemforcomparinghardwareplatforms. BRI~BasicRateInterface~AnIntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN)channel configuration.BRI-knownasBasicRateAccess(BRA)inCanadaandEurope-consists oftwo64kilobitpersecond(Kbps)dataorvoicechannels,whicharedesignatedasB (bearer)channels,andone16-Kbpssignalingorpacketdatachannel,designatedastheD (delta)channel.BRIis,therefore,oftenreferredtoas2B+D. BROUTER~Bridge-Router~Thiswasanearlytechnology,whichtookadvantageofthe (relative)speedofabridge,butalsoprovidedthecapabilitiesofarouter.Thebrouterwas characterizedbytheterm,‘bridgewhenpossible,routewhennecessary.’ BRR~BusinessReadinessRating~aproposedratingsystemforusebyopensource softwarecommunity. BRZ~BipolarReturntoZero~RZisabipolarsignalinwhicheachpulsereturnstozero amplitudebeforeitstimeperiodends.ThispreventsthebuildupofDCcurrentonthe signalline. BS7799~BritishStandard7799~AcomprehensivestandardfromtheBritishStandards Institute(BSI).Formallytitledthe‘CodeofPracticeforInformationSecurity Management,’BS7799wassignificantlyrevisedin2000andevolvedintoInternational OrganizationforStandardization(ISO)standard17799 BSA~BusinessSoftwareAlliance~Asoftwareindustrycoalitionwhosestatedmissions includeindustryeducationandcopyrightenforcement. BSC~BalanceScoreCard~Abusinessperformancemeasurementsystemdevelopedby RobertS.KaplanandDavidP.Norton,thatprovidesamethodofaligningbusiness activitiestothestrategy,andmonitoringperformanceofstrategicgoalsovertime. BSC~binarysynchronouscommunication~Adata-communicationlineprotocolthat usesasetoftransmissioncontrolcharactersandcontrolcharactersequencestosend binary-codeddataoveracommunicationline. BSD~BerkeleySoftwareDistribution~theUNIXoperatingsystemderivativedeveloped anddistributedbytheComputerSystemsResearchGroupoftheUniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley,from1977to1995 BSDI~BerkeleySoftwareDesign,Inc.~acommercialsupplierofInternetand networkingsoftwarebasedontheBSD(Berkeley)versionofUNIX. BSE~BasicServiceElements~InOpenNetworkArchitecture,BSEsarefunctionsof theswitchednetwork.ABSEnormallyconsistsofanaccesslinkelement,a features/functionselement,oratransportandusageelementthatconnectsEnhanced ServiceProviderstotheircustomers. BSM~BusinessServiceManagement~acategoryofIToperationsmanagement softwareproductsthatdynamicallylinkstheavailabilityandperformanceeventsfrom underlyingITinfrastructureandapplicationcomponentstothebusiness-orientedIT servicesthatenablebusinessprocesses. BSNL~BharatSancharNigamLimited~astate-ownedtelecommunicationscompany headquarteredinNewDelhi,India.BSNLisoneofthelargestIndiancellularservice providersandthelargestlandlinetelephoneproviderinIndia. BSoD~BlueScreenofDeath~TerminalerrorscreendisplayedbyMicrosoftWindows, notnormallyrecoverableexceptbyareboot.AlsoknownasaStopScreen.Abluescreen willdisplayaSTOPerrorcode,whichmaygivesomeindicationastothecause. BSP~boardsupportpackage~Partofasoftwarepackagethatisprocessororplatform dependent.Typically,samplesourcecodefortheBSPisprovidedbythepackage developer. BSS~Basicserviceset(Wi-Fi)~Wireless-IEEEStd802.11-2007 BSS~BaseStationSystem~Awirelesstelecommunicationsterm.AGSMdevice chargedwithmanagingradiofrequencyresourcesandradiofrequencytransmissionfora groupofBTSs. BSSID~basicservicesetidentifier~uniquelyidentifieseachBSS,theSSIDusedin multiple,possiblyoverlapping. BST~binarysearchtree~atypeofbinarytreewherethenodesarearrangedinorder:for eachnode,allelementsinitsleftsubtreeareless-or-equaltothenode(<=),andallthe elementsinitsrightsubtreearegreaterthanthenode(>). BT~BitTorrent~aP2Pfilesharingsystemthatreducesdependencyontheoriginalhost (ortheSEED)byhavingeveryonewhodownloadsthefilealsoofferitforanonymous uploadtoothers BTAG~BeginningTag~AnATMterm.AoneoctetfieldoftheCPCS_PDUusedin conjunctionwiththeetagoctettoformanassociationbetweenthebeginningofmessage andendofmessage. BTAM~BasicTelecommunicationsAccessMethod~alow-levelprogramminginterface specifiedbyIBMforuseontheIBMSystem/360forsendingandreceivingdatathrough telecommunicationlines BTM~BenchmarkTimingMethodology~Incomputergraphics,amethodofmeasuring howlongittakestorunthepurchaser’sbenchmarkinterchangeformatprogram. BTO~Businesstechnologyoptimization~Businesstechnologyoptimization BTS~BitsPerSecond~Indatacommunications,bitspersecond(abbreviatedbps)isa commonmeasureofdataspeedforcomputermodemsandtransmissioncarriers. BTW~ByTheWay~Computerjargon BTX~BalancedTechnologyeXtended~ntelhascollaboratedwiththeDesktop Computingindustrytocreateanevolutionarystepinthedesktopcomputerformfactor. BTXintegratescost-effectiveengineeringanddesignstrategiesforpowerdissipation, structuralintegrity,acousticperformance,andmotherboarddesignintoascalableform factor. BUS~BroadcastandUnknownServer~ThisserverhandlesdatasentbyanLEClientto thebroadcastMACaddress(‘FFFFFFFFFFFF’),allmulticasttraffic,andinitialunicast frameswhicharesentbyaLANEmulationClient. BVD~BasicVirtualDisk~aÂVDÂconfiguredusingonlynon-hybridÂRAIDÂlevels likeRAID-0,RAID5orRAID5E.Â BW~bandwidth~Themeasureoftherangeoffrequencieswithinabandrequiredto transmitaparticularsignal.Thewiderthebandwidth,themoreinformationitcancarry. BYOD~bringyourowndevice~atypeofVoIPsubscription.Subscriberswhohavetheir ownVoIPdevice(aSIP-capabledevice)whensigningupforaVoIPservicewillusually beabletotakeadvantageofacheapersubscriptionplan ~C~ C&SI~consultingandsystemintegration~Consulting&SIjoborindustry C/kT~carrier-to-receivernoisedensity~Insatellitecommunications,theratioofthe receivedcarrierpowertothereceivernoisepowerdensity. C++/CPP~CPlusPlus~Object-orientedprogramminglanguagebasedonC.Also, filenameextension. C2A~Click-to-Action~Amethodforimplementingcooperativeportlets,wherebyusers canclickanicononasourceportlettotransferdatatooneormoretargetportlets. C4S~command,control,communications,andcomputersystems~Integratedsystemsof doctrine,procedures,organizationalstructures,personnel,equipment,facilities,and communicationsdesignedtosupportacommander’sexerciseofcommandandcontrol, throughallphasesoftheoperationalcontinuum. C64/128~Commodore64/128~TheC64computertothisdayholdstherecordforbeing themostsuccessfulmodelofcomputerevermadewitheventhelowestestimatesbeingin thetensofmillions.Itsbigbrother,theC128,wasnotquiteaspopularbutstillsold severalmillionunits. CA~CertificateAuthority~atrustedthirdpartyusedtocreatedigitalcertificatesand private/publickeypairsandtoguaranteethatthepartysigningadocumentistheperson theyclaimtobe. CaaS~CommunicationsasaService~Theutilizationofenterprise-class communicationsapplicationsandtechnology(suchasIPtelephony,contactcenterservices andunifiedcommunications)isofferedasaservice. CAC~CallAdmissionControl~Theinspectionandcontrolallinboundandoutbound voicenetworkactivitybyavoicefirewallbasedonuser-definedpolicies. CAD/CAM~Computer-AidedDesign/Manufacturing~Alsoknownbyengineersand architectsasthebestinventionofalltime.Today,CADsoftwareisusedfornearlyall three-dimensionaldesigning.Designerscanturnanobjectintoanelectronicrepresentation morequicklyandaccuratelythanbydiagramingitwithapencilandpaper. CAI~CommonAirInterface~Astandardthatdefinestechnicalparametersforcontrol andinformationsignalspassedbetweenaradiotransmitterandreceiver,sothat communicationmaytakeplacebetweenequipmentmanufacturedbydifferentcompanies. CAL~ClientAccessLicense~AMicrosoftsoftwarelicenseprogram.Thecostofclients accessingspeciallylicensedservers.Therearetypicallytwomethodsoflicensingaccess toaserveroraseparately-pricedservice.Thesewerepreviouslyknownas‘Per-serveror per-seat. CALEA~CommunicationsAssistanceforLawEnforcementAct~ThisisaU.S.legal frameworkenablingtelephonecallinterceptionincertaincircumstances.Pleaserefer toÂhttp://www.fcc.gov/calea/Âforfurtherdetails. CAM~CapitalAssetManagement~OracleJDEdwardsEnterpriseOneEAMsolution CAMA~centralizedautomaticmessageaccounting~Anautomaticmessageaccounting systemthatservesmorethanoneswitchfromacentrallocation. CAMEL~CustomizedApplicationforMobilenetworksEnhancedLogic~afeatureof GSMthatallowsuserstoroambetweennetworks.CAMELisastandardthatisnow startingtobedeployed. CAN~CampusAreaNetwork~anetworkwhichinvolvesinterconnectivitybetween buildingsinasetgeographicarea,suchasacampus,majorhospital,largecorporate enterprise,industrialpark,orothersuchnon-publicaccessenvironment. CAN-SPAM~ControllingtheAssaultofNon-SolicitedPornographyand~alawpassed bytheU.S.Congressin2003(15U.S.C.7701)providingpenaltiesforsendingdeceptive masse-mails.TheactrequiredtheFederalTradeCommissiontoinvestigatewhetheror nottoestablishanationalDoNotE-mailregistry CAP~carrierlessamplitudephasemodulation~Amultilevel,multiphaseencoding methodfortransmittingdataovertwistedpairlines.Itisasupersetofthelegacyprotocol usedbyanalogmodems. CAPA~CAProductivityAccelerator~asetofinteractivefeaturesandfunctionstohelp easetraining,navigation,useandprocessadoptionoftheproductonceitisliveandinuse inthefield. CAPE~concurrentart-to-productenvironment~Adesignapproachthatbringstogethera varietyofsynergisticapplications,includingvisualization,rapidprototyping,analysis, materialsselection,machiningandcostestimation. CAPI~CommonApplicationProgramminginterface~APIstandardusedtoaccess ISDNequipment,equipmentthatusetheintegratedservicesdigitalnetworkISDN standardforthetransferofdataovertelephonelines. caps~capitalletters~capitalletters CAPTCHA~CompletelyAutomatedPublicTuringTesttotellComputersandHumans Apart~achallenge-responsesystemtestdesignedtodifferentiatehumansfromautomated programs.Âhttp://www.captcha.net/ CAR~committedaccessrate~Ametricusedinnetworkquality-of-serviceagreements toclassifyandlimitcustomertrafficandmanageexcesstrafficaccordingtothenetwork policy. CARE~CustomerAccountRecordExchange~Nationalguidelinesfortheformatsand languageusedinmechanizedexchangesofEqualAccess-relatedinformationbetween InterexchangeCarriersandtelephonecompanies. CAROT~CentralizedAutomaticReportingonTrunks~Amechanizedsystemfortesting oftrunkstoensurethattrunksareaccessibletotraffic,functionproperlyduringcallsetup andtermination,andprovideapropertransmissionpathduringacall. CARP~CommonAddressRedundancyProtocol~Allowsmultiplehostsonthesame localnetworktoshareasetofIPaddressesamongthem CART~commandandresponsetoken~An8-bytetokenthatisaddedtowrite-tooperator(WTO)commands;itenablestheresponseWTOtobeassociatedwiththe commandthatinvokedit. CAS~centralizedattendantservices~Afunctionofausuallycentrallylocatedattendant consolethatpermitsthecontrolofmultipleswitches,someofwhichmaybe geographicallyremote. CASE~computer-aidedsoftwareengineering~Anumbrellatermforacollectionof applicationdevelopmenttoolsdesignedtoincreaseprogrammerproductivity. CAT~Category(e.g.CAT-5cable)~Physicallayer-ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2001 CAT~CommunicationsAuthorityofThailand~TheexclusiveoperatorofThailand’s internationaltelecommunicationsservicestotherestoftheworld.Inadditionto telecommunicationsservices,itprovidesdatacommunications,mobileandsatellite services. CATn~Categoryn~AsinCategory5(Cat5),5e(enhanced),6or6ecoppercabling typicallyusedinbuildingstoconnectPCsandtelephonyhandsetstohubsorswitches. Thecategoryindicatesaspecificgaugeofwiring.Â CATI~computer-aidedtelephoneinterviewing~Technologyusedfacilitateinformation gatheringviaphoneinterviews(forexample,forsurveypurposes). CATIA~ComputerAidedThree-dimensionalInteractiveApplication~amulti-platform CAD/CAM/CAEcommercialsoftwaresuitedevelopedbytheFrenchcompanyDassault SystemesandmarketedworldwidebyIBM CATP~CaffeineAccessTransportProtocol~Commonmethodofmovingcaffeine acrossÂWideAreaNetworksÂsuchastheÂInternetÂ.CATPwasfirstusedatthe BinaryCafeinCybertownandquicklyspreadworld-wide. CATS~CallingCard&ThirdNumberSettlement~Antelephonecompanysystemfor ICS(intercompanysettlements)processedthroughCMDS(CentralizedMessage DistributionSystem). CATV~communityantennatelevision(orCableTVsystem)~Commonlyknownas ‘cableTV.’Televisionsignalsarereceivedataselectedsiteandretransmittedto subscribersviaacablenetwork.Additionalchannels,notnormallyavailableinthatarea, canalsobetransmitted. CAV~ConstantAngularVelocity~Amethodofreading(orwriting)datafrom(orto)a spinningdisk.Asdataisreadfromthedisk,thedrivemotoralwaysspinsatthesame speed. cB~CBeautifier~Atoolfortidyingthesyntaxofsourcecode. CBC~cipherblockchaining~Amethodofreducingrepetitivepatternsinciphertextby performinganexclusive-ORoperationoneach8-byteblockofdatawiththepreviously encrypted8-byteblockbeforeitisencrypted. CBL~CompositeBlockingList~Takesitssourcedatafromverylargespamtraps/mail infrastructures,andonlylistsIPsexhibitingcharacteristicswhicharespecifictoopen proxiesofvarioussortswhichhavebeenabusedtosendspam,worms/virusesthatdotheir ownmailtransmission CBN~commonbondingnetwork~Thesetofmetalliccomponentsthatareintentionally orincidentallyinterconnectedtoprovidetheprincipalmeansforeffectingbondingand groundinginsideatelecommunicationsbuilding. CBP~CertifedBiometricsÂ~IEEEprogramfocusesontherelevantknowledgeandÂ CBQ~Class-BasedQueuing~ApublicdomainQoSmethodologyforclassifyingpackets andqueuingthemaccordingtocriteriadefinedbyanadministratortoprovidedifferential forwardingbehaviorforeachtrafficclass CBR~constantbitrate~AnATMservicecategory,definedbytheATMForum,that guaranteesaconstantbandwidthwithlowdelay,jitterandcellloss.Circuitemulationisa typicalapplication. cbrfiles~ComicBookArchive~CBRfilesrarredfilearchiveswiththeirextension changedfrom.rarto.cbr CBT~ComputerBasedTraining~Aformofeducationinwhichthestudentlearnsby executingspecialtrainingprogramsonacomputer.UnlikeWeb-basedtrainingprograms, CBTdoesnotrequireanInternetconnection. CBWFQ~Class-BasedWeightedFairQueueing~ExtendsthestandardWFQ functionalitytoprovidesupportforuser-definedtrafficclasses.ForCBWFQ,youdefine trafficclassesbasedonmatchcriteriaincludingprotocols,ACLs,andinputinterfaces cc~carboncopy~Anoptioninmoste-mailprograms,itallowsyoutosendduplicate copiesofane-mailmessage.Whenyoutypearecipient’se-mailaddressintheccfield,it isviewabletoeveryonewhoreceivesthee-mailmessage. CC~closedcaptioning~Aservicethattransmitstextcaptionsforatelevisionprogram andcanbedisplayedonanymoderntelevisionwithadisplaysizemeasuringgreaterthan 13inches(33cm)diagonally. CCA~CitrixCertifiedAdministrator~EntrytomidlevelcertificationforIT professionalswhowanttoâ€œdemonstrateproductexpertiseonCitrixplatformproducts CCAs~compositecontentapplications~casemanagementandfront-endaccessforfield personneltocomplexback-endapplications CCC~ClearChannelCapability~Acharacteristicofatransmissionpathinwhichthebit positionallocatedforcustomerdatamayrepresentanycombinationofzerosandones.. AlsorefertoClearChannel CCD~ChargeCoupledDevice~asolid-statechipcontainingaseriesoftiny,lightsensitivephotositesandwasoriginallydevelopedbyHoneywell.Theheartofall electronicanddigitalcameras. CCD+~CashConcentrationandDisbursementplusaddenda~Oneoftheprimary messageformatsnecessaryforenterprise-initiatedpaymentstotraversetheU.S.national banks’clearinghousesystem.Theformatislimitedtoasingleaddendumrecord(one invoice,onepayment),andmanybankscanprocessit. CCF~callcontrolfunction~Thenetworkintelligencethatprovidescall/connection processingandcontrol. CCH~connectionspercircuithour~Aunitoftrafficmeasurementexpressedasthe numberofconnectionsestablishedataswitchingpointperhour. CCHIT~CertificationCommissionforHealthInformationTechnology~Avoluntary, privatesectororganizationlaunchedin2004tocertifyhealthinformationtechnology (HIT)productssuchaselectronichealthrecordsandthenetworksoverwhichthey interoperate.Âwww.cchit.org CCI~controlledcryptographicitem~Securetelecommunicationsorinformation handlingequipment,orassociatedcryptographiccomponent,thatisunclassifiedbut governedbyaspecialsetofcontrolrequirements. CCIE~CiscoCertifiedInternetworkExpert~CiscoCertifiedInternetworkExpert. CCIR~ComiteConsultatifInternationaldesRadioCommunications~Abbreviationof theFrenchnamefortheInternationalRadioCommunicationsConsultativeCommittee, nowpartoftheÂITU. CCIS~common-channelinterofficesignaling~Inmultichannelswitchednetworks,a methodoftransmittingallsignalinginformationforagroupoftrunksbyencodingitand transmittingitoveraseparatechannelusingtime-divisiondigitaltechniques. CCITT~InternationalTelegraphandTelephoneConsultativeCommittee~French acronymfortheinternationalstandardsorganization.PartoftheUnitedNationalITU. CCITT(obs.)~StandardsorganizationthathasbeenreplacedbyITU-T~OrganizationITU-T CCL~CommunicationsControlLanguage~afilethatdialersandbrowsersuseto controlthemodemconnection.Thesefilesshouldnotbechangedexceptbythesupplied editor. CCNA~CiscoCertifiedNetworkAssociate~CiscoCertifiedNetworkAssociate ccNSO~CountryCodeNamesSupportingOrganization~thepolicy-developmentbody foranarrowrangeofglobalissuesregardingccTLDwithintheÂICANNÂstructure. CCOW~ClinicalContextObjectWorkgroup~Agroupthatdefinesstandardsfor collaborationamongapplicationsonclinicalworkstations.Originallyanindependent consortium,CCOWisnowtechnicalcommitteeoftheÂHL7Âstandardsorganization. CCP~CertifiedComputerProfessional~Theawardforsuccessfulcompletionofa comprehensiveexaminationoncomputers.AlsoCertificateinComputerProgramming. CCPM~CriticalChainProjectManagement~Leanmethodologyfordoingprojects CCR~channelcommandretry~Inmainframecomputing,theprotocolusedbetweena channelandacontrolunitthatenablesthecontrolunittorequestthatthechannelreissue thecurrentcommand. CCS~CentumCallSeconds~Onehundredcallsecondsoronehundredsecondsof telephoneconversation.Onehouroftelephonetrafficisequalto36CCS(60x60=3600 dividedby100=36)whichisequaltooneerlang. CCSA~commoncontrolswitchingarrangement~Anarrangementinwhichswitching foraprivatenetworkisprovidedbyoneormorecommoncontrolswitchingsystems. CCSE~CheckpointCertifiedSecurityExpert~CheckpointCertification.Stage2after completingtheCCSA ccTLD~countrycodeTop-LevelDomain~anInternettop-leveldomaingenerallyused orreservedforacountryoradependentterritory. CCTV~Closed-CircuitTelevision~Anetworkedcamerausedforsurveillance,process monitoringandotherpurposes. CD~CompactDisc~Anopticalformofstoragemedia,typicallyusedforaudioand softwareprograms. CDTable~change-datatable~InSQLreplication,areplicationtableontheCapture controlserverthatcontainschangeddataforareplicationsourcetable. CDB~capacitydatabase~capacitydatabase CDC~calldatachannel~Thelogicallinkbetweenthedeviceperforminganelectronic surveillanceaccessfunctionandtheLEA(lawenforcementagency)thatprimarilycarries call-identifyinginformation. CDDI~CopperDistributedDataInterface~AnAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute specificationfortransmittingFDDIsignalsovercoppermedia.CDDIrunsonboth shieldedandunshieldedtwisted-paircabling. CDE~commondesktopenvironment~popularcommercialwindowmanager(andmuch more—asitsnametouts,itismoreofadesktopenvironment)thatrunsunderXWindows.Freework-alikeversionsarealsoavailable. CDF~ChannelDefinitionFormat~bAwayofdefiningtheserver-pushchannelsfor accessingfrequentlychangingwebcontent. CDFS~compactdiscfilesystem~ControlsaccesstothecontentsofCD-ROMdrives. BasedontheISO9660Standard(butextendsittoallowlonganddouble-bytefilenames). CDH~CustomerDataHub~OracleMDMproduct CDI~clientdeviceidentification~softwaredetectingaccounttakeovers,newaccount fraudande-commercefraud CDMA~CodeDivisionMultipleAccess~Adigitalcellularphoneservicethatoffersup to20timesmorecall-handlingcapacitythanconventionalcellularsystemsbyassigninga specialelectroniccodetoeachsignal. CDN~content-deliverynetwork~Anetworkspecializinginthedeliveryofstreaming audioandvideo. CDO~caredeliveryorganization~Acategoryofenterprisesthatusehealthcare informationsystems.CDOsareorganizations,suchashospitalsandphysicianpractices, whoseprimarymissionistodeliverhealthcare-relatedservices. CDP~CiscoDiscoveryProtocol~UsedbyCiscoRouters CDPD~CellularDigitalPacketData~Apacketdataprotocolstandardforsending wirelessdata,itwasdevelopedforuseoncellularphonefrequencies.Ittransmitsdatain packetsonunusedcellularchannels(inthe800MHzto900MHzrange). CDR~calldetailrecording~Ameansofcapturingtelephonesysteminformationoncalls madeforprocessingintomanagementreports.Capturedinformationincludeswhomade thecall,whereitwentandwhattimeofdayitwasmade. CD-R~CompactDisc-Recordable~atypeofCDthatcanberecordedbytheuser.CDRshavethesamecapacityandarereadableinthesamedrivesasordinaryCDs CD-ROM~compactdiscread-onlymemory~AversionofthestandardCDintendedto storegeneral-purposedigitaldata.CD-ROMscanstoreawidevarietyofdata,suchas music,videoandgraphics. CD-RW~Compactdisc-rewritable~ReplacingtheCD-ROMindesktopcomputersisthe CD-RW,standingforCompactDiscRewritable.TheCD-RWletsyoucreatebackupfiles ormakemusiccompilationsby‘writing’thefilesonthedisc. CDS~CorrelatedDoubleSampling~Technologytocleantheimagesignalduring scanning CDT~C/C++DevelopmentTools~Eclipsesubprojectworkingtowardsprovidingafully functionalCandC++IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment(IDE)fortheEclipse platform CDV~CellDelayVariation~AQoSparameterthatmeasuresthedifferencebetweenthe transferdelayofasinglecelltransferdelayandtheexpectedtransferdelay. CErouter~Customeredgerouter~Arouterthatispartofacustomernetworkandthat interfacestoaprovideredge(PE)router. CEA~ConsumerElectronicsAssociation~CEAistheindustryauthorityonmarket researchandforecasts;consumersurveys;legislativeandregulatorynews;engineering standards;trainingresources.http://www.ce.org CEAP~cloud-enabledapplicationplatforms~cloud-enabledapplicationplatforms CEBP~communication-enabledbusinessprocess~keycapabilityofUCisthatitoffersa methodtointegrateÂ CeCILL~CEACNRSINRIALogicielLibre~FreeSoftwarelicenseadaptedtoboth InternationalandFrenchlegalmatters,inthespiritofandretainingcompatibilitywiththe GNUGeneralPublicLicense. CEF~CiscoExpressForwarding~Advanced,Layer3IPswitchingtechnology.It optimizesnetworkperformanceandscalabilityfornetworkswithlargeanddynamic trafficpatterns CEH~CertifiedEthicalHacker~CertificationinITsecurityissuedbyTheInternational CouncilofElectronicCommerceConsultants(EC-Council) CEI~CommonEventInfrastructure~TheimplementationofasetofAPIsand infrastructureforthecreation,transmission,persistence,anddistributionofbusiness, system,andnetworkCommonBaseEvents. CEIM~CommonEnterpriseInformationModel~theabilitytodefineactionsand executeprocessesrightfromBImetadata CELL/B.E.~CellBroadbandEngine~Abreakthroughmicroprocessorwithunique capabilitiesforapplicationsrequiringvideo,3Dgraphics,orhigh-performance computationforimaging,security,visualization,healthcare,surveillance,andmore. cellphone~CellularTelephone~Amobile,wirelesstelephonethatcommunicateswitha localtransmitterusingashort-waveanalogordigitaltransmission. CELP~code-excitedlinearprediction~Ananalog-to-digitalvoicecodingscheme. CEM~customerexperiencemanagement~Aligningexecutiveinvolvement,operational processes,organizationalstructure,andtechnologyinfrastructuretostimulate,anticipate, andsatisfycustomerneeds. CEMF~CiscoElementManagementFramework~Collectsfaultinformationfrom varioussources.Networkelements,suchasroutersorswitches,mayreportfaultconditions asSNMPtraps,Syslogmessages CEP~complexeventprocessing~Sofwareinfrastructurethatcandetectpatternsof events(andexpectedeventsthatdidnâ€™toccur)byfltering,correlating,contextualizing, andanalyzingdatacapturedfromdisparatelivedatasourcestorespondasdefnedusing theplatformâ€™sdevelopmenttools. CEPS~CommonElectronicPurseStandard~AstandardendorsedbyVisaandAmerican Expressforelectronicpurse(e-purse)orstored-valueapplicationsonsmartcards. CER~CorporateErrorReporting~ToolthatallowsITAdministratorstomanageerror reportsanderrormessagescreatedbytheWindowsErrorReportingclient(WER)in WindowsXPandWindowsServer2003 CERN~ConseilEuropeenpourlaRechercheNucleaire~Theoriginal,Frenchnameof theEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch,headquarteredinGeneva,Switzerland. AnuclearresearchlaboratorywheretheWorldWideWebwasinvented. CERT~ComputerEmergencyResponseTeam~Agroupformedin1998bytheU.S. DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency CES~CharacterEncodingScheme~AÂCESischaracterencodingformÂplusbyte serialization.TherearesevencharacterencodingschemesinUnicode:UTF-8,UTF-16, UTF-16BE,UTF-16LE,UTF-32,UTF-32BE,andUTF-32LE. CES~ConsumerElectronicsShow~CESisamajortechnology-relatedtradeshowheld eachJanuaryintheLasVegasConventionCenter.Âhttp://cesweb.org/ CESID~caller’semergencyserviceidentification~Thenumberusedtoidentifythe callingterminalwithinthecontextoftheemergencyservicecall. CEVA~content-enabledverticalapplication~CEVAstypicallyhelptoautomate complexprocessesthatpreviouslyrequiredworkerstosortthroughpaperdocumentsand otherformsofcontentmanually. CF~CompactFlash~averysmallremovablemassstoragedevice.Firstintroducedin 1994bySanDiskCorporation,CFmemoryCardsweighahalfounceandarethesizeofa matchbook.CFmemoryCardistheworld’smostpopularremovablemassstoragedevice. CFA~CircuitFacilityAssignment~AllowsWholesaleAccesscustomerstovalidatethe DS1/DS3atsystemandchannelLevels. CFA~ColorFilterArray~Indigitalimaging,CFAsassignaseparateprimarycolorto eachpixelbyplacingafilterofthatcoloroverthepixel CFB~Ciphertextfeedback~amodeofoperationforablockcipher.Incontrasttothe CBCmode,whichencryptsasetnumberofbitsofplaintextatatime,itisattimes desirabletoencryptandtransfersomeplaintextvaluesinstantlyoneatatime,forwhich ciphertextfeedbackisamethod. CFM~CodeFragmentManager~thelibrarymanagerandcodeloaderforprocesses basedonPEF(PreferredExecutableFormat)objectfiles(inCarbon). CFM~CubicFeetperMinute~Ameasureofairflow,andyoucanuseittocomparethe efficiencyoffansdesignedtocoolcomputersorcomputercomponents. CfMD~CertifiedforMicrosoftDynamics~alabelforadd-onproductsthatISVhave builttoexpandthefunctionalityofDynamics CFMN~ClientForMicrosoftNetworks~32-bit,protected-modenetworkclientfor Windows9xthatprovidestheredirectorandothersoftwarecomponentsforMicrosoft networking CFV~CallForVotes~InitiatesthevotingperiodforaUsenetnewsgroup.Atleastone emailaddressiscustomarilyincludedasarepositoryforthevotes. CG~ComputerGraphics~graphicscreatedusingcomputersand,moregenerally,the representationandmanipulationofpictorialdatabyacomputer. CGA~ColourGraphicsAdaptor~Acomputerstandardusingdigitalsignalsofferinga resolutionof320by200pixels,aÂpaletteof16colors. CGI~CommonGatewayInterface~asetofrulesforrunningscriptsorprogramsona Webserver.WhenyousubmitinformationtoaWebserver,there’sagoodchancethatthe serverisusingaCGIscripttoreceiveandprocessthedata. CGI~ConseillersenGestionetInformatique(french)~InformationSystemsand ManagementConsultants’inEnglish,ITmanagementandbusinessprocessservices(BPS) company.Foundedin1976andheadquarteredinMontreal,CanadaÂwww.cgi.com CGM~Consumer-generatedmedia~anywritten,audioorvideocontentcreatedbyend users,usingbasicorsemiprofessionaltools. CGMP~CiscoGroupMulticastProtocol~AformofIGMPsnoopingthatletstheswitch sendmulticastsonlytotheportsonaVLANthatareparticipatinginthemulticast C-GREX~ChaosGameRepresentationExplorer~ahandyBioinformaticstoolfor exploringthesequencevisualizationandpatternanalysisofbiologicalsequences includingRNA,DNAandaminoacidsequences. CHAP~Challenge-HandshakeAuthenticationProtocol(PPP)~Security,telecom-RFC 1994 CHAP~ChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocol~Asecurityprotocolusedbya servertograntordenysystemaccessbasedonaclient-suppliedpassword,whichis encryptedpriortotransmission. Charset~characterset~AsetofcharactersusedinWindows.Charsetsrefertothesame collectionsofcharactersasthosedefinedbyWindowscodepages. chat~conversationalhypertextaccesstechnology~Aformofinteractiveonline typewrittencommunicationthatallowsparticipants(‘members’)toengageintextmessageconferencing,viareal-timecomputernetworkingoverdesignated communicationsfacilities CHIPS~ClearingHouseInterbankPaymentsSystem~Aclearingsystemthatprocesses verylargepayments(valuedatanaverageof$1.4trillionaday)inmorethan27countries. ChR~channelreliability~Thepercentageoftimeachannelwasavailableforuseina specifiedperiodofscheduledavailability cHTML~CompactHypertextMarkupLanguage~Aproprietaryversion ofÂHTMLÂadoptedbyNTTDoCoMofori-mode. CIA~confidentiality,integrity,andavailability~InfoSecdimensions. CIC~circuitidentificationcode~A12-bitnumberthatidentifiesatrunkandchannelon whichacalliscarried. CICS~CustomerInformationControlSystem~AsoftwareprogramdesignedtoÂOLTP, itwasdevelopedbyIBM.Itisoneofthemostwidelyusedprogramsforcreating customertransactionsystems. CIDR~ClasslessInter-DomainRouting~Architecture-RFC1518RFC1519 CIDR~ClasslessInternetDomainRouting~Aprotocolthatallowsforvariable-length addressesthatallowsformore-andless-specificroutinginformation.Thisreplacestheold classA,classB,classCroutingscheme. CIE~CommissionInternationaledel’Eclairage~Anorganizationthathasestablisheda numberofwidely-usedcolordefinitions.www.cie.co.at CIFS~CommonInternetFileSystem~thefilesharingprotocolthatformsthebasisof MicrosoftWindowsnetworking.FormerlyknownasSMB(ServerMessageBlock),itis alsosupportedbyUNIXandLinuxsystemsusingtheSambasoftwarepackage. CIK~crypto-ignitionkey~deviceorelectronickeyusedtounlockthesecuremodeof crypto-equipment. CIM~CommonInformationModel~Providesacommondefinitionofmanagement informationforsystems,networks,applicationsandservices,andallowsforvendor extensions CINDER~CyberInsiderThreat~programsolicitingfromoutsidersnoveltechniquesto insider-threatdetection CIO~chiefinformationofficer~ThetopexecutiveinchargeofITinanenterprise. CIP~CommonIndustrialProtocol~anopenindustrialprotocolforindustrialautomation applications. CIPA~Childrenâ€™sInternetProtectionAct~alawpassedbyCongressin2000(47 USC254)requiringlibrariestouseblockingprogramstopreventaccesstoInternetsites withobjectionablecontent CIR~CommittedInformationRate(FrameRelay)~Telecom-RFC1490RFC1973 RFC2427 CiR~circuitreliability~Thepercentageoftimeacircuitwasavailableforuseina specifiedperiodofscheduledavailability. CIR~committedinformationrate~Theaveragedataratethatacarriercommitsto supportoveragivenvirtualcircuitbetweentwoend-usersites.Thecommitmentisovera specifiedperiodoftime,typicallyonemonth. CIS~clinicalinformationsystem~Asystemusedbyphysicians,nurses, anesthesiologiststodeveloppatientcareplans,documentcareandinterventions,monitor andrecordpatientvitalsigns,manageordersandresults,documentmedication administration,andmeasurepatientoutcomes. CISC~ComplexInstructionSetComputer~acomputerwithmanydifferentmachine languageinstructions.TheIBMPC,68000-based CISO~chiefinformationsecurityofficer~Thechiefexecutiveresponsiblefor informationsecurityinanenterprise.TheCISO’sresponsibilitiesoftenbridgethegap betweentechnicalsecuritymeasuresandsecurity-relatedbusinesspracticesandpolicies. CISSP~CertifiedInformationSystemsSecurityProfessional~Acertificationprogram administeredbytheInternationalInformationSystemsSecurityCertificationConsortium CIX~CommercialInternetExchange~Anagreeementamongnetworkprovidersthat allowsthemtodoaccountingforcommercialtraffic.Itisprimarilyaconcernfornetwork providers. CJK/CJKV~Chinese,Japanese,andKorean(Vietnamese)~AreferencetoChinese, Japanese,andKoreanlanguages.Sometimesaâ€œVâ€?forVietnameseisaddedtothe acronym. CKD~countkeydata~Inmainframecomputing,adata-recordformatemployingselfdefiningrecordformats CKO~chiefknowledgeofficer~Theenterprisepositionresponsibleforarticulatingand championinganenterprise’sknowledgemanagement(KM)vision,andforproviding enterpriselevelleadershipforimplementingandmanagingtheKMprogram CLA~CorporateLicenseAgreement~AlicensingagreementoptionunderNovell’s ‘CustomerConnections’program.Itoffersanalternativeformidsizeorganizationsthat cannotqualifyforNovell’sMasterLicenseAgreement. CLASS~CustomLocalAreaSignalingServices~Agenerictermdescribingseveral localserviceofferingssuchasincoming-callidentification,calltrace,callblocking, automaticreturnofthemostrecentincomingcall,automaticre-dial,selectivecall forwarding,etc. CLEC~CompetitiveLocalExchangeCarrier~Atelephonecompanythatcompeteswith otherlocalphonecompanieswithinanexchange,orcallingarea,toprovidelocal telephoneservice CLI~Commandlineinterpreter~Hardware-Catalyst6500SeriesCommandReference, 7.6,forexample CLI~CallLevelInterface~AnAPIfordatabaseaccessthatprovidesastandardsetof functionstoprocessSQLstatements,XQueryexpressions,andrelatedservicesatrun time. CLI~CallingLineIdentification~Amechanismwherebythenumberoriginatinga telephonecallispassedalongwiththecall.Theinformationallowsthecalledpartyto knowwhoiscalling.Insomecasescallerscanwithholddisplayoftheirnumbers. CLI~commandlineinterface~Auserinterfacetoanoperatingsystemorapplicationin whichtheusertypesinstructionsat‘commandline’promptdisplayedonthescreen. CLIPS~CLanguageIntegratedProductionSystem~Productivedevelopmentand deliveryexpertsystemtoolwhichprovidesacompleteenvironmentfortheconstructionof ruleand/orobjectbasedexpertsystems CLLI~CommonLanguageLocationIdentifier~11-charactercodethatidentifiesthe wirecenterfromwhichacalloriginated. CLM~Contractlifecyclemanagement~anintegral,backoffcetechnologyinmanylife sciencesegments,includingmanaged-careandpayerorganizations. CLNP~ConnectionLessNetworkProtocol~TheInternationalOrganizationfor Standardization’sÂOSIÂprotocolforprovidingtheOSIConnectionlessNetworkService (datagramservice). CLOB~characterlargeobject~Adatatypethatcontainsasequenceofcharacters (single-byte,multibyte,orboth)thatcanrangeinsizefrom0bytesto2gigabytesless1 byte. CLR~CellLossRatio~AÂQoSÂparameterthatgivestheratioofthelostcellstothe totalnumberoftransmittedcells. CLR~commonlanguageruntime~Theruntimeinterpreterforall.NETFramework applications. CLTP~ConnectionLessTransportProtocol~Providesforend-to-endTransportdata addressing(viaTransportselector)anderrorcontrol(viachecksum),butcannotguarantee deliveryorprovideflowcontrol. CLUSRCVR~cluster-receiverchannel~Achannelonwhichaclusterqueuemanager canreceivemessagesfromotherqueuemanagersinthecluster,andclusterinformation fromtherepositoryqueuemanagers. CLUSSDR~cluster-senderchannel~Achannelonwhichaclusterqueuemanagercan sendmessagestootherqueuemanagersinthecluster,andclusterinformationtothe repositoryqueuemanagers. CLUT~ColorLookUpTable~Thecoloroptionsinagraphicssystem,arrangedbyindex number.Typically,thesystemhasadefaultcolormap.Theindexofcolorsinthecolor mapcanbereallocated,however,dependingontheapplication. CLV~ConstantLinearVelocity~Atechnologywhichrevolvesaround(nopunintended) rotatingadiskatvaryingspeeds.Bychangingrotationspeeddependingonwhichtrackis beingaccessed,thedensityofbitsineachtrackcanbemadeuniform. CMA~CircularMilArea~Aunitofareaequaltotheareaofacirclewhosediameteris1 mil(0.001inch).Usedchieflyinspecifyingcross-sectionalareasofconductors. CMC~computer-mediatedcommunication~humancommunicationviacomputersand includesmanydifferentformsofsynchronous,asynchronousorreal-timeinteractionthat humanshavewitheachotherusingcomputersastoolstoexchangetext,images,audioand video. CMDB~configurationmanagementdatabase~CMDBisadatabasethatcontainsall relevantinformationaboutthecomponentsoftheinformationsystemusedinan organization’sITservicesandtherelationshipsbetweenthosecomponents. CME~CommonMalwareEnumeration~CMEnumberisaunique,vendor-neutral identifierforaparticularthreat.TheCMEinitiativeisaneffortheadedbytheUnited StatesComputerEmergencyReadinessTeam(US-CERT),incollaborationwithkey organizationswithinthesecuritycommunity. CMIP~CommonManagementInformationProtocol~TheInternationalOrganizationfor Standardization’sÂOSIÂnetworkmanagementprotocol. CMIS~commonmanagementinformationservice~InOSI,thesetofservicesdefined byISO9595.Thecommonmanagementinformationserviceisusedbyagentprocesses andmanagingprocessestocommunicate. CMIS~ContentManagementInteroperabilityServices~APIsupportforinteroperability CMM~CapabilityMaturityModel~Strategyforimprovingthesoftwareprocess, irrespectiveoftheactuallife-cyclemodelused CMOS~complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor~atypeofintegratedcircuitnoted foritsextremelylowpowerconsumptionanditsvulnerabilitytodamagefromstatic electricity.CMOSdevicesareusedindigitalwatches,pocketcalculators, microprocessors,andcomputermemories. CMOT~CMipOverTcp~AnefforttousetheInternationalOrganizationfor Standardization’sÂOSIÂnetworkmanagementprotocoltomanageÂTCP/IPÂnetworks. CMRR~common-moderejectionratio~Theratioofthecommon-modeinterference voltageattheinputofacircuit,tothecorrespondinginterferencevoltageattheoutput. CMRS~CommercialMobileRadioService~Aradiocommunicationservicebetween mobilestationsorreceiversandlandstations,orbymobilestationscommunicatingamong themselves,thatisprovidedforprofit,andthatmakesinterconnectedserviceavailableto thepublic. CMS~Colormanagementsystem~Thisensurescoloruniformityacrossinputand outputdevicessothatfinalprintedresultsmatchoriginals.Thecharacteristicsorprofiles ofdevicesarenormallyestablishedbyreferencetostandardcolortargets. CMS~contentmanagementsystem~awebapplicationdesignedtomakeiteasyfornontechnicaluserstoadd,editandÂmanageÂawebsite. CMTS~cablemodemterminationsystem~asystemofdeviceslocatedinthecable head-endthatallowscabletelevisionoperatorstoofferhigh-speedInternetaccesstohome computers. CNA~ConvergedNetworkAdapter~atechnologythatsupportsdatanetworking (TCP/IP)andstoragenetworking(FibreChannel)trafficonasingleI/Oadapter. CNAM~CallerIDWithName~CallerIDWithName CNAME~Canonicalname~Ahost’sofficialnameasopposedtoanalias.Theofficial nameisthefirsthostnamelistedforitsInternetaddressinthehostnamedatabase. CNE~CertifiedNovellEngineer(alsoCertifiedNetworkEngineer)~Acertification initiatedbyÂNovellÂtoqualifycertainindividualsthathavedemonstratedhighstandards ofknowledgeintheareasofhardwareusedinandsoftwareconfigurationoftheNovell Networkoperatingsystem. CNGI~China’sNextGenerationInternet~Chinese:ä¸å›½ä¸‹ä¸€ä»£äº’è?”ç½‘,afive yearplaninitiatedbytheChinesegovernmentwiththepurposeofgainingasignificant positioninthefuturedevelopmentoftheInternetthroughtheearlyadoptionofIPv6. CNN~CableNewsNetwork~CableNewsNetwork(CNN)isaU.S.cablenewschannel foundedin1980byTedTurner.http://www.cnn.com/ CNN~compositenetworknode~Atype5nodeanditssubordinatetype4nodesthat supportAPPNnetworknodeprotocolsandappeartoanattachedAPPNorLENnodeasa singlenetworknode. CNR~CarriertoNoiseRatio~Anindicationofthequalityofthemodulatedsignal. CNR~combat-netradio~Aradiooperatinginanetworkthat(a)providesahalf-duplex circuitand(b)useseitherasingleradiofrequencyoradiscretesetofradiofrequencies wheninafrequencyhoppingmode. CO~centraloffice~Thetelephonecompany’scentralizedswitchingfacility,where subscriberloopsterminate.TheCOhandlesaspecificgeographicalarea(knownasalocal exchange),identifiedbythefirst‘n’digitsofthelocalelephonenumber. CoA~CareOfAddress~TemporaryIPAddressusedbyamobileuserwhenroaming ontoaforeignIPnetwork.ItisusedwithinmobileIPandcaneitherbeleasedfromthe HA(HomeAgent)orFA(ForeignAgent) COAM~customerownedandmaintained~Userprovidedandservicedcommunications equipmentanditsassociatedwiring.Â coax~coaxial(cable)~Cableconsistingofahollowoutercylindricalconductorthat surroundsasingleinnerwireconductor. COBIT~ControlObjectivesforInformationandrelatedTechnologies~acomprehensive approachtogoodITpractices.Initsthirdrevision,itoffersawiderangeoftools, guidelines,standardsandacontrolframeworkforthemanagementofinformation technologies. COBOL~CommonBusinessOrientatedLanguage~Manymainframecomputer applicationswereoncewritteninthisprogramminglanguage. COCOMO~COnstructiveCOstMOdel~Atechniqueforestimatingtheeffortand durationofasoftwareprojectbasedonitsestimatedsizecreatedbyBarryBoehm COD~CallofDuty~CallofDutyisafirst-personandthird-personshootervideogame series.http://www.callofduty.com/ COD~confirmondelivery~AfeatureofWebSphereMQthatallowsanotificationtobe senttoasourceapplicationwheneveratargetapplicationreceivesamessagefromthe sourceapplication. COD~ConnectionOrientedData~Datarequiringsequentialdeliveryofitscomponent PDUstoassurecorrectfunctioningofitssupportedapplication,(e.g.,voiceorvideo). CoDA~ContextDeliveryArchitecture~anarchitecturalstyleofbusinesssoftwarethat buildsonSOAandevent-drivenarchitecture(EDA)interactionandpartitioningstyles, andthataddsformalmechanismsforthesoftwareelementstodiscoverandapplytheir contextinrealtime. CODEC~coder/decoderorcompressor-decompressor~Acommunicationsdeviceused toconvertanalogsignalstodigitalformfortransmissionoveradigitalmedium,andback againtotheoriginalanalogform.Acodecisrequiredateachendofthechannel. COE~ComponentObjectmodEl~thefundamentalclassofMicrosoft’sattemptto defusethegrowthofJavaplatform-independentcode. COEs~centersofexcellence~softwaremanagementconcept COIN~CommunityOfInterestNetwork~ACOINprovidesawayofgivingmembersof ashared-interestcommunityaccesstoprivilegedinformation. COLD~computeroutputtolaserdisc~Amicrofichereplacementsystem.COLD systemsoffereconomiesasareplacementmediumwhenrapidorfrequentaccessto archiveddocumentsisnecessary. colo~co-location~Puttingawebserverinadedicatedfacilitythatprovideshigh-speed Internetconnection,security,environment,backuppower,andtechnicalsupport.ÂUnlike thededicatedserver,theclientcontrolsbothhardwareandsoftware.ÂÂ COM~communicationsport~Aportthatallowsanapplicationtoaccessamodem. COM~ComponentObjectModel~AspecificationthatMicrosoftdevelopedforbuilding softwarecomponentsthatcanbeassembledintoprogramsorthataddfunctionalityto existingprogramsrunningonMicrosoftWindowsplatforms. COM~computeroutputtomicrofiche~Asystem(alsocalled‘computeroutputto microfilm’)inwhichdigitaldataisconvertedintoanimageondry-processedmicrofilm. com(.com)~commercial~Oneofseveraltop-leveldomainsassignedtoURLsthatare ofacommercialnature.Otherdomainsuffixesinclude.ac,.co,.mil,.gov,.net,.org,anda longlistofcountrycodes. COMDEX~ComputerDealersExpo~Ahardwareandsoftwareexpositionstartedin 1978,ithasbecometheplacetoannouncenewproductlaunchesandtorubelbowswith VCsandrepresentativesfromhigh-techfirmsallovertheworld.InAmerica,ittakes placetwiceayear. COMPAQ~COMPatibiltyAndQuality~Usedtorefertothefactthattheircomputers werebothIBMPCcompatibleandveryreliable.In2002,CompaqmergedwithHewlettPackard. COMPARE~ComplianceProgressandReadiness~AscaleintroducedbyGartnerin 1997toassistbusinessunits,enterprisesorbusinesspartnersinmeasuringtheirprogress towardyear2000compliance. COMSAT~CommunicationsSatelliteCorporation~AUnitedStatescompanycreated byanactofCongressin1962toprovidecommunicationsviasatellites.COMSATleases satellitecircuitstomanyAmericancompanies. COOL~C++ObjectOrientedLanguage~AMicrosoftapplicationdevelopmenttool initiativeandlanguage;apredecessortoC#. COOP~ContinuityofOperationsPlan~outlinesstepsthatanagencywilltakeinthe eventadisasterinterruptsbusiness.Â COPPA~Children’sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct~LegislationpassedbytheU.S. Congressin1998prohibitingtheuseofunfairordeceptivepracticestogatherpersonal informationaboutindividualsundertheageof13. COPS~CommonOpenPolicyService~AnIETFproposedstandarddefiningasimple protocolforprovisioningQoSbyoutsourcingpolicy-basedadmissioncontrolover requestsfornetworkresources COPS~CommunicationsOutsourcingandProfessionalServices~ITservicesinsupport ofenterprisecommunicationsandconnectivityincludemaintenanceandsupport, consulting,applicationdevelopment,integrationandongoingmanagementofITand relatedbusinessprocesses. COR~centraloutdoorrouter~thecentralrouterinamulti-deviceWLAN. CORBA~CommonObjectRequestBrokerArchitecture~astandardAPIfordistributed objectcommunication.CORBAwascreatedbytheObjectManagementGroup.Itisthe mostwidelyuseddistributedobjectstandardforconnectingoperatingsystemplatforms frommultiplevendors.ÂHTTP://WWW.OMG.ORG. CORE~COMPAREOperationalReadinessEvaluation~Gartner’sCORErisk assessmentandreportingstepsareusedtodefinebusinessoperationalrisks,toreportrisks tomanagement,investors,regulatorsandcustomersinaconsistentform,andtodetermine whencontingencyandrecoverystrategiesarerequired. CORS~ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStation~networkmanagedbytheU.S.ofce ofNationalOceanService(NOAA)toprovideGNSSdataconsistingofcarrierphase measurementsthroughouttheUnitedStates. CoS~classofservice~Aclassificationmethodforproviderstodeliverdifferentlevelsof QOS.Providerswilltypicallyofferanumberofclassesfordifferenttypesoftraffic,such asdifferentCOSforvoice,videoanddata. COS~CloudOptimizedStorage~EMC’scloudplatformAtmos COTS~commercialoff-the-shelf~Descriptivetermforsoftwarethatcanbepurchased fromanexternalsupplier,asopposedtothatwhichisdevelopedwithintheenterprise. COW~Copy-On-Write~Partofasnapshot,andkeepstrackofdiskchangessincethe snapshotwastaken. CPA~CostPerAction~forbannerads;thefeechargedeverytimeausercompletesa desiredaction,suchasfillingoutaform,downloadingsoftware,orviewingaseriesof pages. CPAN~ComprehensivePerlArchiveNetwork~anarchiveofover16,000modulesof softwarewritteninPerl,aswellasdocumentationforit cPanel~controlpanel~industrystandardwebhostingcontrolpanel,cPanelprovidesa GraphicalUserInterface(GUI)formanyLinuxsystemadministrationtasks. CPC~CallingPartyControl~Ashortbreakinthelinecurrentinthecalledpartyâ€™s phonelinewhenthecallingpartyhangsup;notthesameasFLASH. CPC~CostPerClick~Termusedbyaffiliateprogramsindicatingapaymentrateper advertisementclick.orPayPerClick CPE~Customerpremisesequipment~Telecom-TelecomGlossary CPE~customerpremisesequipment~Anytelephoneapparatus,includingtelephone handsets,PBXswitchingequipment,keyandhybridtelephonesystems,andadd-on devices,thatisphysicallylocatedonacustomer’sproperty. CPF~CloudProvisioningFabric~portabilitybetweendifferentclouds cpi~charactersperinch~Thenumberofcharactersprintedhorizontallywithinaninch acrossapage. CPLD~ComplexProgrammableLogicDevice~AtypicalCPLDistheequivalentoftwo to64SPLDs.ACPLDtypicallycontainsfromtenstoafewhundredmacrocells. CPM~corporateperformancemanagement~CPMincludestheprocessesusedto managecorporateperformance,suchasstrategyformulation,budgetingandforecasting; themethodologiesthatdrivesomeprocesses,includingthebalancedscorecard,orvaluebasedmanagement. CPN~callingpartynumber~Asetofdigitsandrelatedindicators(typeofnumber, numbering,planidentification,screeningindicator,presentationindicator)thatprovide numberinginformationrelatedtothecallingparty. CPNI~CustomerProprietaryNetworkInformation~Informationwhichisavailabletoa telephonecompanybyvirtueofthetelephonecompany’sbasicservicecustomer relationship. CPOE~ComputerizedProviderOrderEntry~acomputerapplicationthatallowsa physician’sordersfordiagnosticandtreatmentservices(suchasmedications,laboratory, andothertests)tobeenteredelectronicallyinsteadofbeingrecordedonordersheetsor prescriptionpads. CPRM~ContentProtectionforRemovableMedia~ahardware-basedtechnology designedtoenforcecopyprotectionrestrictionsthroughbuilt-inmechanismsinstorage mediathatwouldpreventunauthorizedfilecopying. cps~CharactersPerSecond~Printingenginespeed CPS~ContinuousProtectionServer~Backupexecoptionallowsadministratorsto continuouslycaptureandbackupdatachangestoallowadministratorstorestoredatato anypointintime CPU~CentralprocessingUnit~Microprocessor-Wikipedia CPU~CallPickUp~CPUisPABXphonesystemsterm CPU~CentralProcessingUnit~TheCPUcontrolsthecomputer,runsalltheprograms onthecomputerandprocessesallofthedataandcanbethoughtofasthe‘brain’ofthe computer. CPU~CriticalPatchUpdate~CPUisOraclepatchterm CRACK~Challenge/ResponseAuthenticationofCryptographicKey~aprotocolforthe secureexchangeofkeys,usedbyÂNokiaÂprimarily. CRC~Cyclicalredundancycheck~Linkandotherlayers-24Referenceshere. CRC~CyclicRedundancyCheck~Anerrorcheckinwhichthecheckkeyisgenerated byacyclicalgorithm CRC-16-CCITT~Cyclicalredundancycheck(X.25,HDLC)~Linklayers-Reference onCRCpage. CRL~certificaterevocationlist~Alistofcertificatesthathavebeenrevokedbeforetheir scheduledexpirationdate.Certificaterevocationlistsaremaintainedbythecertificate authorityandused,duringaSSLhandshaketoensurethatthecertificatesinvolvedhave notbeenrevoked. CRLF~carriagereturn,linefeed~apairofASCIIcodes,13and10,thattellaterminal orprintertoreturntothebeginningofthelineandadvancetothenextline. CRM~CustomerRelationshipManagement~CRMreferstosolutionsandstrategiesfor managingbusinesses’relationshipswithcustomers.WiththeadventofWebretailing, companieshavefoundithardtodeveloprelationshipswithcustomerssincetheecommerceinterfaceissoimpersonal. CRMB~CustomerReferenceMaterialDatabase~IBMterm cROI~companywideROI~Theincrementalcashflow—costsavingsandrevenues— generatedbyonlineretailtechnologythroughoutamultichannelcompany. CRR~ContinuousRemoteReplication~ContinuousRemoteReplication CRT~CathodeRayTube~CRTisthetechnologyusedintraditionalcomputermonitors andtelevisions.TheimageonaCRTdisplayiscreatedbyfiringelectronsfromtheback ofthetube CRUD~Create,Read,Update,Delete~Usedtodescribeaccessrightsfordata. crypto~Cryptography~Thestudyofdecryptionandencryptiontechnologies. CS~Computerscience~thestudyofthetheoreticalfoundationsofinformationand computation,andofpracticaltechniquesfortheirimplementationandapplicationin computersystems. CS~CreativeSuite~aWebsuitetextandÂWYSIWYGÂWebpageeditor.Core applicationsfromMacromediaStudiohavebeenmergedwithAdobeCSsinceCS3, includingFlash,Dreamweaver,and Fireworks.Âhttp://www.adobe.com/products/creativesuite/ CSA~cloudÂ~adisclaimerofliabilityrelatingtoservicequalityandavailability; disclaimerofliabilityforanythird-partyaction;andunilateralrightstolimit,suspend,or terminatetheservice. CSA~serviceagreements~DirectlyconnectstheMemoryControllerHubtothenetwork controller.WithCSA-basedmotherboards,networkdatacanbetransferredatamuch higherratewithlowerlatency CSA~CommunicationsStreamingArchitecture~OASISOpenCSA,whichgoalisto advancetheSCAandSDOfamiliesofspecifications,whichwillsimplifythedevelopment ofapplicationshavingSOA. CSA~CompositeServicesArchitecture~ CSC~cardsecuritycode~refertoCVV2 CSC~CircuitSwitchedCellular~Offerswidecoverage.Usedforlargedatatransfers CSC~ComputerSciencesCorporation~AnITconsulting,outsourcingandsystem integrationfirm,foundedin1959andheadquarteredinElSegundo, California.Âhttp://csc.com CSC~ContentSecurityandControl~CiscoASAadd-inmodulesforanti-Xfeatures (suchasURLfiltering,antivirus,anti-spamandantispyware) CSCF~callsessioncontrolfunction~CSCFisafunctionalentitywithinIMSandpartof 3GPPUMTSReferenceArchitecture. CSCW~computersupportedco-operativework~anytechnologysystemthatrelieson combinationsofhardwareandsoftwareresourcestoenablegroupsofpeopleto collaborateandsharetechnology. CSD~CiscoSecureDesktop~allowssecureVPNconnectionsfromremotePCsand offersfunctionalitytoensurePCsmeetadministratorapproved CSE~customsearchengine~Thesearchenginethatyoucreateandcustomizeusing GoogleCustomSearch. Csel~CableSelect~ThisisbasicallyPlug-and-PlayATA.YoupluginyourATA/IDE harddrives,setthemtoCSEL(CableSelect),andtheydeterminewhethertheyaremaster orslaveautomatically,savingyoufrommanualconfiguration. CSFs~criticalsuccessfactors~criticalsuccessfactors CSG~CommunicationsServicesGroup~OnMay1,2009,ÂTNSÂcompletedthe acquisitionoftheCSGfromÂVeriSign,Inc. CSMA/CA~Carriersensemultipleaccess/collisionavoidance~Wireless-IEEEStd 802.11Downloads CSMA/CA~CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/CollisionAvoidance~CSMA/CAisthe mediumaccessmethodusedbyIEEE802.11WLANs. CSMA/CD~Carriersensemultipleaccess/collisiondetection~Physicallayer-IEEE Std802.3TM-2002 CSMA/CD~CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetection~Aprotocolin whichstationslistentothebusandonlytransmitwhenthebusisfree.Ifacollision occurs,thepacketisretransmittedafterarandomtime-out.EthernetusesCSMA/CD. CSO~chiefsourcingofficer~Anenterpriseexecutiveresponsibleforthe implementationofsuccessfuldynamicsourcingstrategies,andeffectingthesestrategies throughITservicedeliverythatusesanever-changingresourcepool. CSO~ColdStartOnly~InISDNisacapabilityofaNetworkTerminator1(NT1) CSP~Chip-scalepackaging~smaller‘packages’forflashdevices,suchasFBGAand uBGA. CSP~Communicationsserviceproviders~Communicationsserviceproviders CSP~CrystalServerPages~ApagethatcontainsÂHTML/VB/JavaScriptthatis processedbytheWebComponentServerintheCrystalEnterpriseeBusinessFramework CSS~CascadingStyleSheet~Cascadingstylesheetsareusedtoformatthelayoutof Webpages.Theycanbeusedtodefinetextstyles,tablesizes,andotheraspectsofWeb pagesthatpreviouslycouldonlybedefinedinapage’sHTML. CSS-P~cascadingstylesheetpositioning~Useofacascadingstylesheettoposition Webpageelementsusingpixellocationsorlocationsrelativetootherelements. CST~ConsolidatedServiceTest~EnhancesthewayIBMtestsandrecommends maintenancepackagesforz/OSandOS/390software,includingthemajorsubsystems CSU~CertificateSigningUnit~Atamperproofstoragemechanismusedbyacertifying authority(CA)tostoreprivatekeys. CSU~ChannelServiceUnit~Customerpremisesequipmentthatprovidesbasicdigital transmissionatvariousspeeds.AlsoAT&TunitthatispartoftheAT&Tnonswitched digitaldatasystem. CSU/DSU~Channelserviceunit/dataserviceunit~Telecom-TelecomGlossary CSV~CircuitSwitchedVoice~SupportforCSVonanISDNlineallowsforthe placementofvoicecallsonanISDNline. CSV~commaseparatedvalues~Commonlyusedno-frillstextfileformatusedfor importfromandimporttospreadsheetsandSQLdatabases. CSW~channelstatusword~Anareainstorageusedtoindicatethestatusofadevice andchannelinvolvedinanI/Ooperation. CT~ChinaTelecom~ChinaTelecomCorporationLimited(Chinese:ä¸å›½ç”µä¿¡)isa Chinesestate-ownedtelecommunicationcompany CT~Contone~Anabbreviationforcontinuoustone.Acolororgreyscaleimageformat capableofillustratingcontinuouslyvaryingtonalranges,asopposedtolineart. CTCp~Client-To-Client-Protocol~afeatureofsomeÂIRCÂclients CTD~CellTransferDelay~AÂQoSÂparameterthatmeasurestheaveragetimefora celltobetransferredfromitssourcetoitsdestinationoveravirtualchannel(VC) connection. CTI~computer-telephonyintegration~Theintelligentlinkingofcomputerswith telephony,enablingcoordinatedvoiceanddatatransferstothedesktop. CTO~chieftechnologyofficer~Theenterprisepositionresponsibleformanaging technologyinfrastructureandresources,includingtechnologydeployment,networkand systemmanagement,integrationtesting,anddevelopingtechnicaloperationspersonnel. CTP~capabletopromise~Asystemthatallowsanenterprisetocommitordersagainst availablecapacity,aswellasinventory.Thesesystemsareevolvingtoincludemultiple sites,aswellastheentiredistributionnetwork. CTR~Click-ThroughRate~Webpublisherstypicallygeneraterevenuefromadvertisers eachtimeavisitorclicksononeoftheadvertisements ctrl~control~ThisreferstotheControlkeyonyourkeyboard,itisoftenusedfor shortcuts. CTS~cleartosend~Acontrolpacketusedbyadestinationstationtoindicateits readinesstoreceivedata.AdestinationstationrespondstoaRequestToSend(RTS)by transmittingaCTS. CTS~commontransportsemantics~ThelayeroftheNetworkingBlueprintabovethe transportlayerthatmakestheservicesoftransportprovidersavailabletothetransport user. CTT~ChinaTietongTelecommunications~amajorstate-ownedbasic telecommunicationsoperatorinChina.ItsformernamewasChinaRailcom(China RailwayCommunicationCorporation,Limited).http://www.chinatietong.com CTX~CommitedtoExcellence~CTXTechnologyCorporation(Commitedto Excellence) CUG~closedusergroup~Indatacommunication,agroupofuserswhocan communicatewithotherusersinthegroup,butnotwithusersoutsidethegroup.Adata terminalequipment(DTE)maybelongtomorethanoneclosedusergroup. CUoD~CapacityUpgradeonDemand~AnoptionavailableoncertainIBMsystemsthat allowsacustomertoactivateadditionalprocessorcapacitywhenneeded. CUPS~CommonUnixPrintingSystem~ProvidesaportableprintinglayerforUNIXbasedoperatingsystems.ItisdevelopedbyEasySoftwareProductstopromoteastandard printingsolutionandisthestandardprintingsysteminMacOSXandmostLinux distributionsÂwww.cups.org CVP~ContentVectoringProtocol~AspecificationdevelopedbyÂCheckPoint Software,usedforcontentscreeningandantiviruschecking. CVS~ComputerVisionSyndrome~Thenameforeyeandvisionproblemsexperienced duringcomputeruse.PeopleareusinglighttherapytocombatCVS(includingultraviolet andfull-spectrumwavelengths). CVS~ConcurrentVersionsSystem~Aprogrammingcodemanagementsystem. CVSD~ContinuousVariableSlopeDeltamodulation~Amethodofdigitallyencoding speechusingaone-bitsampletoencodethedifferencebetweentwosuccessivesignal levels,usually32,000timesasecond. CVV2/CVC/CVC2~CardVerificationValue2/CardVerificationCode/Card ValidationCode2~Thelastpartofthecodeabovethesignaturestriponmoderncredit anddebitcards,whichisoftenrequiredbyonlineshopstoverifythatthecardisgenuine. CYMK~cyan,magenta,yellow,black~Anabbreviationdenotingthetraditionalfourcolorprintingprocess;thenamederivesfromthefourinkcolorsused.Themajorityof printedcolorpaperandphotographicdocumentsincorporatetheCMYKprocess. ~D~ D&I~DropAndInsert~ReferstothecrossconnectingofTime-DivisionMultiplexing (TDM)circuits.Itallowsyoutotake64KbDS0channelsfromoneT1anddigitallycross connectthemto64KbDS0channelsonanotherT1 D2D~disk-to-disk~backuptechnologies D2D2T~disk-to-disk-to-tape~backuptechnologies DA~DestinationAddress~Informationsentinforwarddirectionindicatingaddressof calledstationorcustomer. DAA~DistributedApplicationArchitecture~underdesignbyHewlett-PackardandSun. Adistributedobjectmanagementenvironmentthatwillallowapplicationstobedeveloped independentofoperatingsystem,networkorwindowingsystem. DaaS~desktops-as-a-service~virtualdesktophosting DAB~DigitalAudioBroadcast~Digitalradiobroadcast,providingbetterqualityanda greaternumberofchannelsthantraditional(analogue)radio. DAC~digital-to-analogconverter~Thedigital-to-analogconverterisforconvertinga digitalsignalintoanoutputanalogvoltage. DAC/DACL~DiscretionaryAccessControlList~DiscretionaryAccessControl consistsofsomethingtheusercanmanage,suchasadocumentpassword.ADACL consistsofalistofsecurityidentifiers(whichidentifyusers)andspecificpermissionsfor each DACS~DigitalAccessandCrossConnectSystem~Atime-slotswitchthatallowsT1or E1linestoberemappedelectronicallyattheDS-0(64Kbps)level.AlsocalledDCSor DXS. DAE~DiskArrayEnclosure~TheDAEisaJBOD(JustaBunchOfDisk)enclosure withoutastorageprocessor(SP).TheDAEsupportsupto10FibreChanneldrivesper enclosureandisconnectedbydualFibreChannelloopsintotheDPE. Daemon~DiskAndExecutionMONitor~DiskAndExecutionMONitorsoftware DAFS~DirectAttachedFileSystem~anadvancedmethodologyofaparticularnetwork datastoragemethod. DAL~DedicatedAdvertiserLocation~AtypeofiTVadindevelopment,online advertisersareproposingSimpleDALsandComplexDALs.ASimpleDALreferstothe datathatusersreachonthescreen,oncetheyleaveavideo(TV)stream.Viewerswillbe abletoleaveabroadcaststream,beyondthedurationofanad,butwillthengetrapidly returnedtoitafternavigatingpastsomequalifierscreens. DAM~DatabaseActivityMonitoring~atypeofgovernance,riskandcompliance(GRC) controlthattransparentlymonitorsdatabaseactivitytoidentifyfraudulent,illegalorother undesirablebehavior. DAM~DigitalAssetManagement~thepracticeanddomainoforganizingdigitalfiles, likeimages,documents,videosandpresentations.Thetermassetisusedtoindicatethat suchfileshavesomesortofintrinsicvaluethatmakesitworthwhiletomanagethem. DAMA~demandassignedmultipleaccess~Allocationofcommunicationsatellitetime toearthstationsastheneedarises. DAML~DARPAAgentMarkupLanguage~Alanguagecurrentlyindevelopmentfor presentinginformationontheÂWWWÂthatwillallowinformationobjectstobetagged inawaythatallowssoftwareapplications,computeragents,andvirtualassistants. DAO~Disk-At-Once~Thisisasingle-sessionmethodofwritingdatatoaCD-R/RW discthatcreatesadiscinaformatsuitableforcommercialduplication. DAP~DirectoryAccessProtocol~AderivativeoftheX.500DAPstandard,postulated bytheISOmanyyearsago.DAPandX.500remainedunusedformanyyearsbecauseof thecomplexityoftheDAPaccessprotocol. DAR~Dataatrest~refertoalldataincomputerstoragewhileexcludingdatathatis traversinganetworkortemporarilyresidingincomputermemorytobereadorupdated. DAR~DiskARchive~acommand-linearchivingtool DARPA~DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectAgency~theprogenitoroftheInternet. DARPAiswhereitallbegan.Âhttp://www.darpa.mil/ DAS~direct-attachedstorage~RAIDstoragethatisinternalandhost-attached(boththe RAIDcontrollerandsoftwaretechnologiesandtheharddiskdrivesarehousedwithinthe server) DAS~distributedantennasystem~awaytoefficientlydistributewirelessconnections insidealargebuildingwheresteelcolumnsandlayersofconcretecaninterferewith wirelesssignals.ADAScanbeusedtogetridof‘deadzones’byroutingradiofrequency (RF)signalsthroughfiberorcoppercablingfromasinglebasestationtomultiple antennaslocatedthroughoutthebuilding. DASH~DesktopandmobileArchitectureforSystemHardware~Suiteofspecifications thattakesfulladvantageoftheWebServicesforManagement(WS-Management) specificationdeliveringstandards-basedWebservicesmanagementfordesktopandmobile clientsystems DAST~DynamicApplicationSecurityTesting~technologiesdesignedtodetect conditionsindicativeofasecurityvulnerabilityinanapplicationinitsrunningstate DAT~digitalaudiotape~Amagnetictapethatstoresaudiodataindigitalform. DAVID~DigitalAudioVideoInteractiveDecoder~DigitalAudioVideoInteractive Decoder db~Decibel~Aunitofpower(sound,opticalorelectrical)increaseordecreasethatis proportionaltotheexponentialincreaseordecreaseofpower. DB~Database~Acollectionofdataorganizedinastructuredmannersothatinformation canbereadilyretrieved. DB2~Database2~IBM’sRDBMSoffering,originallybuiltforMultipleVirtualStorage (MVS)systems.ItusesSQLasitsdatamanipulationanddefinitionlanguage.IBMhas releasedversionsofDB2forseveralotheroperatingsystems,suchasWindowsandUnix. DB9~Dsub-miniature9~AlsocalledDsub9,a9pinconnectorshapedliketheleterâ €˜Dâ€™.Theyareusedtoconnectserialdevicestogetherwithaserialcable. DBA~databaseadministrator~Thepersonresponsibleformanagingdata,namelydata setplacement,databaseperformance,anddatarecoveryandintegrityataphysicallevel. Alsoknownasa‘dataadministrator.’ DBCS~Double-ByteCharacterSet~Oneofanumberofcharactersetsdefinedfor representingChinese,Japanese,orKoreantext.Thesecharactersetsareoftenencodedin suchawayastoallowdouble-bytecharacterencodingstobemixedwithsingle-byte characterencodings. dBm~decibelsmilliwatt~usedtomeasuresignalstrengthontelephonelines DBMS~DatabaseManagementSystem~Inshort,aDBMSisadatabaseprogram. Technicallyspeaking,itisasoftwaresystemthatusesastandardmethodofcataloging, retrieving,andrunningqueriesondata.TheDBMSmanagesincomingdata,organizesit, andprovideswaysforthedatatobemodifiedorextractedbyusersorotherprograms. DBS~directbroadcastsatellite~Awirelesstechnologyforbroadcastingbytransmitting acompressedhigh-speedsignalviasatellite. DCAP~DataLinkSwitchingClientAccessProtocol~DataLinkSwitchingClient AccessProtocol DCB~DataCenterBridging~asetofIEEEindustrystandardsthatdeliversend-to-end congestionnotificationandqualityofservicethroughoutthenetworkwhichallows customerstoconfiguretrafficclassesandprioritiestodeliveralosslessEthernetfabric suchasOpenFCoE. DCBU~D-channelbackup~AnISDNNFASconfigurationwheretwooftheT1 facilitieshaveaD-channel,oneofwhichisusedforsignaling,andtheotherasabackup incasetheotherfails. DCC~DataCountryCode~Specifiescountryinwhichaddressisregistered.Codesare giveninISO3166.Fieldlengthistwooctets.DigitsareencodedinÂBCDÂsyntax. DCC~DigitalCommandControl~systemsusedtooperatelocomotivesonamodel railroad DCC~DirectClient-to-Client~afeatureofsomeÂIRCÂclientsoftware,allowingusers tocommunicatemessagesandfilesdirectly,bypassingaserver. DCCP~DatagramCongestionControlProtocol~aminimalgeneralpurposetransportlayerprotocolthatminimizestheoverheadofpacketheadersizeorend-nodeprocessing asmuchaspossible. DCE~Datacommunicationsequipment~Telecom-TelecomGlossary DCE~DataCommunicationsEquipment~Devicesthatprovidethefunctionsrequiredto establish,maintainandÂterminateadatatransmissionconnection.Normallyitreferstoa modem. DCE~DistributedComputingEnvironment~Innetworkcomputing,asetofservicesand toolsthatsupportsthecreation,use,andmaintenanceofdistributedapplicationsacross heterogeneousoperatingsystemsandnetworks. d-channel/Dchannel~deltachannel~InÂISDN,acommonchannelusedforsignaling andmanagementofthenetwork. d-channel/Dchannel~datachannel~usedforcommonchannelsignalingbyboththe telephonecompanyswitchandthecustomerequipment;providesthecallsignalsthatset upBchannelconnections DCO~DeviceConfigurationOverlay~AllowssystemvendorstopurchaseHDDsfrom differentmanufacturerswithpotentiallydifferentsizes,andthenconfigureallHDDsto havethesamenumberofsectors DCOM~DistributedComponentObjectModel~AversionofMicrosoft’sÂCOMÂthat enablesapplicationcomponentstobedistributedoverseveralcomputersthroughtheuse ofaremoteprocedurecall(RPC). d-commerce~digitalcommerce~formofe-commercebycompaniesthatsellnews, documents,subscriptions,oranyothercontentthatcanbedelivereddigitallyoverthe Web.Undertheultimate‘payasyougo’model,ad-commercecompanyactsasan electronicmiddleman:Usersestablishanaccountwithad-commercecompanyto purchasecontentfromavarietypublishers DCS~Desktopcolorseparation~AnimageformatconsistingoffourseparateCMYK PostScriptfilesatfullresolution,togetherwithafifthEPSmasterforplacementin documents. DCT~DigitalCordlessTelephone~Acordlesstelephonethatusesdigitaltransmission technologytoprovidemoresecurityandbettersoundqualitythanatraditionalanalog cordlesstelephone. DDAP~DigitalDistributionofAdvertisingforPublications~User-drivenorganization workingtowardsenablingtheuniversalexchangeofdigitaladsthroughopenprocess integrationandtheuseofaccreditedstandards.Seehttp://www.ddap.org DDBMS~Distributeddatabasemanagementsystem~Adatabasemanagementsystem (DBMS)thatenablesendusersorapplicationprogrammerstoviewacollectionof physicallyseparatedatabasesasalogicalsingle-systemimage.Theconceptthatismost fundamentaltotheDDBMSislocationtransparency,meaningtheusershouldnotbe consciousoftheactuallocationofdata. DDCMP~DigitalDataCommunicationsMessageProtocol~Abyte-oriented,linklayer protocolthatsupportshalf-orfull-duplexmodesandeitherpoint-to-pointormultipoint linesinaDigitalNetworkArchitecturenetwork. DDD~DataDisplayDebugger~apopulargraphicaluserinterfaceforcommand-line debuggerssuchasGDB,DBX,JDB,WDB,XDB,thePerldebugger,andthePython debugger.DDDislicensedundertheGNUGPLandisopensource. DDE~DynamicDataExchange~Amethodofexchangingdatabetweenapplicationson MacOS,Windows,andOS/2operatingsystems. DDI~DeviceDriverInterface~Aninterfacethatfacilitatesdriverportabilityacross differentUNIXsystemversionsonSPARChardware. DDI~DirectDialling-In~Afacilityenablingtelephoneuserstodialdirectintoafirm’s PABXextensionsasiftheywerenormalpublictelephonenumbers.KnownasDIDinthe USA,nottobeconfusedwithDIA. DDI~DNS,DHCP&IPaddress~solutionsthatcomplementinternalDNS&DHCP implementation. DDL~DataDefinitionLanguage~Alanguagefordescribingdataanditsrelationshipsin adatabase. DDN~DigitalDataNetwork~AnetworkserviceestablishedinChinain1994, connectingBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghaiandotherprovincialcapitals.Eachpostand telecommunicationsadministrationinChinahasadepartmentregulatingDDNservicein itsregion. DDNS~DynamicDomainNameSystem~Atechnologythatautomaticallyupdatesthe logicalnamesofdynamicallyassignedÂIPaddressesintheDNSserverofanIPnetwork. SpecificationsforastandardapproachtoDDNSweredefinedinRequestforComment 2136,introducedin1997 DDoS~DistributedDenialofService~attackusesmanycomputerstolauncha coordinatedDoSattackagainstoneormoretargets.Usingclient/servertechnology,the perpetratorisabletomultiplytheeffectivenessoftheDenialofServicesignificantlyby harnessingtheresourcesofmultipleunwittingaccomplicecomputers,whichserveas attackplatforms. DDP~DatagramDeliveryProtocol~InAppleTalknetworks,aprotocolthatprovides networkconnectivitybymeansofconnectionlesssocket-to-socketdeliveryserviceonthe internetlayer. DDR~double-data-rate~AtypeofSDRAMthatdoublesthedataburstcycle,improving systemperformance. DDS~Dataphonedigitalservice~AT&Tlineservicethatallowsthecustomertotransmit dataonthelineinadigitalformat. DDS~digitaldataservice~Adedicateddatatransmissionservicethatoperatesover interconnecteddigitalprivatelines. DDS~DigitalDataStorage~Thetechnologythatallowsbinaryinformationtobe recordedtoa4mmDAT.Thedrivemechanismuses4heads-twotowriteandtwotoread. Thetapemakescontactwiththeheadsata90degreeangletoproduceanangledtrack knownasahelicalscan. DDSA~digitaldataserviceadapter~Indatacommunications,adeviceusedwhen sendingandreceivingdatausinganonswitcheddigitaldataservice. DDT~Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape~Datastorageandarchivestrategy.Dataisinitiallystored ondiskthen,accordingtosomecriteria,itiscopiedtoasecondarydiskstorepending archivingtotape. DEA~DataEncryptionAlgorithm~InCryptographicSupport,theequivalenttotheData EncryptionStandard. DEC~DigitalEquipmentCorporation~acompanywhoseproductsincludedthePDP-8, PDP-11,andVAXminicomputers,theVT-100terminal,andtheAlphamicroprocessor.In 1998,DigitalEquipmentCorporationwasaquiredbyCompaq,nowpartofHewlettPackard. DEC(obs.)~DigitalEquipmentCorporation~Organization-PurchasedbyCompaqin 1998.MergedwithHewlett-Packard2002. DECT~DigitalEnhancedCordlessTelecommunications~Aninterfacespecificationfor digitalmobiletelephony.DECTemploys10carrierfrequenciesbetween1.88GHzand 1.9GHz,andhasatransmissionspeedof144Kbps. defrag~defragment~Tooptimizeyourharddrive,usuallywithaprogramthat‘cleansit up’ DEK~dataencryptionkey~Usedfortheencryptionofmessagetextandforthe computationofmessageintegritychecks(signatures). DEL~DELETE~theDELETEkeyonacomputerkeyboard Demarc~DemarcationPoint~Thepoint,jackorcrossconnectpanel,atwhich ownershiporresponsibilityforoperatingandmaintainingfacilitiespassesfromoneparty toanother. Demux~demultiplexer~Alogiccircuitthattakesasingleinputandsendsittooneof severaloutputs. DEN~DirectoryEnabledNetwork~termusedinconjunctionwithanarchitectureand groupingofnetworkingcapabilitiesthataredevelopedanddrivenbyacentraldirectory. DEP~DataExecutionPrevention~OSfeaturethat’snewinWindows2003SP1& WindowsXPSP2.Itservestopreventvirusesandothermaliciouscodefromever executing DEP~dynamicenterprisepublishing~combinedatafromanorganization’sCRMand otherenterpriseapplicationswithcontentfromitscontentmanagementsystemsandother sourcesaccordingtoÂbusinessrulestodynamicallygenerateattractive,personalized customercommunicationsfordelivery DES~DataEncryptionStandard(obs.SeeAES)~Security-FederalInformation ProcessingStandard(FIPS)FIPS-46-3 DES~DataEncryptionStandard~Anencryptionalgorithm,developedbytheUS government,thatallowstheuseofvariable-lengthkeys.Thelongerthekey,themore difficultitistobreakthealgorithm DES~DynamicEnergySaver~GIGABYTEDynamicEnergySaverisarevolutionary technologythatdeliversunparalleledpowersavingswiththesimpleclickofabutton. DET~DirectoryEntryTable~Atableoneverynetworkvolumethatcontainsdirectory entriesforeachfileonthevolume.Thetable,storedintheserver’smemory,enablesquick accesstothelocationofeveryfile DFI~DesignforInnovation~DFIInc.(DesignforInnovation) DFL~designforlogistics~Aproductdesignapproachthatconsiderslogisticalissues, suchthemannerinwhichtheproductwillbestoredortransported. DFM~designformanufacturability~Anapproachfordesigningproductsinwaysthat optimizetheirmanufacture. DFM~DeviceFaultManager~Providesreal-timefaultanalysisforCiscodevices DFM~DigitalFlashMedia~ageneralizationforalltypeofdigitalmediadevicessuchas butnotlimitedtoCF(CompactFlash),MemoryStick(MS),MMC,SecureDigital(SD), SmartMedia(SM),USBFlashDrive(USBFD)andxDPictureCard(xD). DGC~Distributedgarbagecollection~garbagecollectioninasystemwhereobjects mightnotresideinthesameaddressspaceorevenonthesamemachine. DHA~directoryharvestattack~anattempttodeterminethevalide-mailaddresses associatedwithane-mailserversothattheycanbeaddedtoaspamdatabase. DHCP~DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol~Applicationlayer,InternetLayer-RFC 2131andothers DHCP~DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol~Anetworkserverusesthisprotocolto dynamicallyassignIPaddressestonetworkedcomputers.TheDHCPserverwaitsfora computertoconnecttoit,thenassignsitanIPaddressfromamasterliststoredonthe server. DHTML~DynamicHyperTextMarkupLanguage~webpagesÂthatuseacombination ofÂHTML,ÂJavaScript,andÂCSSÂtocreatefeaturessuchaslettingtheuserdragitems aroundonthewebpage,somesimplekindsofanimation,andmanymore. DHX~Diffie-HellmanExchange~anauthenticationmethodusedbytheApplefile serviceofMacOSXServer. DI/DO~DispatchIn/DispatchOut~Referstothesourceofareportedtroubleona telephonecircuit: DIA~dataintegrationandaccess~needofenterprisesforbetterintegrateddatafor operationalefficiencyandbusinessintelligence DIA~DedicatedInternetAccess~ahighlyreliable,predictable,andguaranteed bandwidthÂInternetÂconnection. DICOM~DigitalImagingandCommunicationsinMedicine~astandardforhandling, storing,printing,andtransmittinginformationinmedicalimaging. DID~directinwarddial~Allowsauseroutsideacompanytodialaninternalextension numberwithoutneedingtopassthroughanoperatororanattendant.Thedialeddigitsare passedtothePBX,whichthencompletesthecall. DIF~DirectoryInteroperabilityForum~Coalitionformedin1999byIBM,Novell, Oracle,LotusDevelopmentandIsocortopromotetheuseofÂLDAPÂbydevelopers,and toacceleratedirectoryinteroperabilitystandards. DiffServ~DifferentiatedServices~Aprotocolthathelpssupportnetworkqualityof service.DiffServenablesdatapacketfieldstocarryinformationaboutthespecificlevelof serviceapacketshouldreceiveonthenetwork. Digerati~digitalversionofliterati(Italian)~areferencetoavaguecloudofpeopleseen tobeknowledgeable,hip,orotherwisein-the-knowinregardstothedigitalrevolution. DIIOp~DominioInternetInter-OrbProtocol~allowsexternalprogramstoattachto,and manipulateDominodatabases DIMM~DualIn-lineMemoryModule~DIMMisalaterversionofmemorythanthatof itsearlierSIMMcounterpart.ADIMMmodulewasintroducedforthePentiumprocessor becausethePentiumprocessorneededa64bitpath.TheSIMMmoduleonlyhasa32bit path. DIP~DualInterfacePoll~DualInterfacePollswitchesallowforeitheranONorOFF settingwithanynumberofcircuits.DIPswitchescommonlyallowyoutochangethe configurationofacircuitboardtosuityourparticularcomputer. DIPP~DualInlinePinPackage~Referstothephysicalgeometryofanintegratedcircuit orotherelectronicpackage;rectangular,withpinsonthetwolongersides DIR~DIRectory~DIRectory Dirid~Directoryidentifier~AnumericidentifierusedwithinINFfilestorepresenta diskdirectory. DISA~DefenseInformationSystemsAgency~DefenseInformationSystemsAgency DISA~DataInterchangeStandardsAssociation~DataInterchangeStandards Association Disc/Disk~DISKETTE~Athin,flexible,plastic,circularmemorymedium,coatedon bothsideswithmetaloxideandenclosedinaprotectivejacket.Dataisstored magneticallyinbinarydigitalformonitssurface(s). DIT~DirectoryInformationTree~Agraphicaldisplayofanorganization’sdirectory structure,sites,andservers,shownasabranchingstructure.Thetop-level(root)directory usuallyrepresentstheorganizationlevel DITTO~DataInterfileTransfer,TestingandOperations~AnIBMlicensedprogramthat providesfile-to-fileservicesforcardI/O,tape,anddiskdevices. Divx~DIgitalVideoExpress~DVD(DVD-ROM)formatbeingpromotedbyseveral largeHollywoodcompanies,includingDisney,DreamworksSKG,Paramountand Universal.TheideawasfinancedmainlybyretailelectronicsgiantCircuitCity. DIX~Digital,Intel,Xerox~ThefirstletteroftheDigitalCorp,theIntelCorp,andthe XeroxCorp,whicharetheleadingvendorsdefinedtheoriginalEthernetstandards. DKI~DriverKernelInterface~AninterfacebetweentheUNIXsystemkerneland differenttypesofdrivers.DKIconsistsofasetofdriver-definedfunctionsthatarecalled bythekernel.Thesefunctionsareentrypointsintoadriver. DKMS~DynamicKernelModuleSupport~Designedtocreateaframeworkwhere kerneldependentmodulesourcecanresidesothatitisveryeasytorebuildmodulesas youupgradekernels DL~DensityLine~AnHPbrandnamefortheProLiantDensityLine,whichareservers inone-,two-andfour-socketdesigns,optimizedforrack-mountedserverenvironments. DL~double-layer~describingaDVDorsimilardiscrecordedintwolayersfromthe sameside,givingtwiceasmuchcapacityasasinglelayer. DLC~datalinkcontrol~Asetofrulesusedbynodesonadatalink(suchasanSDLC linkoratokenring)toaccomplishanorderlyexchangeofprotocollayerusedbynodeson adatalinktoaccomplishanorderlyexchangeofinformation.information. DLC~DigitalLoopCarrier~Digitaltransmissionsystemdesignedforsubscriberloop plant.Multiplexesmanycircuitsontoveryfewwiresorontosinglefiberpair. DLCI~datalinkconnectionidentifier~Anumberofaprivateorswitchedvirtualcircuit inaFrameRelaynetworkthattellstheFrameRelayhowtoroutethedata. DLDP~DeviceLinkDetectionProtocol~detectthelinkstatusofafibercableortwisted DLE~datalinkescape~InÂBSC,atransmissioncontrolcharacterusedtoindicatethat thenextcharacterisacontrolcharacter,notadatacharacter. DLL~dynamiclinklibrary~AWindowsmechanismthatlinksexecutablecodemodules toanapplicationprogramorprocess.ADLLisloadedatruntimebytheapplicationor processthatinvokesit. DLM~datalifecyclemanagement~apolicy-basedapproachtomanagingtheflowofan informationsystem’sdatathroughoutitslifecycle:fromcreationandinitialstoragetothe timewhenitbecomesobsoleteandisdeleted. DLOS~DirectLine-of-sight~wherethepointsofacircuithaveaphysicallyproven clearandunobstructedviewofeachother DLOS~DesktopLine-of-sight~aninitialsurveyconductedonacomputerwith specialisedplanningsoftwarewhichallowstheusertoascertainifthetwopointsofa circuithaveprobableline-of-sight DLP~dataleakprevention~Thetermusedtodescribeasystemthatisputinplaceto stoptheunauthorisedlossofoutsideofthecontrolofanorganisation.Datalossisa prevalentproblemthathasresultedinsignificantreputationalandlegalissuesformany organisations. DLP~DigitalLightProcessing~Avideoprojectiontechnologythatuseshundredsof thousandsofrotatingmirrorstoprojecthighquality,highdefinitionimages.DLPwas originallydevelopedbyTexasInstruments. DLPBC~DualLoopPortBypassCircuitry~routingcircuitrythatmakesitpossibleto addandremovenodeswithoutdisruptingthenetwork. DLPI~DataLinkProviderInterface~TheSVR4STREAMS-basedkernel-level interfacethatsupportstheservicesoftheDataLinkLayerforbothconnection-modeand connectionless-modeservices DLR~DesignLayoutRecord~Thelayoutforthelocalportionofacircuitataparticular location. DLT~DigitalLinearTape~Amagnetictapetechnologythatuseshalf-inch,single-hub cartridges,writes128or208lineartracks,andprovidescapacitiesfrom40to80GB.A technologydesignedbyDECandsoldtoQuantum DM~DataMining~Generictermforidentifyingpossiblerelationshipsandtrends betweendataitems.Typicallydataminingisthestatisticalanalysisofdatatoidentify commonalitiesandpatterns. DMA~DirectMemoryAccess~Atechniqueoftransferringdatabetweenthecomputer memoryandadeviceonthecomputerbuswithouttheinterventionofthemicroprocessor. DMAA~DiscreteMathematics,AlgorithmsandApplications~DiscreteMathematics, AlgorithmsandApplications DMB~DhtmlMenuBuilder~UsedtoidetifyaDHTML/Javascriptmenubuildingtool calledDHTMLMenuBuilder.Alsousedintheextensionoftheapplication’sprojectfiles DMCA~DigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct~AcontroversialreformoftheU.S. copyrightlawsthatisthefirstattempttoupdatethoselawsfortheageofdigital technology. DME~distributedmanagementenvironment~AspecificationoftheOpenSoftware Foundation(OSF)formanagingopensystems. DMI~DesktopManagementInterface~anAPItoenablesoftwaretocollectinformation aboutacomputerenvironment. DML~DataManipulationLanguage~afamilyofcomputerlanguagesusedbycomputer programsordatabaseuserstoretrieve,insert,deleteandupdatedatainadatabase.The currentlymostpopularDatamanipulationlanguageisthatofSQL,whichisusedto retrieveandmanipulatedatainaRelationaldatabase. DMO~DistributedManagementObject~ThisOLEserverexposesrepresentationsof SQLServerdatabaseobjects(tables,storedprocedures,serverproperties,andsoon), manyofwhichareusuallymodifiedthroughTransact-SQL DMS~DigitalMultiplexSystems~Systemthatcombinesnumberofdigitalcircuits. DMT~DiscreteMulti-Tone~anADSLmodulationtechniquethatsplitsbandwidthusage usageintosub-channelsformaximumdatatransfer.Achannelisthenoptimizedfor modulationifcertainchannelscannottransmitdata. DMZ~demilitarizedzone~acomputerhostorsmallnetworkinsertedasa‘neutralzone’ betweenacompany’sprivatenetworkandtheoutsidepublicnetwork.Itpreventsoutside usersfromgettingdirectaccesstoaserverthathascompanydata.Thetermcomesfrom thegeographicbufferzonethatwassetupbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKorea followingtheUN‘policeaction’intheearly1950s. DNA~Deoxyribonucleicacid~thegeneticorhereditarymaterialinhumansandmostof theotherlivingorganisms.DNAsaremostlystoredinthenucleusofcellsandcan replicatethemselves. DNA~DistributedNetworkArchitecture~Arrangementofnetworkedcomputersin whichseveralprocessors(theCPUs)arelocatedonscatteredmachines,butarecapableof workingbothindependentlyandjointlyasrequired. DNA~~DNAisalsoDeliveryNetworkAccelerator(BitTorrent),DynamicNetwork Administration(Ericsson),DynamicNetworkAnalyzer(Lucent) DNIC~datanetworkidentificationcode~A4-digitcodethatspecifiestheX.21call formatusedbyanetworkinitsInternationalDataNumbertocallanotherstation. DNLC~DirectoryNameLookupCache~Unixfilecache DNR~DigitalNoiseReduction~Ensuressuperiorpicturequalityby‘cleaning’images andreducingpicture‘noise’.Particularlyusefulforoldermovieswherethesourcemaster haspicturenoise. DNS~DomainNameSystem~Applicationlayer-Over30RFCshere. DNS~DomainNameService/Server/System~thewaythatInternetdomainnamesare locatedandtranslatedintoIPaddresses.Adomainnameisameaningfulandeasy-toremember‘handle’foranInternetaddress. DNSBL~DNSBasedList,DNSBlacklist,orDNSBlocklist.~ApublishedlistofIP addressesthatcanbequeriedthroughtheInternet.DNSBLsareusedtopublishIP addressesassociatedwithe-mailspamandspamming. DNSSEC~DomainNameSystemSECurityextensions~Techniqueforsecuringthe DomainNameSystem.ItisasetofextensionstoDNS,whichprovideend-to-end authenticityandintegrityandwasdesignedtoprotecttheInternetfromcertainattacks. SeealsoÂhttp://www.dnssec.net/ DOA~DeadOnArrival~Servicetoreplacemalfunctioningdevices. DOA~DeadOnArrival~InCRM,DOAreporttellsuserswhichproductsarethemost error-proneorreceivethemostcomplaintsfromcustomers.T DoCoMo~DoCommunicationovertheMobilenetwork~DoCoMo(meaning ‘anywhere’inJapanese)isaNTTsubsidiaryandJapan’sbiggestmobileserviceprovider DOCSIS~Data-over-CableServiceInterfaceSpecifications~Definestechnical specificationsforequipmentatbothsubscriberlocationsandcableoperators’headends. AdoptionofDOCSISwillacceleratethedeploymentofdata-over-cableservicesandwill ensureinteroperabilityofequipmentthroughoutsystemoperators’infrastructures. DO-IT~Disabilities,Opportunities,InternetworkingandTechnology~Disabilities, Opportunities,InternetworkingandTechnology Dolly~DigitalDolly~aprogramthatcanquicklyclone(copy)drivestodrives,drivesto files,filestodrives,orfilestofiles.ItissimilartotheSymantecproductknownasGhost. DOM~distributedoutputmanagement~Middlewarethatdrivestheoutputprocessand supportstheautomatedcreationanddeliveryofdocuments. DOM~DocumentObjectModel~Aplatform-neutralandlanguage-neutralinterfacethat allowsprogramsandscriptstoaccessandupdatethecontent,structure,andstyleof documentsdynamically. DOMAIN~DistributedOperatingMultiAccessInteractiveNetwork~Distributed OperatingMultiAccessInteractiveNetwork DOP~DilutionOfPrecision~Oneofmanyqualitymeasurementstoevaluatesolutions derivedbyapositioningreceiver.Thisisanumericvaluethatrelatesrelativegeometries betweenpositioningsatellitesaswellasthegeometriesbetweenthesatellitesandthe receiver. DoS~denialofservice~TheinabilityofaWebsiteorotherservertorespondto legitimateconnections.DoSattacksareusedtoblockaccesstoatargetInternetsite. DOS~DiskOperatingSystem~Acommand-drivenPCOSthatresidesinmainmemory andusesdisksfordatastorage.ItwasoncethestandardOSforIBM-compatiblePCs. EarlyversionsofMicrosoftWindowsranontopofDOS. DOV~Data-Over-Voice~AtechniqueusedinÂFDMÂallowingthecombinationof voiceanddataonthesameline.DOVusuallyemploystwistedpaircablesassigningsome oftheunusedbandwidthfordatatransmission. DPA~DocumentPrintingApplication~AnOSIstandard(ISO/IEC10175)thataddresses thoseaspectsofdocumentprocessingthatenableusersinadistributedopensystems environmenttosendelectronicdocumentstoshared,possiblygeographically-dispersed, printers. DPC~DestinationPointCode~ThepartofaroutinglabelthatidentifieswhereanSS7 signalingmessageshouldbesent. DPF~DatabasePartitioningFeature~Afeaturethatcanbeusedtoimprovethe managementofalargedatabasebydividingitintomultipledatabasepartitionsthatare physicallyplacedononeormoreservers. DPI~deeppacketinspection~Anadvancedformoffirewalltechnologythatlooks deeperintothepacketstreamthantraditionalpacketinspectionapproachestoidentify attemptsatmaliciousbehaviorandblockthem. DPI~DistributedProtocalInterface~AnextensiontotheSNMPagentthatpermitsusers todynamicallyadd,delete,orreplacemanagementvariablesinthelocalMIBwithout requiringrecompilationoftheSNMPagent. dpi~DotsPerInch~Animagemeasurementstandardthatmeasuresanimagesresolution asitappliestoprinters.Itmeasurestheimagespixelsinonesquareinch.Thehigherthe numberthebettertheimagesresolutionorquality. DPMA~DynamicPowerManagementArchitecture~Thisarchitectureallowscomputers tohaveavarietyofadvancedpowermanagementfeatures. DPMI~DosProtectedModeInterface~allowDOSprogramstoaccesstheextended memoryofPCarchitecturecomputerswhilemaintainingsystemprotection.DPMIdefines aspecificsubsetofDOSandBIOScallsthatcanbemadebyprotectedmodeDOS programs. DPN~DataPacketNetwork~Networkinwhichâ€œbundlesofinformationare transmitted,oneafteranother.Differsfromcircuitnetwork,inwhichentirecircuitis dedicatedtoparticularuser. DPtoTP~DisplayCoordinatesTOTabletCoordinates~Coordinatesconversion DPV~DistributedPartitionedView~Joinshorizontallypartitioneddatafromasetof membertablesacrossoneormoreservers,makingthedataappearasiffromonetable DPW~DigitalPulseWireless~alsoknownasUltraWidebandRadio.Itisthe revolutionarywirelesstechnologyfortransmittinglargeamountsofdigitaldataovera wideelectromagneticradiationspectrumoffrequencybandswithverylowpower. DQM~DataQualityManager~OracleCDHengine DR~disasterrecovery~Methodsandproceduresforreturningasystem,networkordata centertofulloperationafteracatastrophicinterruption-includingtherecoveryoflost data,theuseofalternativenetworkchannelsiftheprimarychannelsaredisconnectedor malfunctioning. DRAC~DellRemoteAssistantCard~InterfacecardfromDellIncthatprovidesout-ofbandmanagementfacilities.Thecontrollerhasitsownprocessor,memory,battery, networkconnection,andaccesstothesystembus DRAM~Dynamicrandom-accessmemory~Hardware- DRAM~DynamicRandomAccessMemory~Thisisacommontypeofrandomaccess memorythatisusedinpersonalcomputing.The‘dynamic’initsnameisduetothefact thatthismemoryneedstoberefreshedasopposedtootherSRAMthatis‘static’.The DRAMisrefreshedbytheuseofelectricalcurrentpulsesthatpassthroughallmemory cells.DRAMneedstobeperiodicallyrefreshedtoretainthestoreddata. DRE~DocumentRenderingEngine~CollectionofJavaclassesthatcanbeusedto defineanabstractdocumentandrenderitinPDForHTML.Adocumentconsistsofa collectionofelementssuchastext,lists(bulleted,numbered,plain),tables,images,fonts, color,etc. DRF~DataRecoveryField~InNTFSfileencryptionkeysarestoredthere DRi~DisasterRecoveryInstitute~DRIInternationalÂwasfoundedin1988inorderto developabaseofknowledgeincontingencyplanningandthemanagementofrisk,a rapidlygrowingprofession. DRM~DataRelationshipManagement~OracleHyperiontechnologytoprovidestrong hierarchyvisualizationandmanagementcapabilities DRM~digitalrightsmanagement~Trustedexchangeofdigitalinformationoverthe Internetwherebytheuserisgrantedonlytheprivilegesthatthedocumentsenderallows. DROP~deliveryofreal-timeexecutioninformationprotocol~featureof variousÂNASDAQÂ(NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotations) protocolsthatallowsasubscribertocontinuouslyviewvitalinformationabouttrades includingthedateandtime,theparticipants(bysymboloricon),orderidentificationdata, condenseddescriptions,theexchangepricesandrelevantcommissions. DRP~DisasterRecoveryPlan~refertoDR DRP~DistributionandReplicationProtocol~ThegoaloftheDRPprotocolisto significantlyimprovetheefficiencyandreliabilityofdatadistributionoverHTTP DRU~DiscRemasteringUtility~Tooldesignedtocreateacustomizedcopyofthe UbuntuLinuxDistribution DRW~DefectRemediationWindow~Howlongittakestofxorâ€œcloseâ€?adefect DS~DifferentiatedService~AIETFstandardforasmall,well-definedsetofper-packet buildingblocksfromwhichavarietyofservicesmaybebuilt,therebyprovidinga frameworkfordeliveringÂQoSÂinnetworks DS0~DigitalSubscriberLevelZero~A64Kbpsunitoftransmissionbandwidth.A worldwidestandardspeedfordigitizingonevoiceconversation,andmorerecently,for datatransmission.Twenty-fourDS0s(24x64Kbps)equaloneDigitalSignalLevel1 (DS1). DS1~DigitalSignalLevel1~Framingspecificationusedintransmittingdigitalsignals at1.544MbpsonaT1facilityor2.048MbpsonanE1facility. DSA~DigitalSignatureAlgorithm~Anasymmetriccryptographicalgorithmthat producesadigitalsignatureintheformofapairoflargenumbers. DSA~DistributedSystemsArchitecture~Thenetworkingarchitecturedevelopedby Honeywell-BullfortheGCOSenvironment DSAP~DestinationServiceAccessPoint~InOSI,aserviceaccesspointusedtoreceive data. DSAP~DestinationServiceAccessPoint~InSNAandTCP/IP,alogicaladdressthat allowsasystemtoroutedatafromaremotedevicetotheappropriatecommunications support. DSBM~DesignatedSubnetBandwidthManager~Adeviceonamanagedsubnetwork thatactsastheSubnetBandwidthManagerforthesubnetworktowhichitisattached DSE~DirectoryServicesEnvironment~ContainsalistofNamingContextsand ApplicationPartitionsmaintainedbyaDomainController DSI~DynamicSystemsInitiative~Microsoft’stechnologystrategyforproductsand solutionsthathelpbusinessesenhancethedynamiccapabilityofitspeople,process,and ITinfrastructureusingtechnology DSL~DigitalSubscriberLine~Telecom-TelecomGlossary DSL~DigitalSubscriberLine~Itismediumfortransferringdataoverregularphone linesandcanbeusedtoconnecttotheInternet. DSL~Domain-SpecificLanguage~anaturalextensionofandcomplementtoUML. DSLishelpingtoremovethesemanticgapbetweenproblemandsolutiondomainsby usingtailor-madesyntaxandsemantics. DSL~DualStressLiner~TechnologybyAMDandIBMtostrainsiliconchipsto enhancetheirperformance DSLAM~DigitalSubscriberLineAccessMultiplexor~Telecom-TelecomGlossary (proposed) DSLAM~DSLAccessMultiplexer~adevicethatjoinsahigh-speedcomputernetwork toasetofordinarytelephonelinesinatelephonecompanycentraloffice. DSM~dependencystructurematrix~ExcellencetoolsKitForDevelopmentProjects DSM-CC~Digitalstoragemediacommandandcontrol~atoolkitfordevelopingcontrol channelsassociatedwithMPEG-1andMPEG-2streams. DSML~DirectoryServiceMarkupLanguage~combinesdirectoryservicestechnology (LDAP)withXMLsyntaxtoprovideaneasywaytoshareandusepersonalizeddata acrosscompanyandtechnologyboundaries. DSn~digitalsignalleveln~Aclassificationofdigitalcircuits.TheDStechnicallyrefers totherateandtheformatofthesignal,whereastheTdesignationreferstotheequipment providingthesignals.Inpractice,DSandTareusedsynonymously;forexample,DS1 andT1,DS3andT3. DSN~dealersoftwarenetwork~Anetwork-resident,standards-basedenvironmentthat interconnectschainsofapplicationsandservices. DSO~datasourceobject~ADSOexploitisaformofspywarethattakesadvantageof databindingtogainaccesstotheharddriveofacomputerconnectedtotheInternet.Such spywarecanbedifficulttodetectanderadicate,andifitissuccessfullyremoved,itoften returns. DSOM~DistributedSystemObjectModel~aversionofSOMthatsupportssharing binaryobjectsacrossnetworks.DSOMissimilartoMicrosoft’scompetingstandardcalled DCOM. DSP~digitalsignalprocessor~Aspecializedcomputerchipoptimizedforhighdatarates neededtoprocessdigitizedwaveforms,particularlythosederivedfromanalogsources. Oftenusedinequipmentrequiringvoicedigitization. DSR~DataSetReady~Aserialconnectivityterm,usedprimarilywithprintersand modemsinmodernsystems.DSRistheprimarycomputersignallineforhardware handshakingoveraserialinterface;connectstotheDTRlineatthecomputer. DSR~DynamicSourceRouting~aself-maintainingroutingprotocolforwireless networks.Theprotocolcanalsofunctionwithcellulartelephonesystemsandmobile networkswithuptoabout200nodes. DSS~igitalSignatureStandard~TheUSGovernmentstandardthatspecifiestheDigital SignatureAlgorithm(DSA),whichinvolvesasymmetriccryptography. DSSA~DistributedSystemSecurityArchitecture~acomputersecurityarchitecturethat providesasuiteoffunctionsincludinglogin,authentication,andaccesscontrolina distributedsystem. DSSS~DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum~Aspreadspectrumtransmissionmethod whichisalsousedbyIEEE802.11bcompatibledevices.Onebitofthesignalis transmittedasacodeword,whichisequivalenttomultiplyingthetransmissionrate (spreadingthetransmissionrate). DSTN~Double-layerSupertwistNematic~Thisisaformofpassive matrixÂLCDÂscreen. DSTP~DataSpaceTransferProtocol~usedtoindexandcategorizedatausingaXML basedcatalog. DSU~dataserviceunit~Asimplifiedmodemforthetransmissionofdigitaldataovera privatelineorforlimited-distancecommunicationsovertheÂPSTN,whereitisnot necessarytocomplywithalltherequirementsforahigh-speedmodem. DSU~DigitalServiceUnit~Auserdeviceinterfacingtoadigitalcircuit,suchasDDSor T1whencom-binedwithaCSU.TheDSUconvertstheuserâ€™sdatastreamtobipolar formatfortransmission. DSVD~DigitalSimultaneousVoiceandData~Anall-digitaltechnologyforconcurrent voiceanddata(SVD)transmissionoverasingleanalogtelephoneline.DSVDisendorsed byIntel,Hayes,U.S.Robotics DSX~DigitalSystemCross-connectframe~DigitalSystemCross-connectframe. DSX1:DigitalSignalCross-connectlevel1 DTD~DocumentTypeDefinition~atypeoffileassociatedwithSGMLandXML documentsthatdefineshowthemarkuptagsshouldbeinterpretedbytheapplication presentingthedocument. DTDS~DisasterTolerantDiskSystems~termfromtheRAIDadvisoryboardwhich describesserversystemswhichmustbedivisibleintotwoormorezoneswhichcooperate toprotectagainstlossofaccesstodataintheeventofonesystem’scompletefailure. DTE~DataTerminalEquipment~Telecom-TelecomGlossary DTE~DataTerminalEquipment~Devicesactingasdatasource,datasink,orboth DTM~DocumentTableModel~Interfacetoadocumentmodeldesignedspecificallyfor theneedsofApache’sXPathandXSLTimplementations.Themotivationbehindthis modelistooptimizeperformanceandminimizestorage DTM~DynamicsynchronousTransferMode~aspecificationthatwasunanimously approvedbythemembersofETSI. DTMF~DataToneMultipleFrequency~Usedwithmodemstoputmoredatadownone line. DTML~DocumentTemplateMark-upLanguage~asubsetofSGMLandasupersetof HTMLusedforcreatingdocumentsthatdynamicallyadapttoexternalconditionsusingits owncustomtagsandalittlebitofPython. DTN~DisruptionTolerantNetworking~anetworkingarchitecturethatisdesignedto providecommunicationsinthemostunstableandstressedenvironments DTP~Desktoppublishing~Asystemthatprocessesthetextandgraphicsand,bymeans ofpagelayoutsoftwareandalaserprinter,produceshigh-qualitypagessuitablefor printingorin-housereproduction. DTR~DataTerminalReady~Itisaprimaryserialprintersignalforhardware handshakingoveraserialinterface;connectstotheDSRpinatthecomputer. DTS~DigitalTheaterSystem~Specialsystemusedforencodinganddecodinganaudio signalonmultiplechannels,usedincinemasandhome-usetheatersystemsaswell.Used forthefirsttimebymoviedirectorStevenSpielberg,DTS’mostcommonchannelarray comprises5.1channels(5fullrangeandoneforthesubwoofer).DolbyDigitalisDTS’ mostnotablecompetitor. DTTV~DigitalTerestialTelevison~broadcastsoverearthboundcircuitssosateliites aren’tusedforanypartofthelinkbetweenÂthebroadcasterandtheenduser. du~diskusage~duisastandardUnixprogramusedtoestimatethefilespaceusagespaceusedunderaparticulardirectoryorfilesonafilesystem. DUAL~DiffusingUpdateAlgorithm~ConvergencealgorithmusedinEnhancedIGRP thatprovidesloop-freeoperationateveryinstantthroughoutaroutecomputation.Allows routersinvolvedinatopologychangetosynchronizeatthesametime,whilenotinvolving routersthatareunaffectedbythechange. DUL~DialUpList~alistofdialupsknowntobeusedbyspammers.Networkscanuse thelisttoautomaticallyblockallmailfromthosedialups. DUN~Dial-UpNetworking~CreatingaWANoverdial-upinternet. DUNS~DataUniversalNumberingSystem~Asysteminwhichinternationally recognizednine-digitnumbersareassignedandmaintainedbyDun&Bradstreetto uniquelyidentifyworldwidebusinesses. DUOW/DUW~distributedunitofwork~AunitofworkthatallowsSQLstatementsto besubmittedtomultiplerelationaldatabasemanagementsystems,butnomorethanone systemperSQLstatement. DUOW/DUW~distributedunitofwork~Inadistributedprocess,allprocessing betweentwosyncpointstakenbytwoormoreintercommunicatingtransactionsusinga two-phasecommitprotocol. DUPS~DigitalUnbundledPortServices~Anelement,notbundledwithaloopor transportfacility,whichprovidesdigitalaccesstothefunctionalityofalocalswitching system. DUV~DataUnderVoice~Thenormallyunusedspectrumatthelowerendofaradio channelusedtoprovideaT1(1.544mbps)channelfordigitalservices. DVB-H~DigitalVideoBroadcasting-Handhelds~specificationforbringingbroadcast servicestobattery-poweredhandheldreceiversthatallowsthereceivingdevicetomove freelywhilereceivingthetransmission. DVBMHP~DigitalVideoBroadcastingMultimediaHomePlatform~EuropeandSouth KoreaInteractiveTV DVB-SH~DigitalVideoBroadcasting-SatelliteservicestoHandhelds~asystemused todeliverIPbasedmediacontentanddatatohandheldterminals,likemobilephonesor PDAs,viasatellite.TheDVB-SHsystemwasdesignedforfrequenciesbelow3GHz, typicallyintheS-band. DVCD~DoubleVideoCD~CDcapableofholdingupto99minutesofvideoaswellas audiodata,withqualitysimilartoVHStape. DVD~DigitalVersatileDisc~DVDisastoragemediumcapableofstoringprograms anddata. DVI~DigitalVideoInterface,originallyDigitalVideoDisc~Aspecificationfora computermonitorinterfacecapableofcarryingbothanaloganddigitalsignals.DVIwas developedbytheDigitalDisplayWorkingGroup,anindustrygroupformedbyInteland othervendors. DVMRP~DistanceVectorMulticastRoutingProtocol~aninteriorgatewayprotocol basedonRIPthatsupportsconnectionlessmulticastdatatransmissiontoagroupofhosts overanetwork. DVRs~Digitalvideo/Versatilerecorders~Ahard-drive-equippedset-topboxthatmakes iteasyforconsumerstorecordTVprograms,pauseliveTV,andskipcommercials. DWDM~densewavedivisionmultiplexing~Atechnologyusedtoincreasefiber-optic transmissioncapacity.Infiber-opticnetworkssuchasÂSONET,ÂDWDMÂpermits fiberstocarryuptoeightwavelengthsoflight,thusmultiplyingtheircapacitybythe numberofwavelengthscarried. DWF~DesignWebFormat~Fast,efficientwaytodistributedesigndatatoanyonewho needsit.WithAutodeskExpressViewer,asmall,free,downloadableapplication,youcan viewandprintthatrichdata DWM~DesktopWindowsManager~AwindowingsysteminWindowsVistaeditions (allexceptStarterandHomeBasic)thatsupportAero,whichhandlesdrawingofcontent tothescreen. DWS~DialableWidebandService~AlternativenameforMultirateISDN,providing dialeddataconnectivityatdesiredbandwidthonpercallbasis(from128kbpsthrough 1.536Mbpsin64kbpsincrements). DX~DirectX/DirectX~MicrosoftDirectXsoftware dxdiag~directxdiagnostics~autilityprogramfortestingDirectXunderWindows. DXF~DrawingInterchangeFormat~usedforMacintoshgraphicfiles.Thestandardfileexchangeformatfor3-DandCADprograms. DXI~DataExchangeInterface~Avariablelengthframe-basedATMinterfacebetweena DTEandaspecialATMCSU/DSU.TheATMCSU/DSUconvertsbetweenthevariablelengthDXIframesandthefixed-lengthATMcells. dyld~dynamiclinkeditor~ThelibrarymanagerforcodeintheMach-Oexecutable format.Thedynamiclinkeditorisadynamiclibrarythatâ€œlivesâ€?inallMach-O programsonthesystem. ~E~ e-~Electronic~Electronicoronline(forinstanceane-zineisanonlinemagazine publishedonlyinanelectronicform). EPhone~EmergencyPhones.~telecomslang. E&M~recEiveandtransMit(orearandmouth)~Trunkingarrangementgenerallyused fortwo-wayswitch-to-switchorswitch-to-networkconnections.Cisco’sanalogE&M interfaceisanRJ-48connectorthatallowsconnectionstoPBXtrunklines(tielines). E&MalsoisavailableonE1andT1digitalinterfaces. E_D_TOV~errordetecttimeoutvalue~Thetimethataswitchwaitsforanexpected responsebeforedeclaringanerrorcondition.Thisvalueisadjustablein1microsecond incrementsfrom2-10seconds. E1~~AEuropeandigitalcommunicationslinewithatransmissionspeedof2.048Mbps, asdefinedundertheE-carriersystem.ForDS1,32digitalvoicechannelsaremultiplexed ontooneE1channel E2~~AdigitaltelecommunicationsconnectioncategorydefinedundertheEuropeanEcarriersystem.AnE2linehasanaggregatecapacityof8.448megabitspersecond. E2E~End-to-End~Alsoknownas‘soup-to-nuts’itisanacronymforasectorofthe industrythatspecializesinprovidingend-to-endsolutions. E3~ElectronicEntertainmentExpo~Theannualvideogameconferenceandshowatthe LosAngelesConventioncenter.www.e3expo.com E3~~AEuropeandigitaltelecommunicationsfacilitywithatransmissionspeedof 34.368Mbps.ForDS3,32voicechannelsaremultiplexedontooneE3channel. EA~ElectronicArts~EA(NASDAQ:ERTS)isamajorAmericandeveloper,marketer, publisheranddistributorofvideogames. EA~EnterpriseAgreement~EAisaMicrosoftvolumesoftwareagreement. EAB~EnterpriseAddressBook~Acollectionofinformationaboutpeople,departments, andlocationsinanenterprise.Informationaboutpeoplemayincludetelephonenumbers, mailingaddresses,andthedepartmentinwhichapersonworks. EAI~Enterpriseapplicationintegration~EAIisabusinesscomputingtermfortheplans, methods,andtoolsaimedatmodernizing,consolidating,andcoordinatingthecomputer applicationsinanenterprise. EAL~EvaluationAssuranceLevel~4CommonCriteriacertificationofWatchguard firewall EAM~EventAggregationModule~TivoliSecurityOperationsManagermodule EAP~ExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol~aprotocolforwirelessnetworksthatexpands onauthenticationmethodsusedbythePPP,aprotocoloftenusedwhenconnectinga computertotheInternet. EAR~EmergencyAssistanceRequest~usuallyaninternalrequestwithinacompanyfor technicalassistancebytheirownsupportstafftoassistwithanend-userproblem.Mostof theseproblemsaretermedasBUGSbyusersandbytheprogrammersasundocumented features. EARL~EnhancedAddressRecognitionLogic~acustomCatalyst5000familyswitch componentsimilartothelearningbridgeorcontent-addressablememory(CAM)ofother typesofnetworkswitchesandrouters EAS~enterpriseapplicationserver~enterpriseapplicationserver EASDAQ~EuropeanAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotations~An electronicpan-EuropeanstockexchangefoundedbytheBelgianBankingandFinance Commission,closelymodeledontheÂNASDAQÂexchangeintheUnitedStates.In 2001,NASDAQacquireda58percentstakeinEASDAQandrenameditNASDAQ Europe. EAT~EndAroundTest~Alsoknownasawraptest,returnsoutputsignaltoinputline EAX~EnvironmentalAudio~Ahardwareandsoftwareaudiostandarddevelopedby CreativeLabs.ItwasoriginallyusedinSoundBlastersoundboards,andissupportedby othercompaniesaswellnow. EB~Exabyte~Thisis2^60bytesor1024petabytes. EBCDIC~ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode~Itisalsocalledthe ExtendedASCIICode.ThisisacommonasynchronouscodeusedbyIBM.Itis pronounced‘ehb-suh-dik’.Manycorporationthathavelegacyapplicationsanddatabases inIBM’sOS/390operatingsystemusethiscodeforthetextfiles.The8bitcharactercode isusedtorepresent256differentbitpatterns. EBIF~EnhancedTVBinaryInterchangeFormat~standardundertheSelecTVbrand announcedinearly2010 EBML~ExtensibleBinaryMetaLanguage~Simple,XML-likebinarylanguagefor describingdatainstructuredstyle.Seehttp://ebml.sourceforge.net/ EBPP~ElectronicBillPresentationandPayment~Anacronymthatimpliesusingthe Internettosend,receive,andpaybills,thisisconsideredbysomepeopletobethenext stepinonlinebanking. EBS~E-BusinessSuite~Oracle’sordermanagementhubs EC2~ElasticComputeCloud~AmazonEC2allowscustomerstorentcomputerson whichtoruntheirowncomputerapplications.EC2allowsscalabledeploymentof applicationsbyprovidingawebservicesinterfacethroughwhichacustomercancreate virtualmachines,i.e.serverinstances,onwhichthecustomercanloadanysoftwareof theirchoice. ECB~electroniccodebook~Amethodofencipheringanddecipheringdatainaddress spacesordataspaces.Each64-bitblockofplaintextisseparatelyencipheredandeach blockoftheciphertextisseparatelydeciphered. ECB~EventControlBlock~Adatastructureusedtocontrolsendingandreceivingof packetsinaNovellNetwork ECC~ellipticcurvecryptography~Approachtopublic-keycryptographybasedon ellipticcurvesoverfinitefields. ECC~ErrorCheckingandCorrection~Amethodofdetectingandcorrectingsystem memoryerrorsbyaddingadditionalbitsandusingaspecialalgorithm. ECEM~enterprisecarbonandenergymanagement~Acorporatewidesystemofrecord formonitoring,managing,andreportingenergyuseandcarbonemissions.ECEMisa Forresterterm,whichwefeelbestdescribesthesystems’functionalityandcustomer requirements. ECHS~ExtendedCylinders,Heads,Sectors~Enablesuseofharddrivesupto8.4GBin size eCI~eCommerceintegrator~Aserviceproviderthatoffersstrategy,marketing,design, andtechnicalservicesforeBusiness.Technicalservicesarecustomdevelopment, commercepackageimplementation,andapplicationintegration,nothostingornetwork services. ECM~Enterprisecontentmanagement~asetoftoolsandmethodsthatobtain,organize, storeanddeliverinformationcrucialtoitsoperation.ThefundamentalobjectivesofECM aretostreamlineaccess,eliminatebottlenecks,optimizesecurity,maintainintegrityand minimizeoverhead. ECMA~EuropeanComputerManufacturersAssociation~Anindustrytradegroup headquarteredinGeneva.TheECMAhasdevelopedmorethan200computerstandards. ECMP~EqualCostMultipathRouting~distributestrafficacrossmultiplehighbandwidthlinkstoincreaseperformance.Onecompany’sOSPFimplementationsupports multipleequal-costpathsbetweenpointsanddividestrafficevenlyamongtheavailable paths. ECO~EngineeringChangeOrder~Hardwareminorrevisions,usuallyinthedaysof minicomputers,whereachangewasn’tmadetothePCBlayout(whichwouldprobably carrythemajorrevisionnumber/letter) ECP~electroniccheckpresentment~Theelectronicpresentationofcheckdatato processingbanks.InthefirstECPphase,onebankpresentsasecondbankwithelectronic checkinformationbasedonthecheck’sÂMICRÂline,whichstatesthecorrectcustomer accountandtheamountofthepayment. ECS~ExtendedCharacterSet~AnindustryacronymforaspecializedASCIIcharacter set.Themaindifferencesareinthecontrolcharactersandthedecimalcharacter representationsofdecimal128-255. ECTF~EnterpriseComputerTelephonyForum~Bringstogetherthebestindustry thinkersontheplanettodeliveronasharedvisioninthecomputertelephonyindustryto allowforopenaccesstoadiversityofcommunicationsproductsandservices.See alsoÂhttp://www.ectf.org/ ED2K~eDonkey2000~adecentralized,mostlyserver-based,peer-to-peerfilesharing networkbestsuitedtosharebigfilesamongusers,andtoprovidelongtermavailabilityof saidfiles. EDA~event-drivenarchitecture~EDAisasoftwarearchitecturepatternthatorchestrates behavioraroundtheproduction,detectionandconsumptionofeventsaswellasthe responsestheyevoke. EDC~electronicdispersioncompensation~EDCtechnologyissupportedbytheOptical InternetworkingForum(OIF)-agroupcurrentlydefininga10Gbpsinteroperability specificationtargetingopticallinks.Thetransmissiondistanceofthisspecification supportsupto120km(2400ps/nm) EDC~ElectronicDataCapture~EDCsystemisacomputerizedsystemdesignedforthe collectionofclinicaldatainelectronicformat EDGE~EnhancedDataRatesforGSMEvolution~Aradiointerfacetechnologywith enhancedmodulationdesignedtoprovideÂGSMÂandtimedivisionmultipleaccess (TDMA)networkswiththecapacitytorivalthird-generation(3G)cellularnetworks. EDI~electronicdatainterchange~Theexchangeofstructuredelectronicdatabetween computersystemsaccordingtopredefinedmessagestandards. EDI~ElectronicDataInterchange~Theprocessofautomatingtheexchangeofbusiness informationsuchaspurchaseorders,deliverynotesandinvoicesoveradatanetwork. EDIFACT~ElectronicDataInterchangeForAdministration,CommerceandTransport~ internationalEDIstandarddevelopedundertheUnitedNation,alsonamedUN/EDIFACT e-discovery~Electronicdiscovery~thecollection,processingandreviewoflarge amountsofESIwithinanenterprisetomeetthemandatesimposedbycommonlaw requirementsfordiscovery.Thesedemandsmaybeduetocivilorcriminallitigation, regulatoryoversight,oradministrativeproceedings.Anindependentgroupofconsultants, legalscholarsandvendorshavecreatedandputintothepublicdomainan‘E-Discovery ReferenceModel’([EDRM];Âwww.edrm.netÂ) EDM~ElectronicDocumentManagement~Asystemthatmanagesdifferentkindsof documents,usingcomputerprogramsandstorage.AnEDMsystemallowsacompanyand itsuserstocreateadocumentorcapturethehardcopyofafileinelectronicform. EDM~EMCDataManager~Acentralized,high-performancebackupandrestoresystem optimizedforlargeenterprisedatabaseenvironments,fromstoragevendorÂEMC. EDO~ExtendedDataOutput~atypeofdynamicrandomaccessmemory.EDOmemory ismuchfasterthanDRAMbecauseitcanaccessmorethanoneblockofinformationata time.EDOmemoryaccessesablockofmemoryandasitissendingtheinformationfrom oneblockitstartsaccessinganotherblocktofetchinformation. edress~e-mailaddress~e-mailaddress EDS~ElectronicDataSystems~Amultibillion-dollarsystemintegrationandITservices firm,foundedin1962andheadquarteredinPlano,Texas.AcquiredbyHP. EDW~enterprisedatawarehouse~enterprisedatawarehouse EEPROM/EPROM~ElectricalErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemory~This typeofmemorycanbereprogrammedanderasedelectronicallyrepeatedlybyusinga deviceprogrammerwhichprovidesanelectricsurge. EF~ExpeditedForwarding~APer-HopBehaviorintheDifferentiatedServicestandard, usedtocreateavirtualleasedlineservice EFI~ExtensibleFirmwareInterface~SoftwarethatrunsautomaticallywhenanIntelbasedMacintoshfirststartsup.Itdeterminesthecomputershardwareconfigurationand startsthesystemsoftware. EFM~Enterprisefraudandmisusemanagement~savesusersmoneybyenabling operationalefficiencies,andbystoppingfraudandmisusethatoccuracrossmultiple channels,accountsorproducts EFS~EncryptingFileSystem~Anencryptionmethodbasedondigitalcertificates, whichallowsuserstoprotecttheconfidentialityoftheirdataonaper-fileorper-folder basis. EFS~ErrorFreeSeconds~AunitusedtospecifytheerrorperformanceofTcarrier systems,usuallyexpressedasEFSperhour,day,orweek.Thismethodgivesabetter indicationofthedistributionofbiterrorsthanasimpleÂBER. EFT~ElectronicFundsTransfer~Asystemwheremoneyistransferredelectronically fromonebankaccounttoanother,withouttheneedforanypaperworksuchasthe traditionalcheque. EGA~EnhancedGraphicsAdapter~Acomputerdisplaystandardthatprovidesa resolutionof640by350pixels,apaletteof64colors,andtheabilitytodisplayasmany as16colorsatonetime. EGL~EnterpriseGenerationLanguage~Ahigh-levellanguagethatallowsdevelopersto focusonbusinesslogicastheycreatecomplexbusinessapplicationsfordeploymentin anyofseveralenvironments,includingtheWeb. EGNOS~EuropeanGeostationaryNavigationOverlayService~asatellitebased augmentationsystemdevelopedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency. EGP~ExteriorGatewayProtocol~Areachabilityroutingprotocolusedbygatewaysina two-levelinternet.EGPisusedintheInternetcoresystem. EH&S~Environmental,HealthandÂSafety~EH&Scompliancesystemscapture productorprocessdataaccordingtoaregulatoryÂauthority’sstandards EHA~EthernetHardwareAddress(MACaddress)~Linklayer-IEEEStd802IEEE OUIAssignments EHA~EthernetHardwareAddress~MACaddress,aÂuniqueidentifierÂassigned toÂnetworkinterfacesÂforcommunicationsonthephysicalnetworksegment. EHR~ElectronicHealthRecord~nelectronicrecordofhealth-relatedinformationonan individualthatconformstonationallyrecognizedinteroperabilitystandardsandthatcan becreated,managed,andconsultedbyauthorizedcliniciansandstaffacrossmorethan onehealthcareorganization. EIA~ElectronicsIndustryAlliance~Organization-EIA EIA~ElectronicIndustriesAlliance~High-techassociationthatrepresentsthefull spectrumofU.S.electronicsandhigh-techindustrymanufacturers.See alsoÂhttp://www.eia.org EIA~enterpriseinformationarchitecture~enterpriseinformationarchitecture EIGRP~EnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol~InternetLayer-CiscoDocID: 16406 EIGRP~EnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol~Ciscoproprietaryrouting protocollooselybasedontheiroriginalIGRP.EIGRPisanadvanceddistance-vector routingprotocol,withoptimizationstominimizeboththeroutinginstabilityincurredafter topologychanges EII~enterpriseintegrationinformationÂ~dataintegration EIM~EnterpriseIdentityMapping~anopenarchitecturefromIBMforhelpingan enterprisemanagethemultipleuserregistriesandidentitiesthatenableacomputeruserto accessmultipleapplicationswithaSSO. EIM~enterpriseinformationmanagement~anintegrativedisciplineforstructuring, describingandgoverninginformationassets,regardlessoforganizationaland technologicalboundaries,toimproveoperationalefficiency,promotetransparencyand enablebusinessinsight. EIRP~EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower~Theeffectivepowerradiatedfroma transmittingantennawhenanisotropicradiatorisusedtodeterminethegainofthe antenna EIS~enterpriseinformationsystem~InSystemManager,alltheresourcesthatthe applicationsmanageandthefunctionsformanagingthem. EIS~enterpriseinformationsystem~Theapplicationsthatcompriseanenterprise’s existingsystemforhandlingcompanywideinformation. EIST~EnhancedIntelSpeedStepTechnology~anadvancedmeansofenablingvery highperformancewhilealsomeetingthepower-conservationneedsofmobilesystems. ConventionalIntelSpeedStepTechnologyswitchesbothvoltageandfrequencyintandem betweenhighandlowlevelsinresponsetoprocessorload. EJB~EnterpriseJavaBeans~AcomponentarchitecturedefinedbySunMicrosystems forthedevelopmentanddeploymentofobject-oriented,distributed,enterprise-level applications EKTS~electronickeytelephoneset~Anykeytelephonewithabuilt-inmicroprocessor whichallowsaccesstoPBX-likefeaturesaswellasaccesstomultipleCOlinesanduses two-tofour-pairwiring. ELAN~EmulatedLocalAreaNetwork~Alogicalnetworkinitiatedbyusingthe mechanismsdefinedbyLANE(LANEmulation).ThiscouldincludeATMandlegacy attachedendstations. ELM~Expertiselocationandmanagement~theidentificationofhumanexpertise, determiningthestatusofthatresourceandintegratingthatpersonintotheinteraction process. ELT~extract,load,andtransform~Theprocessofextractingdatafromoneormore sources,loadingitdirectlyintoarelationaldatabase,andthenusingthedatabaseengineto rundatatransformations. EMA~EnterpriseManagementAssociates~leadingindustryanalystfirmthatprovides deepinsightacrossthefullspectrumofITanddatamanagement technologies.Âwww.enterprisemanagement.com EMC~ElectromagneticCompatibility~capabilityofsystemsorequipmenttobetested intheintendedenvironmentatdesignedlevelsofefficiencywithoutdegradationdueto electromagneticinteractions EMF~ElectroMagneticField~Thesefieldsareproducedbypowerlines,transformers, appliancesandradiofrequency-RFsourcessuchasmicrowaveovens,cellularphones, AM/FM/TVtransmitters,radars,etc. EMF~ElectroMotiveForce~usetodescribeanythingwhichbehaveslikeanelectrical pump.Batteries,generators,thermoelectricdevices,solarcells,andpiezoelectriccrystals alldothesamejobinanelectricalcircuit. EMI~Electromagneticinterference~Analiasforthistermis‘RFI’or‘RF’or‘induced noise’.Insensitiveand/orbadlydesignedequipment,EMIcancauseseriousmalfunctions orlossofcontrol.EMCaimstopreventthiseverhappening. EMI~EnhancedMultilayerImage~Cisco’smulticastroutingimplentationpermitsany hosttosendapacketbutonlymembersofthemulticastgrouptoreceiveitif‘EMI’is enabledontheStackMaster. EMOTICON~EMOTionICON~Agroupofsymbolsusedtoindicateemotionsin emailornewsgroups. EMPI~EnterpriseMasterPatientIndex~EMPIisadatabasethatcontainsaunique identifierforeverypatientintheenterprise. EMR~electronicmedicalrecord~Asystemusedtocompilecomputerizedpatient healthcareinformation.EMRsgenerallydealwithinformationonlyintheformof documentimagesortextformattedforoutputtoaprinterorvideodisplay. EMS~EnhancedMessagingService~Messagingcomprisingsimplepictures,sounds, animations,andmodifiedtext. EMS~enterprisemessagingsystem~enterprise-gradesystemthatenables‘program-toprogram’messagingbetweenapplicationsandsystemsthroughoutanenterprise. EMS~ExpandedMemorySpecification~atechniqueforutilizingmorethan1MBof mainmemoryinDOS-basedcomputers.Thelimitof1MBisbuiltintotheDOSoperating system. EMV~Europay-MasterCard-Visa~Anemerginggeneralpaymentstandardforsmart cards. ENIW~Web-enabledEthernetNetworkingInterface~modulepresentsadditionalremote Webcapabilitiesbyprovidingread/writeaccessviatheInternet. ENQ~Enquiry~AcontrolcharacterusedintheASCIIcodesettorequestidentification status. ENS~enterprisenervoussystem~Gartner’stermfortheintelligentnetworkthat providesunifyingconnectivityamongpeople,applicationsystemsanddevicesindifferent locationsandbusinessunitsacrossavirtualenterprise. ENTL~ElectronicNewHire/Termination/LeaveofAbsence~electronicdocumentused tosetupnewstaff,termination,orleave. ENUM~electronicnumbering/ElectronicNumberMappingsystem~ENUMisan IETFstandardformappingthepublictelephonenumberaddressspaceintotheDNS. ENX~EuropeanNetworkExchange~thecommunicationsnetworkoftheEuropean automotiveindustry.Âwww.enxo.com EOF~EndOfFrame(HDLC,etc.)~Linklayer-HDLCframing EOF~end-of-file~Onadatamedium,acodedcharacterindicatingtheendofthe medium. EOF~end-of-file~Acodethatsignalsthatthelastrecordofafilehasbeenreadend-offiledelay EOL~EndOfLife~Itusuallyreferstothetimeperiodofsupportforasoftwareproduct afteranewrevisionhasbeenplacedintouse.Fromtimetotime,hardwarevendorsalso usethetermtodescribeatimeperiodofsupportforagivenhardwareitem. EoS/EoSDH~EthernetoverSONET/EthernetOverSDH~EoSisasetofprotocols whichallowEthernettraffictobecarriedoversynchronousdigitalhierarchynetworksin anefficientandflexibleway.EthernetframeswhicharetobesentontheSDHlinkaresent throughan‘encapsulation’blocktocreateasynchronousstreamofdatafromthe asynchronousEthernetpackets.. EPABX~ElectronicPrivateAutomaticBranchExchange~refertoÂPABX e-paper~Electronicpaper~e-paperarangeofdisplaytechnologywhicharedesignedto mimictheappearanceofordinaryinkonpaper. ePC~electronicproductcode~avisionforusingnext-generationtechnologytosupplant thebarcodebasedUniversalProductCode(UPC)systemforidentifyingsupplychain objectssuchasvehicleandpalletloads,caseloadsandindividualarticles. EPG(s)~electronicprogramguides~two-waytelevisionservices EPGs~electronicprogramguides~two-waytelevisionservices EPIC~ExplicitlyParallelInstructionComputing~designedtofullyincorporateallof thefeaturesoftheItaniumseriesofprocessorsfromIntel.TheuniquelydesignedEPIC architectureallowsthehighestpossibleperformancevianewlevelsofparallelismfor enterpriseandtechnicalapplications. EPL~EthernetPrivateLine~Apoint-to-pointservicethatemploysdedicatedSONET channelsoverasharedSONETinfrastructure EPM~EnterprisePerformanceManagement~OracleFusionrelease EPN~ExtendedPortNetwork~Aremoteswitchingmoduleofatelephoneswitch. Differentvendorsusedifferentnames.EPNisspecifictoAvayaandDefinitylineof PBXs. ePO~EPolicyOrchestrator~McAfeetoolthatdeliversreal-timeinformationand applicationintegrationfornetwork,desktop,andserversecurity EPO~emergencypoweroff~Ameansofturningoffpowerduringanemergency, referringusuallytoaswitch. EPOC~ElectronicPieceofCheese~A32-bitoperatingsystemdesignedbySymbian andwritteninC++.ItisusedinmobilephonesandPDAs,includingPDAsmanufactured byPsion. EPP~EnhancedParallelPort~Anenhancedversionoftheparallelportspecificationfor PCs. EPP~EnterprisePortalPlatform~RedHat’sJBossEPPisthecommercialversionofthe open-sourceGateIncommunityportal. EPR~ElectronicPatientRecord~designedtoallowfastandeasyon-lineaccesstoeach patient’srecordsinallareasacrosstheHopkinscontinuumofcare,thusenhancingpatient care. EPR~EndPointReference~CombinationofWebserviceselementsthatdefinethe addressforaresourceinaSOAPheader EPS~EncapsulatedPostScript~Adobefileformatforgraphicsandtextsupportedby severalgraphicsdrawingapplications. EPS~EventsPerSecond~metricusedinevaluatinglogmanagementandrelatedtools.It representsthetotalnumberofnetworkandsecurityevents,accumulatedfromvarious networkdevices,thatmustbemanagedpersecond. EPU~EnergyProcessingUnit~ASUSEPUutilizesinnovativetechnologytodigitally monitorandfinetunetheCPUpowersupplywithimprovedVRresponsesinheavyor lightloadings. ERL~EchoReturnLoss~Afrequency-weightedmeasureofreturnlossoverthemiddle ofthevoiceband(approximately560to1965Hz)wheretalkerechoismostannoying. ERMS~electronicrecordsmanagementsystems~electronicrecordsmanagement systems ERP~Enterpriseresourceplanning~applicationsrepresentthecorebusiness applicationsofmostenterprises.Theseapplicationsencompassmanagementand administrativefunctions,includingfinancialmanagementandHR,aswellascomponents formanagingrevenueactivitiesandexpendituresandoperations. ERP~errorrecoveryprocedure~Aproceduredesignedtohelpisolateand,where possible,torecoverfromerrorsinequipment.Theprocedureisoftenusedinconjunction withprogramsthatrecordinformationonmachinemalfunctions. ERR~ERRor~ERRor eRX~e-Prescribing~atypeofcomputertechnologywherebyphysiciansusehandheldor personalcomputerdevicestoreviewdrugandformularycoverageandtotransmit prescriptionstoaprinterortoalocalpharmacy. ESA~EnthusiastSystemArchitecture~NvidiaESAistheindustryâ€™sfirstopenstandardPCmonitoringandcontrolprotocolforreal-timecommunicationandcontrolof systemthermal,electrical,acousticandoperating characteristics.Âhttp://www.nvidia.com/object/nvidia_esa.html ESB~enterpriseservicebus~ESBbringsflow-relatedconceptssuchastransformation androutingtoaService-OrientedArchitecture. ESCD~ExtendedSystemConfigurationData~SetupdatathatisstoredinaPlug-andPlay-compatiblesystemBIOS.Itconsistsofthesystemresourcerequirementsoflegacy (non-PNP)devices,andthelastworkingconfigurationofPlug-and-Play-compliant devices. ESCON~EnterpriseSystemsConnection~anIBMfiberopticconnectiontechnology thatinterconnectsS/390mainframecomputers,workstationsandnetwork-attachedstorage devicesacrossasinglechannelandsupportshalfduplexdatatransfers. ESDI~EnhancedSmallDeviceInterface~Thiswasapopularformofharddriveand controllerinterfacebeforeIDEtookoverthePCmarket. ESE~ExtensibleStorageEngine~Storesallactivedirectoryobjects ESF~ExtendedSuperframeFormat~AT1framingformatthatusestheframingbitto providemainte-nanceanddiagnosticfunctions. ESG~EnterpriseStrategyGroup~anintegrated,full-serviceITanalystandbusiness strategyfirm,world-renownedforforward-lookingmarketintelligence,analysis,and consultingservicesthatdeliverproven,measurable results.Âwww.enterprisestrategygroup.com ESI~EdgeSideInclude~AtechnologysupportingcacheableandnoncacheableWeb pagecomponentsthatcanbegatheredandassembledattheedgeofanetwork. ES-IS~EndSystemtoIntermediateSystem~TheInternationalOrganizationfor Standardization’sOpenSystemsInterconnection(OSI)protocolbywhichendsystems announcethemselvestointermediatesystems. ESL~electronicshelflabels~programmablewirelesselectronicdevicethatcan beÂaffixedtostoreshelves/shelfchannels ESM~EnterpriseSecurityManager~Symantecscalablesecuritypolicycomplianceand host-basedvulnerabilityassessmenttool ESM~EnterpriseSecurityManager~ArcSightÂESMisthemarket-leadingsecurity correlationengine ESM~EnterpriseServiceManagement~consistsofsolutionsandrelatedprofessional servicesintheITmanagementareas ESN~electronicserialnumber~Uniqueidentificationnumberembeddedinawireless phonebythemanufacturertopreventfraud. ESP~estimatedstreetprice~amanufacturerordeveloper’sestimatedpriceforaproduct inaspecificregionormarketsector. ESP~EncapsulatedSecurityPayload~InaVPN,asecurityprotocolthatprovidesdata confidentialityandintegrity. ESPN~EntertainmentandSportsProgrammingNetwork~ESPNisanAmericanglobal cabletelevisionnetworkfocusingoncomprehensivesports coverage.Âhttp://espn.go.com/ ESRB~EntertainmentSoftwareRatingBoard~anon-profit,independentorganization establishedin1994thatreviewsentertainmentsoftwareandwebsitesandassigns standardizedratingsbasedonsuitabilityforchildren.Âwww.esrb.org ESS~Extendedserviceset(Wi-Figroup)~Wireless-IEEEStd802.11-2007 ESS~employeeself-service~Oncesimplydefinedasemployeeaccesstohuman resources(HR)systems,forthepurposeofreviewingorupdatingbenefitsoraddress informationthathadpreviouslybeeninanHR-staff-controlleddomain. ESS~ExtendedServiceSet~asetofoneormoreinterconnectedBSSsandintegrated localareanetworksthatappearasasingleBSStothelogicallinkcontrollayeratany stationassociatedwithoneofthoseBSSs. ETA~EmbeddedTransportAcceleration~IntelETAistheabilitytodeliverhighperformanceservercommunication ETAS~EncryptedTransactionAuditSystem~Thistechnology,developedbyComputer SupportGroup,isusedwithinmanybusinesswebsites.I-BizandEcommercesoftwareare toenablesecurityandspecialtransactionauditingandtracking. etc~EssentialTextConfiguration~Inanyunix(andvariantslikelinux)systemthe/etc directory ETC~EnhancedThroughputCellular~CellularmodemprotocolbyAT&T ETL~Extract,TransformandLoad~Usedtorefertosetsoftoolsorprocessesfor extractingdatafromadatawarehouse,transformingdatainadatawarehouseorloading dataintoadatawarehouse. ETN~electronictandemnetwork~Aprivatetelecommunicationsnetworkinwhichcalls areautomaticallyswitchedoverspecifictrunks. ETRN~ExtendedTurn~anextensiontotheSMTPmaildeliveryprotocolthatallowsan SMTPservertorequestfromanotherSMTPserveranye-mailmessagesithasfora specificdomain. ETSI~EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardisationInstitute~produce theÂtelecommunicationsstandardsÂthatwillbeusedthroughoutEuropeand beyond.ÂEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardisationInstitute ETTb/ETTh~EthernetToTheBusiness/Home~Telecommunicationscarrierservice providingEthernettoabusinesssubscriber(ETTb)orhomesubscriber(ETTh). ETX~end-of-textcharacter~TheBSCtransmissioncontrolcharacterusedtoenda logicalsetofrecordsthatbeganwiththestart-of-textcharacter. EUC~ExtendedUNIXCode~Aprotocolthatcansupportsetsofcharactersfrom1to4 bytesinlength.EUCisameansofspecifyingacollectionofcodepagesratherthan actuallybeingacodepageencodingschemeitself. EUEM~enduserexperiencemonitoring~enduserexperiencemonitoring EULA~End-UserLicenseAgreement~Thestandardlicenseagreementdeliveredwith eachcopyofaMicrosoftsoftwareproduct,describingthesoftwarerightsthatpertainto theuserofthatparticularcopy EUP~EnterpriseUnifiedProcess~EUPisasoftwaredevelopmentmethodologythat helpscompaniescreatesoftwareinanstructuredandorganizedmanner.Itisanextension oftheRationalUnifiedProcess(RUP),addingtwonewdevelopmentphases— ProductionandRetirement. Eutelsat~EuropeanTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization~AParis-based Europeansatellitenetworkoperator.Itofferscapacityon23satellitesfortelevisionand radiobroadcasting,datanetworks,Internetservicesandmobilecommunications. EVA~EnterpriseVirtualArray~enterprisestoragediskarraysoldbyHewlett-Packard. EVDO~EvolutionDataOnly/EvolutionDataOptimized~Providesfastwireless broadband3Ginternetservicetoyourlapviapcmcislot.Youcantaketheinternetwith youinyourcar,airport,train,anywhereyourserviceprovidersupportsinordertosurfthe webatyourconvenience. EWS~EarlyWarningStatus~Systemthatalertsthehostsystemifdriveperformance approachesunacceptablereliabilitylevels EX~exchange~Aroomorbuildingequippedsothattelephonelinesterminatingthere maybeinterconnectedasrequired.Theequipmentmayincludemanualorautomatic switchingequipment. EX~exchange~Atelephoneswitchingcenter;anaggregateoftraffic-carryingdevices, switchingstages,controllingandsignalingmeansatanetworknodethatenables subscriberlinesand/orothertelecommunicationcircuitstobeinterconnectedasrequired byindividualcallers. EX~exchange~Theterritoryservedbyanexchange,withinwhichlocalservicerates apply;alsoknownastheexchangeareaorlocalservicearea.Â EXE~EXEcutable~commonfilenameextensiondenotinganexecutablefile(aprogram) intheDOS,OpenVMS,MicrosoftWindows,Symbian,andOS/2operatingsystems. EXIF~EXchangeableImageFileformat~Standardforstoringinterchangeinformation inimagefiles,especiallythoseusingJPEGcompression.Mostdigitalcamerasnowuse theEXIFformat.Seealsohttp://www.exif.org/ ~F~ FA~ForeignAgent~NodeinamobileIPnetworkthatenablesroameduserstoregister ontheforeignnetwork.TheFAwillcommunicatewiththeHA(HomeAgent)toenableIP datagramstobetransferredbetweenthehomenetworkandtheroameduserontheforeign network FACCH~FastAssociatedControlChannel~thechannelderivedbypreempting informationinatrafficchannel.Itisusedtosendhandoffandsimilarmessages. FAN~FileAreaNetwork~AFileAreaNetwork(FAN)enhancesstandardnetworkand storageinfrastructure.FANtechnologyprovidescentralized,heterogeneous,and enterprise-widenetworkfilemanagementandcontrol. FAQ~FrequentlyAskedQuestions~MostInternetsitesandmanyÂISPÂareaswill havea‘FAQ’sectiontoexplainwhatisintheareaandhowtouseitsfeatures.While manyFAQareasaretruecompilationsofusers’questions,someareattemptsat anticipatedquestions. FAR~falseacceptancerate~oneofthemostimportantspecificationsinanybiometric system,isdefinedasthepercentageofidentificationinstancesinwhichfalseacceptance occurs.Thiscanbeexpressedasaprobability. FARE~FilmAutomaticRetouchingandEnhancement~Canonfilmscannertechnology FASS~FastAccessStationSwitching~aconceptintheÂWiMAXÂnetwork,isa methodbywhichanMScanchangeitsaccessstationfromframetoframedependingon thestationselectionmechanism. FAST~FederationAgainstSoftwareTheft~AEuropeanvendororganizationconcerned withpreventingpiracyandotherformsofunauthorizedsoftwareusage. FAST~FileAndSettingsTransfer~TheFASTwizardhelpsyoutransferfilesin windowsXP FAT~fileallocationtable~Anindexformappinglogicalfilestophysicallocationsona diskstoragedevice.EachFATentryis16-or32-bitslong(dependingonwhetheritis FAT16orFAT32). favicon~favoritesicon~Asmallimageoriconusedbymostrecentwebbrowsers (InternetExplorer5andabove).Itcanbedisplayedinanumberofdifferentplaces dependingonwhichbrowseryou’reusing. FAW~FrameAlignmentWord~auniquedigitalwordusedbycodecstoallowthemto resynchronizetotheframingstructureintheeventoferrors. FAX~FACSimile~FACSimile FBA~fixed-blockarchitecture~Anarchitectureforalogicaldevicethatspecifiesthe formatofandaccessmechanismsforthelogicaldataunitsonthedevice.Thelogicaldata unitisablock. FBD~FullyBufferedDIMM~FullyBufferedDIMM(orFB-DIMM)isamemory technologywhichcanbeusedtoincreasereliability,speedanddensityofmemory systems.Conventionally,datalinesfromthememorycontrollerhavetobeconnectedto datalinesineveryDRAMmodule. FBGA~Fine-pitchBallGridArray~FBGAisachip-scalepackageoptionforAMD flashdevices. FBSS~FastBaseStationSwitching~definedintheIEEE802.16-2005(mobile WiMAX)network,isamethodtoallowswitchingbetweenanytypeofaccessstations FC/FCS~FibreChannel(Standard)~TheFibreChannelStandard(FCS)[1]definesa high-speeddatatransferinterfacethatcanbeusedtoconnecttogetherworkstations, mainframes,supercomputers,storagedevicesanddisplays. FC-AL~FibreChannelArbitratedLoop~Aring-stylenetworktopologycomprising125 nodes,usuallyconfiguredasadoublelooptoprotectthesystemagainstdevicefailure. FCC~FederalCommunicationsCommission(US)~Organization-USFCC FCC~FederalCommunicationsCommission~theagencyoftheU.S.governmentthat regulatesallequipmentthatproducesradio-frequencysignals,including computers.Âhttp://www.fcc.gov FCCH~FrequencyCorrectionChannel~thelogicalchannelinGSMsystemsusedto transmitafrequencycorrectiondataburstofall‘zeros’.Theresultingfrequencyshiftseen bythemobileisthenusedforfrequencycorrection. FCD~Floatingcardataorfloatingcellulardata~amethodtodeterminethetrafficspeed ontheroadnetwork. FCH~FrameControlHeader~afieldintheIEEE802.16-2004WIMAXprotocol.The FCHspecifiestheburstprofileandthelengthofoneormoreDLburststhatimmediately followtheFCH. FCIP~FibreChanneloverInternetProtocol~FCIPmechanismsenablethetransmission ofFibreChannel(FC)informationbytunnelingdatabetweenSANfacilitiesoverIP networks;thiscapacityfacilitatesdatasharingoverageographicallydistributedenterprise FCL~FrameworkClassLibrary~AcollectionofclasseswhicharepartofMicrosoft’s .NETplatform FCoE~FibreChanneloverEthernet~FCoEisaproposedstandarddesignedtoenable FibreChannelcommunicationstorundirectlyoverEthernet.Thus,FCoEmakesit possibletomoveFibreChanneltrafficacrossexistinghigh-speedEthernetinfrastructures andextendthereachandcapabilityofstorageareanetworks(SANs).Thisabilityallows organizationstoprotectandextendexistinginvestmentsintheirstoragenetworks. FCP~FibreChannelProtocol~heserialSCSIcommandprotocolusedonFibreChannel networks. FCPGA~FlipChipPinGridArray~thepackageofcertainIntelCeleron,PentiumIII, andPentium4microprocessors.FC-PGAprocessorsfitintoSocket370orSocket478 motherboardsockets. FCS~Framechecksequence(Ethernet)~Linklayer-EthernetFrameIEEEStd802.3 FCS~FluorescenceCorrelationSpectroscopy~asingle-moleculedetectiontechniquefor high-sensitivitymeasurementofmolecularinteractions.UniquefeaturesofFCS measurementsmakeitidealforuseinassayingtechniques. FCS~FrameCheckSequence~Anymathematicalformulathatderivesnumericvalue basedonbitpatternoftransmittedblockofinformationandusesthatvalueatreceiving endtodetermineexistenceofanytransmissionerrors. FCSI~FibreChannelSystemsInitiative~formedbyHewlett-Packard,IBM,andSunin 1993. FDD~FrequencyDivisionDuplex~usedincellularcommunicationsystemssuchas GSM,isaradiotechnologyusingapairedspectrum. FDDI~FiberDistributedDataInterface~Linklayer-AmericanNationalStandards InstituteX3T9.5(nowX3T12),ISO/IEC9314-x FDDI~FiberDistributedDataInterface~Astandardfortransmittingdataonoptical fibercablesatarateofaround100,000,000bits-per-second(10timesasfastas10BaseTEthernet,abouttwiceasfastasÂT-3). FDE~Full-diskencryption~FDEisencryptionatthehardwarelevel.FDEworksby automaticallyconvertingdataonaharddriveintoaformthatcannotbeunderstoodby anyonewhodoesnâ€™thavethekeytoâ€œundoâ€?theconversion.Withouttheproper authenticationkey,eveniftheharddriveisremovedandplacedinanothermachine,the dataremainsinaccessible. FDM~FeatureDownloadManagement~AnADSIprotocolthatenablesanumberof alternativekeyandscreenoverlaystobestoredinanADSItelephoneandtobeselected bypredeterminedeventsatthetelephone. FDM~FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing~Methodbywhichtheavailabletransmission frequencyrangeisdividedintonarrowerbands;eachofthesebandsisusedforaseparate channel.Thisallowsseveralsignalstobesentoverthesametransmissionmedium. FDM~fuseddepositionmodeling~HPDesignjetÂ3DprintersÂemployStratasys’ patentedFDMtechnology FDS~FraudDetectionSystem~VeriSign’sproduct,acquiredbySymantecinthemiddle of2010 FDX~FullDuplex~Simultaneoustwo-waycommunicationpath. FE~FastEthernet~AnextensionoftheIEEE’s802.3standard-IEEE802.3usupporting100-Mbpsdataratesinsteadof10Mbps,andusing100Base-Tor100Base-F familiesofcablingstandards FE~fieldengineer~Anengineerwhoworkson-site(i.e.,‘inthefield’). FEC~FastEtherchannel~AproprietarytechnologydevelopedbyCiscothatcreatesa teamoftwotofour10/100Ethernetadaptersorportstoincreasetransmissionand receptionthroughput. FEC~ForwardErrorCorrection~Sendingredundantdatasothatifdatalossoccurs,data recoveryispossiblewithoutretransmission FECN~ForwardExplicitCongestionNotification~Abitsentbyaframerelaynetwork tonotifyaninterfacedevice(DTE)thatcongestionavoidanceproceduresshouldbe initiatedbythereceivingdevice FEFO~FirstEnded,FirstOut~Amessageorderinginwhich,amongmessagesofthe sameprioritylevel,themessageswhicharefinishedfirstwillbetransmittedfirst. FEMA~Failuremodeandeffectsanalysis~provideananalyticalapproach,when dealingwithpotentialfailuremodesandtheirassociatedcauses. FEP~Front-EndProcessor~telephonyandcomputerterm.AFEPcommunications computerassociatedwithahostcomputerthatmanagesthelinesandroutingofdata throughthenetwork. FER~FrameErasure/ErrorRate~ameasureofthenumberofframesofdatathat containederrorsandcouldnotbeprocessed.FERisusuallyexpressedasapercentageor exponent. FERPA~FamilyEducationalRightsandPrivacyAct~federallegislationintheUSthat protectstheprivacyofstudents’ÂPII.Theactappliestoalleducationalinstitutionsthat receivefederalfunds. FET~fieldeffecttransistor~Atransistorinwhichthecurrentbetweenasourceterminal andadrainterminaliscontrolledbyavariableelectricfield. FEXT~FarEndCrossTalk~Thisisatermusedinnetworkcabletroubleshooting.Itisa displayedsymptomofelectronstravelingthenetworkandbouncingaroundthereforlack ofanywhereelsetogo. FFD~FlickerFreeDisplay~Acomputerscreenthathasafastenoughrefreshratethat noflickercanbedetected;thiskindofdisplayiseasierontheeyes. FFPF~fairlyfastpacketfilter~analternativeplatformfornetworkmonitoringunder Linux.Itisastream-basednetworkingsubsystemforLinuxthatspansfromhardwareto userspacetoofferhigh-speedcommunicationpathstoallapplications. FFT~FastFourierTransform~anefficientalgorithmtocomputethediscreteFourier transform(DFT)anditsinverse.FFTsareofgreatimportancetoawidevarietyof applications,fromdigitalsignalprocessingtosolvingpartialdifferentialequationsto algorithmsforquicklymultiplyinglargeintegers. FGA/B/C/D~featuregroupA/B/C/D~Thedifferenttypesandqualitiesofpublic switchednetworkconnectionbetweenlocaltelephonecompaniesandlongdistance companies.Â FHS~FanHeat-Sink~FanHeat-Sink,seealsoHSF. FHSS~FrequencyHoppedSpreadSpectrum~aspread-spectrummethodoftransmitting signalsbyrapidlyswitchingacarrieramongmanyfrequencychannels,usinga pseudorandomsequenceknowntobothtransmitterandreceiver.ItisusedinWLAN 802.11physicallayer. FICON~FiberConnection~IBM’sfiberopticchanneltechnologythatextendsthe capabilitiesofitspreviousfiberopticchannelstandard,ESCON. FIDNET~FederalIntrusionDetectionNetwork~extensivecomputermonitoringsystem, developedbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI),toprotectU.S.governmentand privatedatanetworksfrombeingattackedbyterroristsorhostileforeigngovernments. FIFO~firstin,firstout~Anetworkqueuingmethod,whereindatapacketsaredealtwith inasimplequeueonafirst-come,first-servedbasis.Nopacketsaregivenpreferential treatment;allarequeuedintheorderinwhichtheyarereceived. FIGS~FiguresShift~AcontrolcharacterusedintheBaudotCodetoenabletheprinting ofsymbolsandnumbersbyactuallyallowingaphysicalshiftofthecarriage. FIM~federatedidentitymanagement~anarrangementthatcanbemadeamongmultiple enterprisesthatletssubscribersusethesameidentificationdatatoobtainaccesstothe networksofallenterprisesinthegroup.Theuseofsuchasystemissometimescalled identityfederation. FINDDEST~FindDestination~AninternalserviceinÂIMSÂusedforfinding certainÂIMSÂresources,mostofwhichrepresentIMSdestinations.Forsearchesother thanCVBsandCCBs,iftheblockisnotfound,thenifrequested,asearchforanLU6.2 descriptorismade. FINRA~FinancialIndustryRegulatoryAuthority~anassociationthatregulatesits membersthroughtheadoptionandenforcementofrulesandregulationsgoverning businessconductofmemberfirms.Âwww.finra.org FiOS~FiberOpticService~FiOSisadatacommunicationsserviceprovidedbyVerizon thatusesfiberopticcablestotransferdata.FiOSiscalleda‘FibertothePremises,’or FTTPservice,sinceitbringsfiberopticdatatransmissiontoresidentialhomesaswellas businesses. FIPS~FederalInformationProcessingStandards~Standardsthatarepublicly recognizedbytheU.S.FederalGovernment;alsoforusebynon-governmentagenciesand contractors. FIR~FiniteImpulseResponse~atechniqueusedtocharacterizeelectricalcircuitsandã€ €networksinthetimedomain. FIRST~ForumofIncidentResponseandSecurityTeams~Anonprofitvolunteergroup whosegoalistofostercooperationandcoordinationinincidentpreventionacrossdiverse sectors,andpromptrapidreactiontoincidents.ThroughanannualconferenceanditsWeb siteatÂwww.first.org FISMA~FederalInformationSecurityManagementAct~definesacomprehensive frameworktoprotectgovernmentinformation,operations,andassetsagainstnaturalor humanmadethreats.FISMAwassignedintolawpartoftheElectronicGovernmentActof 2002. FIX~FinancialInformationExchange~Amessagingstandardfortheelectronic exchangeofsecuritiestransactions.FIXisapublic-domainspecificationownedand maintainedbyFIXProtocol,Ltd. FLAC~FreeLosslessAudioCodec~apopularfreeaudiocompressioncodecthatis lossless.UnlikelossycodecssuchasMP3andAAC,itdoesnotremoveanyinformation fromtheaudiostreamandissuitablebothforeverydayplaybackandforarchivingaudio collections.Âhttp://flac.sourceforge.net/ FLAG~FiberLinkAroundtheGlobe~Anunderseafiber-opticcablenetwork connectingEuropetotheAsia/Pacificregion.Itbecameoperationalin1997. FLOGI~fabriclogin~Theprocessbywhichadevicegainsaccesstothefabric. FLOPS~FloatingPointOperationsPerSecond~Aslightlymoremeaningfulmeasureof processorspeedthanMIPS.Computersessentiallyworkwithintegernumbers.Decimal valuesarehardertoprocess,particularlyifthefiguresafterthedecimalpointarenot fixed. FM~FrequencyModulation~Aprocessbywhich,say,musicistransmittedusinga radiosignal.Inputaudio-frequencysignalsmodifythefrequencyofthetransmittedsignal arounditsnominalvalue. FM-200~Firemaster/FireMaster200~FireMaster(FM-200)isgas-basedfire suppressionsystems FMA99~FinancialServicesModernizationActof1999~SignedintoU.S.lawin November1999,thislegislation-alsoknownasthe‘Gramm-Leach-BlileyAct,’afterthe senatorswhosponsoredit-allowedmanyfinancialinstitutionstoengageinabroader spectrumofactivities. FMC~fixed-mobileconvergence~FMCisthetrendtowardsseamlessconnectivity betweenfixedandwirelesstelecommunicationsnetworks.Thetermalsodescribesany physicalnetworkthatallowscellulartelephonesetstofunctionsmoothlywiththefixed networkinfrastructure. FMEA~FailureModeandEffectsAnalysis~analyticalmethodsusedtoidentify potentialweaknesses.FMEAismainlyemployedinthedesignanddevelopmentofnew productsandprocesses. FMH~functionmanagementheader~Oneormoreheaders,optionallypresentinthe leadingrequestunits(RUs)ofanRUchain FMH~functionmanagementheader~InSNA,arecordthatcontainscontrolinformation forthedatathatfollows. FMV~Full-MotionVideo~Videothatrunsatthesamerateatwhichitwasfilmed. Movingvideoimagesandsoundavailableonacomputer;usuallystoredonCD-ROM becauseofthelargesizeofthefiles. FOC~FieldOrientedControl~FieldOrientedControl FoIP~FaxOverInternetProtocol~enablesthetransmissionoffaxmessagesoveraVoIP line.Inthistechnology,everydigitalmessageisdistributedintovariouspacketsandthen relayedthroughtheInternet. FOIRL~FiberOpticInterRepeaterLink~Fiberopticcommunicationsignaling methodologybasedlooselyontheIEEE802.3fiberopticspecificationand10Base-F guideline.FOIRLisaforerunnerofthe10Base-FLspecification,whichisdesignedto enhanceandreplaceit. FOMA~FreedomofMobileMultimediaAccess~thebrandnameforthe3Gservices beingofferedbyJapanesemobilephoneoperatorÂNTTDoCoMo.FOMAwastheworld’s firstW-CDMA3Gservicewhenlaunchedin2001. FOP~FormattingObjectsProcessor~anXSL-FOprocessorwritteninJava,which providesthefeaturetoconvertXSL-FOfilestoPDFordirect-printable-files. FORTRAN~formulatranslation~theoldestcomputerlanguageintheworld.Itis typicallycompiledandisquitefast.Itsprimarydrawbacksareportabilityandease-of-use —oftendifferentFORTRANcompilersondifferentplatformsbehavequitedifferentlyin spiteofstandardizationeffortsin1966(FORTRAN66orFORTRANIV),1978 (FORTRAN77),and1991(FORTRAN90). FOSS~Freeandopensourcesoftware~softwaredevelopedbyinformalcollaborative networksofprogrammers.Thesourcecodeislicensedfreeofcharge,encouraging modificationsandimprovements. FOSSIL~FidoOpusSeadogStandardInterfaceLayer~FidoOpusSeadogStandard InterfaceLayer FOT~FiberOpticTerminal~Connectsopticalfibertocopperwire. FOTS~FiberOpticTransmissionSystem~FiberOpticTransmissionSystem FPA~FloatingPointAccelerator~Specialhardwareforperformingmathematical calculationswithfloatingpointnumbers;theFPAmayfunctionasacoprocessortothe centralprocessingunit. FPA~Functionpointanalysis~amethodusedtogaugethesizeandcomplexityof computersoftware,employingafunctionpointasaunitofmeasure.Functionpointsarea unitmeasureforsoftwaresize,muchlikeanhouristomeasuretime. FPE~ForefrontProtectionforExchange~ae-mailsecuritysoftwaresolutionthatruns onExchange FPGA~FieldProgrammableGateArray~Amicrochipthatcanbemadewiththousands ofprogrammablelogicgates.FPGAsareoftenusedforprototypeorcustomdesigns, includingDSPandlogicemulation. FPM~FastPageMode~AkindofDRAMmemory.Fastpagemodeimproveduponthe originalpagemodememorybyeliminatingthecolumnaddresssetuptimeduringthepage cycle. FpML~FinancialProductsMarkupLanguage~Aprogramminglanguage-based onÂXMLÂ-introducedbyJ.P.MorganandPricewaterhouseCoopersinJune1999. FPP~FullProductPackage~FullProductPackage. FPS~framespersecond~Avideotransmissionmetric. FPS~FlexiblePaymentsService~Amazon’spaymentservices FPU~floatingpointunit~apartofaCPUspeciallydesignedtocarryoutoperationson floatingpointnumbers.NotallCPUshaveadedicatedFPU. FQDN~FullyQualifiedDomainName~Theofficialnameassignedtoanindividual computer. FR~framerelay~Anetworktechnologythattransmitsdatapacketsathighspeeds acrossadigitalnetworkencapsulatedinatransmissionunitcalledaframe.Itrequiresa dedicatedconnectionduringthetransmissionperiod.Itisusedonwideareanetworksand alsoinprivatenetworkenvironmentswithleasedlinesoverT1lines. FR~FrameRelay~Atechnologyfortransmittingdatapacketsinhigh-speedbursts acrossadigitalnetworkencapsulatedinatransmissionunitcalledaframe.Framerelay requiresadedicatedconnectionduringthetransmissionperiod.Â FRAD~FrameRelayAccessDevice~Acombinationofhardwareandsoftwarethatis usedtoconvertcommunicationspacketsfromformatslikeTCP,SNA,IPX,andothers intoframesthatcanthenbesentoveraframerelaynetwork. FRAG(21)~FinancialReporting&AuditingGroupGuidelines~FinancialReporting& AuditingGroupGuidelines FRDS~FailureResistantDataSystems~termfromtheRAIDadvisoryboardwhich describesserversystemswhicharedesignedtoprotectagainstdatalossduetoanysingle componentfailurewithinthesystemandagainstlossofdatatosinglediskfailure. FRED~FairRandomEarlyDetection~AvariationofRandomEarlyDetection(RED) FreeBSD~FreeBerkeleySoftwareDistribution~aUnix-likefreeoperatingsystem descendedfromAT&TUNIXviatheBSDbranchthroughthe386BSDand4.4BSD operatingsystems.ItrunsonprocessorscompatiblewiththeIntelx86family,aswellas onmanyotherprocessorssuchasAMD64andPowerPCprocessors. freeware~freesoftware~severalkindsofcomputersoftwarethatcanlegallybecopied andgivenfreeofchargetootherusers FRR~fastretransmitandrecovery~congestioncontrolalgorithmthatmakesitpossible toquicklyrecoverlostdatapackets. FRS~FileReplicationService~AserviceonWindowsServers(2000andlater)thatis responsibleforreplicatingpoliciesandscriptstoclients. FRU~field-replaceableunit~Anassemblythatisreplacedinitsentiretywhenanyone ofitscomponentsfails. FSAA~FullScreenAnti-Aliasing~Amethodusedby3Dgraphicscardstoprovideantialiasingtoallobjectsina3Denvironment.Thisactstosmoothoutthejaggedappearance ofedgesonsome3Dobjects. FSAM~FederatedStorageAreaManagement~HPnaturallyscalableenvironmentof pooled,federated(i.e.,availablewhenneeded),modular,multivendorstorageresources FSB~frontsidebus~TheFSBconnectsthecomputer’sprocessortothesystemmemory (RAM)andothercomponentsonthemotherboard.Thesecomponentsincludethesystem chipset,AGPcard,PCIdevices,andotherperipherals. FSM~finitestatemachine~amodelofbehaviorcomposedofstates,transitionsand actions.Astatestoresinformationaboutthepast,i.e.itreflectstheinputchangesfromthe systemstarttothepresentmoment. FSML~FinancialServicesMarkupLanguage~AlanguagedevelopedbytheFinancial ServicesTechnologyConsortiumtocontroltheidentificationandprocessingofelectronic checks. FSMO~FlexibleSingleMasterOperations~afeatureofMicrosoft’sAD.Theschema masterFSMOroleholderisthedomaincontrollerresponsibleforperformingupdatesto thedirectoryschema. FSN~Full-ServiceNetwork~Avideonetworkthatmakesitpossibleforthetelevisionto worklikeacomputer,throughtheuseofspecialequipment;usershaveaccesstovideo, homeshopping,interactivegames,andotherservices. FSPF~fibrechannelshortestpathfirst~Aroutingprotocolusedbyfibre-channel switches. FSS~Filesystemserver~TheStorNextFileSystemtermforthecomputerthatmanages metadatainaSAN.InXsan,thisiscalledametadatacontroller. FSSS~FastServingStationSwitching~referstotheservingstationswitchingwith whichaMobleStation(MS)canchangeitsservingstationfromframetoframedepending ontheservingstationselectionmechanism. FSTC~FinancialServicesTechnologyConsortium~Anonprofitorganizationwhose membershipincludesbanks,governmentagencies,universities,andhigh-techbusinesses; FSTCisinterestedindevelopinge-commerceandmakingitpractical.Âwww.fstc.org FTA~failuretoacquire~abiometricstermthatisusedtodescribeabiometricsystem’s failuretoextractusableidentificationdatafromabiometricsample. FTAM~FileTransferAccessandManagement~TheInternationalOrganizationfor Standardization’sÂOSIÂremotefileserviceandprotocol FTAM~FileTransfer,Access,andManagement~anapplicationlayerprotocolforfile transferandremotemanipulation(ISO8571). FTBFS~FailsToBuildFromSource~FailsToBuildFromSourceincomputer programming FTDS~FailureTolerantDataSystems~termfromtheRAIDadvisoryboardwhich describesserversystemswhichmustoffercontinuousdataavailabilityintheeventofany singlesystemcomponentfailure. FTL~FlashTranslationLaye~newsoftwarelayerthatredirectseachupdatetoanempty blockwhichisalreadyerasedandcopiesothervaliddatatoanewlocation. FTNS~FixedTelecommunicationNetworkServices~FTNSaretelecommunications servicesprovidedbetweenfixedpoints. FTP~FileTransferProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC959andothers FTP~FileTransferProtocol~ATCP/IPstandardusedtologontoanetwork,list directoriesandcopyfiles.FTPauthenticatesusersandallowsthemtotransferfiles,list directories,deleteandrenamefilesonaremotehost,andperformwild-cardtransfers. FTP~FileTransferProtocol~InLANtechnologyforuserauthentication,filetransfer, listdirectoriesoftheforeignhost,etc. FTP~FileTransferProtocol~Theusualwayyousendfilestoyourserver(orreceive some).UsingFTP,youcanalsoupdate(delete,rename,move,andcopy)filesataserver. PeoplewhocreateWebhomepagesuseFTPtogettheirfilestotheserverwheretheywill beaccessed. FTTB~Fibertothebuilding~Thistechnologyinvolvesbringingfiberallthewaytothe building.Insidethebuilding,signalswouldbecarriedovertheexistingcopperwireor coaxialcable,oroveropticalfiber. FTTN~Fibertotheneighborhood~Thistechnologyinvolvesbringingfiberintothe neighborhood.Fromthere,signalswouldbecarriedtobusinessesandresidencesviathe existingcopperwiring. FUD~Fear,Uncertainty,andDoubt~Asetofsalestacticsemployedbymarketleaders tocastaspersiononcompetingcomputerproducts. FUSC~FullyUsedSubChannel~alsoknownasFullyUsedSubCarrier,isamethod usedintheWiMAXnetworkthatusesallthesubchannelsandemploysfull-channel diversitybydistributingtheallocatedsubcarrierstosubchannelsusingapermutation mechanism. FW~Firewall~AboundarythathelpskeepcomputersontheInternetprivate.Firewall softwarehelpspreventusersfromcomingtoasecuresite,orconversely,keepsusers insidethefirewallfromgoingout.Firewallscanalsoverifywebsites,helpingtoensure theyoriginatefromanauthorizedsource. FWA~Fixedwirelessaccess~alsoknownaswirelesslocalloop,isawirelesssystemin whichofficeorhomeusersdirectlyconnectwiththeswitchingcenterofthe telecommunicationscarrierortheinter-exchangechanneltousethesystem. FX~foreignexchange~Accountsettlementsortransfersofcreditorcurrencyacross nationalborders,aprocessthattypicallyreliesheavilyoncomputertechnology. FX~foreignexchange~Atelecommunicationsconnectionbetweenacustomer’slocation andaremoteexchange.seealsoFXO,FXS FXO~ForeignExchangeOffice~AnFXOinterfaceconnectstotheÂPSTNÂcentral officeandistheinterfaceofferedonastandardtelephone.Cisco’sFXOinterfaceisanRJ11connectorthatallowsananalogconnectionatthePSTN’scentralofficeortoastation interfaceonaPBX. FXP~FileeXchangeProtocol~allowsyoutocopyfilesfromoneFTPservertoanother FTPserver(tworemotehosts)usinganFXPclient. FXP~ForeignExchangeProtocol~asimple,automaticwayofretrievingcurrency exchangeratesovertheInternet. FXP~fxp~fileextensionforthecompiledsourcecodeforFoxPro FXS~ForeignExchangeStation~AnFXSinterfaceconnectsdirectlytoastandard telephoneandsuppliesring,voltage,anddialtone.Cisco’sFXSinterfaceisanRJ-11 connectorthatallowsconnectionstobasictelephoneserviceequipment,keysets,and PBXs. ~G~ G~giga~Prefixfor10power9(or,inITparlance,2power30) G2C~GovernmenttoCitizen~Lagan’sunderlyingplatformforthe GovernmentÂCRMÂsolutionforcontactcentersandcitizenself-service GAIA~GUIApplicationInteroperabilityArchitecture~GAIAisacronymofGUI ApplicationInteroperabilityArchitecture GAMS~GeneralAlgebraicModelingSystem~high-levelmodelingsystemfor mathematicalprogrammingproblems.Theprogramitselfconsistsofalanguagecompiler andagroupofintegratedsolvers. GAP~Groups,AlgorithmsandProgramming~ASystemforComputationalDiscrete Algebra,withparticularemphasisonComputationalÂGroupÂTheory.Âhttp://www.gapsystem.org/ GAPE~GoogleAppsPremierEdition~Google’sweb-basedmessagingand collaborationappsrequirenohardwareorsoftwareandneedminimaladministration, creatingtremendoustimeandcostsavingsfor businesses.http://www.google.com/apps/intl/en/business/details.html GARP~GenericAddressResolutionProtocol~AnIEEEstandardforagenericmethod bywhichvariousdevices(e.g.,clients,servers,andbridges)canautomatically disseminateattributeinformationacrossabridgedLAN.GARPisaLayer2(i.e.Data LinkLayer)protocolusedextensivelyinVLANs. Gas~GNUAssembler~thedefaultGNUCompilerCollection(GCC)back-endandis usedtocompileLinuxandotheroperatingsystemssuchastheGNUoperatingsystem.It isapartoftheGNUBinutilspackage.Itrunsandassemblesonandforanumberof differentarchitectures. gb~Gigabit~1,024megabitsor1billioninformationbits. GB~Gigabyte~Approximately1billionbytesofdata(actually1,073,741,824bytes) GBIC~Gigabitinterfaceconverter~Hardware-SeagateSpecification GBIC~GigaBitInterfaceConverter~Atransceiverthatconvertsbetweenelectricaland opticalsignalsforhigh-speednetworking GBP~groupbufferpool~Acouplingfacilitycachestructurethatisusedbyadata sharinggrouptocachedataandtoensurethatthedataisconsistentforallmembers. Gbps~Gigabitpersecond~Physicallayer-Gigabitpersecond Gbps~gigabitspersecond~Ameasureofdatatransmissionspeed GCC~GNUCompilerCollection~thefreecompilerthatmadethefreeLinuxoperating systempossible.TheGCCC/C++languagetoolssupportthecross-compilerrequirements foranumberoftargetprocessorsfamiliesandtheirvariants. GCD~GrandCentralDispatch~atechnologyforexecutingasynchronoustasks concurrently.GCDisavailableinMacOSXv10.6andlaterandisnotavailableiniPhone OS. GCG~GreyComponentReplacement~Atechniqueforreplacingalltheneutraltonesof animagewithanappropriateamountofblack. GCGID~graphiccharacterglobalidentifier~A4-to8-characteralphanumericidentifier assignedtoaregisteredgraphiccharacter.Eachgraphiccharacterthatistobeassigneda codepointmusthaveaGCGID. GCI~GeneralCommunicationInc.~atelecommunicationscorporationoperatingin AlaskaÂhttp://www.gci.com/ GD&T~geometricdimensioningandtolerancing~asymboliclanguageusedon engineeringdrawingsandcomputergeneratedthree-dimensionalsolidmodels(CAD)for explicitlydescribingnominalgeometryanditsallowablevariation. GDB~GNUdebugger~GNUdebugger GDI~GraphicsDeviceInterface~GDIprovidesacommonsetofdrawingroutines (includingbothtextandgraphics).TheGDIcanbeusedtodrawtomostdevices,suchas screens,printers,plottersorbitmapimages.CentraltotheGDIistheconceptofaDevice Context(DC)whichisahandletothespecificdevicetobewrittento. GDM~globalÂdeliverymodel~themodelofapplicationstestingservices GDP~GatewayDiscoveryProtocol~GatewayDiscoveryProtocol GDPS~GeographicallyDispersedParallelSysplex~Anapplicationthatintegrates ParallelSysplextechnologyandremotecopytechnologytoenhanceapplication availabilityandimprovedisasterrecovery. GDS~Globaldatasynchronization~consistsoftechnologyandapplicationsused toÂreceive,approveandmanageproduct,price,forecast,promotionandcontractdata fromsuppliersviatheGDSN,insupportofstandardsfromtheGlobalCommerce Initiative. GDSN~GlobalDataSynchronizationNetwork~GlobalDataSynchronizationNetwork GDTs~Globaldatatypes~Theenterpriseserviceinterfaceisdefinedbasedonstandard datatypes,andGDTsarethebasicdatabuildingblocks. GEAR~GigabyteEnhancedAgpRiser~UsedtoprovideAGPsupportforPCI-E motherboards GEDCOM~GEnealogicalDataCOMmunication~Acommonfileformatusedto exchangecomputerizedgenealogicaldatabetweendifferentgenealogyprograms. GEMMS~GlobalEnterpriseManufacturingManagementSystem~Aprocess manufacturingproductonceofferedbyDatalogix(whichwasacquiredbyOraclein 1997). GEnie~GeneralElectricNetworkforInformationExchange~Anonlineservicefrom GEInformationServices,withnews,sports,business,computertechnicalsupport,games, softwaredownloads,referenceservices,chat,bulletinboards,email,andfax. GEO/GEOS~Geo-StationaryEarthOrbitSystem~Asystemthatcommunicateswith satellitesingeosynchronousorbitsome22,300milesabovetheearth. GEOS~graphicenvironmentoperatingsystem~alightweightOSwithaGUI.Itrunson severaldifferentprocessors,includingthe65xx,thex86andnumerousdifferentPDAs, embeddeddevices,andhand-heldmachines. GEPOF~GigabitEthernet(over)PlasticOpticalFiber~Physicallayer-IEEEP802.3bv GERAN~GSM(GPRS)/EDGERadioAccessNetwork~the3GPPstandardsfor GSM(GPRS)/EDGEradioaccess,whichhasbeenspecifiedtoconnecttheA,GbandIu interfacestotheCN(CoreNetwork).ThearchitectureallowstwoBSS(BaseStation Subsystem)tobeconnectedtoeachother. gfortran~GNUFortrancompiler~GNUFortrancompilerispartoftheGNUcompiler collection.Âhttp://gcc.gnu.org/fortran/ GFP~GenericFramingProcedure~amultiplexingtechniquedefinedbyITU-TG.7041. Thisallowsmappingofvariablelength,higher-layerclientsignalsoveratransport networklikeSDH/SONET. GFS~Grandfather,Father,Son~Backupmethodology GGP~Gateway-gatewayprotocol~protocolontheInternet. GGSN~GatewayGPRSSupportNode~agatewayfromacellularnetworktoanIP networkthatallowsmobilecellphoneuserstoaccessthepublicdatanetwork(PDN)or specifiedprivateIPnetworks. GHC~GlasgowHaskellCompiler~alsoknownasGloriousHaskellCompiler,isan opensourcenativecodecompilerforthefunctionalprogramminglanguageHaskellwhich wasdevelopedattheUniversityofGlasgow. Ghost~GeneralHardware-OrientedSoftwareTransfer~adiskcloningprogram, originallyproducedbyBinaryResearch,butpurchasedbySymantecin1998. GIAC~GlobalInformationAssuranceCertification~Certificationprogramsdesignedto servethepeoplewhoareorwillberesponsibleformanagingandprotectingimportant informationsystemsandnetworks.Seealsohttp://www.giac.org/ GiB/gib~gibibyte~1,073,741,824bytes.1024mebibytes. GID~groupidentificationnumber~A4byte,unsignedinteger(GID)thatisusedto identifyagroupprofile. GIF~GraphicInterchangeFormat~Acommonformatforimagefiles,especially suitableforimagescontaininglargeareasofthesamecolor.GIFformatfilesofsimple imagesareoftensmallerthanthesamefilewouldbeifstoredinÂJPEGÂformat,butGIF formatdoesnotstorephotographicimagesaswellasJPEG. GIFT~GNUImageFindingTool~aContentBasedImageRetrievalSystem(CBIRS). TheGIFTisbasedonViper,theresultofaresearcheffortattheVisionGroupatthe computersciencecenteroftheUniversityofGeneva.TheGIFTisanopenframeworkfor content-basedimageretrieval.Itisdesignedtoaccommodatenewwaysofqueryingthe framework. GIGO~GarbageIn,GarbageOut.~Itmeansthatifinvaliddataisenteredinacomputer program,theresultingoutputwillalsobeinvalid.Soifaprogramaskedyoutoentera letterofthealphabetandyoudecidedtobefunnyandenter‘3.14159’,there’sagood chancetheresultsyouwouldgetbackwouldbeprettymessedup,or‘garbage.’Because wecomputerusersaren’talwayssmartenoughtoentervaliddata,programmershaveto takeextensivemesaurestopreventGIGOerrors. GIMP~GnuImageManipulationProgram~Freelydistributedpieceofsoftwaresuitable forsuchtasksasphotoretouching,imagecompositionandimageauthoring. SeeÂwww.gimp.org GINA~GraphicalIdentificationandAuthentication~thesubsystemthathandlesthe logonpresentationtotheuser.TheMicrosoftGINAisrepresentedbythelogonscreenthat popsuponthePCwhentheuserpressesCtrl+Alt+Delete. GINI~GatewayInterfaceforNetworkInitialization~AprocessonlargeEnterprise systemstosetupanentirenetworkfromanothernetwork. GIOP~GeneralInter-ORBProtocol~AprotocolthatCommonObjectRequestBroker Architecture(CORBA)usestodefinetheformatofmessages. GIS~GeographicalInformationSystem~Acomputerapplicationinvolvingmapsand thestorageandmanipulationofdataassociatedwiththem. GIX~GlobalInterneteXchange~Aroutingexchangepointthathelpsnetworksallover theworldtoconnecttotheInternet. GKTMP~GatekeeperTransactionMessageProtocol~AproprietaryCiscoprotocolused forcommunicationbetweentheCiscoIOSGatekeeperandexternalapplications. GLA~GenericLogAdapter~Atoolthatallowsgenericdatacollectionfrommultiple heterogeneousdatasourcesbyconvertingindividualrecordsandeventsintotheCommon BaseEventformat. GLB/GLBA~Gramm-Leach-Bliley(Act)~coversthefinancialservicesindustry, basicallydefiningfinancialinstitutionsasdepositoryinstitutionsandtheirholding companies,securityfirmsandbroker/dealers. GLONASS~GlobalNavigationalSatelliteSystem~Asatellite-basedgeographiclocationsystemrunbytheRussiangovernment. GLPK~GNULinearProgrammingKit~asoftwarepackageintendedforsolvinglargescalelinearprogramming(LP),mixedintegerprogramming(MIP),andotherrelated problems. GLUT~openGLUtilityToolkit~awindowsystemindependenttoolkitforwriting OpenGLprograms.ItimplementsasimplewindowingÂAPIÂforOpenGL GMA~GmailDrive~Afreeshellnamespaceextension(‘add-on’)forMicrosoft WindowsExplorer,makesitpossibletocreateanewnetworkshareontheworkstation.In ordertousethisadd-on,youneedaGmailaccountfromGoogleGmail. GMM~GPRSMobilityManagement~aGPRSsignalingprotocolthathandlesmobility issuessuchasroaming,authentication,andselectionofencryptionalgorithms. GMR~GiantMagnetoResistance~Atechnologyforaread/writeheadwhichusesthin filmlayerstogetagreaterchangeinresistance,andismoresensitivethanMR(Magneto Resistance). GMRP~GarpMulticastRegistrationProtocol~Itallowsadevicetodeclaremembership ofaLayer2multicastgroup GMRS~GeneralMobileRadioService~GMRShasbeentransformedfromthenow antiquatedClassAsectionoftheCitizensRadioServicetothepersonalradioservice availableforconductinganindividual’spersonalandfamilycommunications. GMS~generalizedmainscheduling~Asetofalgorithmsthatallowthesystem programmertotailorjobschedulingandselectiontothespecificneedsoftheinstallation. GMS~GeneralÂMIDIStandard~Astandarddesignationofspecificinstrumentsto specificMIDIpatchlocations,sothatacompositionproducedononesystemwillsound thesamewhenplayedonanother GMS~GlobalMessagingService~Novellservice. GMS~GoogleMessageSecurity~Googleservicesthatprotectyouremailfromspam andvirusesandsetemailpoliciestostaycompliant.Âwww.google.com/postini/ GMSK~GaussianMinimumShiftKeying~amodulationtechniqueinvolvingGaussian filteringoftheinputdatapriortoitsapplicationtothephasemodulator. GMX~GlobalMaileXchange,inGermany:GlobalMessageeXchange~GMXMailisa German-basedfreewebmailserviceprovidedbyGMX.http://www.gmx.com/ GNAT~GNUNYUAdaTranslator~theGNUAdaCompilerbasedonGNUCompiler Collection(GCC).Thefront-endandruntimearewritteninAda,andarelicensedusing theGeneralPublicLicense. GNN~GlobalNetworkNavigator~AcollectionoffreeservicesontheInternet, includingTheWholeInternetCatalog,theInternetHelpDesk,andNetNews. GNOME~GNUNetworkObjectModelEnvironment~themostpopulargraphical desktopenvironmentforLinux,basedontheXWINDOWSYSTEMandsimilarinlook andfeeltoWindows95and2000 GNSO~GenericNamesSupportingOrganization~ICANNÂSupporting OrganizationÂresponsiblefordevelopingpolicyfortheÂDNS GNU~GNU’snotUnix~AnongoingprojectbytheFreeSoftwareFoundationtocreate afree,freelydistributable,setofUNIXlikeutilities. GOCA~GraphicObjectContentArchitecture~Anarchitecturethatprovidesacollection ofgraphicsvaluesandcontrolstructuresusedtointerchangeandpresentgraphicsdata. GOLC~GrowthOpportunityLicenseCharge~AnIBMsoftwarepricingprogram. GOMS~Goals,Operators,Methods,andSelectionrules~akindofspecializedhuman informationprocessormodelforhumancomputerinteractionobservation. GOPS~Giga(billion)OperationsPerSecond~Aunitofmeasurementofcomputing speed. GOS~GradeofService~ameasureofthesuccessasubscriberisexpectedtohavein accessinganetworktocompleteacall. GOSIP~GovernmentOSIProfile~AstandardissuedbytheNationalInstituteof StandardsandTechnology.GOSIPspecifiesthedetailsofan interoperableÂOSIÂconfigurationfornetworkingproductsprocuredbytheU.S. government. GOW~GearsofWar~GearsofWarisamilitarysciencefictionthird-personshooter videogamedevelopedbyEpicGamesandpublishedbyMicrosoftGame Studios.Âhttp://www.gearsofwar.com/ GOW~GodofWar~GodofWarisanactionadventurevideogameforthePlayStation 2firstreleasedbySonyComputerEntertainment’sSantaMonicadivisioninMarch 2005.Âhttp://www.godofwar.com/ GPF~GeneralProtectionFault~anerrorthatarisesinMicrosoftWindowswhena programtriestoaccessalocationinmemorythatisnotallocatedtoit.GPFsareusually causedbyprogrammingerrorssuchasuninitializedpointers. GPIO~general-purposeI/O~Customizableinput/outputpinsonamicrocontroller. GPL~GeneralPublicLicense~NormallytakentothemeantheGNUGPL.Alicense statementfromGNU,usedonmostoftheirsoftwareandonmanyfreesoftwarepackages fromothersources. GPL~GeneralPublicLicense~www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.htmlÂ-FulltextoftheGNU GeneralPublicLicense. GPO~GroupPolicyObject~IntheWindows2000operatingsystem,aGPOisa collectionofsettingsthatdefinewhatasystemwilllooklikeandhowitwillbehavefora definedgroupofusers.Microsoftprovidesaprogramsnap-inthatallowsyoutousethe GroupPolicyÂMMC. GPRS~generalpacketradioservice~GPRSisapacket-orientedoverlaytoGSM networkssupportingconnection-andconnectionless-orientedservicesanddiversequalityof-servicemechanisms.Thetheoreticalmaximumspeedis171.2ÂKbps,butreal-lifeuser throughputisexpectedtobe56Kbpsorless. GPS~GlobalPositioningSystem~asatellitenavigationsystemusedtodetermine groundpositionandvelocity(location,speed,anddirection).Thoughitwascreatedand originallyusedbytheU.S.military,GPSisnowavailabletothegeneralpublicalloverthe world. GPS~GNATProgrammingStudio~afreemulti-languageIDEforGNU/Linux,MS WindowsandSolaris/Sparc.GPSusesGTK+asgraphicaluserinterface. GPSL~GeneralPurposeScriptingLanguage~GeneralPurposeScriptingLanguage GPSS~GeneralPurposeSimulationSystem~Apowerfulgeneralpurposesimulator whichprovidesawiderangeofcapacitiesfordiscretesystemmodeling. GPU~GraphicsProcessingUnit~LiketheCPU(CentralProcessingUnit),itisasinglechipprocessor.However,theGPUisusedprimarilyforcomputing3Dfunctions. GPWW~grouppracticewithoutwalls~Anumbrellaorganizationforagroupof independentphysicianpracticesthatperformscertainbusinessoperations,suchas technologyprocurement. GRC~governance,riskandcompliance~GRCreflectsanewwayinwhich organizationscanadoptanintegratedapproachtothesethreeareas. GRC.SQ~Governance,RiskManagement,Compliance,Security,andDataQuality~ usedoftenbyDataGovernanceandDataQualityprogramstoacknowledgethe interdependenciesofthesefivedisciplinesinmanagingdata. GRCM~GRCmanagement~themanagement,measurementandreportingofIT controls,andthedistributionandattestationofpolicies,compliancereportingandrisk assessment. GRE~genericroutingencapsulation~TunnelingprotocoldevelopedbyCiscothatcan encapsulateawidevarietyofprotocolpackettypesinsideIPtunnels,creatingavirtual point-to-pointlinktoCiscoroutersatremotepointsoveranIPinternetwork. grep~global-regular-expression-print~aUNIXutilitythatallowstheusertosearchone ormorefilesforaspecificstringoftextandoutputsallthelinesthatcontainthestring. GROW~GNURemoteOperationsWeb~Anarchitectureforbuildingnetworked applicationsandservicesusingWWW. GRT~GranularRecoveryTechnology~asingle-passbackupwhilemaintainingfullDR andindividualemail,folderormailboxrestores GSAM~generalizedsequentialaccessmethod~Adatabaseaccessmethodthatallows batchapplicationprogramstoaccessasequentialdatasetrecordthatisdefinedasa databaserecord. GSC~GeckoSystemConnect~abususedinmanyoftheHP9000workstationsand servers.TheGSCbuswas32-bitandreached40MHzinitsfinaliterations. GSI~GigascaleIntegration~Gigascaleintegrationisalong-termgoalofmakingchips withbillionsofcomponentsonthem. GSK~GlobalSecurityKit~Atoolkitformanagingdigitalcertificatesusedin implementingSecureSocketsLayer(SSL)security. GSM~GlobalSystemforMobilecommunication~Acronymforthedigitalcellularradio systembasedonpan-Europeanspecifications.OriginallystoodforGroupeSpeciale Mobile,nowGlobalSystemforMobilecommunication. GSO~globalsign-on~Aflexiblesinglesign-onsolutionthatenablestheusertoprovide alternativeusernamesandpasswordstotheback-endWebapplicationserver. GSR~GigabitSwitchRouter~AfamilyofrouterproductsfromCiscoSystems. GTL~GunningTransceiverLogic~Alow-powerstandardforelectricalsignalsusedin CMOScircuitswhichallowsforlowelectromagneticinterferenceathighspeedsof transfer. GTM~globaltrademanagement~theprocessesandtechnologiesusedtosupportthe uniquelogistical,regulatory,andfnancialaspectsoftheimportandexportprocesses. GTM~GlobalTrafficManager~F5producttoperformgeography-baseddatacenter trafficmanagement GTP~GPRSTunnelingProtocol~protocolusedbytheGPRSbackbonenetworkfor packetswitching.GTPisaprotocoldefinedonboththeGnandGpinterfacesbetween GSNsinaGPRSnetwork. GTS~GenericTrafficShaping~Amechanismtocontrolthetrafficflowonaparticular interface. GTT~GlobalTitleTranslation~GTTisaprocessthatallowsdialeddigitstobe translatedintoanetworknodeaddressandanapplicationaddress.Theprocessis performedintheSS7networkbytheSTP. GUA~graphicaluserauthentication~Agraphicalpasswordisanauthenticationsystem thatworksbyhavingtheuserselectfromimages,inaspecificorder,presentedinaGUI. GUI~GraphicalUserInterface~Pronouncedgoo-ee.Apictorial‘frontend’programto simplifytheoperationofcomputersliketheIBMPCandtheAppleMacintosh. Documentsarestoredinpictures(‘icons’)ofdrawersorfilingcabinets(whichrepresent filesordirectoriesindiskdrives). GUID~GloballyUniqueIdentifier~a128-bitnumberusedbyMicrosoftWINDOWSto identifyauser,softwarecomponent,orotherentity.GUIDsaremostoftenwrittenas groupsofhexadecimaldigitsinbraces. GUTBN~GloballyUniqueTimeBasedNumber~appliestoa‘code’thatisuniqueinall theworld.Globallyuniquetimebasednumbersaregloballyuniqueidentifiers(GUID) thatyoucancreatebyyourselfandthatareregisteredforyou. GVN~Globalvaluenumbering~compileroptimizationbasedontheSSAintermediate representation.Itsometimeshelpseliminateredundantcodethatcommonsubexpression evaluation(CSE)doesnot. GVPN~GlobalVirtualNetworkService~GlobalVirtualNetworkServiceisamultinetworkinternationalserviceproposedbytheÂITU.GVNSallowsserviceprovidersto offersubscribingcustomersaservicewithfeaturesandfunctionalitysimilartothatofa privatenetworkwithoutrequiringthecustomerstopurchaseandmanagethenetworks. GVRP~GenericÂVLANResolutionProtocol~aGARPapplicationthatprovides registrationservicesinaVLANcontext. GVU~Graphic,Visualization,andUsability~Graphic,Visualization,andUsability GWEN~GroundWaveEmergencyNetwork~communicationssystemthattheUS militaryconstructs.Itoperatesinavery-low-frequencyrange,withtransmissionsbetween 150and175kHz. GWT~GoogleWebToolkit~OpensourceJavasoftwaredevelopmentframeworkthat makeswritingAJAXapplicationslikeGoogleMapsandGmaileasyfordeveloperswho don’tspeakbrowserquirksasasecondlanguage GXA~GlobalXMLWebServicesArchitecture~anannouncementbyMicrosoftin2002 ofseveralproposalsforextensionstoSOAP.SomeofthecomponentsofGXAwere developedintostandardsincombinationwithothercompanies,includingIBM. GXS~GlobalÂexchangeservices~deliversglobalB2Be-commerceintegration solutionsÂwww.gxs.com gzip~GNUzip~aGNUfreesoftwarefilecompressionprogram.ItwascreatedbyJeanloupGaillyandMarkAdler.gzipisbasedontheDEFLATEalgorithm,whichisa combinationofLZ77andHuffmancoding. ~H~ H&H~Hoot&Holler~Adedicatedpoint-to-pointvoicefacilitybetweeninternational officesofatradingfacility. H/SLAN~High-SpeedLocal-AreaNetwork~AÂLANÂoperatingat4Mbitsper secondormoretofacilitaterapidexchangeoffiles,mail,etc.,withinabroader departmentalordivisionalenvironment. H3C~(previous)HuaweiTechnologies-3Com~HPcompany,supplierofrouters, Ethernetswitches,wirelessLAN,securityandVoice/VideooverIPandnetwork managementsystemsÂwww.h3c.com HA~highavailability~Pertainingtoaclusteredsystemthatisreconfiguredwhennode ordaemonfailuresoccur,sothatworkloadscanberedistributedtotheremainingnodesin thecluster. HA~highavailability~TheabilityofITservicestowithstandalloutagesandcontinue providingprocessingcapabilityaccordingtosomepredefinedservicelevel. HAAT~HeightAboveAverageTerrain~ameasureofanantenna’sheightaboveaverage terrain.ThisvalueisusedbytheFCCindeterminingcompliancewithheightlimitations andtransmittingpowersforhighsites. HACMP~High-AvailabilityClusterMulti-Processing~Softwarethatprovideshost clustering,sothatjobsaremovedtootherhostswithintheclusterifonehostfails. Hactivism~from‘hack’and‘activism’~theconceptofhackingintoaWebsiteor computersysteminordertocommunicateapoliticallyorsociallymotivatedmessage. HAD~HolographicAutostereoscopicDisplay~SimpleconversionofLCDtechnology, replacingtheLCD’sbacklightwithanHOE(holographicopticalelement) HADR~highavailabilitydisasterrecovery~Adisasterrecoverysolutionthatuseslog shippingandprovidesdatatoastandbysystemifapartialorcompletesitefailureoccurs onaprimarysystem. HAE~HeightAboveEllipsoid~Verticaldifferencebetweenareferenceellipsoidmodel andtheknown,orderived,elevationatagivenspatiallocation(typicallyinmeters). HAL~HardwareAbstractionLayer~AtranslationprotocolinWindowsNTforporting NTtoanotherplatform. HAN~homeareanetwork~anetworkcontainedwithinauser’shomethatconnectsa person’sdigitaldevices,frommultiplecomputersandtheirperipheraldevicesto telephones,VCRs,televisions,videogames,homesecuritysystems,‘smart’appliances, faxmachines HARC~HitachiAsynchronousRemoteCopy~AremotecopyfunctionforHDSstorage products.HARCallowsmovementoflargeamountsofdataoveranydistancewithfull dataintegrityandminimalimpactonperformance. HARQ~HybridAutomaticRepeatreQuest~ashemewhereininformationblocksare encodedforpartialerrorcorrectionatreceiverandadditional,uncorrectederrorsare retransmitted. HASP~HoustonAutomaticSpoolingProgram~Amainframespoolingprogramthat providestaskmanagement,jobmanagement,anddatamanagementfunctions. HAT~HeapAnalysisTool~ToolfortrackingdownheapproblemsinJavaprograms HAVi~HomeAudioVideointeroperability~avendor-neutralaudio-videostandard aimedspecificallyatthehomeentertainmentenvironment. HBA~hostbusadapter~Anadapterusedtoconnectsahostcomputertoastorage network. HCI~HostControllerInterface~BlueToothtechnology HCI~Human-ComputerInteraction~Thestudyofhowhumansinteractwithcomputers, usedtodesigncomputerswhichareeasyforhumanstouse. HCL~HardwareCompatibilityList~Alistofcomputersandperipheralsthathavebeen testedbyMicrosofttoworkwithWindowsNTorWindows2000. HCM~humancapitalmanagement~Socialsoftwarecoversarangeoffunctionality, fromwikisandblogstosocialnetworksandsocialbookmarking. HCO~High-CapacityOptical~HCOdrivesuseblue-lasertechnologyandstandard120millimeterCD/DVD-sizediscsforasmuchassixtimesthecapacityoftraditional5.25inchmagneto-optical(MO)technology. HCR~HuffmanCodewordReordering~MPEG-4AudioErrorResilience(ER) techniquethatavoidserrorpropagationwithinspectraldata HCT~hardwarecompatibilitytests~AsuiteoftestsfromWHQLtoverifyhardwareand devicedriveroperationsunderaspecificoperatingenvironment.Thesetestsexercisethe combinationofadevice,asoftwaredriver,andanoperatingsystemundercontrolled conditions. HD/HDD~HardDiskDrive~permanentstoragemediumusedoncomputers.AHDD consistsofanumberofrigiddiscsthatstoreallofthecomputerprogramsanddataonthe computer,evenwhenthepowertothecomputerisswitchedoff. HDDVD~high-densityDVD~ahigh-densityopticaldiscsimilarto,butnotcompatible with,BLU-RAYDISC,formerlymarketedbyToshibabutdiscontinuedin2008. HDA~HeadDiskAssembly~Themechanicalpartsofadiskdrive,includingthe read/writeheads,platters,andothernon-electroniccomponents. HDCP~High-bandwidthDigitalContentProtection~aspecifiedmethodfromIntelfor protectingcopyrighteddigitalentertainmentcontentthatusestheÂDVIÂbyencrypting itstransmissionbetweenthevideosourceandthedigitaldisplay(receiver). HDLC~High-levelDataLinkControl~Linklayer-ISO13239 HDLC~HighLevelDataLinkControl~AnITU-TSSlinklayerprotocolstandardfor point-to-pointandmulti-pointcommunications. HDMI~High-DefinitionMultimediaInterface~HDMIisadigitalinterfacewhose purposeistopermitthetransmissionofaudioandvideosignalsthroughasinglecable, whilesupportingfasterdataratesthanitsnormalcounterparts.Âhttp://www.hdmi.org/ HDML~HandheldDeviceMarkupLanguage~SpecificationsallowInternetaccessfrom wirelessdevicessuchashandheldpersonalcomputersandsmartphones. HDR~headerlabel~Asetofinformationonadisketteortapethatdescribesthecontents ofthedisketteortape. HDR~headerlabel~Thelabelordatasetlabelthatprecedesthedatarecordsonaunit ofrecordingmedium. HDR~High-dynamic-rangeimagingorHigh-dynamic-rangerendering~digitalimaging oranimagerenderingtechnique HDR~host-discoveredresource~Asetofstoragehardwareresourcesthatareattachedto ahostsystemandareavailableontheoperatingsystem. HDS~HitachiDataSystems~Avendorofenterpriseandmodularstoragesystemsand software.HDSisawhollyownedsubsidiaryofTokyo-basedelectronicsfirmHitachi,Ltd. HDSL~Highbit-rateDigitalSubscriberLine~Providesrepeaterlessdigitaltransmission at2Mbit/sforabout12000feet(4km)overtwistedpair. HDTP~HandheldDeviceTransportProtocol~ItpresentstheHDMLtotheHDML interpreterinanappropriateformat.DevelopedbyHTTP://WWW.PHONE.COMÂforuse inwirelessapplications. HDTV~HighDefinitiontelevision~HighDefinitiontelevisionmeansbroadcastof televisionsignalswithahigherresolutionthantraditionalformatsallow.It’sastepchange intelevisiontechnologywhichprovidesfarclearerandmoredetailedpicturesthannormal ‘standarddefinition’TV. HDx/HD~Halfduplex~Adevicecaneitherreceiveorsenddataatagiventime. HE-AAC~HighEfficiencyAdvancedAudioÂCoding~Lossydatacompressionscheme forstreamingaudio.Itcombinesthreetechniques:AAC,SpectralBandReplication (SBR),andParametricStereo(PS) HEC~HeaderErrorControl~UsingfifthoctetinATMcellheader,ATMequipment maycheckforerrorandcorrectcontentsofheader.Checkcharacteriscalculatedusing CRCalgorithmallowingsinglebiterrorinheadertobecorrectedormultipleerrorstobe detected. HEL~HardwareEmulationLayer~Thisprovidessoftware-basedemulationoffeatures thatarenotdirectlyavailableinhardware. HEP~horizontalenterpriseportal~Aportalthatservesabroadpopulationofusers acrossanenterprise-unlikeaÂVEP,whichservesonlyaspecificsegmentofthis population HERF~highenergyradiofrequency~AHERFgunisusedtodisruptdigitalequipment suchascomputersbyblastingthemwithHERFemissions. HFC~HybridFiberCoax~secondgenerationcableTVinfrastructure.HFCnetworks combinebothoptical-fiberandcoaxialcablelines.Opticalfiberrunsfromthecablehead endtoneighborhoodsof500to2,000subscribers. HFS~HierarchicalFileSystem~HFSisthefilesystemusedfororganizingfilesona Macintoshharddisk.WhenaharddiskisformattedforaMacintoshcomputer,the hierarchicalfilesystemisusedtocreateadirectorythatcanexpandasnewfilesand foldersareaddedtothedisk. HFS+~HierarchicalFileSystemPlus~TheMacOSExtendedfile-systemformat.This formatwasintroducedaspartofMacOS8.1,addingsupportforfilenameslongerthan31 characters,Unicoderepresentationoffileanddirectorynames,andefficientoperationon verylargedisks. HGFS~Host-GuestFileSystem~VMware’snamefortheguest-visibleaspectofa SharedFolder. HGML~HypertextGeneralMarkupLanguage~Aformattingcodeformarkinguptext files,whichmakesuppartofSGML. HHO~HardHandOff~usedinCDMAsystems,describesahand-offinvolvinga frequencychange. HHT~Hand-HeldTerminal~Hand-heldprogrammingterminaltocommunicatewitha programmablelogiccontroller(PLC)onthefly HID~High-IntensityDischarge~Lightbulbtechnologyusedmainlyinprojectors HID~HumanInterfaceDevice~TheHIDprofiledefinestheprotocols,proceduresand featurestobeusedbyBluetoothHIDsuchaskeyboards,pointingdevices,gamingdevices andremotemonitoringdevices. HIDAM~hierarchicalindexeddirectaccessmethod~Adatabaseaccessmethodusedfor indexedaccesstorecordsinahierarchicdirectorganization.Itprovidesindexedaccessto therootsegmentsandpointeraccesstosubordinatesegments. HIDS~HostbasedIntrusionDetectionSystem~Asystemfordetectingunauthorised accesstoasinglecomputer.AHIDSmaymonitorlogsoractivityonnetworkports,oruse othertechniquestodetectpossibleintrusions HiFD~HIgh-capacityFloppyDisk~Sonyterm. HighMAT~High-performanceMediaAccessTechnology~asetofstandardscodevelopedbyMicrosoftandMatsushita(Panasonic)forCDsandDVDsthatarecreated onpersonalcomputersbutplayedbackonconsumerelectronicdevicessuchasCD playersandDVD-equippedtelevisionsets. HIL~Hardware-in-the-Loop~applicationsusedbydesignandtestengineerstoevaluate andvalidatevehiclecomponentsduringdevelopmentofnewsystems HIMEM~HIghMEMory~ADOSandWindowsextendedmemorymanager. HIP~HostIdentityProtocol~hostidentificationtechnologyforuseonIPnetworks,such astheInternet. HIPAA~HealthInsurancePortabilityandAccountabilityAct~AnactpassedbytheU.S. congressinAugust1996.HIPAA’sdirectivescallfortheuseofEDIÂinhealthcare transactions,andforprotectingtheprivacyofpatienthealthcareinformation. HiPerLinks~High-PerformanceLinks~Ahigh-speedcoupling-linktechnology introducedbyIBMin1997foritsS/390mainframes. Hiperspace~High-PerformanceSpace~IntroducedwithESA/370,ahiperspaceis,in essence,anaddressspaceoccupiedonlybydataandtowhichaccessiscontrolledby hardwareviaspecialinstructions. HIPPI~HIghPerformanceParallelInterface~Ahigh-speedcommunicationsbusused withsupercomputersorhigh-speedLANs. HIS~healthcareinformationsystem~Asystemorapplicationusedtomanagehospitalor otherhealthcare-relatedoperations(suchasfinancial,registration,schedulingandbackofficefunctions);alsocalleda‘hospitalinformationsystem.’ HISAM~hierarchicalindexedsequentialaccessmethod~Adatabaseaccessmethod usedforindexedaccesstorecordsinahierarchicsequentialorganization. HITECH~HealthInformationforEconomicandClinicalHealth~Actcollectively referstothehealthinformationtechnologyprovisionsincludedatTitleXIIIofDivisionA andTitleIVofDivisionBoftheARRA. HIToolbox~HumanInterfaceToolbox~AcollectionofproceduralÂAPIsÂthatapply anobject-orientedmodeltowindows,controls,andmenusforCarbonapplications. HKCC~HKey_Current_Config~WindowsNTRegistrykey HKLM~HKey_Local_Machine~WindowsNTRegistrykey HL7~HealthLevel7~HL7isastandardinterfaceforexchangingandtranslatingdata betweencomputersystems.HL7isalsoanot-for-profitorganizationaccreditedby theÂAmericanNationalStandardsInstitutes(ANSI)Âthatdevelopsstandardsfordata transfer.http://www.hl7.org/ HLA~HighLevelArchitecture~ageneralpurposearchitecturefordistributedcomputer simulationsystems.UsingHLA,computersimulationscancommunicatetoother computersimulationsregardlessofthecomputingplatforms. HLLAPI~HighLevelLanguageApplicationProgrammingInterface~usedwithIBM mainframestoallowPC’stocommunicatewiththemainframeusinganemulator. HLR~HomeLocationRegister~adatabaseresidinginalocalwirelessnetworkthat checkstheidentityofalocalsubscriber.HLRcontainsinformationaboutsubscriberstoa mobilenetworkandregisterssubscribersforaparticularserviceprovider. HMA~HighMemoryArea~Methodtoaccessthefirst64kBsegmentabovethe1MB boundaryinDOS/Windows16-bits HMD~HeadMountedDisplay~Ahelmetwithstereoscopicgogglesforthewearer’s eyes,andstereoheadphonesovertheears;usedasaninterfacethroughwhichthewearer canexperienceavirtualrealityenvironment. h-menu~Hierarchicalmenu~Apull-downmenuthathassub-menus.Thesub-menusare indicatedbyarrows.Puttingthepointerontheitemthathasanarrowopensupthesubmenu. HMP~HybridMultiprocessing~referstoakindofmultitaskingwhichprovidessome elementsofsymmetricmultiprocessing,usingadd-onIBMsoftwarecalledMP/2.IBM OS/2supportsHMP. Honeynet~Anetworkofhoneypots.~Anetworkofhoneypots. HOSED~HardwareOrSoftwareErrorDetected~Generalerrornotyetdiagnosed. HP~Hewlett-Packard~Amanufacturerofworkstations,electronicinstrumentationand testequipmentetc.Foundedin1939byStanfordUniversitygraduates,WilliamR. HewlettandDavidPackard,HPistheoriginalgaragestart-up.Âwww.hp.com HP~HoneyPot~AnInternet-attachedserverthatactsasadecoy,luringinpotential hackersinordertostudytheiractivitiesandmonitorhowtheyareabletobreakintoa system HPA~HighPerformanceAddressing~Akindofdisplayusedonsomemultimedia notebookcomputers,thatdelivershigh-qualitygraphicscomparabletoActiveMatrix (TFT)Displays. HPB~HighPingBastard~Networkmultiplayergamesattribute HPC~HighPerformanceComputing~HPCisagenericandrelativetermsincethe desktopcomputersoftodayarecapableofthesameperformanceassupercomputersfrom afewyearsback. HPF~HighPassFilter~atelephonyterm.Asignalfilterwhichwouldbeinstalledina customerpremisesADSLmodem(ATU-R),whichonlyallowhigherfrequencydatatobe deliveredtothemodem. HPFS~HighPerformanceFileSystem~ThefilesystemforIBMOS/2. HPGL~Hewlett-PackardGraphicsLanguage~HPLanguagetodescribevectorgraphics (usuallyforplotters) HPIB~HewlettPackardInterfaceBus~IsaversionofGPIB(alsoknownasIEEE.488) andwasusedonHewlettPackard(NowAligentTechnologies)labequipment.Early versionsusedadifferentconnector HPNA~HomePhonelineNetworkingAlliance~Analliancetoadvancetechnologiesfor high-speedlocal-areanetworkingoverconventionalphonewires.Itwasfoundedin1998 by3Com,ÂAMD,AT&TWirelessServices,Compaq,ConexantSystems,HP,IBM,Intel, LucentandTutSystems. HPR~High-PerformanceRouting~IBM’stechnologytoenableusersto sendÂSNAÂtrafficoverframeandcell-basednetworks,makingformoreefficient communications. HR~horizontalrule~tagusedinHTMLtoindicateahorizontalrule. HR/DSSS~HighRate/DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrumPhysicalLayer~theenhanced physicallayerdefinedbyIEEE802.11bwhichsupportsdatatransferatupto11Mbps. HRAA~HighResolutionAntiAliasing~TechnologyfoundinthenVidiaGeForce3Chip HRC~HitachiRemoteCopy~Acontroller-basedremote-copycapabilityusedinHitachi DataSystemsstorageproducts. HRMS~humanresourcemanagementsystem~Businessapplicationsforthe managementofhumanresource(HR)transactions,bestpracticesandenterprisereporting. FunctionstypicallyincludecoreHRtracking,payrollandbenefits. HRPD~HighRatePacketData~alsoknownasTIA/EIAIS-856or1xEV-DO,isa packetdataprotocolinthe3GmobilecommunicaitonsnetworkbasedonCDMA2000. HSB/HSV~Hue,Saturation,Brightness(orValue)~HSVisawayofdefiningacolour basedonacolourwheel.Huemeasurestheanglearoundthecolourwheel.Thesaturation indicatestheradiusonthecolourwheelsoindicatestheproportionbetweendarktopure colourtowhite.Valueindicatesthebrightness. HSCSD~HighSpeedCircuitSwitchedData~acircuit-linkedtechnologyforhigher transmissionspeeds—upto57kilobitspersecond—primarilyinGSMsystems. HSD~HighSpeedData~InterfacenormallyusingV.35orEIA53standards. HSDPA~High-SpeedDownlinkPacketAccess~alsocalled3.5G,apacket-baseddata serviceinW-CDMAdownlinkwithdatatransmissionupto8-10Mbit/s(and20Mbit/sfor MIMOsystems)overa5MHzbandwidthinWCDMAdownlink. HSF~HeatSinkFan~Thisisacombinationofafanblowingairacrossthefinsofa heatsink,usuallyonahighhorsepowermicroprocessor. HSF~HighSierraFormat~AlogicalformatandfilestructureforÂCD-ROMsthat pavedthewayforÂISOÂ9660.Astheindustrybegantoevolvemanydifferent proprietaryCD-ROMformats,theneedforacommonstandardbecameobvious. HSIL~HostSideIgmpLibrary~Ciscoterm HSM~HardwareSecurityModule~Generateand/orstoresecretsforuseincrytography, commonlyusedincardpaymentsystems HSM~Hierarchicalstoragemanagement~Theautomatedmigrationofdataobjects amongstoragedevices,usuallybasedoninactivity.Byacceptingloweraccess performance(higheraccesstimes),onecanstoreobjectslessexpensively. HSO~HotSpotOperator~Acompanythatsetsupandoperatescommercialhotspotsin cafes,airports,hotels,trainstations,conventioncentersandofficebuildings.AnHSO typicallyinstallsoneormoreaccesspointsandanaccesscontroldevicealongwithahigh speedInternetconnectiontothelocation. HSR~HorizontalScanRate~Thenumberofscanlinesdisplayedpersecondona computermonitor,expressedinkHz. HSRP~HotStandbyRouterProtocol~Provideshighnetworkavailabilityand transparentnetworktopologychanges.HSRPcreatesaHotStandbyroutergroupwitha leadrouterthatservicesallpacketssenttotheHotStandbyaddress.Theleadrouteris monitoredbyotherroutersinthegroup,andifitfails,oneofthesestandbyroutersinherits theleadpositionandtheHotStandbygroupaddress. HSS~HomeSubscriberService~akeycomponentintheIPMultimediaSubsystem (IMS),referstoasystemincludingthemasteruserdatabaseandsoftwarethatsupports IMSnetworkentitiesthathandlecallsandsessions. HSSDC~HighSpeedSerialDirectConnect~AtypeofconnectorusedonFibreChannel opticalcables. HSSI~HighSpeedSerialInterface~Standardforaserialinterfaceathighspeeds(64 Kbpsandhigherupto52Mbps)betweenDTEandDCEequipmentoververyshort distances.UsedforaphysicalconnectionbetweenarouterandaDSU. HSUPA~High-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess~partofthespecificationsfor3GPPRelease 6.Itimprovesupstreamdatabitrateson3GsystemsandcomplementsHigh-Speed DownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA),theoreticallyuptoamaximum5.8Mbpsuplinkdata rateatthecelllevel. HT~Hyper-Threading~Inteltechnologywithwhichasingleprocessorcanfunctionas twovirtualprocessorsandexecutetwothreadssimultaneously. HT~HyperTransport~AMDTechnologyisahigh-speed,lowlatency,point-to-pointlink designedtoincreasethecommunicationspeedbetweenintegratedcircuitsincomputers, serversandembeddedsystemsupto48timesfaster HTC~formerlyHighTechComputerCorporation~aTaiwan-basedmanufacturerof smartphonesÂhttp://www.htc.com/ HTMLorHTM~HyperTextMarkupLanguage~Thecodinglanguageusedtocreate Hypertextdocumentsforuseontheworldwideweb.HTMLlooksalotlikeold-fashioned typesettingcode,whereyousurroundablockoftextwithcodesthatindicatehowit shouldappear.Additionally,inHTMLyoucanspecifythatablockoftext,oraword,is linkedtoanotherfileontheInternet. HTML5~HyperTextMarkupLanguage5~awholesetofnewelementsthatmakeit mucheasiertostructurepages,whichcommencedin2004,iscurrentlybeingcarriedout inajointeffortbetweentheÂW3CHTMLWGÂandtheÂWHATWG. HTT~Hyper-ThreadingTechnology~Implementationofsimultaneousmultithreading onIntelPentium4,MobilePentium4,andXeonprocessors HTTP~HyperTextTransferProtocol~Applicationlayer-W3CChangeHistoryfor HTTP HTTP~HyperTextTransportProtocol~Theprotocolformovinghypertextfilesacross theinternet.RequiresaHTTPclientprogramononeend,andanHTTPserverprogramon theotherend.HTTPisthemostimportantprotocolusedintheworldwideweb(WWW). HTTPS~HyperTextTransferProtocolSecure~Transportandotherlayers-SSL3.0 Specification HTTPS~SecuredHTTPorHTTPSecure~AnInternetprotocolthatisusedbyWeb serversandWebbrowserstotransferanddisplayhypermediadocumentssecurelyacross theInternet. HTTPS~HTTPoverSSL~AWebprotocolforsecuretransactionsthatencryptsand decryptsuserpagerequestsandpagesreturnedbytheWebserver. HUD~HeadUpDisplay~Adisplaythatisusuallyprojectedtoapositionwheretheuser onlyhastolookuptosee. HURSE~HaspUnitRecordSErvice~IBMterm.Togetapunchorprintofyourcards HWS~highwatermarksetup~Amethodtoallocateaminimumnumberofunique devicetypesthatfulfilltherequirementsforeachjobstep.Devicesusedinonestepcanbe releasedandusedagaininlatersteps. HXRC~HitachiExtendedRemoteCopy~Aremote-copyfunctionforHitachiData Systemsstorageproducts.HXRCusesanasynchronouscopyapproachtodeliverhigh dataintegritywithminimaldisruptionandperformanceimpacttotheprimarysystem. Hz~hertz~Aunitoffrequencyequaltoonecyclepersecond. ~I~ I/O~Input/Output~Input/Output I2~Internet2~next-generationInternetreferstoconsortiumandgovernmenteffortsto defineanext-generationhigh-speedInternetwithstrongeducationaltools. I2C~Inter-IntegratedCircuit~2-wirebusdevelopedbyPhilipsSemiconductorsinthe early1980’sforefficientinter-ICcommunications. IÂ²C~Inter-IntegratedCircuit~amulti-masterserialcomputerbusinventedbyPhilips thatisusedtoattachlow-speedperipheralstoamotherboard,embeddedsystem,or cellphone.Thenameispronouncedeye-squared-seeoreye-two-see. IA-32/64~IntelArchitecture-32/64~acronymusedinthenamesofIntelprocessor architectures. IA-32/64~IntelArchitecture-32/64~IA-32:IntelproprietaryÂCISCÂarchitecture IA-32/64~IntelArchitecture-32/64~IA-64:basedonExplicitlyParallelInstruction ComputingandcertainlydesignedasthefoundationforIntel’slineofmicroprocessors through2005. IaaS~integrationasaservice~integrationasaservice IAB~InternetArchitectureBoard(previousInternetActivitiesBoard)~Thegroupthat administratesthedevelopmentoftheInternetsuiteofprotocolsÂTCP/IP.TheIABhas twoinvestigativetaskforces,theIRTFandtheIETF.Âhttp://www.iab.org/ IAD~integratedaccessdevice~Anetworkdevicethatcollectsmultipletypesoftraffic (suchasvoice,dataorvideo)atanenterprisesitefortransmissionoveraservice provider’snetwork. IAM~IdentityandAccessManagement~IAMisanauthoritativeassociationofpeople withidentifierssuchasIDnumbersandIDcards,accesscredentialssuchas usernames/passwordsandauthorizationtoaccessdataandservices.Identityandaccess managementisfundamentalforprovidingaccesstouniversityservices. iAMT~IntelActiveManagementTechnology~Hardware-basedtechnologyforremotely managingandsecuringPCsout-of-band IANA~InternetAssignedNumberAuthority~Organization-IANA IANA~InternetAssignedNumbersAuthority~theymanageIPaddressspace,root nameserversanddomainnamesamongotherthings.They’rebeingreplacedby ICANN.Âhttp://www.iana.org/ IAP~InternetAccessProvider~acompanythatprovidesaccesstotheInternet.IAPs generallyprovidedial-upaccessthroughamodemandPPPconnection,thoughcompanies thatofferInternetaccesswithotherdevices IAS~InternetAuthenticationService~aRADIUSServerwhichperformsconnection authenticationandaccountingforremoteaccess. IAT~InsideAirTemperature~Thisisusedintheelectronicsindustrytomeanthe ambientairtemperatureoftheairmasswithintheunitindiscussion. IB~InterfaceBus~IBstandsforInterfaceBus IBG~interblockgap~Thespacebetweenrecordsonastoragemedium.Anareaorspace onadatamedium(tapeordiskette)toindicatetheendofaphysicalrecordorblock. IBM~InternationalBusinessMachines~Knowninformallyas‘BigBlue,’IBMisoneof thelargest,mostwell-knowncorporationsthatdesignsandmanufacturescomputer systems,software,networkingsystems,storagedevices,and microelectronics.Âwww.ibm.com IBO~industrybusinessunit~SAP’sPublicServicesSolutionManagement IBR~intelligentbrowserreferencing~Webaccelerationfunction IBSG~InternetBankingSystemGroup~IBSistermforInternetBankingSystem IBSG~InternetBusinessSolutionsÂGroup~ IBT~IntelliLightBroadbandTransport~ASONET-basedpoint-to-pointservice providinghighbandwidthinterfacesoversharedSONETinfrastructurefacilities. IBT~InternetBasedTraining~Evolutionofthecomputerbasedtraining,whichoffers real-timelearningovertheInternetwithateacher. IC~IntegratedCircuit~Manytransistorsandothercircuitelementsâ€œintegratedâ€?on asinglesiliconchip IC~Isee~Shorthandslang,IC,meaning‘Isee’. ICA~IndependentComputingArchitecture~Aproprietaryprotocolforanapplication serversystem,designedbyCitrixSystems.Theprotocollaysdownaspecificationfor passingdatabetweenserverandclients,butisnotboundtoanyoneplatform. ICA~InternationalComplianceAssociation~InternationalCompliance AssociationÂwww.int-comp.org ICANN~InternetCorporationForAssignedNamesandNumbers~TheICANNisan non-profitcorporationthatisresponsibleforallocatingIPaddressandmanagingthe domainnamesystem.EverycomputerconnectedtotheInternet,fromserverstohome PCs,hasanIPaddress.Âhttp://www.icann.org/ ICC~InternetCommerceCorporation~Providesbusiness-to-businesselectronic commerceserviceslikeInternetEDI,EDIfax,webcommerce,infosafedocument managementandsubsidiaryservices.Âwww.icc.net ICCs~integrationcompetencycenters~SOACOEs,ICCsrelyonmetadatarepositories andserviceregistriestohelpthemmanagetheever-changingSOAandintegration scenarios. ICDL~InternationalComputerDrivingLicence~TheICDLFoundationworksto promoteanInternationalcertificationofindustry-standardcomputingskills. SeeÂhttp://www.ecdl.com ICE~in-circuitemulator~ICEisadebuggingtoolthattakestheplaceof(emulates)the processoronthetargetboard. ICE~informationandcontentexchange~ICE,anXML-basedstandardprotocolfor electronicbusiness-to-business(B2B)assetmanagement. ICE~InteractiveConnectivityEstablishment~ICEisanetworkprotocol ICF~InternetConnectionFirewall~ICFisaWindowsXPfeaturethatprotects computersconnectedtotheInternetfromunauthorizedaccess.WhenICFisenabled, WindowskeepsalogofincomingrequestsfromothersystemsontheInternet.Ifthe requestissomethingtheuserhasrequested,likeaWebpage,thetransmissionwillnotbe affected. ICI~Information-centricinfrastructure~atechnologyframeworkthatenables informationproducersandinformationconsumerstoorganize,shareandexchangeany content,anytime,anywhere. ICI~InterexchangeCarrierInterface~Theinterfacebetweencarriernetworksthat supportSMDS(SwitchedMultimegabitDataService). ICM~incentivecompensationmanagement~applicationsautomatefunctionsfor calculatingandreportingoncommissionsandassociatedvariablecompensationmethods forsaleschannels ICMP~InternetControlMessageProtocol~InternetLayer-RFC792 ICMP~InternetControlMessageProtocol~Wheninformationistransferredoverthe Internet,computersystemssendandreceivedatausingtheÂTCP/IPÂprotocol.Ifthereis aproblemwiththeconnection,errorandstatusmessagesregardingtheconnectionare sentusingICMP,whichispartoftheInternetprotocol. ICMS~incentivecompensationmanagementsystem~Asystemthatprovidethesales managerwithdecisionsupporttoolstomodelvariouscompensationscenarios,measure theimpactofthoseplansonsalesperformanceandeffectivelycommunicateincentive compensationobjectives ICP~InternetContentProvider~ICPlicenseisapermitissuedbytheChineseMinistry ofIndustryandInformationTechnologytopermitChina-basedwebsitestooperatein China.TheICPlicensenumbersforChinesewebsitescanoftenbefoundonthebottomof thefrontwebpage. ICPP~IntelChannelPartnerProgram~aprogramthatprovidesbenefitsandsupportto registeredmemberssellingIntelproducts,orsolutionsbasedonIntelproducts.TheICPP providesitsmemberswithresourcesandsupporttohelpbuild,promote,sell,andservice Inteltechnologies. ICQ~ISeekYou~Instantmessengerprogram ICRA~InternetContentRatingAssociation~anorganizationthatpromotesvoluntary labelingofthecontentofwebpagessothatfiltersoftwarecanpreventaccessto objectionablesites.SeeÂwww.icra.org. ICS~IncrementalChangeSynchronization~Amechanismtomonitor,export,and importchangeditems(bothhierarchyandcontent)betweenadatabaseandaninformation storeorbetweentwoinformationstores ICS~InternetConnectionSharing~AbbreviationusedbyMicrosofttorefertothe internetconnectionsharingfacilitybuiltintomorerecentversionsofWindows.Allows multiplecomputerstoshareasingleinternetconnectionwhichisprovidedbyone computerinagroup. ICSA~InternationalComputerSecurityAssociation~InternationalComputerSecurity Association ICSI~InstituteforClinicalSystemsImprovement~ICSIisanon-profitorganizationthat bringstogetherdiversegroupstotransformthehealthcaresystemsothatitdelivers patient-centeredandvalue-drivencare.http://www.icsi.org/ ICT~informationandcommunicationtechnology~Acategoricaltermsometimesused (particularlyinEurope)toreferthecombinedfieldsofcomputingandcommunications. Morecommonly,‘informationtechnology’(IT)isusedinthissense,sincethelatterterm, bydefinition,includesbothtypesoftechnology. ICU~InternationalComponentsforUnicode~anOpenSourcesetofC/C++andJava librariesforUnicodeandsoftwareinternationalizationsupport.Forinformation, seeÂhttp://www.icu-project.org/ ID~identifier~Asequenceofbitsorcharactersthatidentifiesauser,program,device,or systemtoanotheruser,program,device,orsystem. ID~identifier~IntheClanguage,asequenceofletters,digits,andunderscoresusedto identifyadataobjectorfunction. ID~identifier~InCOBOL,adatanamethatisuniqueorismadeuniquebythecorrect combinationofqualifiers,subscripts,orindexes. ID~identifier~ThenameofaniteminaprogramwrittenintheJavalanguage. ID~identifier~Oneormorecharactersusedtoidentifyornameadataelementand possiblytoindicatecertainpropertiesofthatdataelement. IDA~(Verizon)InternetDedicatedAccess~Verizon’sIDAofferspermanentlyopen, highbandwidth,dedicatedconnectionstoaglobalInternetbackbonenetworkviaaccess circuits IDARS~integrateddocumentarchiveandretrievalsystem~IDARSisaconsolidated systemforstoring,accessing,managing,distributingandviewingfixedcontent,which includesprint-stream-originatedreports,imagesandotherfixedcontent. IDC~Internetdatacenter~AdatacentercontainingInternet-relatedfacilitiesfortheuse ofenterprises,Internetserviceproviders,ÂASPs,e-commercecompaniesandotherfirms. IDSstypicallyprovideserveroutsourcing,hostingandcolocationservices,Internet connectivity,ÂVPNs,andothernetworkandtransportservices. IDD~internationaldirectdial/dialing~Theplacementofinternationalcallsbydialing themdirectly,ratherthanusingoperatorassistance. IDE~IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment~Adevelopmentenvironmentthatis integratedintoanapplication. IDE~integrateddriveelectronics~Astandardcomputerinterfaceforstoragedevices, suchasinternalharddiskdrives.Alaterversion,enhancedIDE(EIDE),supportsmore capacityandperipherals. IDEA~InternationalDataEncryptionAlgorithm~Patented,symmetricblockcipherthat usesa128-bitkeyandoperateson64-bitblocks. I-DEAS~Integrated-DesignEngineeringAnalysisSoftware~aCAD/CAMsoftware packageofSDRCwhichwasboughtin2002byEDSandnowmergedintoUGS’sproduct NX(Unigraphics). IDEMA~InternationalDiskdriveEquipmentandMaterialsAssociation~International not-for-profittradeassociationthatrepresentstheHardDiskDrive(HDD)industryandits infrastructure.SeealsoÂhttp://www.idema.org/ iDEN~integrateddigitalenhancednetwork~AMotorola-enhancedmobileradio networktechnologythatintegratestwo-wayradio,telephone,textmessaging,anddata transmissionintoasinglenetwork. IDF~Intermediatedistributionframe~Physicallayer-StructuredcablingorTelecom Glossary IDIM~IdentityInformationManagement~Asetofprinciples,practices,policies, processesandproceduresthatareusedwithinanorganizationtomanageidentity informationandrealizedesiredoutcomesconcerningidentity IDIOT~IntrusionDetectionInOurTime~Projecttodevelopanewapproachtoefficient misusedetectionmethods.Itsdesignmadeuseofanewclassificationofintrusion methodsbasedoncomplexityofmatchingandtemporalcharacteristics IDIQ~indefinitedelivery/indefinitequantity;~Contractsthatenablegovernment customerstobuyITservicesfrompre-selectedvendorsatpre-negotiatedrates.These contracts,developedandadministeredbyindividualgovernmentorganizationstomeet theirownITservicerequirements,areusuallyavailabletoallfederalagenciesforasmall administrativefee. IDL~InterfaceDefinitionLanguage~Alanguageusedtodescribetheinterfacetoa softwarecomponentorroutineinamannerthatisnotdependentonaparticular programminglanguageoroperatingsystem. IDM~InternetDownloadManager~IDMisatooltoincreasedownloadspeedsbyupto 5times,resumeandscheduledownloads.Âhttp://www.internetdownloadmanager.com/ IDOL~IntelligentDataOperatingLayer~heartofÂAutonomy’sÂinfrastructure IDOM~integrateddocumentandoutputmanagement~Gartner’stermforanintegrated collectionoftechnologies,architecturesandservicesaimedatapplyingthevalueof informationindocumentstobusinesspractices.IDOMtakesadigitalapproachto reducingtheburdenandcostofpaper-baseddocuments. IDQ~InformaticaDataQuality~InformaticaÂDataQualitySolutiondeliverspervasive dataquality IDR~IntelligentDisasterRecovery~Backupexecoptionfortape-basedsystemrecovery IDS~IntrusionDetectionSystem~Security-CiscoProductIndex IDS~intrusiondetectionsystem~Softwarethatdetectsattemptsorsuccessfulattackson monitoredresourcesthatarepartofanetworkorhostsystem. IDS~intrusiondetectionsystem~Softwarethatnotifiestheuserofattemptstohackinto, disrupt,ordenyservicetothesystem. IDT~(originally)InternationalDiscountTelecommunications~atelecommunications andenergycompanyheadquarteredinNewark,NewJersey.http://www.idt.net/ iDTV~Interactivedigitaltelevision~Adigitaltelevisionbroadcastlinkedtoareturn paththatenablesconsumerstosendandreceiveindividualizedmessagesinrealtimeon theirtelevisionset. IDU~interfacedataunit~interfacedataunit IE~InternetExplorer~MicrosoftInternetExplorer.cfIE4,IE5,IE6,MSIE. IEC~CommissionElectrotechniqueInternationale(French)~Organization-IEC IEC~Inter-exchangeCarrier~Alongdistancetelephonecompany. IEC~InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission~anorganizationthatsetsnumerous standardsfortheelectronicsindustry.Webaddress:www.iec.ch. IEE~InstitutionofElectricalEngineers~SeethematÂHTTP://IEE.ORG IEEE~InstituteforElectricalandElectronicEngineers~Organization-IEEE IEEE~InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers~Anorganizationofengineers, scientistsandstudentsinvolvedinelectrical,electronicsandrelatedfields.IEEE802 standardisthemostwidelyrecognizedinthecomputerindustry.See also:Âhttp://www.ieee.org/ IES~IntegratedEnvironmentalSolutions~TheIESSketchUpplug-inisatoolbarthat sitswithintheÂGoogleSketchUpÂapplicationandgivesdirectaccesstoallofIntegrated EnvironmentalSolutions(IES)buildingsimulationtools. IETF~InternetEngineeringTaskForce~Organization-IETF IETF~InternetEngineeringTaskForce~ThissubgroupoftheInternetSocietyis responsibleforrecommendingprotocolsandproceduresusedovertheInternet.It comprisesrepresentativesfromvendor,governmentandacademiccommunities,andis dividedintosixsubcommittees.Âhttp://www.ietf.org/ IFB~InternetFree/Busy~MicrosoftOutlookfeature iFCP~InternetFibreChannelProtocol~anemergingprotocoldealingwithbackupand storage.Itisagateway-to-gatewayprotocolfortheimplementationofaFibreChannel fabricinwhichTCP/IPswitchingandroutingelementsreplaceFibreChannel components. IFL~IntegratedFacilityforLinux~anIBMmainframeprocessordedicatedtorunning theLinuxoperatingsystem,withorwithoutz/VM. iFrame~inlineframe~abrowserfeaturethatenablesanHTMLpagetobedisplayed withinitsownrectangleanywhereonanotherHTMLpage.Whennecessary,inlineframes containhorizontalandverticalscrollbarstoenableuserstoviewallofthepage’scontents withintheframe. IFRS~InternationalFinancialReportingStandards~principles-basedStandards, InterpretationsandtheFramework(1989)[1]adoptedbytheInternationalAccounting StandardsBoard(IASB). IGF~InternetGovernanceForum~amulti-stakeholderforumforpolicydialogueon issuesofInternetgovernance.ItsestablishmentwasannouncedbytheUNSecretary GeneralinJuly2006.ItfirstconvenedinOctober/November2006. IGMP~InternetGroupManagementProtocol~TheTCP/IPprotocolthatpermits InternethoststotakepartinIPmulticasting.Itisanefficientmeansofbroadcasting messagestogroupsofend-stations IGP~interiorgatewayprotocol~Atypeofnetworkprotocolusedbyinteriorroutersto moveinformationwithinanautonomoussystemorgroupofnetworksunderthecontrol andauthorityofasingleentity.IGPstransferpacketsfromonenetworktoanadjacent one. IGRP~InteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol~KindofIGPwhichisadistance-vector routingprotocolinventedbyCisco,usedbyrouterstoexchangeroutingdatawithinan autonomoussystem IGS~IBMGlobalServices~IBMGlobalServices IHS~IntegratedHeatSpreader~ThetopsurfaceoftheIHSisdesignedtobethe interfaceforcontactingaHS/HSF.Allowsmoreeffecientheattransferoutofthepackage toanattachedcoolingdevice.Transformnon-uniformheatfromthedietothetopofthe IHSformoreuniformspread IHV~Independenthardwarevendor~ahardware-manufacturingcompanythat specializesinaspecifictypeofhardwaredeviceandnotacompletecomputersystem. IIOP~InternetInter-ORBProtocol~aprotocolthatextendsTCP/IPbyaddingCORBA definedmessagesforobjectstoconnecttoeachotheroverthenetwork. IIS~InternetInformationServer~Microsoft’sHypertextTransportProtocol(HTTP) server,originallypackagedwiththeWindowsNToperatingsystem. IKE~InternetKeyExchange~anIETFstandardapproachtoexchangingkeysfor communications,typicallyusedwithimplementationsofIPSec. ILEC~IndependentLocalExchangeCarrier~Thesecompaniesarethehistorical ‘Independents’whooperatealocaltelephonebusiness. ILEs~Immersivelearningenvironments~learningsituationsthatareconstructedusinga varietyoftechniquesandsoftwaretoolsincludinggame-basedlearning,simulation-based learningandvirtualworlds. ILM~IBMLicenseManager~PlannedtechnologyannouncedbyIBMaspartofthe zSeriesproductlaunchinOctober2000.TheILMmonitorwouldhaveallowedIBMand otherparticipatingvendorstosupplyusageinformationtodeterminelicensecompliance andprovideavehicleforsoftwareassetmanagement. ILM~InformationLifecycleManagement~InformationLifecycleManagement. iLO~IntegratedLights-Out~RemotemanagementfeatureonHPservers. ILP~initialloaderprogram~readsanexistingfilecontainingdatabaserecords;also calledaboot-loader IM~IdentityManagement~anintegratedsystemofbusinessprocesses,policiesand technologiesthatenableorganizationstofacilitateandcontroltheirusers’accesstocritical onlineapplicationsandresourceswhileprotectingconfidentialpersonalandbusiness informationfromunauthorizedusers. IM~InstantMessaging~Thefacilitytosendandreceivevirtuallyinstantaneoustext messagesacrosstheinternetallowingatextbasedconversationinrealtime.Thisallows two(ormore)peoplewiththesame(orcompatible)instantmessagingsoftwaretotype messagestoeachother. IMAC~installations,moves,addsandchanges~Generaltermfortheroutinework performedoncomputerequipmentinanenterprise,includinginstallations,relocationsand upgrades IMAP~InternetMessageAccessProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC3501 IMAP~InternetMessageAccessProtocol~Itisamethodofaccessinge-mailmessages onaserverwithouthavingtodownloadthemtoyourlocalharddrive.Thisisthemain differencebetweenIMAPandanotherpopulare-mailprotocolcalled‘POP3.’POP3 requiresuserstodownloadmessagestotheirharddrivebeforereadingthem.The advantageofusinganIMAPmailserveristhatuserscanchecktheirmailfrommultiple computersandalwaysseethesamemessages. IMAPI~ImageMasteringApplicationProgrammingInterface~Allowsanapplicationto stageandburnasimpleaudioordataimagetoCD-RorCD-RWdevices IMC~IntelligentManagementÂCenter~HP’ssinglepanemanagementplatformthat allowsforÂmanagement/visibilityandintegrationoftraditionallyseparatemanagement tools IMC~InternetMailConsortium~aninternationalorganizationfocusedoncooperatively managingandpromotingtherapidly-expandingworldofelectronicmailonthe Internet.Âhttp://www.imc.org/ IME~InputMethodEditor~Aprogramthatperformstheconversionbetween keystrokesandideographsorothercharacters,usuallybyuser-guideddictionarylookup. IMEI~InternationalMobileEquipmentIdentifier~Uniquecodegiventomobilephones toidentifythem.Thecodeislockedtothephoneandnotthesim. IMS~InformationManagementSystem~DBMSfromIBM IMS~IPmultimediasystems~IMSisanemergingarchitecturestandardthatdefines hownetworkelementsinteroperatetoprovidevoice,data,andvideoservicesand applicationsinanycombination,onanynetwork(fixedormobile). IMSI~InternationalMobileSubscriberIdentity~AuniquenumberwithintheSIMcard thatidentifiesthesubscribertothesystem IMUX~InverseMultiplexer~InverseMultiplexer INAP~IntelligentNetworkApplicationProtocol~Allowsapplicationstocommunicate betweenvariousnodes/functionalentitiesofanintelligentnetwork.Theprotocoldefines theoperationsrequiredtobeperformedbetweennodes/functionalentitiesforproviding intelligentnetworkservices INC~InternationalNetworkofCrackers~oneofthepremiercracking/releasingwarez fortheIBMPCduringtheverylate1980sandearly90s. InfoSec~InformationSecurity~Protectionofinformationtoinsureconfidentiality, integrity,andavailability. INIfile~initializationfile~CommonlyusedinMicrosoftWindows3.xÂandearlier,INI fileshavebeenusedbyboththeoperatingsystemandindividualapplicationstostore persistentsettingsrelatedtoanapplication,driver,orpieceofhardware. Inmarsat~InternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization~Aglobalmobilesatellite communicationsoperatorwithheadquartersinLondon.Originallyformedasan intergovernmentalorganization,Inmarsatbecamealimitedcompanyin1999. INTAP~InteroperabilityTechnologyAssociationforInformationProcessing~The technicalorganizationthatofficiallydevelopsJapaneseOSIprofilesandconformance tests Intel~INTegratedELectronics~CPUmarketleader. InterNIC~InternetNetworkInformationCenter~heInterNICisanorganizationcreated bytheNationalScienceFoundationtoprovideInternetinformationanddomainname registrationservices.WhiletheInterNICwasstartedasajointeffortbetweenNetwork SolutionsandAT&T,itisnowrunbytheInternetCorporationForAssignedNamesand Numbers(ICANN). IOA~input/outputadapter~AfunctionalunitorapartofanI/Ocontrollerthatconnects devicestoanI/Oprocessor. IOA~input/outputadapter~Fordevices,theelectricalcircuitsonalogiccardthat connectonedevicetoanother. IOA~input/outputadapter~Acircuitboardcontaininglogicandinternalsoftwarethat bridgesaninternalprocessorormemoryinterconnectschemeandanexternal,common, standardchannelorlink. IOCA~ImageObjectContentArchitecture~Adefineddatastreamusedtostoreraster imagedata. IOCA~ImageObjectContentArchitecture~Anarchitecturethatprovidesacollectionof constructsusedtointerchangeandpresentimages. IOD~in-orderdelivery~Infibre-channeltechnology,aparameterthat,whenset, guaranteesthatframesareeitherdeliveredinorderordropped. iODBC~IndependentOpenDataBaseConnectivity~Opensource,platformindependent implementationofboththeODBCandX/Openspecifications.Itisrapidlyemergingas theindustrystandardfordevelopingsolutionsthatarelanguage,platformanddatabase independent.SeealsoÂhttp://www.iodbc.org/ IOM~IntegratedObjectModel~asetofobject-basedinterfacestofeaturesorservices thatareprovidedbyBaseSASsoftware.IOMenablesapplicationdeveloperstouse industry-standardprogramminglanguages,programmingtools,andcommunication protocolstodevelopclientprogramsthataccesstheseservicesonIOMservers. IONL~InternalOrganizationoftheNetworkLayer~TheISO/OSIstandardforthe architectureofthenetworklayer.TheIONLdividesthenetworklayerintosubnetworks interconnectedbyconvergenceprotocols(internetworkingprotocols),resultingina catenetorinternet IOP~Interoperability~Abilityofequipmentfromdifferentmanufacturers(ordifferent implementations)tooperatetogether. IOPS~Input/Outputoperationspersecond~Input/Outputoperationspersecond. IoS~InternetoverSatellite~ThistechnologyallowsausertoaccesstheInternetviaa satellitethatorbitstheearth.Fromafixedposition(alsoreferredtoasGEOS),the statelliteisabletomaintainareliableconnectiontotheantennasontheearth.Itorbitsthe earthattheexactspeedoftheearth’srotation. iOS~iPhoneOS~iOS(previouslyiPhoneOS)isamobileoperatingsystemdeveloped byAppleInc.anddistributedexclusivelyforApplehardware.Itistheoperatingsystem thatpowersmanyofthecompany’siDevices. IOS~internationaloperatorservices(IOSTelecom)~callcenteroperator-services providersintheU.S.Âhttp://www.iostelecom.com/ IOS~InternetworkOperatingSystem~thesoftwareusedonthevastmajorityofCisco SystemsroutersandcurrentCisconetworkswitches. IoT~InternetofThings~IoTiswhentheInternetandnetworksexpandtoplacessuchas manufacturingfloors,energygrids,healthcarefacilities,andtransportation. IOTP~InternetOpenTradingProtocol~anIETFspecificationwhichdefinesawayto createabusinesstradingenvironmentthatismorereliableandpersonalthanexisting methodsbygivingtheconsumermoreopportunitiestointeractdirectlywithallpartiesof atransaction. IP~InternetProtocol~InternetLayer-RFC791RFC1606 IP~IntellectualProperty~IPistherightsinideas(e.g.inaninventionwhichwillbe protectedbypatentlaw)orexpressionofideas(e.g.abookordrawingwhichwillbe protectedbycopyrightlaw) IP~InternetProtocol~ThebasicunderlyingprotocoloftheInternet,originally developedduringa15-yearperiodundertheauspicesoftheU.S.DepartmentofDefense. UsedinconjunctionwithTCP,itprovidesacommonaddresssystemandcommunications protocoltotracktheaddressesofnetworknodes,routeoutgoingmessagesandrecognize incomingones. IPaddress/number~InternetProtocoladdresss/number~InternetProtocoladdress(IP address)isauniquenumberconsistingof4partsseparatedbydots,e.g.165.113.245.3 EverymachinethatisontheInternethasauniqueIPnumber. IPPBX~InternetProtocolprivatebranchexchange~IPPBXvendorsreplacethe traditionalTDM/PCMcircuitswitchingandofferaIP-switchingplatformforvoice communications.Thecommunicationserversprovidetruemultimediacapabilityandoffer manyadvantagesforhighbandwidthapplications. IPtelephony~InternetProtocoltelephony~Voicetrafficordatatrafficthathas traditionallybeentreatedlikevoicetraffic-itistransmittedoveranIPnetwork.Three distincttypesofIPtelephonytrafficexist:real-timevoice,non-real-timevoiceandfax. IPA~intelligentprocessautomation~Theautomationofrepeatableoperationaldecisions withinbusinessprocesssets IPAM~Intellectualpropertyassetmanagement~Discoveringandexploitinggapsin competitors’patentstrategiesandtheirownpatentstrategiesandinventingoracquiring intellectualproperty(IP)tocoverthosegaps. IPAM~IPAddressManagement~IPAddressManagement IPC~interprocesscommunication~Theprocessbywhichprogramssendmessagesto eachother. IPC~interprocesscommunication~Amechanismofanoperatingsystemthatallows processestocommunicatewitheachotherwithinthesamecomputeroroveranetwork. IPL~initialprogramload~Theprocessthatloadsthesystemprogramsfromthesystem auxiliarystorage,checksthesystemhardware,andpreparesthesystemforuser operations. IPL~initialprogramload~Theprocessofloadingtheoperatingsystemandotherbasic softwareintomainstorage. IPL/IPLC~internationalprivateline/internationalprivateleasedcircuit~point-topointprivatelineusedbyanorganizationtocommunicatebetweenofficesthatare geographicallydispersedthroughouttheworld. IPM~InternetworkPerformanceMonitor~Cisconetworkresponsetimeandavailability troubleshootingapplication IPMX~IPmanagementexchange~Aservice,residinginthenetwork,operatedbya neutralproviderthatmediatesqualityofservice,revenuesettlement,andperformance managementamongdifferentcarriernetworks. I-PNNI~IntegratedPrivateNetwork-NetworkInterface~PNNI-compatibleprotocol usedtoexchangeinformationbetweenroutersthataugmentorreplaceprotocolssuch asÂOSPFÂandIPX. IPP~InternetPrintingProtocol~Aclient-serverprotocolforprintingovertheInternet. TheMacOSXprintinginfrastructureandtheMacOSXServerprintservicethatâ€™s builtonitsupportIPP. IPPP~Internetpresenceproviderandpromoter~acompanythathelpsanenterprise createaWebsite,arrangeforhosting(housing,maintaining,andprovidingInternet access)fortheWebsite,andpromoteanaudienceforit. IPR~IntellectualPropertyRights~alegalfieldrelatedtocreationsofthemindsuchas musical,literary,andartisticworks;inventions;andsymbols,names,images,anddesigns usedincommerce,includingcopyrights,trademarks,patents,andrelatedrights. IPRM~intellectualpropertyrightsmanagement~IPRmanagement IPRR~Intellectualpropertyrightsandroyalties~softwareletscompanieswithdigital mediaassetsmonetizethoseassetsbyissuingcontractsthatlicensetheuseoftheirIPfor distribution,incorporationwithadvertising,useinconsumerproducts,ordisplay throughÂtraditionalanddigitalmeansinvehiclesotherthanthoseownedbythe copyrightholder. IPS~Intrusionpreventionsystem~Security-‘NIST-GuidetoIntrusionDetectionand PreventionSystems(IDPS)’.2007-02.Retrieved2010-08-24. IPS~intrusionpreventionsystem~BeyondanIDS,anIPStakestheadditionalstepof blockingtheattemptedintrusion.IPSmonitorsnetworkand/orsystemactivitiesfor maliciousorunwantedbehaviorandcanreact,inreal-time,toblockorpreventthose activities. IPSec~IPSecurity~AcollectionofInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)standards thatdefineanarchitectureattheIPlayertoprotectIPtrafficbyusingvarioussecurity services. IPSec~IPSecurity~Aprotocolthatprovidescryptographicsecurityservicesatthe networklayer. IPT~IdentityProtectionTechnology~technologyin2ndGenerationIntelÂ®Coreâ„¢ processorplatforms IPT~IPtelephony~thetransmissionofvoiceconversations(phone-to-phone)over packetIPT-switchedIPdatanetworks,suchasprivateenterpriseLANs,WANs, intranetsandtheInternet.Specifically,IPtelephonyinvolvesthedeliveryofthetelephony applicationoverIP,insteadofacircuit-switchedorothermodality. IPTV~InternetProtocolTelevision~atermusedtodescribethedistributionofvideo andTVservicesviaabroadbandconnectionusingInternettechnology.IPTViscommonly associatedwiththedeliveryofon-demandTV,whereviewersaccessprogrammingasand whentheywantwithoutwaitingforbroadcastschedules. IPTV~InternetProtocolTelevision~InPCInternetterms,IPTVisusedtodescribethe deliveryofcontentoverInternetinfrastructureusingasetofproprietaryprotocols developedbyatechnologyprovidersuchasJoost. IPv4~InternetProtocol,version4~ThemostwidleyusedversionoftheIP.IPv4allows foratheoreticalmaximumofapproximatelyfourbillionÂIPNumbersÂ(technically232), buttheactualnumberisfarlessduetoinefficienciesinthewayblocksofnumbersare handledbynetworks. IPv6~InternetProtocalversion6~Everycomputersystemanddeviceconnectedtothe InternetislocatedbyanIPaddress.ThecurrentsystemofdistributingIPaddressesis calledIPv4.Thissystemassignseachcomputera32-bitnumericaddress,suchas 120.121.123.124. IPv6CP~IPv6PPPControlProtocol~responsibleforconfiguring,enablingand disablingtheIPv6protocolmodulesonbothendsofaÂPPPÂlink. IPX~InternetworkPacketExchange~Itisanetworkingprotocolusedtoconnect networksbasedonNovell’sNetWare.IPXis‘connectionless,’meaningitdoesn’trequire connectionstobemaintainedduringanexchangeofpackets,likeaphonecalldoes. IR~InfraRed~AnIRdeviceisonewhichisabletouseinfraredforcommunication,a typeofwirelessdevice. IR~InternetRegistry~TheIANAhasthediscretionaryauthoritytodelegateportionsof itsresponsibilityand,withrespecttonetworkaddressandAutonomousSystemidentifiers, haslodgedthisresponsibilitywithanIR. IRC~InternetRelayChat~Basicallyahugemulti-userlivechatfacility.Therearea numberofmajorIRCserversaroundtheworldwhicharelinkedtoeachother.Anyone cancreateachannelandanythingthatanyonetypesinagivenchannelisseenbyall othersinthechannel. IRF~IntelligentResilientFramework~HPfrankworkbuilttofailovertootherswitches incaseofanoutageorotherdisaster. iRMC~IntegratedRemoteManagementController~ImplementationofaRemote AccessCard(RAC)byFujitsu IRP~I/oRequestPacket~DatastructureusedbyWindowstocommunicatetokernelmodedevicedrivers IRQ~InterruptRequest~PCsuseinterruptrequeststomanagevarioushardware operations.Devicessuchassoundcards,modems,andkeyboardscanallsendinterrupt requeststotheprocessor. IRS~InterruptSource~Synonymouswithbadguys,snakes,nightmares,ulcers,high bloodpressure,auditsandsystemcrashes!SeethematÂHTTP://WWW.IRS.GOV IRTF~InternetResearchTaskForce~agroupfocusedonresearchingInternetprotocols, applications,architectureandtechnologyÂhttp://www.irtf.org/ IRU~IndefeasibleRightofUse~acontractualagreementbetweentheoperatorsofa communicationscable,suchassubmarinecommunicationscable IS~InformationSystems~thedepartmentthatisinchargeofinformationservices, informationmanagementandcomputingingeneralinlargerbusinesses. ISA~IndustryStandardAdapter~Theoriginal8-and16-bitexpansioncardstandard usedinPCs.ISAcardsrunatabusspeedof8MHz. ISA~InternetSecurityandAcceleration~MicrosoftFirewallClient. ISACA~InformationSystemsAuditandControlAssociation~ SeeÂhttp://www.isaca.org/ ISAM~IndexedSequentialAccessMethod~apopularformofrecordretrievalfrom filesonlargersystems.ThismethodwasconsistentwithÂIBM’sÂmethodofdealing withmultipleusersinthesamefileatthesametime. ISATAP~Intra-SiteAutomaticTunnelAddressingProtocol~anIPv6transition mechanismmeanttotransmitIPv6packetsbetweendual-stacknodes ISC~InternetSoftwareConsortium~anonprofitcorporationdedicatedtoproductionqualitysoftwareengineeringforkeyInternetstandardsÂhttp://www.isc.org/ iSCSI~InternetSCSI~Aproposednetworktransportstandard-supportedbyagroup ofvendorsthatincludeCiscoSystems,AdaptecandIBM-designedto enablesÂSANsÂtobebuiltusingÂSCSIprotocols.ItworksbyencapsulatingSCSIdata inIPpacketsfortransportoverIP-basednetworks. ISDN~IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork~Telecom-IECArea716-xx ISDN~IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork~Atechnicalstandardanddesignphilosophy fordigitalnetworks.ISDNprovideshigh-speed,high-bandwidthchannelstosubscribers viathepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork,achievingend-to-enddigitalfunctionswith standardequipmentinterfacedevices. ISIS~ImageandScannerInterfaceSpecification~Acommoninterfacestandardthat allowsconsistentscannercontroldialogue.CreatedbyPixelTranslations(nowpartof ActionPoint),ISIShasbecomeapopularstandardfordocument-imagingscanners. IS-IS~IntermediateSystemtoIntermediateSystem(routingprotocol)~InternetLayerISO/IEC10589:2002 IS-IS~Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System~Aroutingmethodamong intermediatesystemsthatrequirestheendsystems,ratherthantheintermediatesystems, toberesponsibleforprovidingerrorcorrection.Itreducescomplexityandoverheadof routingprotocols. ISL~inter-switchlink~Thephysicalconnectionthatcarriesaprotocolfor interconnectingmultipleroutersandswitchesinaSAN. ISM~industrial,scientificandmedical~Theindustrial,scientificandmedical(ISM) radiobands. ISN~InitialSequenceNumbers~Anumber,createdbyanoperatingsystem,that computersusetoreconstructdatasentovertheInternet. ISO~InternationalOrganizationforStandardization~ISOfollowedbyanumberisused toidentifyoneofthepublishedISOstandards. ISOC~InternetSOCiety~BasedinHerndon,Virginia,theInternetSocietypromotesthe Internetandcoordinatesstandards.Youcanvisittheirsite(http://www.isoc.org/) ISP~Internetserviceprovider~Telecom-TelecomGlossary ISP~InternetServiceProvider~AninstitutionthatprovidesaccesstotheInternetin someform,usuallyformoney. ISR~interruptserviceroutine~Asmallpieceofsoftwareexecutedinresponsetoa particularinterrupt. ISS~InternetSecuritySystems~AnsecuritysoftwarevendorheadquarteredinAtlanta. acquiredbyIBM ISSAC~InformationSystemforAdvancedAcademicComputing~Servesasa clearinghouseforinformationabouttheuseofIBM-compatiblehardwareandsoftwareas aidstoinstructionandresearchinhighereducation.Membershipisfreetoallstudents, faculty,andstaffattheseinstitutions. ISTG~InterSiteTopologyGenerator~Managingactivedirectoryreplication ISUP~ISDNUserPart~partoftheSS#7whichisusedtosetuptelephonecallsin PSTN ISV~independentsoftwarevendor~Asoftwareproducerthatisnotownedorcontrolled byamajorITvendor.AnISVisacompanywhoseprimaryfunctionistodistribute software. IT~InformationTechnology~broadsubjectconcernedwithtechnologyandother aspectsofmanagingandprocessinginformation,especiallyinlargeorganizations. ITAD~ITassetdisposition~Processestoredeploy,remarket,donate,recycle,ordispose ofITassetsincompliancewithdatasecurity,environmental,andindustryregulations. ITAM~ITassetmanagement~AsystematicapproachtomanagingITassetsthroughout theirlifecycle,fromprocurementthroughretirementanddisposal. ITC~ITconsolidation~ITconsolidation ITCAM~IBMTivoliCompositeApplicationMonitoring~IBMTivoliITmanagement sofware ITCM~ITChangeManagement~toolfunctionalitygovernsdocumentation,review, approval,coordination,scheduling,monitoringandreportingofRFCs.Thebasic functionalrequirementsbeginintheareaofcasedocumentation,withindustry-standard assignmentcapabilitiesofclassificationandcategorization. ITCS~IntermodalTransportControlSystem~Performance-mindedtransportsystem placehighdemandsonthequalityoftheirtransportnetwork. ITeS~InformationTechnologyEnabledServices~outsourcingofprocessesthatcanbe enabledwithinformationtechnologyandcoversdiverseareaslikefinance,HR, administration,healthcare,telecommunication,manufacturingetc.Armedwith technologyandmanpower,theseservicesareprovidedfrome-enabledlocations. ITIL~InformationTechnologyInfrastructureLibrary~Aninitiativedevelopedbythe CentralComputingandTelecommunicationsAgencyconsultancyforthegovernmentof theUnitedKingdom.Itoffersasetofbestpracticesin24servicedeliveryandITservice supportareas,includinghelpdesk,problemmanagement,changemanagement,software distributionandcostcontrol. ITL~InstructionalTechnologyLab~TheACCC’sITL,whichhelpsfacultyand computersupportstaffworkwithinstructionaltechnology.seetheÂITLhomepage. ITLA~IncrementedThreeLetterAcronym~atonetimeIBMranoutofTLAs.Inorder tomovetofourletteracronyms,theyhadtocomeupwithafourletteracronymtoreplace TLA.SoITLAwasadoptedasthe‘standard’todescribeallfourletteracronyms! ITO~IToutsourcing~Thecontractualvehiclethroughwhichenterprisesuseexternal sourcestoprovidelifecycleserviceandsupportoperationsfortheirITinfrastructure. Outsourcingcanbepartialortotal,andcaninvolvenotonlyoperationsbutalsothe acquisitionofcustomerassetsandpersonnel. ITOM~IToperationsmanagement~IToperationsmanagement ITU~InternationalTelecommunicationUnion~Thisisaninternationalorganization, headquarteredinGeneva,Switzerland,withinwhichgovernmentsandtheprivatesector coordinateglobaltelecommunicationsnetworksandservices.See also:Âhttp://www.itu.int/ ITU-T~InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion~Organization-http://www.itu.int ITWAB~ITWorkloadAutomationBrokerTools~technologydesignedtoovercomethe staticandmanualnatureofschedulingjobs.It’scapableofmanagingmixedworkloads basedonbusinesspolicies,whereresourcesareassignedandunassignedinanautomated fashiontomeetservice-levelobjectives. ITXC~InternetTelephonyExchangeCarrier~aUSbasedwholesaleproviderofVoiP, Internet-basedphonecalls.acquiredbyTeleglobeBermudaLtd.in2004 IVANS~InternationalValueAddedNetworkServices~IVANSisanexternalpublic telecommunicationservicewhichprovidescustomerswithenhancedservicessuchas electronicmailboxmessaging,datainterchangeordatabaseaccessandretrievaletc. IVDT~IntegratedVoiceandDataTerminal~Adualfunctiondeviceincorporatingbotha terminalkeyboard/displayandvoicetelephone. IVIS~in-vehicleinformationsystem~Asystemthatenablesintelligentvehiclesto providethefunctionalitytoincreasetheproductivityandsafetyofthedriver. IVR~interactivevoiceresponse~Thisfunctionenablescallerstopushbuttonsin responsetovoicepromptstolistentorecordedinformation,orhavetheircalls automaticallyroutedtoanappropriatequeueorparty. IXC~InterexchangeCarrier~Anyindividual,partnership,association,joint-stock company,trust,governmentalentityorcorporationengagedforhireininterstateorforeign communicationbywireorradiobetweentwoormoreexchanges. IXS~IntegratedxSeriesServer~AnIntelserverthatfitsinsideSystemiproductsto supportlargerWindowsapplicationdemands. ~J~ J2EE~Java2Platform,EnterpriseEdition~ASunMicrosystemsplatformspecification andbrandinginitiativethatprovidesaunifyingumbrellaforenterprise-orientedJava technologies.J2EEfocusesonserver-side,multitierservices.J2EEincludestheJava ServerPages,JavaServletsandEnterpriseJavaBeansprogrammingmodels,anumberof protocolsandapplicationprogramminginterfaces,areferenceimplementation,atestsuite, andanapplicationmodel. J2ME~Java2platform,MicroEdition~refertoJ2EE J2SE~Java2platform,StandardEdition~refertoJ2EE JAAS~JavaAuthenticationandAuthorizationService~apackagethatenablesservices toauthenticateandenforceaccesscontrolsuponusers.ItimplementsaJavaversionofthe standardPluggableAuthenticationModule(PAM)framework,andsupportsuser-based authorization JACK~JACKAudioConnectionKit~soundserverordaemonthatprovideslowlatency connectionsbetweenso-calledjackifiedapplications.ItiscreatedbyPaulDavisand othersandlicensedundertheÂGPL.JACKisfreeaudiosoftware. JAD~jointapplicationdevelopment~aRAD(RapidApplicationDevelopment)concept, whichinvolvescooperationbetweenthedesignerofacomputersystemandtheenduser todevelopasystemthatexactlymeetstheuser’sneeds. JAMES~JavaApacheMailEnterpriseServer~a100%pureJavaserver,designedtobe acompleteandportableenterprisemailenginesolutionbasedoncurrentlyavailableopen protocols JAR~JavaArchive~afilecontainingacollectionofJavaclassfilesthatcanbe downloadedmoreefficientlythanwouldbepossibleifeachfileweredownloaded separately. JBIG~JointBi-levelImageexpertsGroup~Thiswas(andis)agroupofexperts nominatedbynationalstandardsbodiesandmajorcompaniestoworktoproduce standardsforbi-levelimagecoding.Seealsohttp://www.jbig.org/ JBL~JameB.Lansing~(JameB.Lansing)Speakers JBOD~JustaBunchofDisks~referstodrivesthatresideintheirownenclosure externaltotheserver,butcontainnoRAIDintelligence.JBODdrivesaredependenton theserverforRAIDfunctionality. JCA~JavaÂConnectorArchitecture~Javainteroperabilitytechniques JCAHO~JointCommissiononAccreditationofHealthcareOrganizations~AnU.S. independent,not-for-profitorganizationdevotedtohealthcarestandardssettingand accreditation. JCB~jobcontrolblock~Agroupofdatacontainingtheexecution-controldataandthe jobidentificationwhen. JCL~JobControlLanguage~JCLisasetofcontrolstatementspunchedontocomputer cardsusedtodirecttheexecutionofcomputerprogramsanddescribetheinput/output devicesusedonIBMcomputersrunningtheOS/360andlateroperatingsystems.JCL servesasameansofcommunicationbetweentheuser’sprogramandthesystem. J-code~Japancode~aslangnicknameforthesoftwarewritteninJapanesecompanies, whichhasareputationforbeingoverlycomplex.J-codeisalsoslangforrulesthatare enforcedonlytopreserveahierarchyofmanagement.Thisreferstothemultiplelayersof managementinJapanesebusinessculture. JCP~JavaCommunityProcess~AprogramcreatedbySunMicrosystemstoprovidean openforumforJavadevelopers,licenseesandothermembers.JCP’scharteristodevelop Javatechnologyspecifications,referenceimplementationsandtechnologycompatibility kits. JDBC~JavaDataBaseConnectivity~Anapplicationprograminterfacespecificationfor connectingprogramswritteninJavatothedatainadatabase.ItisaJavaÂAPIÂthat enablesJavaprogramstoexecuteSQLstatementsandinteractwithanyÂSQL-compliant database. JDK~JavaDevelopmentKit~AsoftwaredevelopmentpackagefromSunMicrosystems thatimplementsthebasicsetoftoolsneededtowrite,testanddebugJavaÂapplications andÂapplets JEDEC~JointElectronicDevicesEngineeringCouncil~Aninternationalbodyof semiconductormanufacturersthatsetICstandards. JES~JobEntrySubsystem~AnIBMlicensedprogramthatreceivesjobsintothesystem andprocessesalloutputdatathatisproducedbyjobs. JFK~JustFastKeying~asimpleprotocolforestablishingVPNsessions JFS~JournalingFileSystem~ThenativefilesystemintheAIXoperatingsystem. JFS~JournalingFileSystem~Atechnologydesignedforhigh-throughputserver environments,whichareimportantforrunningintranetandotherhigh-performanceebusinessfileservers. JIA~JointInnovationAssessment~anengagementwherebyafullauditofaclientâ€™s andasupplier’sinnovationcapabilitiescanbeassessedinordertopreparefuturejoint innovationworkorajointinnovationprogram. JIT~Just-in-time~ThisisatypeofJavacompilerthatinterpretsaclassfile,then compilestheinformationintonativecode.Â JITA~JustInTimeActivation~AllowsanobjectstotellCOM+thatitsworkisdone andthatitcanbedestroyed JITT~just-in-timetraining~Atrainingmethodologyinwhichusersaretrainedina technologyjustwhentheybeginusingit. JJ~JosephsonJunction~Athininsulatinglayersurroundedbysuperconductingmaterial inasuperconductingcircuit. JMS~JavaÂMessagingService~partoftheJavaEEspecifications JNI~JavaNativeInterface~AtechnologyforbridgingC-basedcodewithJava. JOA~JointOpportunityAssessment~anengagementwherebyaserviceproviderhelps hisclientelicittherequirementandthepotentialimpactofalargeprojectoran outsourcingproject.JOA’stypicallyincludebutarenotlimitedto:strategicguidelinesto improveworkefficiency,businessprocesses,TCO,etc JOLAP~JavaInterfaceforOLAP~AJavaapplicationprogramminginterfaceforthe J2EEenvironment.JOLAPsupportsthecreationandmaintenanceofÂOLAPÂdataand metadata,independentofvendor. JPDL~jBossprocessdefinitionlanguage~basedonamodelofnodes,transactionsand actions.jPDLspecifiesanxmlschemaandmechanismtopackageallprocessdefinition relatedfiles. JPEG/JPG~JointPhotographicExpertsGroup~JPEG(pronouncedJAY-peg)ismost commonlymentionedasaformatforimagefiles.JPEGformatispreferredto theÂGIFÂformatforphotographicimagesasopposedtolineartorsimplelogoart. JRE~JavaRuntimeEnvironment~TheJREisdevelopedbySunMicrosystems(the creatorofJava)andincludestheJavaVirtualMachine(JVM),codelibraries,and components,whicharenecessarytorunprogramswritteninJava.TheJREisavailablefor multiplecomputerplatforms,includingMac,Windows,andUnix. JS~JavaScript~alanguagethatallowsawebpagetoincludecommandstobeexecuted bythewebbrowser.Forexample,youmaywishyourwebpagetohavedialogboxesthat appearwhentheuserclicksoncertainplaces. JSON~JavaScriptObjectNotation~Aformatforexchangingdatathatarestructuredas acollectionofname-valuepairsoranorderedlistofvalues.ÂJSON.org JSP~JavaServerPage~ThisstandardwasdevelopedbySunMicrosystemsasan alternativetoMicrosoft’sactiveserverpage(ASP)technology.JSPpagesaresimilarto ASPpagesinthattheyarecompiledontheserver,ratherthaninauser’sWebbrowser. However,JSPisJava-based,whereasASPisVisualBasic-based. JTAG~JointTestActionGroup~thecommonnameusedfortheIEEE1149.1standard entitledStandardTestAccessPortandBoundary-ScanArchitecturefortestaccessports usedfortestingprintedcircuitboardsusingboundaryscan. JTC~JoinTransitiveClosure~AllowstheDBMSoptimizertoconsiderajoinorder otherthanthosemadeavailableexplicitlybythequery’sWHEREclause JTC1~JointTechnicalCommittee~createdbyISOandIEC.Itiscomprisedofstandards organizationsfromover75countries,andisinvolvedwithsettingstandardsfor informationprocessing. JTRS~JointTacticalRadioSystem~asoftwareradiothatwillworkwithmanyexisting militaryandcivilianradios. JVM~Javavirtualmachine~JVMsasetofcomputersoftwareprogramsanddata structuresthatuseavirtualmachinemodelfortheexecutionofothercomputer JVT~jobvolumetable~Atablethatcontainsvolumeinformationobtainedfromdata definition(DD)statements. ~K~ k~kilo~Thisis2tothe10thpoweror1024incomputerterminology. kaid~Kaiconsoledaemon~aservicethatprovidestunnelingforconsolegamesthatdo nothaveaninherentconnectiontotheInternet.AlthoughthelabelreferstoXBOX,the daemonworkswellwithPS2,andGamecubeconsolesaswell Kb~Kilobit~Onethousandbits(103)or1024bits(210).Aunitofmeasurementofthe capacityofmemoryintegratedcircuits. kB~Kilobyte~Onethousandbytes(103)or1024(210)bytes.Aunitofmeasurement usedforcomputerfilesizes. KBE~knowledge-basedengineering~Asystemthatencapsulatesdesignknowledgethat canberecalled,reusedandextendedtocreateproductdesigns. KBMS~KeyBoard/MouSe~Connector.It’ssimplyaduplicateofthePS/2portsandit’s usedtoconnectotherdevicesthatusethePS/2withouthavingtogiveupthekeyboard andmouse,andalsoisconvenientforthingsthatyouneedtomountinternally kbps~Kilobitpersecond~Physicallayer-Kilobit_per_second Kbps~KilobitsPerSecond~Don’tconfusethiswithKilobytespersecond(whichis8 timesmoredatapersecond).Thistermiscommonlyusedindescribingdatatransferrates. Forexample,twocommonmodemspeedsare33.6Kbpsand56Kbps. KBS~Knowledge-BasedSystem~Acomputersystemthatisprogrammedtoimitate humanproblem-solvingbymeansofartificialintelligenceandreferencetoadatabaseof knowledgeonaparticularsubject. KBW~keyboardwedge~KBWcanbeeitherasoftwareprogramoraninserted hardwaredevicethattranslatesdigitalsignalsfromabarcodereaderormagneticstrip reader(MSR)intokeyboardstrokesforacomputer.Thesoftwareformofakeyboard wedgeinterceptsthedignalsignalsfromthereaderwhentheyarriveatthecomputerand instantlytranslatesthemintokeyboardstrokes. KCC~KnowledgeConsistencyChecker~Adomainservicethatcreatesandmodifiesthe replicationtopologyofAD KDC~KeyDistributionCenter~Anetworkservicethatprovidesticketsandtemporary sessionkeys.TheKDCmaintainsadatabaseofprincipals(usersandservices)andtheir associatedsecretkeys. KDD~KnowledgeDiscoveryinDatabases~AbranchofArtificialIntelligence Artificial-Intelligence. KDE~KDesktopEnvironment~KDEisanopensourcegraphicaldesktopenvironment forUnixworkstations.InitiallycalledtheKoolDesktopEnvironment,KDEisanongoing projectwithdevelopmenttakingplaceontheInternetanddiscussionsheldthroughthe officialKDEmailinglist,numerousnewsgroups,andÂIRCÂchannels. KDSI~thousand(K)DeliveredSourceInstructions~Itisameasureofaprogrammer’s productivityoraprojectproductivity. keychan~Keychanger~asmallprogram/software,thatcanchangeasoftwarelicense keytoanotherkey.Akeychangerisnotillegal,sinceitonlychangesakey keygen~KeyGenerator~Referstoaprogramthatwillautomaticallygeneratea registrationorserialnumber.Itsusualpurposeistoeliminatesoftwarepiracy. keylogging~keystrokelogging~theactofrecordingthekeysthatapersonpressesashe orsheusesacomputer.Keystrokeloggingisoftendonesurreptitiouslybymalicious SPYWAREinanattempttocapturepasswords. KGD~KnownGoodDie~aprocesswherecustomerscangetfullytested,bare-dieflash devices.Noadditionalpackaging,likeaTSOP,isprovided. KiB~kibibyte~1024bytes. KIPS~Thousandsofinstructionspersecond~aunitusedtomeasurethespeedatwhich aprocessorexecutesinstructions.SeealsoMIPS. KIS~KnowbotInformationService~AdirectoryretrievalserviceforInternetaddresses, thatusesintelligentagentstoprocessrequests.Alsocallednetaddress. KISS~KeepItSimple,Stupid~TheNewHacker’sDictionary,editedbyEricRaymond, saysthattheKISSPrincipleissometimescitedonadevelopmentprojecttofendoff featurecreep.ThesomewhatrelatedideaofOckham’srazorisaboutalwayslookingfor thesimplestexplanation. KLOC~thousandsoflinesofcode~atraditionalmeasureofhowlargeacomputer programisorhowlongorhowmanypeopleitwilltaketowriteit.Thecodemeasuredis usuallysourcecode.Sinceahigher-levelsourcelanguagecompilesintomorelinesof machinecodethanalower-levellanguage,aKLOCofC++statementswouldgeneratea largerprogramthanaKLOCofassemblerlanguagestatements. KM~knowledgemanagement~Abusinessprocessthatformalizesthemanagementand useofanenterprise’sintellectualassets.KMpromotesacollaborativeandintegrative approachtothecreation,capture,organization,accessanduseofinformationassets. k-map~knowledgemap~Arepresentationofconceptsandtheirrelationships(e.g., hierarchy,taxonomyandnetwork).AK-mapisanavigationalaidthatenablesauserto honeinrapidlyonthedesiredconcept,andthenfollowlinkstorelevantknowledge sources(informationorpeople). KML~KeyholeMarkupLanguage~KMLisanXML-basedmarkuplanguagedesigned toannotateandoverlayvisualizationsonvarioustwo-dimensional,Web-basedonline mapsorthree-dimensionalEarthbrowsers(suchasGoogleEarth).Infact,KMLwas initiallydevelopedforusewithGoogleEarth.WhenGoogleacquiredKeyholein2004, thatprojectcamewithitandeventuallybecameGoogleEarth. KMS~KeyManagementServer~MostlyusedinMicrosoftExchangetoissuesecurity certificates KMS~KnowledgeManagementSystem~adistributedhypermediasystemformanaging knowledgeinorganisations KNI~KatmaiNewInstructions~Thisistheoriginalcode-nameforIntelâ€™sSSE instructionset,namedafterthefirstPentiumIIIprocessorcore,code-namedâ€œKatmai.â €? knowbot~Knowledgerobots~designedtosearchfilesontheInternet‘arobotic librarian.’ItisaregisteredtrademarkoftheCorporationfornationalResearchInitiatives. KOLs~Keyopinionleaders~morediscerninginwhotheyacceptinformation fromÂandwithwhomtheywillwork. KPCMS~KodakPrecisionColorManagementSystem~KodakPrecisionColor ManagementSystem KPI~keyperformanceindicator~KPIsareappliedinBItogaugebusinesstrendsand advisetacticalcoursesofaction. KPN~(formerly)KoninklijkePTTNederland~aDutchlandlineandmobile telecommunicationscompanyÂhttp://www.kpn.com KPO~KnowledgeProcessingOutsourcing~hecombinationofBPO,ResearchProcess Outsourcing(RPO)andAnalysisProvesOutsourcing(APO).KPObusinessentities providetypicaldomain-basedprocesses,advancedanalyticalskillsandbusinessexpertise, ratherthanjustprocessexpertise. KSAM~KeyedSequentialAccessMethod~Accessingaflatfileusingasimpleor compoundkey ksh~Kornshell~AcommandinterpreterforUNIX. ksh~Kornshell~Aninteractivecommandinterpreterandacommandprogramming language. KSR~KeyboardSend/Receive~Ateletypewritertransmitterandreceiveroperatedby meansofakeyboard,withnomonitor. KSU~KeyServiceUnit~atelephonyterm.Acentralcontrolcabinetservingmany multi-buttonkeytelephones.Containsequipmentwhichenablestheusertopickupand holdÂPABXÂorCentralOffice(CO)linesandprovideflashingline,steady,busyand winkholdsignals.Dialintercomserviceisalsoanoption.Mayallbecontainedina computer-likedevicecabinetorchassis. KTM~kerneltransactionmanager~Atransactionmanagementservicethatenablesyou tocreateatransactionprocessingsystem(TPS)inusermodeorkernelmode(orboth). KTS~KeyTelephoneSystem~TheKTSprovidescommunicationsservicestosmall businessesthatrequiretypicallybetween2and100telephonesandhavealargenumberof internalintercomcallsinrelationtothenumberofinboundoroutboundcalls.Unlikea PBX,akeytelephonesystemisnotaswitch.Â KUIP~KernelUserInterfacePackage~thehumaninterfacetoPAWPAW. KVA~KiloVoltAmp~Atermdescribingpowerinarelationshipofboththousandsof volts KVM~KVirtualMachine~Avirtualmachinedesignedfromthegroundupwiththe constraintsofinexpensivemobiledevicesinmind KVM~Keyboard,Video,andMouse~aKVMswitchallowsyoutousedmultiple computerswiththesamekeyboard,videodisplay,andmouse. kW~kilowatt~Aunitofelectricalpower,equalto1,000watts. KWH~KiloWattHour~Ameasureoftheamountofwattsofenergyused.Electricityis measuredinunitsofpowercalledwatts. KYC~KnowYourCustomer~abroadvarietyofproductsdesignedtohelpcompanies avoidinitiatingormaintainingcommercialrelationshipswithpartiesthatareregulatoryinappropriateorotherwiseundesirable. ~L~ L1/L2cache~level-1/2cache~L1:thememorycachethatisclosesttotheÂCPUÂor includedwithinit.L2:amemorycacheoutsidetheCPU l10n~localization~Therearetenlettersbetweenthe‘l’andthe‘n’ L2CAP~LogicalLinkandControlAdaptationProtocol~aBluetoothSpecificProtocol L2F~Layer2Forwarding~atunnelingprotocolfromÂCiscoSystems.ÂL2FÂhasbeen submittedtotheIETFforapprovalasastandard. L2S~Layer2Switch~Layer2Switch L2TP~Layer2TunnelingProtocol~Aprotocolthatcombinesthefeaturesof Microsoft’sÂPPTPÂandCiscoSystems’ÂL2FtosupportmultiprotocolorprivateaddressIPtrafficacrossapublicIPnetwork.L2TPisamatureInternetEngineeringTask Forcestandardthathasbeenwidelyimplemented. L3F~Layer3Forwarding~atunnelingprotocolfromÂCiscoSystems.L3Fhasbeen submittedtotheÂIETFÂforapprovalasastandard. L3S~Layer3Switch~Layer3Switch L3TP~LayerThreeTunnelingProtocol~anextensiontothePPPprotocolthatenables ISPstooperateVPNs.L3TPmergesthebestfeaturesofthreeothertunnelingprotocols LA~LoadAddress~LAisanIBMterm LAC~L2tpAccessConcentrator~Deviceattachedtotheswitchednetworkorlocatedon anendsystemsupportingL2TPtopassÂPPPÂtraffic LACNIC~LatinAmericanandCaribbeanInternetAddressesRegistry~oneoffour regionalInternetregistriesthatsupplyandadministerIPaddresses. LACP~LinkAggregationControlProtocol~Datalinklayer- LACP~LinkAggregationControlProtocol~PartofanÂIEEEÂspecification(802.3ad) thatallowstobundleseveralphysicalportstogethertoformasinglelogicalchannel LADDR~LayeredDeviceDriver~sSCSIdevicedriverarchitectureusedinearly versionsofOS/2. LAI~LocationAreaIdentity~theinformationcarriedin theÂSIMÂofÂGSMÂhandsetsthatidentifythesubscriber’shomearea.Thisisusedfor billingandsub-netoperationpurposes. LAIPE~LinkAndInParallelExecute~ahigh-performancepackageforscientificand engineeringcomputing,programmedinMTASK. LAMP~Linux,Apache,MySQLandPHP~AlsodefinedasLinux,Apache,MySQLand PythororPerl.ThetermLAMPisusedtodescribeawebbasedsolutionproducedusing PHP(scripting),MySQL(database),Apache(web-server)underLinux(operatingsystem), eachofwhicharefreetodownload.Itthereforedescribesawebsiteusingfreeoff-theshelfcomponents. LAN~Localareanetwork~Linkandotherlayers-TelecomGlossary LAN~LocalAreaNetwork~Anetworkofinterconnectedworkstationssharingthe resourcesofasingleprocessororserverwithinarelativelysmallgeographicarea. Typically,thismightbewithintheareaofasmallofficebuilding. LANE~LocalAreaNetworkEmulation~Asetofservicesandprotocolsthatprovidefor theemulationofLANs,usingÂATMasabackbonetoallowconnectivityamongLANand ATMattachedendstations LAPB~LinkAccessProcedure,Balanced(x.25)~Telecom-ITU-TRecommendation X.222 LAPD~LinkAccessProceduresontheDchannel~specifiedinITU-TQ.920andITU-T Q.921,isthesecondlayerprotocolontheISDNprotocolstackintheDchannel. LAPF~Link-accessprocedureforframerelay~Telecom-RFC1490 LAS~logicalapplicationstructure~Astructureoftheapplicationtobedeployedthatis madeupofsoftwaredefinitions. laser~lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation~Analogtransmission deviceinwhichasuitableactivematerialisexcitedbyanexternalstimulustoproducea narrowbeamofcoherentlightthatcanbemodulatedintopulsestocarrydata.Networks basedonlasertechnologyaresometimesrunoverÂSONET. LASINT~laserintelligence~Technicalandgeolocationintelligencederivedfromlaser systems;asubcategoryofelectro-opticalintelligence. LAT~LocalAddressTable~AtablecontainingtheIPaddressrangethatisinsidea firewallednetwork LATA~LocalAccessandTransportArea~Denotesageographicalareaestablishedfor theprovisionandadministrationofcommunicationsservice.Itencompassesoneormore designatedexchanges,whicharegroupedtoservecommonsocial,economic,andother purposes. LBA~LogicalBlockAddressing~amethodofaccessingharddiskdrives.ItallowsIDE diskslargerthan504megabytes(1024cylinders)insizetobefullypartitionedusingthe MS-DOSfdiskcommand. LBAC~label-basedaccesscontrol~Asecuritymechanismthatusessecuritylabelsto restrictuseraccesstoindividualtablerowsandcolumns. LBG~loadbalancinggroup~AgroupingofFastPathinputmessagesthatarereadyfor balancedprocessingbyoneormorecopiesofaFastPathprogram. LBO~linebuildout~Abbreviationforlinebuildout.Synonymbuildingout. LBS~Location-basedservice~Servicesorapplicationsthatcenteraroundauserâ€™s locationinamobileenvironment.Servicesincludefinderapplicationsthatletmobile phoneuserslocatefriendsorfamily,businessesorlandmarks. LCC~Limitedcombustiblecable~alsocalledCMP-50cable,isfire-resistantcablewith insulationmadeofasyntheticmaterialcalledfluorinatedethylenepropylene(FEP). LCC/LLCC~LeadedChipCarrier/LeadlessChipCarrier~Asquarechippackage withpinconnectorsoneachside. LCC/LLCC~LeadedChipCarrier/LeadlessChipCarrier~atypeofpackagingfor integratedcircuitswhichhasno‘leads’,butinsteadroundedpinsthroughtheedgesofthe ceramicpackage. LCD~liquidcrystaldisplay~Alow-powered,flat-paneldisplaytechnology.LCD displayscreateimagesusingliquidcrystalmoleculescontrolledbyanelectricalfield. LCI~localcomponentinstaller~InIBMTivoliKernelServices,thecomponentthat pullsandrunsnativecode,sharedlibraries,andinstallationscriptsthatareneededfor deployingcomponents. LCM~LifeCycleManagement~themanagementoftheentirelifeofaprogram includingthethreetypicalphases:transition,transformation&end-state LCN~localcommunicationnetwork~AcommunicationnetworkwithinaTMN (telecommunicationsmanagementnetwork)thatsupportsdatacommunicationfunctions (DCFs)normallyatreferencepointsq1andq2. LCO~languagecontextobject~Acontextserverobjectthatmediatestheroutingof inboundcustomerinteractionsaswellasthesupplyofoutboundresponsesinalanguageappropriatemanner. LCOS~LiquidCrystalOnSilicon~TVtechnologyforflatscreendisplays;atechnology thatmostmajortechnologyandequipmentmanufacturershaveshunnedafter experimentation. LCP~LinkControlProtocol~PartoftheÂPPPÂtoestablish,configure,andtestdata linkconnections LCR~leastcostrouting~Methodforautomaticselectionoftheleastcostlyfacilityfor transmissionofacall.Synonyms:MostEconomicalRouteSelection(MERS);Route Optimization;AutomaticRouteSelection;FlexibleRouteSelection.Â LCR~LifetimeClinicalRecord~Acomputer-basedpatientrecordsystemfromSiemens MedicalSolutionsHealthServices.LCRprovidesalongitudinalviewofpatients’lifetime clinicalhistories. LCR~LineConcentrationRatio~ACO(CentralOffice)designandengineeringtermfor theoptimizationofsystemcapacitythroughtheclassicactofbalancingcostand performance. LCR~LocalContinuousReplication~MicrosoftExchange’sabilitytoreplicatelocally betweentwodiskvolumes LCS~LiquidCoolingSystem~atypeofcoolingsysteminacomputer,whichconsistsof oneormorewaterblocks,apump,aradiator,oneormorefans,tubing,coolingliquid,and mayalsoincludeareservoirandfittings. LCS~LiveÂ~Microsoftcollaborationinfrastructure LCS~CommunicationsServer~Microsoftcollaborationinfrastructure LD~LaserDisc~Anopticaldiscwhichstoresinformationthatcanbereadbyalaser beam.Laserdiscscanbeusedtostoredata,butareusuallyusedforvideoandaudio together.Laserdiscscomein8’and12’diameters. LDA~Localdeliveryagent~Amailserviceagentthattransfersmailmessagesfrom incomingmailstoragetotheemailrecipientâ€™sinbox. LDAP~LightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol~Ifyouwanttomakedirectory informationavailableovertheInternet,thisisthewaytodoit.LDAPisastreamlined versionofanearlierdirectorystandardcalledX.500.WhatmakesLDAPsousefulisthat itworksgreatoverÂTCP/IPÂnetworks,soinformationcanbeaccessedthroughLDAP byanyonewithanInternetconnection. LDCM~LANDeskClientManager~developedbyIntel,isamanagementtoolthat constantlymonitorsnetworkedpersonalcomputersandworkstationsforhardware problems. LDIF~LDAPDataInterchangeFormat~afileformatthatiswidelyusedforbuildinga databaseofdirectoriesthatarestoredonmultipleservers,foraddinglargenumbersof directoriestoadirectorydatabase,andforsynchronizingthecontentsofthosedirectories. TheserversonwhichthedirectoriesarestoredmustsupporttheLDAPprotocol. LDM~limiteddistancemodem~limiteddistancemodem LDP~LabelDistributionProtocol~AfundamentalconceptinÂMPLSÂisthattwo LabelSwitchingRoutersmustagreeonthemeaningofthelabelsusedtoforwardtraffic betweenandthroughthem LDPC~low-densityparity-checkcode~anerror-correctingcodeandamethodof transmittingamessageoveranoisytransmissionchannel. LDR~LightDependentResistor~Thisisaspecialtypeofresistorandissometimes calledaphotoconductor.LDRsaremadesothattheirresistancedecreasesasthelevelof lightfallingonthemincreases. LDS~logicaldatastream~Inbidirectionaltextrepresentation,astreamofdatathatis organizedinareadablesequence. LDT~LightningDataTransfer(Bus)~AninterconnectionstandardintroducedbyAMD thatallowsforfastdatatransfersamongtheNorthbridgepartofachipset, theÂPCIÂbus(es),andtheSouthbridgepart. LEAP~LightweightExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol~alsoknownasÂCiscoWirelessEAP,isaCiscosecuritytechnologythatbuildsonWi-Fi’sWEPencryption. LED~light-emittingdiode~Asemiconductorthatproduceslightwhenactivated. LEED~LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign~LEED)consistsofasuiteof ratingsystemsforthedesign,constructionandoperationofhighperformance. LEL~Link,EmbedandLaunch-to-edit~Lotusterm LEO~LowEarthOrbit~theorbitbetween700and2,000kilometersabovetheEarthfor Mobilecommunicationssatellite. LER~LabelEdgeRouter~ConvertsIPpacketsintoÂMPLSÂpackets,andMPLS packetsintoIPpackets.Ontheingressside,theLERexaminestheincomingpacketto determinewhetherthepacketshouldbelabeled. LF~LineFeed~Feedingthepaperthroughtheprinterjustfarenoughtoprintthenext line.Also,abuttonorcomputerinstructionthatactivatesalinefeed LFB~look-ahead-for-busy~Informationconcerningnetworkresourcesavailableto supporthigherprecedencecalls. LFS~LinuxFromScratch~Projectthatprovidesyouwiththestepsnecessarytobuild yourowncustomLinuxsystem LGA~LandGridAray~alsoknownassocketT,meansthatthepinsareonthe Motherboard,nottheProcessor.ThePrescottisusingtheLGA775socket. LGPL~LesserGeneralPublicLicense(GNU)~AnevolutionoftheLibraryGNU LID~localidentifier~Indistributedrelationaldatabase,anidentifierorshortlabelthatis mappedbytheenvironmentaldescriptorstoanamedresource. LID~localidentifier~A1-byteidentifierassignedtopartsofthedatastreamtofacilitate PSFprocessing. LIDE~LightemittingdiodeIn-DirectExposure~ScannertechnologybyÂCanon LIFO~lastin,firstout~Atypeofmessagequeuingthatputsthelastmessagereceived firstinline. LINAC~LinearAccelerator~aparticleacceleratorcommonlyusedforexternalbeam radiationtreatmentsofcancerpatients.LINAcusesmicrowavetechnologytoaccelerate chargedparticles. LION~LowerIndianOceanNetwork~LIONcablesystem Lion/Li-ion~Lithium-ion~atypeofrechargeablebatterywidelyusedinportable computers. LIP~LoopInitializationProcess~TheprocessbywhichaFibreChannelarbitratedloop networkinitializeswhenstartedup,orrecoversafterafailureoccursoranewdevice appearsonthenetwork. LIPS~LogicalInferencesPerSecond~Inartificialintelligence,thespeedatwhichan applicationcanprocessinstructions.Thehumanbrainworksatabout2LIPS. LIS~Laboratoryinformationsystem~aclassofsoftwarewhichhandlesstoring informationgeneratedbylaboratoryprocesses.Thesesystemsoftenmustinterfacewith instrumentsandotherinformationsystemssuchasHIS. Lisp~ListProcessororListProcessing~AprogramminglanguagedevelopedatMITin the1950sbyJohnMcCarthy. LKM~LoadableKernelModules~allowfortheaddingofadditionalfunctionality directlyintothekernelwhilethesystemisrunning. LL~localloop~Agenerictermfortheconnectionbetweenthecustomerâ€™spremises (home,office,etc.)andtheproviderâ€™sservingcentraloffice LLC~Logicallinkcontrol~Linklayer-TelecomGlossary LLC~LogicalLinkControl~IEEEÂ802.2LANprotocolthatspecifiesan implementationoftheLLCsublayerofthedatalinklayer. LLDP~LinkLayerDiscoveryProtocol~LLDPÂisavendor-neutralLayer2protocol thatallowsanetworkdevicetoadvertiseitsidentityandcapabilitiesonthelocalnetwork. LLDP-MED~LinkLayerDiscoveryProtocol-MediaEndpointDiscovery~LLDP-MED isanenhancementtotheLLDPthatisdesignedtoallowauto-discoveryofLANpolicies LLI~LowLatencyInterrupts~allowslatency-sensitivepacketstobeprocessedwiththe lowestlatency. LLI~LowerLayerInterface~Partoflayer7withPROFIBUS,inwhichlayer7services aremappedontolayer2services LLTD~LinkLayerTopologyDiscovery~Afeaturethathelpsuserstotroubleshoottheir networks.LLTDautomaticallydetectsmultiplenetworkdevicesandgivesagraphical presentationoftheconnectedhardwaretoidentifyconfigurationerrors. LLU~localloopunbundling~LLUistheprocessofallowingcompetitive telecommunicationsoperatorstousethetwisted-pairtelephoneconnectionsfromthe incumbenttelephoneexchange’scentralofficetothecustomerpremises.Thislocalloopis ownedbytheILEC. LMA~LightspeedMemoryArchitecture~nVidiaÂterm LMDS~LocalMultipointDistributionServices~Thisisafixedpoint(non-mobile) wirelesstechnologythatoperatesinthe28GHzbandandofferslineofsightcoverage overdistancesupto5kilometers.Itcandeliverdataandtelephonyservicesto80,000 customersfromasinglenode. LMP~LinkManagerProtocol~adatalinklayerprotocolintheBluetoothprotocol stack.LMPcarriesoutlinksetup,authentication,linkconfigurationandotherprotocols. LMPP~Lighttpd/MySQL/PHP/Python~Awebapplicationstackbaseduponlighttpd, MySQL,,and/or(comparetoLAMP). LMS~LearningManagementSystem~asoftwarepackage,thatenablesthemanagement anddeliveryoflearningcontentandresourcestostudents.MostLMSsystemsarewebbasedtofacilitate‘anytime,anywhere’accesstolearningcontentandadministration. LNA~launchnumericalaperture~Thenumericalapertureofanopticalsystemusedto couple(launch)powerintoanopticalfiber. LNA~LowNoiseAmplifier~areceivingpreamplifierhavingverylowinternalnoise characteristicsplacedveryneartheantennaofareceivertocapturetheC/Nbeforeitcan befurtherdegradedbynoiseinthereceivingsystem. LNIB~likenew,inbox~slightlyusedbutsuppliedwithoriginalpackaging LNO~LoopNestOptimization~aspecialcaseoflooptransformationwhichdealswith nestedloopsthatmakespossiblelargereductionsinthecachebandwidthnecessaryfor somepervasivealgorithms. LNP~LocalNumberPortability~Subscribers’abilitytoswitchlocalorwirelesscarriers andstillretainthesamephonenumber,asispossiblenowwithlong-distancecarriers. LNS~L2tpNetworkServer~MaintainsL2TPsessionswithwhateverisconnectedtothe LAC LOB~largeobject~Asequenceofbyteswithasizerangingfrom0bytesto2gigabytes less1byte. LOB~largeobject~Adatatypeusedbydatabasesforlargeobjects. LOB~Line-of-Business~Usedtorefertoabusinesscriticalapplication,i.e.an applicationthatisessentialtothetradingorsurvivalofabusiness.Normallywrittenas ‘LOBapp’or‘LOBapplication’. LOC~LinesofCode~Ameasureofthesizeofaprogram. LOCK~localobjectcreatorandkiller~InIBMTivoliKernelServices,thecomponent thatstarts,monitors,stops,andrestartsanORB. LODA~LombardiOn-DemandAssistance~IBMWebsphereOn-DemandDelivery LOFS~LOopbackFileSystem~Afilesystemtypethatletstheusercreateanewvirtual filesystem.Theusercanaccessfilesusinganalternativepathname LOM~LANOnMotherboard~Thisisanetworkdevicethatisbuiltontothe motherboard(orbaseboard)ofthemachine Loran~long-rangeradionavigation~Along-rangeradionavigationposition-fixing systemconsistingofanarrayoffixedstationsthattransmitpreciselysynchronizedsignals tomobilereceivers. LOS~LineofSight~describesanunobstructedradiopathorlinkbetweenthe transmittingandreceivingantennasofacommunicationssystem. LOS~Lossofsignal~aconditionwherethereceivedsignaldropsbelowthresholddue toaterrainobstructionorotherphenomenonincreasingthelinkbudgetlossbeyonddesign parameters. LPA~LinearPowerAmplifier~Thefinalamplificationstageinamulticarriertransmitter thathasbeendesignedandoptimizedtoproducealinearresponse. LPA~linkpackarea~Theportionofvirtualstoragebelow16MBthatcontains frequentlyusedmodules. LPAR/LP~logicalpartition~AsetofkeyorRIDpairsinanonpartitioningindexthat isassociatedwithaparticularpartition. LPAR/LP~logicalpartition~Oneormoresubsetsofasinglesystemthatcontains hardwareresourcesandoperatesasanindependentsystem. LPAR/LP~logicalpartition~Inapartitioneddatabaseenvironment,adatabase partitionserveronaprocessorthathasmorethanonedatabasepartitionserverassignedto it. LPAR/LP~logicalpartition~Asubsetoftheprocessorhardwarethatisdefinedto supportanoperatingsystem. LPB~LowPingBastard~Networkmultiplayergamesattribute LPC~LinearPredictiveCoding~aspeechencodingschemethatusesperiodicpulsesto exciteafilter,similartothewayhumanvoiceisproduced. LPC~LocalProcedureCall~Amechanismthatloopsremoteprocedurecallwithoutthe presenceofanetworksothattheclientandserverportionofanapplicationcanresideon thesamemachine. LPD~lineprinterdaemon~Thereceivingportion,ortarget,ofafiletransferthat receivesthespooledfilethatwassentandplacesthefileonalocaloutputqueue. LPD~lineprinterdaemon~Theprinterserverthatallowsotherhoststoaccessits printer. LPDA~LinkProblemDeterminationAid~Aseriesofproceduresusedbyproductsto testmodemorotherÂDCEÂoperations,andtoprovideinformationabouttheDCEand thedatalink. LPF~LeagueforProgrammingFreedom~Anonprofitorganizationdedicatedto ‘bringingbackthefreedomofprogrammerstowriteprograms,’inthefaceoftherecent trendtowardcomplicatedcopyrightandpatentlawsuits.Âhttp://www.lpf.org/ LPF~Low-PassFilter~Asignalfilterwhichwouldbeinstalledinacustomerpremises ADSLmodem(ATU-R),whichwouldnotmodifythelowfrequenciespresentinitsinput signal LPFM~low-powerFMradio~Abroadcastservicethatpermitsthelicensingof50-to 100-wattFMradiostationswithinaserviceradiusofupto3.5milesand1-to10-wattFM radiostationswithinaserviceradiusof1to2miles. LPI~linesperinch~ameasureoftheresolutionofahalftonescreen LPI~LinuxProfessionalInsitute~ServesthecommunityofLinuxandopensource softwareusersvendorsanddevelopers,intheinterestofincreasingandsupporting professionaluseofsuchsoftwarethroughoutworld.SeealsoÂhttp://www.lpi.org/ LPP~LandPre-Pits~AddressingaidinwritingÂDVD-R LPPL~LatexProjectPublicLicense~http://www.latex-project.org LPR~lineprinterrequester~Thesendingportion,orclientportion,ofaspooledfile transfer. LPR~lineprinterrequester~Aclientthatletsthelocalhostsubmitafileforprintingon aremoteprinterserver. LPT~lineprintterminal~Thedesignationforaparallelconnectiontoaprinterorother paralleldevice. LPTV~low-powertelevision~Abroadcastservicethatpermitsprogrambroadcasting viatelevisiontranslatorsoperatingwithlowpower.LPTVserviceincludestheexisting translatorserviceandoperatesonasecondarybasistoregulartelevisionstations. LPWA~LucentPersonalizedWebAssistant~Anonymouswebbrowsingservice LPX~LowProfileeXtension/Extended~amotherboardformfactorusedforlowprofilecomputercases.LPXboardsusearisercardarrangementforexpansioncards, whichmeansthatinstalledexpansioncardsareparalleltothemotherboardinsteadof perpendiculartoit. LQA~linkqualityanalysis~Inadaptivehigh-frequency(HF)radio,theoverallprocess bywhichmeasurementsofsignalqualityaremade,assessed,andanalyzed. LQSR~LinkQualitySourceRouting~aroutingprotocolforwirelessmeshnetworks. TheprotocolwasdevelopedbyMicrosoftforusewiththeirÂMCLÂtechnology,which facilitatestheinterconnectionofcomputersintoameshnetwork LR~Lightroom~AdobePhotoshopLightroomisaphotographysoftwareprogram developedbyAdobeSystemsforMacOSXandMicrosoftWindows,designedtoassist professionalphotographersmanagingthousandsofdigitalimages,anddopostproduction work.Âwww.adobe.com/products/photoshoplightroom/ LRC~longitudinalredundancycheck~Asystemoferrorcontrolbasedontheformation ofablockcheckfollowingpresetrules. LRC~LoopResiliencyCircuit~Hubcircuitrythatallowsdevicestobeinsertedintoor removedfromanactiveFC-ALloop. LRF~LittleRubberFeet~Supportdevicesforcomputercasesandotherequipments LRN~LocationRoutingNumber~Theten-digit(NPA-NXX-XXXX)numberassigned toaswitch/POIusedforroutinginapermanentlocalnumberportabilityenvironment. LRU~leastrecentlyused~PertainingtoanÂalgorithmÂusedtoidentifyandmake availablethecachespacethatcontainsthedatathatwasleastrecentlyused. LS~Loop-StartSignaling~Atypeofswitchedaccesslinesignalinginwhichthe networkprovidesabatterysource.Toinitiateacall,customerpremiseequipmentwill providealoopclosurethatcausesDCloopcurrenttoflow,whichisdetectedbythe network. LSA~LocalSecurityAuthority~TheLocalSecurityAuthorityistheserviceprovidedto managelocalsecurity,domainauthentication,andActiveDirectoryprocesses.The SecurityAccountsManager,NetLogonandProtectedStorageservicesrunwithinthe contextoflsass.exe LSAP~LinkServiceAccessPoint~includingbothDSAPandSSAP,istheidentifier fieldtoindicatedatatypes. LSAS~LocalSecurityAuthenticationServer~Verifiesvalidityofuserlogonsto PC/Server. LSASS~LocalSecurityAuthoritySubsystemService~Providesaninterfacefor managinglocalsecurity,domainauthentication,andActiveDirectoryprocesses.The SecurityAccountsManager,NetLogonandProtectedStorageservicesarecomponentsof LSA LSB~LeastSignificantBit~Thebitofabinarynumberwhichisfarthesttotheright, indicatingthenumberofones;alsodesignatedasbitzero. LSH~Locality-SensitiveHashing~anÂalgorithmÂforsolvingthe(approximate/exact) NearNeighborSearchinhighdimensionalspaces. LSI~LargeScaleofIntegration~ICmanufacturingintegrationlevel:it’stheprocessof placingfrom3,000to100,000transistorsononechip LSM~LinuxSoftwareMap~astandardtextformatfordescribingLinuxsoftware.LSM foraprogramisasingletextdocument,namedsoftware_package_name.lsm. LSM~LocalServiceManager~InIBMTivoliKernelServices,acomponentthatruns oneachsystemthatispartofthedistributedsystem. LSP~LicenseServiceProvider~AnNetwareLoadableModule(NLM)thatrespondsto requestsfromÂNLSÂclientsandlicensingservicemanagersforlicensinginformationor licenseunits LSR~labelswitchrouter~TheroleofanLSRistoforwardpacketsinanMPLS networkbylookingonlyatthefixed-lengthlabel. LSR~LeafSetupRequest~AnÂATMÂterm.Asetupmessagetypeusedwhenaleaf noderequestsconnectiontoexistingpoint-to-multipointconnectionorrequestscreationof anewmultipointconnection. LSR~LineServiceRequest~DocumentintheLECworldwhichisusedforporting requests,directorylistingchanges,trunkorderingetc. LSR~LocalServiceRequest~AtermthatwasspawnedbytheTelecommunicationsAct of1996,whichformalizedcompetitioninlocaltelecommunications.ALSRisaform,or seriesofforms,usedbyaCLECtorequestlocalservicefromtheILEC. LSR~localsharedresource~Afilethatsharesacommonpoolofbuffersandacommon poolofstrings;thatis,controlblockssupportingI/Ooperations,withotherfiles. LSSGR~LATASwitchingSystemGenericRequirements~Multi-volumesetofBellcore technicalreferencesdealingwithbasicswitchingrequirementsusedbyswitch manufacturers,procurementstaffs,planners,andswitchtechnicians. LTC~linetrafficcoordinator~InaÂDDNÂswitchingcenter,theprocessorthatcontrols trafficonaline. LTE~LiteTerminatingEquipment~ATMÂequipmentterminatingcommunications facilityusingSONETLiteTransmissionConvergence(TC)layer.Usuallyreservedfor enduserorÂLANequipment. LTE~Long-TermEvolution~next-generationnetworkstandarddevelopedby theÂ3GPPÂasanevolutionoftoday’sÂ3GÂmobilenetworks.Thestandard,which reliesonInternetProtocolend-to-end,aimstodeliverhighercapacityandgreater throughputinagivencell,withmaximumtargetspeedsof100Mbpsdownstreamand50 Mbpsupstream. LTF~LeapToFrogans~http://www.frogans.com/ LTM~LocalTrafficManagers~F5producttoprovideoffloadingofSSL,connections, compression;intelligenttrafficmanagement LTPA~LightweightThirdPartyAuthentication~Anauthenticationframeworkthat allowssinglesign-onacrossasetofWebserversthatfallwithinanInternetdomain. LTPA~LightweightThirdPartyAuthentication~Aprotocolthatusescryptographyto supportsecurityinadistributedenvironment. LTRAN~localtransaction~Arecoverableunitofworkmanagedbyaresourcemanager andnotcoordinatedbyanexternaltransactionmanager. LTRAN~localtransaction~Inamultisystemenvironment,atransactionthatis processedtotallybythesysteminwhichitisdefined. LTRS~LettersShift~AcodecharacterusedtocommandaTeletype-likedeviceto performaphysicalshiftforalphabeticcharacters LTS~LeaningToothpickSyndrome~ExpressesreadabilityinPERLregularexpressions LU~LogicalUnit~IBM’stermforalogicalnodethatistheuser’s‘port’into aÂSNAÂnetwork.LU1isahigh-performanceprintand3270datastream.LU6enables host-to-hostdataexchange,andprovidesapeer-to-peerdatastream. LUF~lowestusablehighfrequency~ThelowestfrequencyintheHFbandatwhichthe receivedfieldintensityissufficienttoprovidetherequiredsignal-to-noiseratiofora specifiedtimeperiod,e.g.,0100to0200UTC,on90%oftheundisturbeddaysofthe month. LU-LU~betweentwologicalunits~asessionbetweentwologicalunits(LUs)inan SNAnetwork.Itprovidescommunicationbetweentwoendusers,orbetweenanenduser andanLUservicescomponent. LUN~logicalunitnumber~AnumberusedinaÂSCSIÂbustoidentifyaperipheral device(suchasanattachedstoragesystem) LUNT~lineunitnetworktermination~ThecustomersideofanyÂDSLÂthatdoesnot terminateonthecustomerinstallation(CI). LUS~LookUpService~Providesthefunctionalitytodiscoverandregisterservices LUW~logicalunitofwork~Theprocessingthataprogramperformsbetween synchronizationpoints. LUW~logicalunitofwork~Theworkthatoccursbetweenthestartofatransactionand commitorrollbackandbetweensubsequentcommitandrollbackactions. LVD~LowVoltageDifferential~theLowVoltageDifferentialinterfaceusedinUltra2 andUltra3SCSI. LVDS~LowVoltageDifferentialSignaling~alownoise,lowpower,lowamplitude methodforhigh-speed(gigabitspersecond)datatransmissionovercopperwire. LVM~LogicalVolumeManager~Providesahigher-levelviewofthediskstorageona computersystemthanthetraditionalviewofdisksandpartitions.Thisgivesthesystem administratormuchmoreflexibilityinallocatingstoragetoapplicationsandusers LVM~LowVoltageDifferentialSignaling~IBMterm LVOL/LV~logicalvolume~Acollectionofphysicalpartitionsorganizedintological partitions,allcontainedinasinglevolumegroup. LVOL/LV~logicalvolume~Thecombinedspaceonallvolumesforeitherthedatabase ortherecoverylog. LVOL/LV~logicalvolume~Thestoragemediumassociatedwithasinglelogicalunit (LU). LWL~longwavelength~Atypeoffiber-opticcablingthatisbasedon1300-mmlasers andsupportslinkspeedsof1.0625Gbps. LWP~light-weightprocess~meansofachievingmultitasking.Incontrasttoauser thread,whichishandledattheapplicationlevel,alight-weightprocessisscheduledbythe kernel. LZH~Lempel-Ziv-Haruyasu~Compressionalgorithmwithaslidingwindowand additionalcompressionappliedtotheoutputoftheLZSScompressorbydynamic Huffmancoding LZW~LempelZivWelch~astandardalgorithmwidelyusedforcompressionofdata. ~M~ M/L~Mobile-to-LandTraffic~TrafficthatoriginatesonaCMRSproviderâ€™ssystem andisterminatedtoalandlineuser. M2M~Manufacturer-to-Manufacturer~akindofÂB2BÂinwhichelectronicexchanges connectmanufacturerstoeachotherandstreamlinebusinessprocesses. M2M~model-to-model~languagecommunicationviametadataoperators MAA~Mailaccessagent~Amailservicethatcommunicateswithauserâ€™semail programtodownloadmailmessageheaderstotheuserâ€™slocalcomputer. MAC~Mediaaccesscontrol~Linklayer-IEEEStd802.3and802.11,forexample Mac~Macintosh~ComputersystemthathasMacOSforitsOS.Thereareafew differentcompaniesthathaveproducedMacs,butbyfarthelargestisApple. MAC~MediaAccessControl~AMACaddressisahardwareidentificationnumberthat uniquelyidentifieseachdeviceonanetwork.TheMACaddressismanufacturedinto everynetworkcard,suchasanEthernetcardorWi-Ficard,andthereforecannotbe changed. MAC~Mid-AtlanticCrossing~MACcablesysteminUSA,St.Croix MAC~messageauthenticationcode~InCryptographicSupport,thefirst4bytesfrom thelast8-byteblockofciphertextproducedwhenencryptingamessageusingcipherblock chaining MAC~messageauthenticationcode~Incomputersecurity,avaluethatisapartofa messageoraccompaniesamessageandisusedtodeterminethatthecontents,origin, author,orotherattributes MADM~MultipleAppearanceDirectoryNumber~allowsthesamedirectorynumberto appearonmorethanonetelephone. MAE~MetropolitanAreaExchangeand/orEthernet~ANAPSwhereÂISPsÂcan connecttoeachother.ÂMetropolitanAreaEthernet MAGs~Multichannelaccessgateways~onsistofclient-andserver-sidemiddleware, accompaniedbytoolsorpackagedasplug-ins,thatenablemobileapplicationstowork wellacrossadiversesetofdevicesandnetworks mAH~milliampere-hourormilliamp-hour~ameasurementoftheamountofchargea batterycanhold. MAID~massivearrayofidledisks~MAIDisastoragetechnologythatemploysalarge groupofdiskdrivesinwhichonlythosedrivesinactiveusearespinningatanygiven time. Malware~MaliciousSoftware~Programswiththeintenttocauseproblems. MAN~Metropolitanareanetwork~Telecom-TelecomGlossary MAN~MetropolitanAreaNetwork~Adatanetworkintendedtoserveanareathesizeof acity.Suchnetworksarebeingimplementedbyinnovativetechniques,suchasrunning opticalfibresthroughsubwaytunnels. MANET~MobileAdHocNetwork~AMANETisatypeofadhocnetworkthatcan changelocationsandconfigureitselfonthefly.BecauseMANETSaremobile,theyuse wirelessconnectionstoconnecttovariousnetworks. MAP~ManufacturingAutomationProtocol~MAPisanIEEEspecificationforcable andnetworkoperations,IEEE802.4. MAP~MobileApplicationPart~MAPisSS7protocolwhichprovidesanapplication layerforthevariousnodesinGSMandUMTSmobilecorenetworksandGPRScore networkstocommunicatewitheachother MAP~MajorSyncPoint~MAPisITU-Tterm MAPI~MessagingApplicationProgrammingInterface~TheMicrosoft-developed programminginterfacespecificationthatenablesanapplicationtosendandreceivemail overane-mailmessagingsystem,suchasMicrosoftExchange.Itwasdesignedtoseparate themailenginefromthemailclient. MAPP~MicrosoftActiveProtectionsProgram~Toimprovesecurityprotectionsfor customers,Microsoftprovidesvulnerabilityinformationtomajorsecuritysoftware providersinadvanceofeachmonthlysecurityupdaterelease MAPS~MailAbuseProtectionSystem~MailAbuseProtectionSystemÂ-an organizationthatprovidesinformationtonetworksaboutothernetworksthataretolerating emailabuse.Theyprovideseverallistswhichnetworkscanusetoblockmailcomingfrom abusivesites. MARS~Monitoring,AnalysisandResponseSystem~Cisco’ssecuritymonitoringfor threatidentification,mitigationandcompliancesecuresnetworkdevicesandhost applicationssupporting MARS~MulticastAddressResolutionServer~Tracksthemulticast-capablehostsand anyexistinggroupsforaddingandremovingmulticastroutersfromaconference. MARS~MultivariateAdaptiveRegressionSplines~ageneralizationofaÂdata miningÂdecisiontree. MAS~Modula-2AlgebraSystem~anexperimentalcomputeralgebrasystemwhich combinesimperativeprogrammingfacilitieswithalgebraicspecificationcapabilitiesfor thedesignandstudyofalgebraicalgorithms. MASER~MicrowaveAmplificationbySimulatedEmissionofRadiation~Adevice designedtogenerateamicrowavesignalwithlow-noiseproperties. MathML~MathematicsMarkupLanguage~anextensionofHTMLdesignedto facilitatethedisplayofmathematicalexpressions MAU~MediumAttachmentUnit~providesthephysicalandelectricalinterfacebetween anEthernetdeviceandthemediumsystemtowhichitisconnected. MAU~MultistationAccessUnit~ATokenRingwiringhub. MAX~MasterAuxiliaryCorrection~AmethodofRTKNetwork(RTKN)correction proprietarytoÂLeicaÂGeosystemsâ„¢inwhichmultiplebasestationsareusedto determineanRTKcorrection.M Mb~megabyte~anamountofcomputermemoryequalto1,048,576bytes=1,024 kilobytes.Onemegabytecanstoremorethanonemillioncharacters Mbps~Megabitspersecond~Physicallayer-Megabit_per_second Mbps~MegaBitsPerSecond~Indatacommunications,acommonmeasureofdata speedforcomputermodemsandtransmissioncarriers.OneMbpsisequalto1,000,000 bpsor1,000kbps.Â MBR~MasterBootRecord~RecordlocatedatthebeginningofabootablediskonIntel basedsystems,containingthebootloader. MBS~MaximumBurstSize~ATMnetworkperformanceparameterthatdefinesthe durationoftransmissionatapeakratethatwouldbeacceptedonagivenATMvirtual circuit. MBSA~MicrosoftBaselineSecurityAnalyzer~Scansformissinghotfixesand vulnerabilitiesinsomeMicrosoftproducts MBT~MBTechnology~MBTechnologies’BindowsistheleadingSDKusedfor developingzero-footprintSOAclient-sideapplications.Âmb.bindows.net/ m-business~mobilebusiness~Gartnerusesthistermtodescribethenewbusiness modelsandopportunitiesenabledbytheextensivedeploymentofmobileandwireless technologiesanddevices-suchasBluetooth,ÂWAP,UMTS,ÂGPRS,smartphonesand e-purses MC~Multiplechoice~ITProfessionalCertification-Aboutcertificationexams MCA~messagechannelagent~Aprogramthattransmitspreparedmessagesfroma transmissionqueuetoacommunicationlink,orfromacommunicationlinktoa destinationqueue. MCA~MicroChannelArchitecture~A32-bitstandarddevelopedbyIBMforexpansion cards.Thestandardofferedimprovementsover16-bitISA,butnevercaughtonoutsideof IBMcomputers. MCCM~multichannelcampaignmanagement~processesenablecompaniesto communicateofferstocustomersegmentsacrossamultichannelenvironment,suchas directmail,callcenters,websites,e-mailandcommunities. MCI~MicrowaveCommunications,Inc.~MicrowaveCommunications,Inc.,acquired byVerizon. MCIF~(IBM)MeasuredCapabilityImprovementFramework~asetofguidelinesand processesdevelopedtohelpcompaniesmoreeffectivelymanage,measureandimprove theirsoftwaredeliveryprocess. MCL~MeshConnectivityLayer~atechnologythatallowsacomputerusertoconnect toawirelessmeshnetworkthatusesWi-FiorWiMAX. MCM~Multi-ChipModule~anintegratedcircuitcomprisingofseveralchipsall packagedwithinthesamepackage MCMP~Multi-channelMulti-point~acircuitcardthatenablesthesupportofuptosix independentapplicationsoverasinglemultipointdigitalfacility. m-commerce~mobilecommerce;~Acategoryofcommercethatincludesanypurchase transactioncompletedusingawirelessdevice,suchasacellularphone,PCorpersonal digitalassistant. MCP~MicrosoftCertifiedProfessional~referstobothanindividualMicrosoft certificationandabroaderprofessionalcertificationprogram.TobeanMCP,candidates mustcompleteanyoneexamwithintheprogram.TheMCPprogramoffersmultiple certifications,basedondifferentareasoftechnicalexpertise. MCP~Multi-chippackage~Acombinationofsemiconductordevicesinonepackage, usuallySRAMandFlash. MCR~MaximumCellRate~AnAvailableBitRate(ABR)trafficparameter(incellsper second)thatgivestheslowestrateatwhichthenetworkcontrolstheflowofthesourceon anABRVirtualChannel(VC)connection. MCSE~MicrosoftCertifiedSystemsEngineer~AcertificationfromMicrosoftintended todemonstrateproficiencyinmanagingandadministeringWindowsbasednetworks together.www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/mcse/Default.asp MCU~multipointcontrolunit~Adevicethatsupportsvideomeetingsbetweenthreeor moreparticipants. MD2/4/5~MessageDigestalgorithm2/4/5~Messagedigestsarealgorithmicoperations, generallyperformedontext,whichproduceauniquesignatureforthattext. MDA~model-drivenÂ~enablebusiness-levelfunctionalitytobemodeledbystandards MDA~approaches~asoftwaredesignapproachforthedevelopmentofsoftware systems.Itprovidesasetofguidelinesforthestructuringofspecifications,whichare expressedasmodels. MDA~Model-drivenarchitecture~ MDB~Message-DrivenBeans~partoftheJavaEEspecifications MDF~Maindistributionframe~Physicallayer-GlossarySeealsoStructuredcabling MDF~MainDistributionFrame~Theprimarypointatwhichoutsideplantfacilities terminatewithinawirecenterforinterconnectiontoothertelecommunicationsfacilities withinthewirecenter. MDF~MediumDensityFiberboard~Atypeofparticleboardthatisoftenusedinthe constructionofsubwooferenclosures.Itisusedduetoitsabilitytoabsorbvibrationand itssturdiness. MDI~MediumDependentInterface~usedtomakeaphysicalandelectricalconnection betweenatransceiverandamediasegment. mdisk~manageddisk~ASCSIlogicalunit(LU)thataRAIDcontrollerprovidesanda clustermanages. MDIX~mediumdependentinterfacecrossover~anEthernetportconnectionthatallows networkedendstations(i.e.,PCsorworkstations)toconnecttoeachotherusinganullmodem,orcrossover,cable. MDM~masterdatamanagement~thesetofprocessestocreateandmaintainasingle viewofreferenceÂdataÂthatissharedacrosssystems. MDM~MeterDataManagement~akeycomponentintheSmartGridinfrastructurethat isintheprocessofbeingevolvedandadoptedbyutility MDP~MobileDataProtection~MobileDataProtection MDS~MasterDataService~IBMMDMproduct MDX~MultidimensionalExpressions~ThequeryinglanguageforOLAPcubes. ME~MilleniumEdition~Microsoft’sreplacementforWindows98inSeptember14, 2000release. MEMS~micro-electromechanicalsystems~anemergingtechnologyformaking microscopicmachines.Usingmicrofabricationtechnology,MEMSintegratesactuators, mechanicalelements,sensorsandelectronicsonacommonsiliconsubstrate. MEO~Medium/MiddleEarthOrbit~Atelecommunicationsatellitesystemthatis mainlyusedforgeographical/globalpositioningsystems. MERVA~MessageEntryandRoutingwithInterfacestoVariousApplications~IBM connectivitytoSWIFTnetwork MES~ManufacturingExecutionSystems~systemsmanagemanufacturingoperationsin factories. MES~MobileEntertainmentService~Nokia’splatformthatallowsdeveloperstocreate interactivegamesforWAP MESA~ManufacturingEnterpriseSolutionsAssociation~aglobalcommunityof manufacturers,producers,industryleadersandsolutionwww.mesa.org MFA~Multifactorauthentication~MFAisasecuritysysteminwhichmorethanone formofauthenticationisimplementedtoverifythelegitimacyofatransaction. MFC~MicrosoftFoundationClass~AlibraryofC++functionsprovidedbyMicrosoft thatallowsdeveloperstomoreeasilyworkwithWindowsoperatingsystems. MFD~MultiFunctionDevice~Acombinedprinter,scanner,photocopierandfax machine. MFM~modifiedfrequencymodulation~Variationintheamplitudeandfrequencyofthe writesignal. MFM~modifiedfrequencymodulation~Pertainstothenumberofbytesofstoragethat canbestoredontherecordingmedia. MFP~multifunctionproduct~Anetwork-attacheddocumentproductiondevicethat combinestwoormoreofthecopy,print,scanandfaxfunctions. MFS~Multi-FunctionSecurity~IBM’sall-in-onefirewall MFT~Managedfiletransfer~MFTisatypeofsoftwareusedtoprovidesecureinternal, externalandad-hocdatatransfersthroughanetwork.MFTproductsarebuiltusingthe FTPnetworkprotocol. MFT~MasterFileTable~TablecontainingNT’sfilesystemstructure MGAS~mostlyglobaladdressspace~Aflexiblevirtualaddressspacemodel,usedin systemssuchasHP-UX,thatpreservesmostoftheaddressspaceforsharedapplications. MGC~MediaGatewayController~Providesasinglemanagementplatformforfault, configuration,performanceandsecuritymanagement.ItmanagestheCiscoPGW2200 PSTNGatewayandtheCiscoSC2200SignalingController. MIA~MediaInterfaceAdapter~Convertselectricalsignalsintoopticalsignalsandvice versa. MIB~Managementinformationbase(SNMP)~Applicationlayer-RFC3418 MiB~mebibyte~1024kibibytes. MIB~ManagementInformationBase~Acollectionofdataobjectsthatcanbeaccessed viaanetworkmanagementprotocolsuchasSimpleNetworkManagementProtocol (SNMP) MIB~ManagementInformationBase~Adefinitionformanagementinformationthat specifiestheinformationavailablefromahostorgatewayandtheoperationsallowed. MIC~MessageIntegrityCheck~Aprotocolthatpreventsanattackerfromdetermining theencryptionkeyusedtoencryptpacketsonawirelessnetwork. MICR~MagneticInkCharacterRecognition~acharacterrecognitionsystemthatuses specialinkandcharacters.Whenadocumentthatcontainsthisinkneedstoberead,it passesthroughamachine,whichmagnetizestheinkandthentranslatesthemagnetic informationintocharacters.Themostcommonuseofthetechnologyisinthefinancial world.MICRtechnologyisusedbybanks. MIDI~MusicalInstrumentDigitalInterface~Ahigh-qualityaudiofileformat. MID-II~ManagementInformationDataBaseII~Acollectionofobjectsthatcanbe accessedviaanetworkmanagementprotocolsuchasSNMP. MIH~MasterInformationHub~MDMfacilitysupportsthecreationofcustomdata domains MII~MediumIndependentInterface~providesa40-pinconnectiontooutboard transceivers(alsocalledPHYdevices).Usedtoattach802.3interfaces. MII~Microsoft/Intel/IBM~Microsoft/Intel/IBM MILNET~MilitaryNetwork~MilitaryNetwork MIME~MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions~Originallyastandardfordefiningthe typesoffilesattachedtostandardInternetmailmessages.TheMIMEstandardhascome tobeusedinmanysituationswhereonecmputerprogramsneedstocommunicatewith anotherprogramaboutwhatkindoffileisbeingsent. MIMO~MultipleInput,MultipleOutput~Atechniqueforfasterwireless communication.MIMOallowsfortheuseofmultipletransmitterandreceiverantennasto increasethroughput. MIP~MultuminParvum(Latin)means‘manyinone’~Amethodofincreasingthe qualityofatexturemapbyapplyingdifferent-resolutiontexturemapsfordifferentobjects inthesameimage,dependingontheirsizeanddepth MIPS~MillionsofInstructionsPerSecond~Thenumberofcomputerinstructions processedpersecond.Ameasureofcomputerpower. MIS~managementinformationsystems~Thiswasoncethepredominantnameforthe centraldata-processingorganizationinanenterprise.Today,informationsystems(IS)is themorecommonlyusedterm. MISRA~MotorIndustrySoftwareReliabilityAssociation~MISRACcanbeconsidered asubsetofISOC;thediscardedlanguageconstructsarethosedeemedmostproneto errorÂhttp://www.misra.org.uk. MIT~MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology~AuniversityinCambridge, Massachusetts.MITisaprivatelyendowedresearchinstitutionwiththemissionof advancingknowledgeandeducatingstudentsinscienceandtechnology.Itisverywellrespectedandhasproducedmanywell-knowncomputerandtechnologyprofessionals withintheindustry. MITM~ManInTheMiddle~atypeofnetworkattackwheretheintruderintercepts trafficbetweentwohostsandanswerseachone,foolingthehostsintothinkingtheyare talkingdirectlytoeachother. ML~ModularLine~AnHPbrandnamefortheProLiantModularLine,whichisan expandabletower. MLHG~Multi-LineHunting~Theabilityofaswitchingsystemtoconnectcallsto anotherphoneinagroupwhenothernumbersinthegrouparebusy.Typesincludeserial orcircular. MLT~MechanizedLoopTest~Atestsystemthatteststheenduser’sloop,whichis comprisedofthewiresandequipmentusedtoprovidedialtone/callingservicetothatend user. MMC~MicrosoftManagementConsole~Astandardizedinterfaceintowhichyoucan plugsnap-instoperformdifferentadministrativetasks. MMC~MutiMediaCard~massstoragedevicesintheformofanewtypeofmemory mediawithacompactdesign,imagestoragecapacityofupto1GB,compatibilitywith differentdigitalcamerabrandsandMP3devices MMDS~multi-megabitdataservice~aline-of-sitepoint-to-pointtechnologyoperating at2.44GHzto2.5GHzthatservesareaswithheavyfoliage,relativelyfewenvironmental obstructionsandmoderaterainfall. MMDS~MultipointMicrowaveDistributionSystem~wirelessbroadbandtechnology forInternetAccess.MMDSchannelscomein6MHzchunksandrunsonlicensedand unlicensedchannels.Eachchannelcanreachtransferratesashighas27Mbpsor1Gbps MMF~MultimodeFiberopticCable~Fiberopticcableinwhichsignalorlight propagatesinmultiplemodesorpaths.Sincethesepathsmayhavevaryinglengths, transmittedpulseoflightmaybereceivedatdifferenttimesandsmearedsopulsesmay interferewithsurroundingpulses. MMO/MMOG~massivelymultiplayeronlinegame~amultiplayervideogamewhich iscapableofsupportinghundredsorthousandsofplayerssimultaneously.Bynecessity, theyareplayedontheInternet,andusuallyfeatureatleastonepersistentworld. MMORPG~MassiveMultiplayerOnlineRolePlayingGame~MassiveMultiplayer OnlineRolePlayingGame MMR~ModifiedModifiedRead~datacompressionmethodusedinGroup3facsimile machines. MMS~MicrosoftMediaServer~StreamingprotocolusedbytheMicrosoftMedia Server.UsedtoaccessunicastcontentfromaWindowsMediaServertoaWindows MediaPlayer MMS~MultimediaMessagingService~Amobile-messagingstandardjointlydefinedby the3GPartnershipProjectandtheÂWAPForum.MMSprovidesabroadsetoffeatures thatcannotbedeliveredthroughtraditionalwireless-messagingstandards,andtosend messagestobothmobilephonenumbersande-mailaddresses. MMU~MemoryManagementUnit~ahardwaredeviceresponsibleforhandling memoryaccessesrequestedbythemainprocessor. MMX~multimediaextensions~setofadditionalinstructionsaddedtothelatermodels ofthePentiummicroprocessoranditssuccessorstosupporthigh-speedprocessingof animationandsound. MNP~MicrocomNetworkingProtocol~acommunicationsprotocoldevelopedby Microcom,Incorporated(nowownedbyCompaq,thenHP),thatisusedbymanyhigh speedmodems. MNS~managednetworkservices~Thevendordeliveryofprimarilyoperationalsupport foranetworkenvironmentinwhichthehardwareassets,financialobligationsand personnelremainonthebooksofthecustomer. MNS~MasterofNetworkScience~3COM’shighlyacclaimedrecognitionfor demonstratedknowledgeofnetworkingfunctions.ItistheequivalentofNovell’sCNS andMicrosoft’sMCSEcertification. MO~Magneto-Optical~Atypeofdiskdrivethatcombinesmagneticdisktechnologies withCD-ROMtechnologies. MOB~movableobject~agraphicalobjectthatismanipulatedseparatelyfromthe background.Theseareseenallthetimeincomputergames. MoBo~motherboard~Thecomputer’smaincircuitboard.Allinternalcomponentsare attachedorconnectedinsomewaytothemotherboard.Themotherboardholdsthe processor,thebus,memorysockets,expansionslots,andmore.Itactsasaconduitfor power,andmakessurethevariouscomponentscancommunicate. MoCA~MultimediaoverCoaxAlliance~Organization-MultimediaoverCoaxAlliance MODEM~modulator-demodulator~Amodemisaconversiondevicethatallowsa computertotransmitinformationoveranalogcommunicationlines(forexample, traditionalphonelines)byconvertinginformationthatisdigitallystoredonthecomputer intotransmissionsignals.Â MOE~MeasuresofEffectiveness~aprobabilitymodelbasedonengineeringconcepts thatallowsonetoapproximatetheimpactagiveactionwillhaveonanenvironment.In InformationwarfareitistheabilitytoattackordefendwithinanInternetenvironment. MOF~MicrosoftOperationsFramework~Providestechnicalguidancethatenables organizationstoachievemission-criticalsystemreliability,availability,supportability,and manageabilityofMicrosoftproductsandtechnologies MOH~MusicOnHold~Atelephonyterm.Oftenthisisaportonthethecontroldevice; itmayhowever,beanadd-onattachmentallowingaudiotoberoutedtoanincomingor outgoingsystemcallthatisplacedonhold. MOM~MicrosoftOperationsManager~Providesmanageabilityaspartofthedesign andimplementationofWindowsServerSystemtechnologies MOO~Mud,ObjectOriented~Oneofseveralkindsofmulti-userrole-playing environments. Moodle~ModularObject-OrientedDynamicLearningEnvironment~Moodleisanopen sourcecoursemanagementsystem,orginallydevelopedbyMartinDougiamas.Itisused bythousandsofeducationalinstitutionsaroundtheworldtoprovideanorganized interfacefore-learning,orlearningovertheInternet. MoReq~ModelRequirementsfortheManagementofElectronicRecords~amodel specificationofERMS MORPH~(from)metamorphosis~Tochangeoneimageintoanotherbymeansof digitaltechnology MOS~MeanOpinionScore~anumericalindicationoftheperceivedqualityofreceived mediaaftercompressionand/ortransmission. MOSFET~Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-EffectTransistor~Atransistorwitha sourceanddrainregion.Itisconsideredakeyelementinintegratedcircuittechnology. MOSS~MicrosoftOfficeSharePointServer~thefullversionofaportal-basedplatform forcollaborativelycreating,managingandsharingdocumentsandWebservices.MOSS enablesuserstocreate‘SharepointPortals’thatincludesharedworkspaces,applications, blogs,wikisandotherdocumentsaccessiblethroughaWebbrowser. MoST~mobilesolutionsterminal~Themobileterminalusedbyservicepersonnel. MOTD~messageÂofÂtheday~Manycomputers(particularlymorecapableones)are configuredtodisplayaMOTDwhenaccessedremotely. MOV~MerchantofVenice~incomputerprogramming,isastockmarkettradingand technicanalysisprogramtomanagegraphsandportfolios.Ithasaninternallanguage whichsupportsallthemostimportanteconometricfunctions(RSI,BollingerBands, Momentum,MovingAverages,ecc.). MP3~MPEGLayer3~AnopenMPEGstandardfordigitalaudiocompression.Itoffers significantcompressionwhileretaininggoodtoexcellentaudioquality. MPAS~mostlyprivateaddressspace~Aflexiblevirtualaddressspacemodel,usedin systemssuchasHP-UX,thatcanallocatelargeraddressspaceblockstoprocesses. MPEG~MovingPictureExpertsGroup~Adigitalvideostandardforcompressionof full-motionimages.ThecompressionratiosachievedwithMPEGencodingmakeitan idealstandardfordeliveryofdigitalvideodata. MPI~MasterPatientIndex~Alistofallknownpatientsinanarea,activity,or organization. MPIF~Multi-ProcessorInterconnectFacility~IBMfaciltytosupportmultipleTPF complexescommunicatingwitheachother MPL~MozillaPublicLicense~afreeandopensourcesoftware license.Âwww.mozilla.org/MPL/ MPL~Multi-schedulePrivateLine~AnAT&Ttariffforaleasedvoice-gradeline. MPLS~MultiprotocolLabelSwitching~networktechnology- MPLS~MultiprotocolLabelSwitching~aschemetypicallyusedtoenhanceanIP network.RoutersontheincomingedgeoftheMPLSnetworkaddan‘MPLSlabel’tothe topofeachpacket.Thislabelisbasedonsomecriteriaandisthenusedtosteeritthrough thesubsequentrouters. MPN~MicrosoftPartnerNetwork~MicrosoftPartnerNetwork MPOE~minimumpointofentry~theclosestpracticalpointtowherethecablesofa telecommunicationsservicecarriercrossapropertylineorwhereitswiringentersamultiunitbuilding. MPP~massivelyparallelprocessing~Thecoordinatedexecutionofasinglerequestby multiplesingle-processorcomputersinashared-nothingenvironment MPPE~MicrosoftPointtoPointEncryption~EncryptsdataforPPPorPPTP connections Mpps~millionsofpacketspersecond~ameasurementofinformationsentpersecond MPS~managedprintservices~strategydesignedtohelpmanagethevolumeof documentsflowingthroughtheorganizationandminimizethecosts MQ~messagequeue(formerly)~anIBMstandardforprogram-to-programmessaging acrossmultipleplatforms.WebSphereMQruntimeenvironmentincludingthesetupof thequeuemanagernetwork.WebsphereMQissometimesreferredtoasmessage-oriented middleware(MOM). MQT~materializedquerytable~Atablewhosedefinitionisbasedontheresultofa queryandwhosedataisintheformofprecomputedresultsthataretakenfromthetableor tablesonwhichtheMQTdefinitionisbased. MRAM~magnetoresistiverandomaccessmemory~amethodofstoringdatabitsusing magneticchargesinsteadoftheelectricalchargesusedbyÂDRAM.Bycombiningthe highspeedofstaticRAMandthehighdensityofDRAM,proponentssayMRAMcould beusedtosignificantlyimproveelectronicproductsbystoringgreateramountsofdata, enablingittobeaccessedfasterwhileconsuminglessbatterypower. MRI~MagneticResonanceImaging~Amedicalimagingtechniqueusedforimage capture.Tissueareaissimultaneouslysubjectedtoelectromagneticradiationanda magneticfield MRO~maintenance,repairandoperations~Theactivitiesassociatedwiththeoperation andrepairofanyfacility,equipmentorasset,andthematerialpurchasedtosupportthese activities. mrouter~multicast/router~multicast/router MRTG~MultiRouterTrafficGrapher~anopensourcetoolusedtomonitorthetraffic loadonnetworklinks. MRU~mostrecentlyused~alistofmost-recently-usedfilesorwebaddresses.Many wordprocessors,webbrowsers,andsoon,maintainMRUlistssotheusercanquickly returntoadocumentthatwasusedrecently. ms~millisecond~Aunitoftimeequaltooneone-thousandthofasecond. MS~Microsoft~Anindustryabbreviationforthedominantgiantincomputer technology MS~MemoryStick~ThetechnologydevelopedbySonytoadvancemassstorage devices,formallyknownasSonyMemoryStick.MStechnologywasintroducedin1999 andnowhassizesupto1GBinsize.ItalsohasvariationssuchasMSDuo,MSProand MSProDuo. MSA~metropolitanstatisticalarea~cellularserviceareasusedbytheFCCtolicense cellulartelephoneservice. MSA~MobileSalesAssistant~Oracle’sCRMproduct MSA~ModularSmartArray~Usesexistinglinearmulti-channelbi-directionaltape format. MSAP~MicrosoftÂApplicationPlatform~Microsoftapplicationplatformsuite MSB~MostSignificantBit~Highestorderbitinbinaryrepresentationofnumerical value. MSBD~MediaStreamBroadcastDistribution~Protocolusedtodistributestreams betweenWindowsMediaEncoderandtheWindowsMediaservercomponents,andto transferstreamsbetweenservers MSC~MobileSwitchingCenter~Aswitchprovidingservicesandcoordinationbetween mobileusersinanetworkandexternalnetworks. MSCS~MicrosoftClusterServer~Atechnologythatprovideshighavailabilityby groupingcomputersintoMSCSclusters. MSDB~mainstoragedatabase~Aroot-segmentdatabasethatresidesinvirtualstorage. ThedatainanMSDBisstoredinsegments. MSDE~MicrosoftDataEngine~Adesktopdatabaseenginethatworksasanextension ofÂSQLÂServer7.0tostoredataforofflineapplicationcomponents. MSDN~MicrosoftDeveloperNetwork~Acommunityofpracticefordeveloperscreated byMicrosoft.MSDNoffersWeb-basedandofflineservicestoprogrammerswhowrite applicationsusingMicrosofttechnologies. MSDP~MulticastSourceDirectoryProtocol~DevelopedforpeeringbetweenÂISPs,it enablesRendezvousPoints(RPs)toshareinformationaboutactivesources MSE~MicrosoftSecurityEssentials~providesreal-timeprotectionforyourhomeor smallbusinessPCthatguardsagainstviruses,spyware,andother malicious.Âwww.microsoft.com/security_essentials/ MSEE~MicrosoftEquationEditor~add-onsoftwarethatletsyoubuildcomplex mathematicalequationsandinsertthemintosuchOfficeapplicationsasWord, PowerPoint,Outlook,andExcelbypickingsymbolsfromatoolbar,thentypingnumbers andvariables. MSI~MediumScaleIntegration~Chipscontaininghundredsoftransistors,butnot thousands. MSI~MessageSignalInterrupts~setsasideaspecialmessagespaceinthePCIflat memoryspaceforpassingacertaintypeofcontrolmessagecalledaninterrupt. MSI~MicroSoftInstaller~aninstallersystembyMicrosoftforWindowsplatformsand .MSIfileextension MSI~MicroStarInternational~aninternationalcomputercomponentandnotebook manufacturer MSIL~MicrosoftIntermediateLanguage~Anintermediate,CPU-independentlanguage (alsoknownasIL,orIntermediateLanguage)intowhichsourcecodeiscompiledin Microsoft’sCommonLanguageInfrastructure(CLI),partofits.NETplatform. MSL~MeanSeaLevel~Thisisacommonframeofreferenceforpositionswitha verticalcomponent.Theaveragelocationatwhichtheoceanmeetsthebeachis consideredâ€œmeansealevelâ€?. MSM~MainframeServiceManagement~theconceptofserviceoptimization, addressingITrequirementsformainframesystemmanagement,datamanagementand enterpriseworkloadautomation. MSMQ~MicrosoftMessageQueuing~Amessage-queuingmiddlewareproduct(or, moreaccurately,anoperating-systemservice)thatprovidesstore-and-forward connectivitybetweentwoapplicationprograms. MSN~MicrosoftNetwork~Launchedin1995alongwithWindows95,itisanonline serviceprovider(OSP)comprisedofvariousWebsitesandWebpagesthatareoperated byMicrosoftoritsaffiliates.HTTP://WWW.MSN.COM. MSNP~MicrosoftNotificationProtocol~aninstantmessagingprotocoldevelopedby Microsoftforusebythe.NETMessengerServiceandtheinstantmessagingclientsthat connecttoit MSO~multiple-systemoperator~Acompanythatownscablesystemsinseveral differentcities,suchasAT&T,Cablevision. MSPP~MultiServiceProvisioningPlatform~Amarketingtermforanetworkofdevices (e.g.switchesandmultiplexers)thatcansupportmultipleprotocolsandmultipleservices suchasvoice,dataandvideoinavarietyofformats. MSS~MaximumSegmentSize~thelargestamountofdata,specifiedinbytes,thata computerorcommunicationsdevicecanhandleinasingle,unfragmentedpiece. MSS~mobilesatelliteservice~Aradiocommunicationservicebetweenmobileearth stationsandoneormorespacestations,orbetweenspacestationsusedbythisservice. MSS/MSSP~managedsecurityservice(provider)~Acompanythatprovides outsourcedmonitoringandmanagementofsecuritydevicesandsystems.Common servicesincludemanagedfirewall,intrusiondetection,virtualprivatenetwork, vulnerabilityscanningandantivirusservices. MTA~MailTransferAgent~SoftwarethatimplementsSMTPandprovidesstoragefor mailmessagestobeforwardedordeliveredtoalocaluser.MTAsimplementSMTP (RFCÂ821). MTA~messagetransferagent~OSIapplicationprocessusedtostoreandforward messagesintheX.400MessageHandlingSystem.EquivalenttoInternetmailagent. MTA~Multi-ThreadedApartment~Athreadingcontextinwhichcomponentsmust handlesynchronizationthemselves.UnderCOM+thethreadsthatrunintheMTAcom fromathreadpoolmanagedbythesystem MTBF/MTTF~meantimebetweenfailures/meantimetofailure~Theestimatedor actualaveragetimeperiodbetweenfailuresinacomputercomponentorsystem MTP~messagetransferpart~PartoftheSS7protocolnormallyusedtoprovidea connectionlessserviceroughlyequivalenttolevelsonetothreeoftheOSIreference model. MT-RJ~MechanicalTransferRegisteredJack~afiberopticsconnectorpopularfor smallformfactordevicesduetoitssmallsize. MTS~MicrosoftTransactionServer~AfacilitythathelpsWindowsusersrunbusiness logicapplicationsinamiddletierserver. MTSO~MobileTelephoneSwitchingOffice~Theswitchingofficethatallbasestation cellsitesconnectto. MTTR~meantimetorepair~Anestimatedoractualaveragetimerequiredtoperform repairsonacomputercomponentorsystem. MTU~MaximumTransmissionUnit~Multiplelayers- MTU~maximumtransferunit~ThemaximumnumberofbytesthatanInternetProtocol (IP)datagramcancontain. MTU~MaximumTransmissionUnit~anetworkingtermthatdefinesthelargestpacket sizethatcanbesentoveranetworkconnection.TheMTUistypicallylimitedbythetype ofconnection,butmaysometimesbeadjustedinacomputer’snetworksettings. MUA~MailUserAgent~theclientthatyoureadyouremailwith.Commononesare Netscape,EudoraandOutlookExpress. MUD~Multi-UserDungeonorDimension~A(usuallytext-based)multi-usersimulation environment.Somearepurelyforfunandflirting,othersareusedforserioussoftware development,oreducationpurposesandallthatliesinbetween. multimedia~multipleformsofmedia~Thisincludestext,graphics,audio,video,etc. MULTOS~Multi-ApplicationOperatingSystem~Anoperatingsystemoriginally createdbyMondex,andnowoverseenbyaconsortiumof13smartcardcompanies. MUSE~Multi-UserSimulatedEnvironment~OnekindofMUD-usuallywithlittleor noviolence. mutex~mutualexclusion~Aguaranteeofexclusiveaccesstoasharedresource. mutex~mutualexclusion~Asynchronizationfunctionthatisusedtoallowmultiplejobs orprocessestoserializetheiraccesstoshareddata. mutex~mutualexclusion~Aflagusedbyasemaphoretoprotectsharedresources.The mutexislockedandunlockedbythreadsinaprogram. MUX~Multiplexor~Adevicethatcombinesseveralinputsignalsintoasingleoutgoing signal. MVNO~mobilevirtualnetworkoperator~Acompanythatprovidesmobilenetwork servicesthroughacontractwithamobilenetworkoperator. MVS~MultipleVirtualStorage~AnIBMmainframeoperatingsystem.ThetermMVS isusedtodescribeanentirefamilyofmainframeoperatingsystems. MW~middleware~Softwarethatprovidessomefunctionalitybetweenthedatabaseand theenduser. MWE~multiwordexpression~Asemanticallyorsyntacticallysignificantexpression thatconsistsofmultiplewordsthatexpressesasingleconcept.Multiwordexpressionscan bephrasalinnature,comprisingseveralsentenceelements. MWI~MobileWebInitiative~Proposestoaddressissueslikeinteroperabilityand usabilityformobilephonesthroughaconcertedeffortofplayersinthemobilefield, includingauthoringtoolvendors,contentproviders,handsetmanufacturers,browser vendorsandmobileoperators MXrecord~mailexchangerecord~DNSÂresourcerecordtypeindicatingwhichhost canhandlee-mailforaparticulardomain. MXF~MaterialExchangeFormat~broadapplicationledtovariousvendor interpretationsandimplementationsandthereforeinteroperabilityproblems. ~N~ NAB~NotABug~Usedasareasonwhenrejectingabugreport NAC~Networkaccesscontrol~Linkandotherlayers-IEEE802.1x NAC~networkaccesscontrol~NACprocessevaluatesthesecuritystateofasystemor userasitconnectstothenetwork;monitorsthesecuritystateofsystemsthatarealready connected. NAC~networkattachedconnection~Aparticulartypeofconnectionthatallowsa connectiondirectlytotheactivepartofanetwork. NACHA~NationalAutomatedClearingHouseAssociation~Afinancialindustry organizationthatdevelopselectronicsolutionstoimprovethepaymentssystem.Although ithasretainedthe‘NACHA’acronym,theorganizationnowuses‘NACHA-The ElectronicPaymentsAssociation’asitsfullname. NAI~NetworkAssociatesInc.~AnetworksecurityvendorheadquarteredinSanta Clara,California.nowÂMcAfee NAK~Negativeacknowledgementornotacknowledged~TheoppositeoftheACK signal.Itindicatesamessagewasnotreceivedcorrectly,orthattheterminalisnotready tosend. NAM~NumberAssignmentModule~Thecomponentofawirelessphonethatholdsits telephonenumberandelectronicserialnumberinmemory. NAMPS~NarrowbandAdvancedMobilePhoneService~animprovedversionofAMPS systems.NAMPSisacellularcall-handlingsystemthatusesdigitalsignallingtechniques tosplittheexisting30kHzwidebandvoicechannelsintothree10kHznarrowbandvoice channels. NaN~NotaNumber~avalueorsymbolthatisusuallyproducedastheresultofan operationoninvalidinputoperands,especiallyinfloating-pointcalculations NANAE~News.Admin.Net-Abuse.Email~Usenetnewsgroups NANOG~NorthAmericanNetworkOperatorsGrou~providesaforumfortheexchange oftechnicalinformation,andpromotesdiscussionofimplementationissuesthatrequire communitycooperation.Âhttp://www.nanog.org/ NANP~Identifiestheelectricalconditionsonthecircuit.~Thenumberingplanusedin theUnitedStates,Canada,Bermuda,PuertoRico,andcertainCaribbeanIslands.The NANPformatisa10-digitnumberthatconsistsofa3-digitNPAcode(AreaCode),3digitNXXcode(Exchange),and4-digitcode(Line). NAP~NetworkAccessProtection~AclientfeaturesupportedbyWindowsVistathat providesformonitoringandisolationofcomputersonaLonghornserver-basednetwork thatdonotmeetadministrator-definedhealthstatusrequirements. NAP/NAPs~networkaccesspoints~apublicnetworkexchangefacility whereÂISPsÂcanconnectwithoneanotherinpeeringarrangements.TheNAPsarea keycomponentoftheInternetbackbonebecausetheconnectionswithinthemdetermine howtrafficisrouted.TheyarealsothepointsofmostInternetcongestion. NAS~networkaccessserver~alsoknownasa‘mediagateway’ora‘remoteaccess server’(RAS),isanaccesscontrolpointforremoteusersconnectingtoacompany’s internalnetworkortoanÂISPÂviaanalogmodemsorISDN. NAS~NetworkApplicationSupport~atermandactionoriginatedbyDEC.Itwasthe waytheindustrycametosupportapplicationsintegrationacrossadistributedmultivendor environment. NAS~network-attachedstorage~NASisharddiskstoragethatissetupwithitsown networkaddressratherthanbeingattachedtothedepartmentcomputerthatisserving applicationstoanetwork’sworkstationusers. NASDAQ~NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotations~the largestelectronicscreen-basedequitysecuritiestradingmarketintheUnited Stateshttp://www.nasdaq.com/ NASS~NetworkAttachmentSubsystem~acomponentintheIPMultimediaSusbsystem (IMS) NASTRAN~NASAStressAnalysis~Softwarethatisusedtosolvelargestressanalysis problems. NAT~NetworkAddressTranslation~InternetLayer-CiscoInternetProtocolJournal:A lookInsideNetworkAddressTranslators NAT~NetworkAddressTranslation~NATtranslatestheIPaddressesofcomputersina localnetworktoasingleIPaddress.Thisaddressisoftenusedbytherouterthatconnects thecomputerstotheInternet. NAT~NetworkAddressTranslation~Inafirewall,theconversionofsecureIPaddresses toexternalregisteredaddresses. NAV~NortonAntiVirus~SymantecAVbrand NAVSTAR~NAVigationSatelliteTimingandRanging~theofficialgovernmentname forthesatellitesystemthatsupportsGPSdevices. NBC~NationalBroadcastingCompany~NBCisanAmericancommercialbroadcasting televisionnetworkandformerradionetworkheadquarteredintheGEBuildinginNew YorkCity’sRockefellerCenterwithadditionalmajorofficesnearLosAngelesandin Chicago. NBMA~Non-BroadcastMultipleAccess(e.g.FrameRelayATM)~Telecom-SeeATM, FrameRelayandX.25,forexamples. NBSP~Non-BreakingSpace~AnHTMLcommandthatisusedtodisplayasingletext spacewithoutavisiblecharacterinthatspace. NC~NetworkComputer~AnInternetPCfromOracle,designedforInternetuseonly. NCC~NortonControlCenter~NortonUtilities’programbySymantec NCCM~NetworkConfigurationandChangeManagement~toolsfocusondiscovering anddocumentingnetworkdeviceconfigurationfiles,auditingchanges,comparing configurationstothepolicyor‘goldstandard’forthatdevice,anddeployingconfiguration updatestomultivendornetworkdevices. NCI~NetworkChannelInterface~Identifiestheelectricalconditionsonthecircuit. NCp~NetwareCoreProtocol~ThesetofproceduresthatÂNovellÂNOSsusetohandle allnetworkclientrequests. NCP~NetworkControlProgram~Aprogramthatcontrolstheoperationofa communicationcontroller. NCP~NetworkControlProgram~Aprogramusedforrequestsandresponsesexchanged betweenphysicalunitsinanetworkfordataflowcontrol. NCP~NetworkControlProgram~AnIBMlicensedprogramthatprovides communicationcontrollersupportforsingle-domain,multiple-domain,andinterconnected networkcapability. NCQ~NativeCommandQueuing~Atechnologydesignedtoincreaseperformanceof SATAharddisksundercertainsituationsbyallowingtheindividualharddisktointernally optimizetheorderinwhichreceivedreadandwritecommandsareexecuted. NDC~networkeddatacenter~Aservicethatgoesbeyondmakingdatacenter functionalityavailableonanetwork.AnNDCemploysnetworkingtechnologytotreat multipledatacentersandthenetworkasasinglesystemtoefficientlyaccessandprocess applications. NDIS~NetworkDriverInterfaceSpecification~Windowsspecificationforhow communicationprotocolprograms(suchasTCP/IP)andnetworkdevicedrivershould communicatewitheachother. NDM~NetworkDataMover~Filetransmissionprotocolsoftware. NDMP~NetworkDataManagementProtocol~Astandardprotocol-proposedby storagetechnologyvendorsNetworkApplianceandLegatoSystems-thatstorage managementapplicationscanusetobackupdatainanetworkofheterogeneousservers. NDMPdefinesastandardagentthatcanoperateonanyfileserver,regardlessofhardware platformoroperatingsystem. NDP~NeighborDiscoveryProtocol~aprotocolintheInternetProtocolSuiteusedwith IPv6 NDr~Non-DeliveryReceipt~Whenane-mailmessageiscomposedandsenttoan invalide-mailaddressthereceiving,orinsomecasesthesending,e-mailserverattempts tosendanNDRtothesenderofthee-mailmessage,toinformthemthatthee-mail addressusedisinvalid. NDS~NetwareDirectoryServices~Novell’snameforthetreestructuredhierarchy withinNovellNOSsthatincludesallnetworkresourcesandservices. NEC~NationalElectricCode~Anationallyrecognizedsafetystandardforthe construction,designandmaintenanceofelectricalcircuits. NEC~NEC~Aleadingmanufacturerandsupplierinallcommercialelectronics industriesworldwide.TheyhaveseveralInternationalmanufacturingandoperations locations.SeethematHTTP://WWW.NEC.COM. NEl~NetworkElementLayer~Anabstractionoffunctionsrelatedspecificallytothe technology,vendor,andthenetworkresourcesornetworkelementsthatprovidebasic communicationsservices. NEMs~networkequipmentmanufacturers~networkequipmentmanufacturers NES~NintendoEntertainmentSystem~NintendoisaJapanesecompanythatproduces verypopulararcade-likevideogamesthatrequiretheirowndedicatedgameequipment. NetApp~NetworkAppliance~NETAPPInc.isamajorvendorinthenetworkattached storage(NAS)arena netbeui~NetBiosEnhancedUserInterface~ItisanenhancedversionoftheNetBIOS protocolusedbynetworkoperatingsystems.ÂNetbeuiwasoriginallydesignedbyIBM fortheirLanManagerserverandlaterextendedbyMicrosoftandNovell. NETBIOS~networkbasicinput/outputsystem~allowsapplicationsonseparate computerstocommunicateoveraÂlocalareanetwork(LAN) Netizen~citizenoftheInternet~someonewhousesnetworkedresources.Theterm connotescivicresponsibilityandparticipation. net-J~Internetdiscjockey~InadditiontothedevelopmentofVJ’s(videojockeysfor musictelevision)thereisalsotheperformancepositionoftheInternetdiscjockey(or ‘net-J’).Manyenterprisingwebcastershavebeguntheirownradiostationsbroadcasting strictlyovertheInternet. newbie~Newbeginner~Internetslangforsomeonewhohasn’tbeenusingcomputersor theinternetlong. NEWS~NetworkExtensibleWindowSystem~AwindowsystembasedonPostScript thatSundevelopedandlicenses NEXT~Near-EndCrosstalk~anerrorconditionthatcanoccurwhenconnectorsare attachedtotwistedpaircabling.NEXTisusuallycausedbycrossedorcrushedwirepairs. NF/NFs~NormalForms~thestructuresandalgorithmstonormalizearelational database.Onecanonlydescribeadatabaseashavinganormalformiftherelationships betweenquantitieshavebeenrigorouslydefined. NFC~Near-fieldcommunication~ashort-range,wireless,personal-areatechnology designedtointeractwithconsumerelectronics,mobiledevicesandPCs.Âhttp://www.nfcforum.org NFF~NoFaultFound.~NoFaultFound. NFF~NotesFlatFile~AninterchangeformatfortheLotusNotes/Dominoplatform basedonÂXML. NFI~NearFieldImaging~Touchscreenwherethescreenitselfisthesensor.NFIusesa sophisticatedsensingcircuitthatcandetectaconductiveobject-afingerorconductive stylus-throughalayerofglass,aswellasthroughglovesorotherpotentialbarriers NFS~NetworkFileSystem~Amethodofsharingfilesacrossacomputernetwork. PioneeredbySunMicrosystems,itisnowadefactostandardintheUnixenvironment. NFSisbuiltonÂTCP/IPÂandEthernet. NGC~NextGenerationCommunications~NextGenerationCommunications NGN~Next-GenerationNetwork~abroadtermtodescribesomekeyarchitectural evolutionsintelecommunicationcoreandaccessnetworksthatwillbedeployedbefore 2020.Theideaisthatonenetworktransportsallinformationandservicesby encapsulatingtheseintopackets,asontheInternet. NGOSS~next-generationoperationalsupportsystemÂsolutions~NGOSSisthe TeleManagementForumâ€™sinitiativetodriveoperationalefficiencyandcostreduction amongtelecomnetworks.NGOSSisacomprehensive,integratedframeworkfor developing,procuringanddeployingoperationalandbusinesssupportsystemsand sofware. NHM~NextHumanNetwork~anInternetcontentserviceoperatorheadquarteredin Seongnam,SouthKoreaandestablishedin1998.ItoperatestheÂNaverÂportal,whichis themostpopularInternetportalandsearchenginesinSouthKorea,andÂHangame,the country’snumberoneonlinegameportal. NHRP~NextHopResolutionProtocol~Protocolusedbyrouterstodynamically discovertheMACaddressofotherroutersandhostsconnectedtoanNBMAnetwork. NIC~NetworkInterfaceCard~Physicallayer-TelecomGlossary NIC~NetworkInformationCenter~Generally,anyofficethathandlesinformationfora network.ThemostfamousoftheseontheInternetwastheInterNIC,whichwaswhere mostnewdomainnameswereregistereduntilthatprocesswasdecentralizedtoanumber ofprivatecompanies. NIC~NetworkInterfaceCard~Pronounced‘nick,’thisisthecardthatphysicallymakes theconnectionbetweenthecomputerandthenetworkcable.Thesecardstypicallyusean Ethernetconnectionandareavailablein10,100,and1000Base-Tconfigurations. nicad~nickel-cadmium~atypeofrechargeablebatteryformerlyusedinlaptop computers.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriesaretoxicandshouldnotbediscardedinordinary trash. NICAM~NearInstantaneousCompandedAudioMultiplex~Atechniqueforincluding digitalaudiowhenbroadcastinganalogueTV.NICAMisintendedtoprovideCDquality stereoforTVbroadcasts.BasicallyitisadigitalsoundTVcarriersignalsaidtobevery robust,evenwhenanaloguereceptionwaspoor.Inrealitythiswasnotthecaseandin areaswheresignalstrengthwaspoor,switchingtomonogavefavourableresultslikeon FMradiobroadcasts NICE~Narrative,Immersive,CollaborativeEnvironment~Rechargeablebattery technology NID~NetworkInterfaceDevice~adevicethatterminatescopperpairfromtheserving centralofficeattheuserâ€™sdestinationandwhichistypicallylocatedoutsidethat location. NIH~notinventedhere(syndrome)~Aninformaltermusedtodescribeavendor’s reluctanceorrefusaltosupporttechnologiesitdidnotdevelopitself. NILO~NetworkInterfaceLOader~BootLinux,FreeBSD,Windows95/98/NT4and supporttheIntelPXEstandard,andissuitableforburningintoROM.Itisanevolutionof thepreviousEtherbootandNetbootprojects.SeeÂhttp://www.nilo.org/ NIM~NetworkInterfaceModule~theinterfaceprovided,uptotwopercarrier,forthe PSTNusedbyV.32dialbackupmodules(DBMs)anddial/leasemodems,andforthe switched56kbpsdigitalserviceusedbythe2-wireand4-wireswitched56DBMs. NiMH~NickelMetalHydride~batteriesdonotsufferfromthememoryeffectasthe NiCadcounterpart.ComparedtoaNiCadbatteryofequalsize,NiMHbatteriesrunfor 30%longeroneachchargecycle. NIP~Non-ImpactPrinter~Aprinterthatprintswithoutstrikingthepaper;forexample,a laserprinteroraninkjetprinter.Non-impactprintersarequieterthanimpactprinters,such asdotmatrixordaisywheelprinters. NIR~Near-Infrared~Aportionoftheelectromagneticspectrumrepresentinglightwaves approachinginfrared. NIS~NetworkInformationService~SunMicrosystems’client-serverprotocolfor keepingtrackofuserandhostnamesonanetwork. NIS~NortonInternetSecurity~Symantec-Software NIST~NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology~Foundedin1901,ÂNISTÂisa non-regulatoryfederalagencywithinU.S.CommerceDepartment’sTechnology Administration. NJE~networkjobentry~Inobjectdistribution,anentryinthenetworkjobtablethat specifiesthesystemactionrequiredforincomingnetworkjobssentbyaparticularuseror groupofusers. NJE~networkjobentry~Afacilityforlinkingsingle-processorsystemsormulti-access spoolcomplexesintoaprocessingnetwork NLA~NetworkLocationAwareness~EnablesWindowsSockets2applicationsto identifythelogicalnetworktowhichaWindowscomputerisattachedandtowhich physicalnetworkinterfaceagivenapplicationhassavedspecificinformation NLB~NetworkLoadBalancing~AclusteringtechnologyfromMicrosoftallowing networktraffictobeevenlydistributedacrossanumberofservers.Italsohelpstoprovide highavailabilitybydetectinghostfailuresandreroutingtraffictooneoftheavailable servers. NLDF~nationallanguagedependentfunction~Anyfunctionofahardwareorsoftware productthatmustbealteredtosuitacountry,region,orlanguage. NLM~NetWareLoadableModule~Individualprogramthatcanbeloadedintomemory onaNetWareserverandfunctionaspartoftheNetWarenetworkoperatingsystem. NLM~NetworkLifecycleManagement~akeycomponentoftheHPBusinessService Management(BSM)offering,whichreducesservicedisruptionsbyimprovingvisibility intotheperformanceofnetworksandsystems.HPSoftwareNetworkManagementCenter providesNLMforautomation. NLO~net-liberatedorganization~AGartnerconceptdescribinganorganizational philosophyenabledbytheadventoftheInternetandrelatedWebtechnologies. NLOS~NearLineOFSight~Usedtodescriberadiotransmissionacrossapaththatis partiallyobstructed,usuallybyaphysicalobject.Manytypesofradiotransmissions dependonline-of-sightbetweenthetransmitterandreceiver. NLP~Naturallanguageprocessing~referstothecomputerunderstanding,analysis, manipulation,and/orgenerationofnaturallanguage.NLPisasubfieldofartificial intelligenceandlinguistics.Itstudiestheproblemsofautomatedgenerationand understandingofnaturalhumanlanguages. NLQ~NearLetterQuality~Printqualityalmostasgoodasanelectrictypewriter; qualitysimilartoacloth-ribbontypewriter.Thecharactersarelegiblebutnotsharp.Some dotmatrixprintersprintNLQ. NLS~NationalLanguageSupport~Thesetofsystemfunctionsin32-bitWindows containinginformationthatisbasedonlanguageandculturalconventions. NLSP~NovellLinkStateProtocol~TheequivalentofOpenShortestPathFirst(OSPF) /oforIPX/iRIP/randSAPservices.Muchmoreefficientinitsuseofbandwidthand improvedstability. NLSR~Naturallanguagespeechrecognition~Thisisacomputer’sabilitytoconvert spokeninputintotext,ortointerpretspokencommands.Specialsoftwareisusedto digitizevocalsoundsandcomparesthemwithalibraryofsoundpatterns. NMC~NetworkManagementCenter~anoperationscenterusedtomanagenetwork resourcessuchastheMSC,locationregistersandbasestations. NMI~nonmaskableinterrupt~Aninterruptthatcannotbedisabled.Knownasatrap(on someIntelprocessors),asalevel7interrupt(Motorola),orbyothernames. NMOS~Negative-channelMetalOxideSemiconductor~Asemiconductortechnology thatusesnegativelychargedbasematerial.NMOScircuitsareusedwithlogicand memorychips. NMS~NetworkManagementStation~aserverthatrunsanetworkmanagement application.NetworkelementscommunicatewiththeNMStorelaymanagementand controlinformation.TheNMSalsoenablesnetworkdataanalysisandreporting. NMS~NetworkMonitoringSystem~Anapplicationtonotifyfront-linesupport personnelaboutproblemswithapplicationsrunningonremotemachines NNI~network-to-networkinterface~Atermusedtodenotetheinterfacebetweentwo publicframerelayorasynchronoustransfermode(ATM)networks. NNTP~NetworkNewsTransferProtocol~Foramessagetobepostedtoanewsgroup,it mustbesentthroughthisprotocolthatinteractsbetweennewsserversandnewsreader programs.NNTPisbasicallythesoftwarefoundationofanewsgroupserver.Itiswhat queries,distributes,posts,andretrievesnewsarticles. NO/NC~NormallyOpen/NormallyClosed~Generallypertainstoasetofcontactsona switchorrelayandthepositionthattheyarenormallyfoundin.NOisnormallyopenand usuallymeansthecircuitisopen.NCisnormallyclosedandusuallymeansthecircuitis engagedandcapable. NOC~NetworkOperationsCenter~Itisthecentrallocationwhereacompany’sservers andnetworkingequipmentarelocated.TheNOCmayresideeitherwithinacompany’s campusoratanexternallocation. no-op~nooperation~Amachineinstructionthatdoesnothinginitself,butholdsaplace foraninstructiontobeenteredlater.Alsocalleddo-nothingoperation. NOS~NetworkOperatingSystem~Anoperatingsystemwhichmakesitpossiblefor computerstobeonanetwork,andmanagesthedifferentaspectsofthenetwork. NPA~numberingplanarea~Ageographicalboundarywithinwhichnotwotelephones willhavethesameseven-digitnumber.‘N’isanynumberbetweentwoandnine,‘P’is alwaysoneorzero;and‘A’isanynumberexcludingzero. NPC~NorthPacificCable~NPCiscablesystemthatconnectUSAandJapan NPDA~NetworkProblemDeterminationApplication~AnIBMhost-basedprogram designedtoaidintheisolationanddiagnosisofnetworkproblems. NPI~NationalProviderIdentifier~Asystemforclassifyingallprovidersofhealthcare services,supplies,andequipmentÂ NPL~NetscapePublicLicense~anopen-sourcelicense,oneofthelicensesunderwhich Mozillaisdistributed.Itsmostnotablefeatureisthatitgivestheoriginaldeveloperof Mozilla NPP~NetworkPaymentProtocol~Anon-proprietarystandardgoverninghowBIPSenabledclientsoftwareinterfaceswithbankpaymentprocessingsystems.NPPmessages areinExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)andbeginwithaBankInternetPayment System(BIPS)XMLheader. NPSI~nonpartitionedsecondaryindex~Anindexonapartitionedtablespacethatisnot thepartitioningindexandisnotpartitioned. NPU~NetworkProcessor~similartoamicroprocessororCPU,isspeciallydeisgnedfor useinapplicationsinvolvingnetworkroutingandpacketprocessing.Manynetwork processorsfeaturemultipleRISCCPUsrunninginparallel. NRM~normalresponsemode~Anoperationalmodeofanunbalanceddatalinkin whichthesecondarystationstartstransmissiononlyastheresultofreceivingexplicit permission,bypolling,fromtheprimarystation. NRO~NumberResourceOrganization~coordinatingbodyforthefiveRIRsthat managethedistributionofÂIPAddress NRZ~Non-return-to-zero~Physicallayer-FederalStandard1037C NRZ~NonReturntoZero~atypeofdatastreamwheresuccessivedatapulses‘ones’are continuousoverseveralclockcycleswithoutreturningtothe‘zero’statebetween successive‘ones’. NRZI~Non-returntozeroinverted~Physicallayer-FederalStandard1037C NRZI~Non-ReturntoZeroInverted~Alsoknownas‘invert-on-zero’coding,NRZIis anSDLCencodingtechniquewhereachangeinstaterepresentsabinary0andnochange instaterepresentsabinary1. ns~Nanosecond~Onebillionthofasecond.Inthistime,electricalpulsestravel approximately12inches NSA~NetworkSecurityAppliance~SonicWALLSMBfirewallline NSFNET~NationalScienceFoundationNetwork~ahighspeednetworkofnetworks whichishierarchicalinnature.Atthehighestlevelisabackbonenetworkwhichspansthe continentalUnitedStates. NSI~NetworkSolutions,Inc~theorganizationthat,until1998,hadsoleresponsibility formaintainingtheregistryofTLDsendingin.com,.net,and.org,underacontractwith theUnitedStatesGovernment.ItswebaddressisÂwww.networksolutions.com. NSLookup~NameServerLookup~autilityforconvertingIPaddressestothe associatedhostnameandviceversa. NSLU2~NetworkStorageLinkforUSB2.0~aNASdevicemadebyLinksys introducedin2004anddiscontinuedin2008.ItmakesUSBFlashmemoryandharddisks accessibleoveranetworkusingtheSMB protocol.http://www.linksysbycisco.com/US/en/products/NSLU2 NSM~NetworkandÂSecurityManager~Juniperintegrated,policy-drivensecurityand networkmanagementproducts. NSP~NetworkServiceProvider~AcompanythatprovidesInternetaccesstoISPs. NSPsofferdirectaccesstotheInternetbackboneandtotheNetworkAccessPoints (NAPs). NSR~nonsharedresources~Fileswiththeirownsetofbuffersandcontrolblocks. NSR~Non-SourceRouted~FrameforwardingthroughamechanismotherthanSource RouteBridging. NSS~NetworkSwitchingSubsystem~aportionofaGSMnetworkthatmanagesthe connectionsandcommunicationswithinthenetwork.TheBSSandOSScompletethe majorcomponentsofthenetwork. NT~NewTechnology~SpecificallyreferstoMicrosoft’sWindowsNT3.5andNT4 Windowsoperatingsystems.LaterversionsofWindowsarebuiltonNT,whichiswhy referencestoNTremaininlaterversionsofWindows. NTCIP~NationalTransportationCommunicationsforIntelligentTransportationSystem Protocol~afamilyofstandardsdesignedtoachieveinteroperabilityand interchangeabilitybetweencomputersandelectronictrafficcontrolequipmentfrom differentmanufacturers. NTE~NetworkTerminationEquipment~Locatedinthehomeoroffice.Examplesare set-topboxes,LANcards. NTF~NoTroubleFound~IBMcomputermaintenanceabbreviation. NTFS~NewTechnologyFileSystem~TheNTFSfilesystemusedinWindowsNT, Windows2000andWindowsServer2003.NTFSfilesystemallowspermissionstobe assignedtoindividualfilesandfolders. NTO~NetworkTerminalOption~AnIBMÂSNAÂenvironmentprogramthatallows non-SNAasynchronousandBSCdevicesaccesstothenetworkviathecommunications controlunit(3705/3725/3745). NTP~networktimeprotocol~Protocolforsynchronizingtheclocksofcomputer systemsoverpacketsswitched,variable-latencydatanetworks. NTRU~NumberTheoryisReallyUseful~Technologyforhighspeed,lowfootprint publickeycryptography,basedonthemathematicsoflatticereduction.(Marketedby NTRUCryptosystems,Inc,http://www.ntru.com/) NTSC~NationalTelevisionSystemCommittee~Aspecificationforvideotransmission. NTT~networktopologytemplate~Atemplatethatdepictshowthelogicaldeployment templatenodescommunicatewitheachother. NTT~NipponTelegraphandTelephone~atelephonecompanythatdominatesthe telecommunicationmarketinJapan.NTTisthelargesttelecommunicationscompanyin Asia NUI~NaturalUserInterfaces~describesawide-rangingcategoryoftechnologythatis perhapsmosteasilyidentifiedbywhatitlacksâ€“thetraditionalmethodsofinput includingmice,keyboards,andcontrollers. NUMA~Non-UniformMemoryAccess~Amultiprocessingarchitecturewhereeach processororsmallgroupofprocessorshasitsowngroupofmemorychips.Accessing memorylocaltotheprocessorisfasterthanaccessingremotememoryonotherprocessor boards. NVE~NetworkVisibleEntity~Anetworkaddressableservice(ie.protocolsocket)that actsasanetworkserviceprocess(notanode.) NVRAM~Non-volatileRAM~Hardware-Samplevendordatahere NZ-DSF~NonZero-Dispersion-ShiftedFiber~adispersionshiftedSingleMode(SM) fiberthathasthezerodispersionpointnearthe1550nmwindow. ~O~ O.K.I.~OpenKnowledgeInitiative~anorganizationresponsibleforthespecificationof softwareinterfacescomprisingaSOAbasedonhighlevelservicedefinitions. O2~Object-Oriented~Anobject-orienteddatabaselanguage. O2O~OnlineToOffline~Directingonlineuserstophysicalstores.ThetermO2Owas firstcoinedbyAlexRampell,CEOandfounderofTrialPay,ina2010TechCruncharticle. Hewrote:â€œThekeytoO2Oisthatitfindsconsumersonlineandbringsthemintorealworldstores.Itisacombinationofpaymentmodelandfoottrafficgeneratorfor merchants(aswellasaâ€˜discoveryâ€™mechanismforconsumers)thatcreatesoffline purchases.â€? OAAM~OracleAdaptiveAccessManager~OracleenteredtheWebfrauddetection marketinJuly2007,withtheacquisitionofBharosa,andhasintegratedtherenamed productthatconsistsoffrauddetectionanduserauthenticationsoftware OADM~OpticalAdd/DropMultiplexer~Intelecomparlance,aSingleChannelOADM isusedforutilisedforaddingordroppingsinglewavelengthinÂDWDMÂoptical networks. OAM~objectaccessmethod~Aprogramthatprovidesobjectstorage,objectretrieval, object-storagehierarchymanagement,andstorageandretrievalmanagementfortape volumescontainedinsystem-managedlibraries. OAM/OA&M/OAM&P~Operations,Administation,andManagement(and Provisioning)~AsetofnetworkmanagementfunctionsforATMsimilartothosein OA&MandOAM&P.Specialcells,calledOAMcells,areusedtocarryOAMrelated information OASIS~OrganizationfortheAdvancementofStructuredInformationStandards~An internationalnonprofitconsortiumthatpromotesopen,collaborativedevelopmentofebusinessspecificationsbasedonpublicstandardssuchasExtensibleMarkupLanguage (XML). OAT~OutsideAirTemperature~Thisisusedintheelectronicsindustrytomeanthe ambientairtemperatureoftheairmasssurroundingtheunitindiscussion. OATH~Object-orientedAbstractTypeHierarchy~aclasslibraryforC++fromTexas Instruments. OBDR~OneButtonDisasterRecovery~Disasterrecoveryfeatureprovidedbysome tapedrives.Thisallowsthetapedrivetobeswitchedintodisasterrecoverymode-where itsfirmwareemulatesabootableCD-ROMallowingthesystemtobootfromthetape deviceandrestorethesystemfromthelastbackup. OBEX~OBjectEXchange~SetofprotocolsallowingobjectssuchasvCardcontact informationandvCalendarscheduleentriestobeexchangedusingeitherIrDAor Bluetooth OBI~OpenBuyingontheInternet~AstandardforInternet-basedprocurementcreated byaU.S.consortiumofvendorsformedinOctober1996,whichreleasedv.1.0ofOBI specificationthefollowingyear.In1998,theconsortiumplacedthemanagementofthe specificationunderCommerceNet. OBIEE~OracleBIEnterpriseEdition~OracleBIproduct OBM~On-boardmodem~alsoknownasInternalmodem,isinstalledonanexpansion boardinsideacomputerchase.Incontrast,anexternalmodemisaboxthatattachestoa computer’sCOMportviacables. OBOE~Off-By-OneError~Logicalerrorinvolvingthediscreteequivalentofa boundarycondition.Itoftenoccursincomputerprogrammingwhenaniterativeloop iteratesonetimetoomanyortoofew OBU~OnBoardUnit~Inanelectronictollcollectionsystem,carddataofapayment cardisstoredinanOBUmountedinavehicle. OC~overclock~Torunamicroprocessorfasterthanthespeedforwhichithasbeen testedandapproved.Overclockingisapopulartechniqueforekingoutalittlemore performancefromasystem. OC-12~OpticalCarrierLevelN~â€¢OC-12:622Mbps OC-192~OpticalCarrierLevelN~â€¢OC-192:10Gbps OC-3~OpticalCarrierLevelN~â€¢OC-3:155Mbps OC-48~OpticalCarrierLevelN~â€¢OC-48:2.5Gbps OC-768~OpticalCarrierLevelN~â€¢OC-768:40Gbps OCIA~OpticallyCoupledInterfaceAdapter~Interfaceinmanyotherrespectssimilarto RS232.ItisusedextensivelyonPOSequipments OCL~ObjectConstraintLanguage~adeclarativelanguagefordescribingrulesand constraintsthatapplytoUMLmodels OC-N~OpticalCarrierLevelN~TherangeofincrementalratesdefinedforSONET fiber-optictransmission.Thenumberafter‘OC-‘representsthemultipleofthefoundation OC-1rate,whichis51.84Mbps.AboveOC-3,thelevelnumbersandtheirassociateddata ratesquadruplewitheachstepupinthehierarchy. OCP~Open-ClosedPrinciple~Object-orientedprinciplethatstatesthatsoftwareentities shouldbeopenforextensionsbutclosedformodifications OCP~OracleCertifiedProfessional~DBAcertificationisdesignedtoreflectproficiency inOracledatabasearchitecture,installation,administration,performancetuningand troubleshooting. OCR~OpticalCharacterRecognition~Thetechniqueofrecognisingprintedtextand turningitintocomputerinput,soavoidingtheneedforkeyboardentry.Widelyusednow foravoidingtheretypingofdocuments. OCSP~OnlineCertificateStatusProtoco~anInternetprotocolusedforobtainingthe revocationstatusofanX.509digitalcertificate OCTAVE~OperationallyCriticalThreat,Asset,andVulnerabilityEvaluation~ Approachforself-directedriskevaluationsthatputsorganizationsincharge,balances criticalinformationassets,businessneeds,threats,andvulnerabilitiesandmeasuresthe organizationagainstknownoracceptedgoodsecuritypractices OCX~OLEÂCustomControls~VisualBasicadd-oncomponentsbasedonMicrosoft’s OLEsetofinterfaces. ODA~OpenDocumentArchitecture~AnISOstandardfordocumentswhichallowsfor thetransferoftext,graphics,andfacsimilesbetweenplatforms. ODBC~OpenDatabaseConnectivity~Withallthedifferenttypesofdatabases available,suchasMicrosoftAccess,Filemaker,andMySQL,itisimportanttohavea standardwayoftransferringdatatoandfromeachkindofdatabase. ODBO~OLEÂDBforÂOLAP~AMicrosoftspecificationforastandardinterfaceto OLAPengines.Publishedin1997,OBDOparalleledMicrosoft’sODBCstrategyfor accesstorelationaldatabases. ODC~Offshoredevelopmentcenter~Anoperationsetupforaspecificorganizationby aserviceprovider,whichdedicatesassetsandresourcesspecificallytothatsingleclient,in exchangeforguaranteesofsteadywork. ODD~opticaldiskdrive~Acomputerdevicethatreadsfrom,andstoresinformationon, opticalstoragemedia. ODF~OpenDocument~suiteofopen,XML-basedofficesuiteapplicationformats definedbytheOASISconsortium.Itdefinesaplatform-neutral,non-proprietarywayof storingdocuments. ODI~OpenData-linkInterface~anAPIdevelopedbyAppleandNovellforwriting networkdrivers.LikeNDIS,ODIprovidesrulesthatestablishavendor-neutralinterface betweentheprotocolstackandtheadapterdriver. ODM~OriginalDesignManufacturer~acompanythatproducesproductsforanother firmthatwillsellthemunderitsbrandname ODMR~On-DemandMailRelay~ane-mailservicethatallowsausertorequeste-mail fromanyinternetconnectionbyusingadynamicIPaddressasopposedtoastaticIP address. ODOE~ondemandoperatingenvironment~Thetechnologyinfrastructureneededto supportanondemandbusiness. ODP~OpenDataPath~Provideawayformorethanoneprograminthesamejobto sharethesamefilestatusinformation ODPS~OnDemandPackagingService~IntranetSoftwaredistributionsolutionbyIBM OEM~OracleEnterpriseManager~integratesmultipleproductsintoacomplete APM/BTMsolution. OEM~OriginalEquipmentManufacturer~Afirmwhichmakespartsthatotherfirms incorporateintotheirowngearorcompleteequipmentthattheseotherfirmssellunder theirownbrandname. OEP~OutlookExchangeProtocol~aremoteprocedurecallinstantiationofthe MicrosoftMessagingAPIprotocol OFB~outputfeedback~Incryptography,OFBisamodeofoperationforablockcipher. Ithassomesimilaritiestotheciphertextfeedbackmodeinthatitpermitsencryptionof differingblocksizes,buthasthekeydifferencethattheoutputoftheencryptionblock functionisthefeedback. OFCom~OfficeofCommunications~theofficialregulatingbodyforTV,radioand other‘communicationindustries’intheUK.www.ofcom.org.uk OFDM/OFDMA~OrthogonalFrequency-Divisionmultiplexing(/MultipleAccess)~a frequency-divisionmultiplexingschemeusedasadigitalmulti-carriermodulation method. OFM~OracleFusionMiddleware~OracleFusionMiddleware OFX~OpenFinancialExchange~Anopenspecificationforonlinetransferoffinancial data,combiningMicrosoft’sOpenFinancialConnectivity,Intuit’sOpenExchange,and CheckFree’selectronicbankingandpaymentprotocols. OGL~OpenGraphicsLanguage~Single,vendor-independentAPIforthedevelopment of2Dand3Dgraphicsapplications OGSA~OpenGridServicesArchitecture~Awell-definedsetofbasicinterfacesthatis thebasisforconstructingvarioussystemsandisusedtodescribeextensibility,vendor neutrality,andcommitmenttoacommunitystandardizationprocess. OHG~OperatorsHarmonizationGroup~agroupofindustryoperatorsestablishedto meetonharmonizationissues.Thegroupisworkingtowardsawayofharmonisation betweenCDMA2000andW-CDMA. OIC~OracleIncentiveCompensation~thestandardsalesICMofferingbeingactively soldandmarketedtotheOracleinstalledbase,includingSiebelandPeopleSoftcustomers OID~ObjectIdentifier~OIDsidentifyindividualentries,orobjects,withintheMIB. OIDsarespecifiedusingan‘x,y’namingconvention,definedbyAbstractSyntaxNotation One(ASN.1). OLAP~onlineanalyticalprocessing~Acategoryofbusinessintelligencetoolsusedto analyzedata.OLAPtoolsareclient-andserver-basedanalysistoolsthatoriginallywere basedonmultidimensionaldatabasesbuttodaycanbebasedonrelationaldatabases,most oftenoverlaidbyanindexingormappingschemethatemulatesanMDDB. OLE~ObjectLinkingandEmbedding~AMicrosoftprotocolthatenablescreationof compounddocumentswithembeddedlinkstoapplications,sothatauserdoesnothaveto switchfromoneapplicationtoanothertomakerevisions. OLE~ObjectLinkingandEmbedding~aWindowstechnologythatallowsnotonlythe creationofcompounddocumentswithdataoriginatingfrommorethanoneprogram,but alsotheeditingofcut-and-pastedatausingtheoriginatingapplicationprogramwithout leavingthehostprogram. OLED~organiclight-emittingdiode~LEDdisplaystechnology OLIC~onlineimagecopy~Theprocessofcreatinganimagecopywhilethedatabaseis online. OLIC~onlineimagecopy~Theimagecopycreatedbytheonlineimagecopyprocess. OLIVE~On-LineInteractiveVirtualEnvironment~InFebruary2010,SAICacquired ForterraSystemsInc.‘sOLIVEproductline. OLPC~OneLaptopPerChild~initiativeaimedatprovidinginexpensivelaptop computerstochildreninthedevelopingworldasameansofbridgingthedigitaldivide. OLPCwasfoundedbyNicholasNegroponte,alsofounderofMITMediaLab.The initiativewasannouncedattheWorldEconomicForuminDavos,SwitzerlandinJanuary 2005.Âwww.laptop.org OLTP~On-LineTransactionProcessing~Anynumberof(typicallymany)concurrent usersaddingandmodifyingdata.Typicallyincludesorderprocessing,banking,stocks, ande-commerceapplications. OMA~OpenMashupAlliance~aconsortiumofindividualsandorganizationsdedicated tothesuccessfuluseofEnterpriseMashuptechnologiesÂwww.openmashup.org OMG~ObjectManagementGroup~aconsortiumofhundredsofcomputercompanies thatdevelopstandardsforsoftwarecomponentstointeract OMH~ordermanagementhub~productforeffcientandefectivedeliveryofsalesorders OML~OntologyMarkupLanguage~AnevolutionofSimpleHTMLOntology Extensions(SHOE)toExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML). OMR~OpticalMarkReader~Ascanningdevicethatcanreadmarkssuchaspencil marksonapage;usedtoreadformsandmultiple-choicequestionnaires. OMSA~OpenManageServerAdministrator~SuiteoftoolsprovidedbyDellfor managinganindividualserver.SeetheofficialOpenManage site,Âhttp://dell.com/openmanage/ OMT~ObjectModelingTechnique~Amodelinglanguageusedtodevelopobjectorientedmodels. ONA~Organizationalnetworkanalysis~oneformofSNA,typicallyusedtostudythe informalsocialnetworksofgroupsworkinginthesameenterprise. ONE~OpenNetEnvironment~SunMicrosystems’implementationofan‘integratable’ stackofsoftware,hardwareandservicestodeliveronthecompany’stwomainvisions‘thenetworkisthecomputer’andservicesondemand. OO~object-orientedorobjectorientation~Anumbrellaconceptusedtodescribeasuite oftechnologiesthatenablesoftwaretobehighlymodularandreusable OOA&D~Object-orientedanalysisanddesign~methodologiesusedbyITprofessionals toconvertbusinessprocessesandrequirementsintosoftwaresolutionsintheformof objects,componentsandservices. OOB~OutOfBand~Pertainingtouser-specificdatathathasmeaningonlyfor connection-oriented(stream)sockets.Theservergenerallyreceivesstreamdatainthe sameorderthatitwassent. OOB~OutOfBand~Pertainingtosignalsthatarecarriedwithinthetelephonysignaling channel,asopposedtothevoicechannel. OOB~OutOfBand~Communicationthatoccursthroughamodemorother asynchronousconnection OOB~OutOfBand~TheprocessofdiscoveringSANdata,includingtopologyand devicedata,withoutusingtheFibreChanneldatapaths OODB~Object-OrientedDataBase~Adatabaseinwhichdataisstoredasobjectsinan object-orientedprogrammingenvironment,andwhichismanagedbyanobject-oriented databasemanagementsystem. OOF~OutOfFrame~StatethatoccurswhenseveralconsecutiveSynchronousDigital Hierarchy(SDH)framesarereceivedwithinvalid(errored)framingpatterns OOo~OpenOffice.org~Thisis-thewebsiteofÂOpenOffice,whichisanopensource officesuiteofofficetools(wordprocessor,spreadsheetetc).Notethatthisisnormally writtenas‘OOo’(notethelowercaseoasthethirdletter.)Âwww.openoffice.org OOP~object-orientedprogramming~Atypeofprogrammingthatcombinesdata structureswithfunctionstocreatereusableobjects.Itworkssomethinglikethis: Programmerscancreatemodulesthatdonotneedtobechangedwhenanewtypeof objectisadded. OOSE~ObjectOrientedSoftwareEngineering~Providesanapproachtoobject-oriented analysisanddesignthatfocusesonusecases. OPA~OpenPatentAlliance~groupofcompaniesformedin2008topromote developmentofWIMAXInternetuse.Webaddress:Âwww.openpatentalliance.com OPA~OraclePolicyAutomation~Oracle’sSocialServicesofferings,providing eligibilityandentitlementcalculations Opamp~OperationalAmplifier~originallydesignedtocarryoutmathematical operationsinanalogcomputers,suchascalculatingpositionsandco-ordinates.Ithowever hasbeenfoundtohavenumerousotherapplications. op-code~OperationCode~Partofacomputerinstructionwordthatdesignatesthe functionperformedbyaspecificinstruction. OpenCL~OpenComputingLanguage~Astandards-basedtechnologyforperforming general-purposecomputationsonacomputerâ€™sgraphicsprocessor. OpenGL~OpenGraphicsLibrary~3DgraphicslanguagedevelopedbySilicon Graphics.WithOpenGL,developerscancreategraphicsandspecialeffectsthatwill appearnearlyidenticalonanyoperatingsystemandanyhardwarethatsupportsOpenGL. OPML~OutlineProcessorMarkupLanguage~XML-basedformatthatallowsexchange ofoutline-structuredinformationbetweenapplicationsrunningondifferentoperating systemsandenvironments OPN~OraclePartnerNetwork~OraclePartnerNetwork OPOD~OracleProcurementOnDemand~deliverymethodsforanalyticsandEBS application. OPS~OffPremiseStation~APBXstationinalocationseparatedfromthelocationof themainPBX OPX~OffPremiseExtension~Atelephonelinefromthephonesystemterminatedina differentbuildingthanthephonesystem. ORB~ObjectRequestBroker~Aprogramthatcontrolsthecommunicationbetweena clientandanobjectonaserver.ORBisastandardoftheObjectManagementGroup (OMG). ORBS~OpenRelayBehaviour-modificationSystem~alistofopenrelaysthatareused byspammers-networkscanusethislisttoblockmailfromthose sitesÂhttp://www.orbs.org/ ORDB~OpenRelayDataBase~Aservicetofightagainstspamorunsolicited commercialemail(UCE).Seehttp://www.ordb.org/ ORF~Openreadingframe~thesequenceofDNAorRNAthatislocatedbetweenthe initiationcodon(start-codesequence)andterminationcodon(stop-codesequence). ORFS~OutputRadioFrequencySpectrum~ameasurementforGSMsignalsthattests forinterferenceintheadjacentfrequencychannels(ARFCNs) ORM~Object/RelationalMapping~Techniqueofmappingadatarepresentationfroman objectmodeltoarelationaldatamodelwithaSQL-basedschema ORM~operationalriskmanagement~processstandardizationandmonitoring,allocation ofcapitalastheresultofrisk-basedperformanceandeconomicanalysis OS~OperatingSystem~Theunderlyingsoftwarethatallowstheuserandthecomputer tointeract.TheOSisthesoftwareplatformnecessaryforthecomputertorun.Itallows thecomputer’shardwareandsoftwareapplicationstocommunicate. OSA~OpenSystemArchitecture~partofthe3GUMTSmobiletelecommunications network.OSAdescribeshowservicesarearchitectedinaUMTSnetwork. OSAF~OpenSourceApplicationsFoundation~Organizationthataimstocreateand gainwideadoptionofOpenSourceapplicationsoftwareofuncompromisingqualityand tobuildaninnovative,sustainablealternativeapplicationdespitemarketinertia.See alsoÂhttp://www.osafoundation.org/ OSD~OnScreenDisplay~atermdescribingthemenuthatpopsuponmanynewer generationmonitorstogivedigitalcontrolfunctions,asopposedtoanalogcontrol functions,toadjustandsetthecharacteristicsofthemonitor. OSD~OpenSoftwareDescription~AnapplicationoftheXML,isavocabularyusedfor describingsoftwarepackagesandtheirdependenciesforheterogeneousclients OSDL~OpenSourceDevelopmentLab~Non-profit,globalconsortiumofleading technologycompaniesdedicatedtoacceleratingtheadoptionofLinux. SeeÂhttp://www.osdl.org/ OSF~OpenSoftwareFoundation~Afoundationcreatedbyninecomputervendors, (Apollo,DEC,Hewlett-Packard,IBM,Bull,Nixdorf,Philips,SiemensandHitachi)to promote‘OpenComputing’. OSGi~OpenServicesGatewayInitiative~Independent,non-profitcorporationworking todefineandpromoteopenspecificationsforthedeliveryofmanagedbroadbandservices tonetworksinhomes,carsandotherenvironments.SeealsoÂhttp://www.osgi.org OSI~OpenSystemInterconnect(jointISOandITUstandard)~Organization-ISO/IEC 9594-5:2005OpenSystemsInterconnectionProtocolSpecifications OSI~OpenSystemsInterconnection~AmodeldevelopedbytheInternational OrganizationforStandardization(ISO)forcommunications,OSIoffersastandard, modularapproachtonetworkdesignthatdividestherequiredsetofcomplexfunctions intomanageable,selfcontained,functionallayers. OSLC~OpenServicesforLifecycleCollaboration~IBMdevelopedopenintegration standard OSMINE~OperationsSystemsModificationofIntelligentNetworkElements~ OSMINEisaprocedurebyTelcordiatoensurecompatibilitywiththelatter’svarious operatingsystems. OSN~outputsequencenumber~Anumberassignedbyasystemtoamessagesentby thesystem. OSPF~OpenShortestPathFirst(routingprotocol)~InternetLayer-RFC2238 OSPF~OpenShortestPathFirst~OSPFisamethodoffindingtheshortestpathfrom oneroutertoanotherinalocalareanetwork(LAN).AslongasanetworkisIP-based,the OSPFalgorithmwillcalculatethemostefficientwayfordatatobetransmitted. OSPM~OperatingSystemPowerManagement~amajorsegmentintheeffortknownas ACPI.OSPMisanindustryefforttoreturnmanagementandmonitoringofthecomputer powerinterfacecontrolfromtheBIOStotheuseratanoperatingsystemlevel. OSS~OnlineServiceSystem~Anonlinesystemthatoffersserviceinformation,error notesanddownloadablepatchesforR/3andotherSAPproducts. OSS~Opensourcesoftware~Softwarethatcanberun,distributedandmodifiedwithout afee.Restrictionsareoftenapplied-intheformofan‘open-sourcelicense’-toprofits orcommercialfeesforanyproductbuiltonabaseoffreesoftware OSSIM~OpenSourceSecurityInformationManagement~Distributionofopensource productsthatareintegratedtoprovideaninfrastructureforsecuritymonitoring.See alsoÂhttp://www.ossim.net/ OST~OutsideSurfaceTemperature~Thisisusedintheelectronicsindustrytomeanthe surfacetemperatureofacomponent.ItisgenerallyusedinconjunctionwithCPUs. OTA~OverTheAir~standardforthetransmissionandreceptionofapplication-related informationinawirelesscommunicationssystem.ThestandardissupportedbyNokia, SmartTrust,andothers. OTDR~OpticalTimeDomainReflectometer~aninstrumentthatanalyzesthelightloss inanopticalfiber.AnOTDRtraceshowsfiberattenuationforthesystemandlocationand magnitudeofanylossesfromsplices,connectors,andfiberanomaliesorfiber discontinuities. OTFE~On-the-flyencryption~alsoknownasReal-timeEncryption,isamethodused bysomeencryptionprograms,forexample,diskencryptionsoftware OTM~OracleTransportationManagement~OracleTransportationManagement OTN~OpticalTransportNetwork~asetofOpticalNetworkElements(3R)connected byopticalfibrelinks,abletoprovidefunctionalityoftransport,multiplexing,switching, management,supervisionandsurvivabilityofopticalchannelscarryingclientsignals. OTP~OneTimePassword~Apasswordwhichcanbeusedonceonly.Aonetime passwordisasecuritymeasure. OTP~one-timeprogrammable~Describesanyprogrammabledevice,likeaPROMora PLD,thatcanbeprogrammedjustoncebytheenduser. OTP~OpenTradingProtocol~TheInternetOTPprovidesaninteroperableframework forInternetcommerce.Itispaymentsystemindependentandencapsulatespayment systemssuchasSET,Mondex,CyberCash,DigiCash,GeldKarte,etc. OTS~Over-the-Shoulder~AfeatureinVistawhereinauseristreatedasastandarduser untilheneedstoperformataskthatrequireselevatedprivilege.Thentheuserispromoted toenterthecredentialstotheaccountthathassuchprivilegetoperformthetask. OU~organizationalunit~Aunitwithinanorganization,suchasacompany,that identifiesaparticularsetofusers. OU~organizationalunit~AnActiveDirectorycontainerobjectusedwithindomains.An organizationalunitisalogicalcontainerintowhichusers,groups,computers,andother organizationalunitsareplaced. OU~organizationalunit~Abodywhosedataistobekeptseparatefromthatofother, similarbodies.WebSphereBIforFNusesOUstocontrolaccesstoresources,andto ensuredatasegregation. OU~organizationalunit~Oneofthetypesofsubsidiaryentitiesthatcanbeaddedtoan organization. OUI~OrganizationUniqueIdentifier~Linkandotherlayers-IEEEOUIAssignments OUI~OrganizationallyUniqueIdentifier~24-bitvalueassignedtoanorganizationby theÂIEEE.ItisusedaspartofÂMACÂaddress. OVF~OpenVirtualizationFormat~Standardformatforpackaginganddescribing virtualmachinesandapplicationsfordeploymentacrossheterogeneousvirtualization platforms OVP~onlinevideoplatform~onlinevideoplatform OWA~OutlookWebAccess~ProvidesaccesstoemailsstoredinaMicrosoftExchange server(acrossanintranetorinternet)viaawebbrowser.OWArequiresthefollowingports tobeopenedinanyfirewallprotectingtheExchangeserver:ports80(HTTP),135(OWA) and443(SSL) OWASP~OpenWebApplicationSecurityProject~Worldwidefreeandopencommunity focusedonimprovingthesecurityofapplicationsoftware.See alsoÂhttp://www.owasp.org/ OWI~OptimizedWarehouseInitiative~PANTASystemswasafoundationmemberof theOracleInformationApplianceInitiative,sincerenamedtheOracleOWI.Asof2008, OWImembersincludedDell/EMC,HP,IBM,SGI,andSun. OWL~WebOntologyLanguage~WWWConsortium,Standardsforsemantic reconciliation OXE~OmniPCXEnterprise~Alcatel-Lucent’scommerciallyplatformforenterprise telephony ~P~ P&S~PointAndShoot~Digitalcameratype p2mp~point-to-multipoint~Communicationbetweenaseriesofreceiversand transmitterstoacentrallocation.ÂCiscop2mptypicallyissetupinthreesegmentsto enablefrequencyre-use.CiscooffersMMDS,U-NII,andLMDSsystemsinp2mp. P2P~PeertoPeer~InaP2Pnetwork,the‘peers’arecomputersystemswhichare connectedtoeachotherviatheInternet.Filescanbeshareddirectlybetweensystemson thenetworkwithouttheneedofacentralserver. P2SC~Power2SuperChip~IBM’sDeepBlueprocessor P3P~PlatformforPrivacyPreferences~protocolthatspecifiesawaytodetermineifa Website’ssecuritypoliciesmeetauser’sprivacyrequirements.P3PincludesamachinereadablevocabularyandsyntaxthatcanbeusedtodescribeWebsitesecuritypoliciesand consumers’self-identifiedprivacypreferences. P4M~Pentium4Processor-M~theprocessorwasspecificallydesignedforuseina laptop.Itincludeslowpowertechnologiesthathelpextendbatterylife. PaaS~platform-as-a-service~Anexternallyhostedserviceprovidingacomplete platformtocreate,run,andoperateapplications,includingdevelopmenttools, administrationandmanagementtools,runtimeengine,datamanagementengine,security facilities,anduser-managementservices. PABX/PBX~privateautomaticbranchexchange~atelephoneswitchonacustomer’s premisesthatprimarilyestablishesvoice-gradecircuits-overaccesslinestoatelephone companyCO-betweenindividualusersandthePSTN.Â PAC~ProxyAuto-Configuration~APACfile(whichisa.jsfile)providesameansto allowbrowserproxyconfigurationtobeconfiguredthroughtheuseofasingleJavaScript functionFindProxyForURL()Conceptuallyeachtimethebrowserneedstodownloadan item,itcallsFindProxyForURL()todeterminehowtheitemcanbedownloaded. PACE~pressures,action,capabilitiesandenablers~indicatecorporatebehaviorin specificbusinessprocesses PAD~PacketAssemblerandDisassembler~Deviceperformingtheinterfacebetween X.25datanetworkandasynchronousdevicesuchaspersonalcomputer.Assemblesuser dataintopacketswithidentifyinginformationusedtocontrolrouting. PAE~PhysicalAddressingExtension~ExtensionforWindows2000/2003Advanced Servertoaddressmorethan4GBofmemory PAL~PhaseAlternateLine~AcolortelevisionbroadcastingsystemdevelopedinWest GermanyandtheUnitedKingdomthatuses650picturelinesanda50-hertzfield frequency. PAL~ProcessorAbstractionLayer~Containsthecodenecessarytoinitiallybootthe processorandincludeserrorrecoveryandprocessorself-testroutines PAL~PublicationAccessList~SQLServerreplicationsecuritymechanism PAM~PerformanceAccelerationÂModule~formerlyÂNetAppâ€™sFlashCache PAM~PerformanceAccelerationÂModule~afeatureoftheCiscoÂIOSÂFirewallthat allowsyoutocustomizeTCPorUDPportnumbersfornetworkservicesorapplications. PAM~PorttoApplicationMapping~AUNIXprogramminginterfacethatenablesthirdpartysecuritymethodstobeused. PAM~pluggableauthenticationmodule~Aformofsignalmodulationinwhichthedata isencodedintheamplitudeofaseries,ortrain,ofregularlyrecurrentsignalpulses. PAM~pulseamplitudemodulation~Aformofsignalmodulationinwhichthedatais encodedintheamplitudeofaseries,ortrain,ofregularlyrecurrentsignalpulses. PAN~PersonalAreaNetwork~ExperimentaltechnologyindevelopmentatIBM,it allowsinformationdevicestodiscreetlycommunicateandsynchronizewithoneanother whenincloseproximity(usingthehumanbodyasanantenna). PAP~Passwordauthenticationprotocol~Security-RFC1334 PAP~PasswordAuthenticationProtocol~Asecurityprotocolthatusespassword authenticationtoallowaccesstoanetworkorhost.InthePAPauthenticationprocedure, anID/passwordpairisrepeatedlysentbytheclienttothehostuntilverificationis received. PAP~PrinterAccessProtocol~ThestandardprotocolbasedonAppleTalkthatisusedon MacOSX,MacOSXServer,andotherplatformsfortransmittingprintjobdatatoa printerorprintserver. PA-QSA~PaymentApplicationQualifiedSecurityAssessor~companyapprovedbythe PCISSCtoconductassessmentsonpaymentapplicationsagainstthePA-DSS. PARC~PaloAltoResearchCenter~Xeroxresearchcenterfamedforhavingdeveloped thefirstGUIinthe1970s. PaRM~Patientrelationshipmanagement~centralrepositoryforpatientdata,therapy, educationalcontent,andalertmechanismsforthepatient. PASC~PortableApplicationsStandardsCommittee~agroupwithintheIEEE.PASCis thegroupthathasandcontinuestodevelopthePOSIXfamilyofstandards.Seethem atÂHTTP://WWW.PASC.ORG. PASV~Passive(command)~aftpcommandthatrequeststhattheserver‘listen’ona dataport(whichisnotitsdefaultdataport)andtowaitforaconnectionratherthaninitiate oneuponreceiptofatransfercommand. PAT~Portaddresstranslation~InternetLayer-RFC1918 PAT~PerformanceAccelerationTechnology~Speedsdataflowbetweentheprocessor andsystemmemorytoincreaseperformance.IntroducedwiththeIntel875Pchipset PAT~portaddresstranslation~TypeofNATthatalsotranslatestheportnumbers. PAVCL~PandaAntivirusCommand-LineScanner~theanti-malwareandheuristic enginefromÂPanda. PB~PetaByte~2tothe50thpowerbytes.Isequalto1024terabytes PBM~pharmacybenefitsmanagement~Acategoryofhealthcareservicesthatinvolves themanagingthedeliveryofpharmacyanddrug-relatedbenefitsformembersofa managedcareorpayerplans. PBN~policy-basednetworking~Theapplicationofbusinessrulestogovernnetwork performance. PBX~privatebranchexchange~seePABX PC~Personalcomputer(host)~Hardware- PC~PersonalComputer~Acomputersystemusedprimarilybyoneperson. PCB~PrintedCircuitBoard~Asubstrateonwhichapre-determinedinterconnect patternhasbeenformed,usedtoassembleandconnecttogetherICsandotherelectronic componentsintoasubassembly PCCW~(formerly)PacificCenturyCyberWorks~theholdingcompanyofHKTGroup HoldingsLimited,HongKong’spremiertelecommunicationsproviderin theÂICTÂindustry.Âhttp://www.pccw.com/ PCD~PhotoCompactDisc~FileformatfordigitizedphotosbyKodak PCI~PeripheralComponentInterconnect~Theindustrystandardsystembus architecturethatisusedinmostdesktopandservermodels.PCIprovidesfaster communicationsbetweentheprocessorandcomponents(suchasmemory,diskandvideo) thantheoriginalIBMbus,IndustryStandardArchitecture(ISA) PCIDSS~PaymentCardIndustryDataSecurityStandard~Acommonindustrysecurity standarddevelopedfromacollaborationbetweenVisaandMasterCard.cfCISP. PCI-E~PeripheralComponentInterconnect-Express~NewinterfacereplacingPCIand AGP,maxbandwidthof500MB/sec PCL~PrinterCommandLanguage~acommandlanguagethatwasdevelopedby Hewlett-PackardforcontrollingHewlett-Packardprinters.EachPCLcommandconsistsof anescapekeyfollowedbyaseriesofcodenumbers. PCM~Pulse-codemodulation~Physicallayer-ITU-TG.711 PCM~PulseCodeModulation~themethodofachievingtheconnectionspeedof56K modems. PCMCIA~PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation~Anindustry association.Thetermisalsousedasshorthandforthestandardithasdevisedforplug-in devicestobeconnectedtonotebookPCs.Thesecanincludemodems,networkcardsand harddisks.PCMCIAdevicesarenowknownasPC-Cards.www.pcmcia.org PCR~PeakCellRate~ThePeakCellRate,incells/sec,isthecellratewhichthesource mayneverexceed. PCRE~Perl-compatibleregularexpressions~Aspecialpatternofcharactersfor describingsearchesandmanipulatingtext. PCS~PersonalCommunicationsService~Awirelessphoneservicesomewhatsimilarto cellulartelephoneservice.It’ssometimesreferredtoasdigitalcellular.Likecellular,PCS isformobileusersandrequiresanumberofantennastoblanketanareaofcoverage.Â PCT~PrivateCommunicationTechnology~Microsoft’sproprietaryalternativetoÂSSL. EnablesaclientbrowsertocommunicateprivatelywithaWebserveroveranencrypted channel. PDA~PersonalDigitalAssistant~PDAaresmallportablecomputerswhichcanbeheld inthehandandarealsoreferredtoashandheldorPocketcomputers. PDB~ProgramDataBase~Microsoft’sformatfordebugindormation,notembeddedin theobjectfileorexecutable PDC~Personaldigitalcellular~a2Gmobile-phonestandarddevelopedandused exclusivelyinJapan. PDC~PrimaryDomainController~Providesuser/computerdomainauthentication PDE~possibleduplicateemission~Apaymentthathasbeenidentifiedasapossible duplicateofanotherpayment,becausethecontentsofcertainfieldsorcombinationsof fieldsinbothpaymentsareidenticalorsimilar. PDF~PortableDocumentFormat~amulti-platformfileformatdevelopedbyAdobe Systems.APDFfilecapturesdocumenttext,fonts,images,andevenformattingof documentsfromavarietyofapplications. PDH~PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy~atechnologyusedintelecommunications networkstotransportlargequantitiesofdataoverdigitaltransportequipmentsuchasfibre opticandmicrowaveradiosystems. PDL~PureDumbLuck~aprogrammer’sorsystemengineer’sbestfriendwhenitcomes tofixingthings. PDM~PureDigitalMonitor~Monitorhasnoanalogcapability. PDN~PrimaryDirectoryNumber~Thetelephonenumberthatthephysicaltelephoneset isassociatedwith.Generally,thefirsttelephonenumberlistedonamulti-lineset. PDN~publicdatanetwork~Acommunicationscommoncarriernetworkthatprovides datacommunicationsservicesoverswitchedornonswitchedlines. PDN~publicdatanetwork~Anetworkoperatedbyagovernmentorprivateorganization toprovidecomputercommunicationstothepublic,usuallyforafee. PDP~PolicyDecisionPoint~Thepointwherepolicydecisionsaremade,responsiblefor handlingpolicydecisionsonbehalfofPEPs PDQ~ProductDataQuality~OracleMDMterm(developedasaresultofitsacquisition in2009ofSilverCreekSystems,islicensedbasedonthenumberofprocessors) PDS~partitioneddataset~Adatasetondirectaccessstoragethatisdividedinto partitions,calledmembers,eachofwhichcancontainaprogram,partofaprogram,or data. PDU~Protocoldataunit(suchassegment,packet,frame,etc.)~Multiplelayers-Fed Std1037C PDU~ProtocolDataUnit~Messageofagivenprotocolcomprisingpayloadand protocol-specificcontrolinformation,typicallycontainedinheader.Passesoverprotocol interfacesthatexistbetweenlayersofprotocols(perOSImodel). PEAP~ProtectedExtensibleAuthenticationProtocol~Aprotocolproposedby Microsoft,CiscoandRSASecurityforsecurelytransportingauthenticationdata,including passwords,over802.11wirelessnetworks PEARL~ProcessandExperimentAutomationRealtimeLanguage~Processand ExperimentAutomationRealtimeLanguage PEF~PreferredExecutableFormat~AnexecutableformatunderstoodbytheCode FragmentManager. PEM~PrivacyEnhancedMail~PrivacyEnhancedMail PEP~PolicyEnforcementPoint~Aportonanetworkdevicewherethepolicydecisions areactuallyenforced PEP~programentryprocedure~Aprocedureprovidedbythecompilerthatistheentry pointforanILEprogramonadynamicprogramcall. Perl~PracticalExtractionandReportLanguage~Perlisaprogramminglanguagethatis widelyusedforbothverysimple,smalltasksandforverylargecomplexapplications. PERT~ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique~amethodforprojectplanningby analyzingthetimerequiredforeachstep.Itisalsocalled‘criticalpathmethod’. PET~PersonalElectronicTransactor~anearly(circa1977-1980,aroundthesametime astheApple][)homecomputerfeaturingaROM-basedBASICdevelopedbyMicrosoft whichitusesasadefault‘OS’. PFKey~ProgramFunctionKey~keyboardshortcutkeysforVM/CMS. PFM~personalfinancialmanagement~Acategoryofdesktopapplicationsusedto managepersonalfinances.ExamplesincludeIntuit’sÂQuickenandMicrosoftMoney. PFS~Public-KeyForwardSecrecy~Forakeyagreementprotocolbasedonasymmetric cryptography,thepropertythatensuresthatasessionkeyderivedfromasetoflong-term publicandprivatekeyswillnotbecompromisedifoneoftheprivatekeysiscompromised inthefuture. PGI~PremiereGlobalServices,Inc.~globalproviderofconferencingandcollaboration solutions.Âhttp://www.pgi.com/ PGP~PrettyGoodPrivacy~Anelectronictransferprotocolthatallowsfortheprivate exchangeoffilesormailusingpublickeyencryption. PGR~presentationgraphicsroutines~Agroupofroutineswithintheoperatingsystem thatallowsbusinesschartstobedefinedanddisplayedprocedurallythroughfunction routines. pgSQL~PostgreSQL~Anopensourceobject-relationaldatabasemanagementsystem developedinthelate1980’swhichsupportstheSQLstandard. PHB~Per-Hop-Behavior~Theforwardingtreatmentgiventoaspecificclassoftraffic, basedoncriteriadefinedintheDifferentiatedServicefield.Routersandswitchesuse PHBstodetermineprioritiesforservicingvarioustrafficflows PHI~ProtectedHealthInformation~PHIisatermusedinÂHIPAAÂmeaning individuallyidentifiablehealthinformationthatistransmittedormaintainedbyelectronic mediaoristransmittedormaintainedinanyotherformormedium. PHP~PHPHypertextPreprocessor(originallyPersonalHomePage)~PHPisa programminglanguageusedalmostexclusivelyforcreatingsoftwarethatispartof aÂwebsite.ThePHPlanguageisdesignedtobeintermingledwiththeÂHTMLÂthatis usedtocreateÂwebpages.SeealsoÂhttp://www.php.net/ PHS~PersonalHandyPhoneSystem~PersonalcommunicationssystemusedinJapan asbothadigitalcordlessphoneinhomesandofficesandasacellularphoneoutdoors. PHY~PhysicalLayer~Thephysicallayerprovidesfortransmissionofcellsovera physicalmediumconnectingtwoATMdevices. PHZIP~PhilKatz’sZIP~anarchivingtooloriginallywrittenbythelatePhilKatz,and marketedbyhiscompanyPKWARE,Inc.ThefirstversionofPKZIPappearedin1989. PiB~pebibyte~1,125,899,906,842,624bytes.1024tebibytes. PIC~Position-IndependentCode~Afilecontainingobjectcodethatisalmostreadyfor executiononthetarget.Thefinalremainingstepistousealocatororloadertofixthe remainingrelocatableaddresseswithinthecode. Picnic~ProblemInChair,NotInComputer~Anabbreviationindicatingthataproblem wasnotcomputerrelatedbutlieswiththepersoninthechair,i.e.auserrelatedproblem. PID~ProcessID~AnumberassignedtoaUNIXprocesswhenitstarts.ThePIDallows youtorefertotheprocessatalatertime. PID~ProportionalIntegralDerivative~Athree-parttechniquefordesigningcontrol systemsthatusefeedback. PIE~Presence,IdentityandEdge~Coreconstituentsofpeertopeer(P2P)applications PII~personallyidentifiableinformation~PIIisanydataaboutanindividualthatcould, potentiallyidentifythatperson,suchasaname,Â… PIM~Personalinformationmanager~Softwarecategory- PIM~PrivilegedIdentityManagement~Softwarecategory- PIM~PersonalInformationManager~APIMisasoftwareapplicationthatservesasa planner,notebook,andaddressbookallinone. PIM~ProtocolIndependentMulticast~IProutingprotocol-independentandcan leveragewhicheverunicastroutingprotocolsareusedtopopulatetheunicastrouting table,includingEIGRP,OSPF,BGP,andstaticroutes PIN~personalidentificationnumber~Anumericcode-typedonanautomatedteller machineortelephonekeypad,oracomputerkeyboard-usedtogainaccesstopersonal fundsorinformation. PINE~ProgramforInternetNewsandE-Mail~acharacter-basedE-Mailclientfor UNIXsystems.DevelopedattheUniversityofWashington,PINEreplacesanolderEMailprogramcalledelm. ping~PacketInternetorInter-NetworkGroper~Tocheckifaserverisrunning.From thesoundthatasonarsystemsmakesinmovies,youknow,whentheyaresearchingfora submarine. PIO~ProgrammedInput/Output~amethodoftransferringdatabetweentwodevices thatusesthecomputer’smainprocessoraspartofthedatapath. PIPE~PrivateInternetProtocolEncapsulation~ExtensionofRFC2003(IP EncapsulationwithinIP)whichallowstoencapsulateanddecapsulateprivateIPaddresses inthesamewayasdescribedinRFC2003,andtotransferthemacrossthepublicInternet PIPs~processintegrationpacks~OracleSiebel’sfeatureintegratingbusinessprocesses betweenSiebelCRMandotherOracleapplications. PIX~PrivateInterneteXchange~PopularIPfirewallandNATappliance,thedesignof whichwasacquiredbyCiscosystemsin1995. pixel/pel~PictureElement~Apixelisthesmallestunitofinformationinadigital image,resemblingatinysquare. pixel/pel~PictureElement~Anelementofarasterpatternaboutwhichatonedareaon aphotoconductorcanappear. PKCS~Public-KeyCryptographyStandards~asetofstandardsdevelopedbyRSA Laboratoriesandothers. PKI~public-keyinfrastructure~Thetechniquesnecessarytomanagepublic-key cryptography(seeseparateentry),aswellasthevarioussystemsforauthentication, nonrepudiationandintegritythatcanbebuiltontopofapublic-keysystem. PL/1~ProgrammingLanguage1~Oneofthewidelyusedhigh-levelprogramming languagesorientedtowardbothbusinessandmathematicalprograms. PL/SQL~ProceduralLanguage/StructuredQueryLanguage~Oracle’s(RDBMS) ProceduralLanguageextensiontoSQL. PLA~ProgrammableLogicArray~achip(IC)basedprogrammedlogicalprogram. PLC~PowerLineCommunication~Technologythatusesthepowerlinestoconnectoto theInternet PLC~productlifecycle~amarketingtheorywhichdictatesthethesequenceofevents, orlifespandivisionsofanymarketedproductorbrand,includingtechnologies,consumer goods,andanyitemwhichismarketedtothepublicandsoldatretailoutletsonanational basis. PLCP~PhysicalLayerConvergenceProtocol~DefinedbytheIEEE802.6andusedfor DS3transmissionofATM.ATMcellsareencapsulatedin125microsecondframedefined byPLCP,whichisdefinedinsideDS3M-frame. PLD~ProgrammableLogicDevice~AnICincorporatinganarrayofprogrammable logicdevicesthatarenotpre-connectedbutwheretheconnectionsareprogrammedbythe userviablowingfusedlinkedorviaothertechniques. PLL~PhaseLockLoop~amechanismwherebytiminginformationistransferredwithin adatastreamandthereceiverderivesthesignalelementtimingbylockingitslocalclock sourcetothereceivedtiminginformation. PLM~productlifecyclemanagement~Inthevirtualdomain,manufacturersdesignand simulateproductperformance,productionplants,manufacturingprocesses,serviceand maintenanceprocedures,thecustomerexperience,andeventheimpactofproduct disposal. PLMN~publiclandmobilenetwork~generictermforamobilewirelessnetworkthatis centrallyoperatedandadministratedbyanorganizationandusesland-basedradio frequencytransmittersorbasestationsasnetworkhubs. PLOGI~portlogin~Theport-to-portloginprocessbywhichinitiatorsestablishsessions withtargets. PLPA~pageablelinkpackarea~Anareaofvirtualstoragecontainingsupervisorcall (SVC)routines,accessmethods,andotherread-onlysystemanduserprogramsthatcanbe sharedamongusersofthesystem. PMD~PhysicalMediaDependent~Sublayerthatdefinesparametersatlowestlevel, suchasspeedofbitsonmedia. PMDB~performancemanagementdatabase~performancemanagementdatabase PME~PowerManagementEvent~FeaturethatallowsmostLANdevicestowakeup fromstandbystates(S1orS3) PMI~PortableManagementInterface~PMIisaplatform-dependentinterfacedefined bySunMicrosystemsusedinnetworkmanagement PMI~ProjectManagementInstitute~PMIestablishesProjectManagementISO validatedstandardsandpolicy PMI~PrivilegeManagementInfrastructure~securityinfrastructuretoauthorizeusers PMI~Productandmanufacturinginformation~annotationshownon3DCADmodelsof componentsandproducts PMM~PostMemoryManager~AmechanismusedbyoptionROMstoallocateRAM memoryforuseduringsystemstartup PMML~PredictiveModelMarkupLanguage~AstandarddevelopedbytheData MiningGroup(DMG)torepresentpredictiveanalyticmodels.PMMLissupportedby leadingBIandanalyticsvendorslikeIBM,SAS,MicroStrategy,OracleandSAP. PMO~Projectmanagementoffice~Thegroupthathandlestheday-to-daymanagement ofoffshoreprojectstoensurethatprocessesarerunningsmoothly. PMR~PerpendicularMagneticRecording~Howaharddriverecordsdata:magnetic elementsarealignedvertically,asopposedtolongitudinallyonolderdrives PMR~PrivateMobileRadio~atraditionalmethodofcommunicationswithmobile assets,whereacentralisedbasestationtransmitsinalldirectionstomobile(invehicle) andportable(handheld)radios. PMSM~permanentmagnetsynchronousmotors~permanentmagnetsynchronous motors pNFS~parallelNetworkFileSystem~aprotocolextensionofNFS4.1,thefirstmajor performanceupgradetothewidelydeployedNFSinmorethanadecade. PNG~PortableNetworkGraphics~PNGisagraphicsformatspecificallydesignedfor useontheWorldWideWeb.PNGenablecompressionofimageswithoutanylossof quality,includinghigh-resolutionimages.AnotherimportantfeatureofPNGisthat anyonemaycreatesoftwarethatworkswithPNGimageswithoutpayinganyfees-the PNGstandardisfreeofanylicensingcosts. PnP~PlugandPlay~PnPisacatchyphraseusedtodescribedevicesthatworkwitha computersystemassoonastheyareconnected.Theuserdoesnothavetomanuallyinstall driversforthedeviceoreventellthecomputerthatanewdevicehasbeenadded. PNP~PersonalNetworkPlatform~deliverscorenetworkfunctionstoindividuals.PNP offersfullflexibility,transparency,scalability,andexpandability. PNRP~PeerNameResolutionProtocol~Secure,scalable,anddynamicname registrationandnameresolutionprotocolfirstdevelopedforWindowsXPandthen upgradedinWindowsVista POC~ProofofConcept~ProofofConcept POC~Push-to-talkOverCellular~thepushtotalk(PTT)voiceserviceformobile communications.Itprovidesdirectone-to-oneandone-to-manyvoicecommunication serviceinthecellularnetwork. POD~ProofofDeposit~Softwaresystemusedbyfinancialinstitutionstoverifyteller transactions.Usuallyconsistsofreader/sortercontrolsoftware,reject-reentrysystem,and reportingsystems POD~Publishingondemand~Aprocessthatallowsfortheprintingofindividualcopies asorderscomein PoE~PowerOverEthernet~PoEisalsocalledPoweroverLANorin-linepower.It allowsappliancessuchasIPtelephonesandWLANaccesspointstoreceivepowerover suitableLANcabling.TheinternationalstandardisknownasIEEE802.3af.However, somevendorshaveimplementedproprietarysolutions. pog.com~PlayOnlineGames~specializeinfindingthebestminigamesoninternet eitherinflashorshockwave.Youneedtohavetheminstalledinordertoplay.Allour gamesare100%freeofchargeandcanbeplayedwithoutcreatingan account.Âhttp://www.pog.com POLP~principleofleastprivilege~POLPisthepracticeoflimitingaccesstothe minimallevelthatwillallownormalfunctioning.Appliedtoemployees,theprincipleof leastprivilegetranslatestogivingpeoplethelowestlevelofuserrightsthattheycanhave andstilldotheirjobs.Theprincipleisalsoappliedtothingsotherthanpeople,including programsandprocesses. PON~passiveopticalnetworking~auniquepoint-to-multipointinfrastructurethat allowsforthesharingofoneopticalfiberamongseveralbuildings POP~Pointofpresence~Telecom-TelecomGlossary POP~PointofPresence~usuallymeansacityorlocationwhereanetworkcanbe connectedto,oftenwithdialupphonelines. POP~PostOfficeProtocol~awaythate-mailÂclientÂsoftwaresuchasEudoragets mailfromamailÂserver.WhenyouobtainanaccountfromanÂISPÂyoualmostalways getaPOPaccountwithit,anditisthisPOPaccountthatyoutellyoure-mailsoftwareto usetogetyourmail. POP~protectedobjectpolicy~Atypeofsecuritypolicythatimposesadditional conditionsontheoperationpermittedbytheACLpolicytoaccessaprotectedobject. POP3~PostOfficeProtocol,version3~Applicationlayer-RFC1939 POP3~PostOfficeProtocolv3~POP3,sometimesreferredtoasjust‘POP,’isasimple, standardizedmethodofdeliveringe-mailmessages.APOP3mailserverreceivese-mails andfiltersthemintotheappropriateuserfolders.Whenauserconnectstothemailserver toretrievehismail,themessagesaredownloadedfrommailservertotheuser’sharddisk. POS~pointofsale~Acategoryofsystemsthatusepersonalcomputersorspecialized terminalsincombinationwithcashregisters,opticalscannersormagnetic-stripereadersto captureandrecorddataatthetimeoftransaction.POSsystemsareusuallyonlinetoa centralcomputerforcreditcheckingandinventoryupdating. POSIX~PortableOperatingSystemInterfaceforUNIX~Afamilyofopensystem standardsbasedonUNIX,whichallowsapplicationstobewrittentoasingletarget environmentinwhichtheycanrununchangedonavarietyofsystems. POST~Power-onselftest~Hardware-CiscoCatalyst2800UserGuide,forexample POST~power-onselftest~Setofhardwarediagnosticsthatrunsonahardwaredevice whenthatdeviceispoweredup. POTS~Plainoldtelephoneservice~Telecom-TelecomGlossary POTS~PlainOldTelephoneService~POTSisthestandardtelephoneservicethatmost homesuse.ItisalsoreferredtoasthePSTNorthePublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork. POWER~PerformanceOptimizationWithEnhancedRisc~PerformanceOptimization WithEnhancedRiscbyIBM POX~plainoldÂXML~plainoldÂXML PPC~Pay-Per-Click~Whereacompany(oradvertiser)pays(asearchengineoraffiliate site)foreachclick-throughonanadvertisement. PPD~PostscriptPrinterDescription~Afilethatcontainsinformationaboutthe capabilitiesofaparticularprintermodel.ThePPDfileprovidesthecontrolsyouneedto takeadvantageofspecialfeaturessuchasmultiplepapertrays,specialpapersizes,or duplexprinting. PPE~PowerPCProcessorElement~IntheCellBroadbandEnginearchitecture,a groupingofmultiplePowerPCProcessorUnits(PPUs). PPM~PartsPerMillion~Inpositioningterms,ppmisarepresentationofpositionerror asafunctionofÂdistancebetweentwocommunicatingdevices. PPM~projectportfoliomanagement~Astrategyforoversightofaportfolioofrelatedor interdependentprojects,withtheintentoflimitingduplicateworkeffortsandleveraging decisionmakingandskillsacrossprojects. PPN~PrimaryPortNetwork~ThemainswitchingmodulefortheDefinityG3RorG3I switch. PPP~Point-to-pointProtocol~Telecom-RFC1661 PPP~PointtoPointProtocol~theInternetstandardfordial-upmodemconnections.PPP isasetofrulesthatdefineshowyourmodemexchangespacketsofdatawithother systemsontheInternet. PPP~Publicâ€“privatepartnership~describesagovernmentserviceorprivatebusiness venturewhichisfundedandoperatedthroughapartnershipofgovernment PPPoE~Point-to-PointProtocoloverEthernet~PPPoEisaspecificationforconnecting multiplecomputerusersonlocalnetworktoaremotesiteusingamodem,gatewayor routerthatsupportstheappropriateprotocollayersandauthenticationforthepoint-topointconnectiontobeestablished. PPRC~PeertoPeerRemoteCopy~Aremote-copyservicethatprovidesasynchronous copyofavolumeordiskfordisasterrecovery,devicemigration,andworkloadmigration. PPTP~Point-to-PointTunnelingProtocol~Telecom-RFC2637 PPTP~Point-to-PointTunnelingProtocol~PPTPisanetworkingstandardfor connectingtovirtualprivatenetworks,orVPNs.VPNsaresecurenetworksthatcanbe accessedovertheInternet,allowinguserstoaccessanetworkfromaremotelocation. Thisisusefulforpeoplewhoneedtoconnecttoanofficenetworkfromhomeoraccess theirhomecomputerfromanotherlocation. PPU~PowerPCProcessorUnit~A64-bitPowerPCcoreprocessorlocatedattheheartof theCellBroadbandEnginemultiprocessor,withassociatedcache,andaVector MultimediaExtensions(VMX)unit. PQA~PalmQueryApplication~AsmallappletthatcanbedownloadedontoaPalmOSbasedPDAthatallowsfortheretrievalofinformationfromtheWeb. PRADO~PHPRapidApplicationDevelopmentObject-oriented~anopensource, PHP5-basedprogrammingframeworkdesignedforprofessionalwebapplications development.PRADOisanMVC-basedframework,whichallowsevent-driven programming. PRC~PrimaryReferenceClock~ClockusedinsynchronousnetworkslikeSONETand SDH PRI~PrimaryRateInterface~AnIntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN)interface thatconnectsprivatebranchexchanges(PBXs)tothenetworkattheNorthAmerican 1.544megabitspersecond(Mbps)T1rate.ItiselectricallyidenticaltotheISDNBasic RateInterface(BRI). PRINCE~ProjectsinControlledEnvironments~ApublicdomainstandardforIT developersfortheU.K.government.PRINCEprovidesaprocessmodeltodefinewhatis involvedinsettingup,managingandclosingdowneachstageofaproject. PROM~ProgrammableROM~AROMwhichisprogrammablebytheuser PRPQ~programmingrequestforpricequotation~Acustomerrequestforaprice quotationonalterationsoradditionstothefunctionalcapabilitiesofsystemcontrol programmingorlicensedprograms. PRPQ~programmingrequestforpricequotation~Acustomerrequestforaprice quotationforalicensedprogramtobedesignedespeciallyforaparticulargroupof customersoranapplication. ps~Picosecond~1/1000ofananosecond,oronetrillionthofasecond.T PS~PlayStation~GameconsolebySony PS~PostScript~PostScript(filenameextension) PS~Photoshop~PhotoshopofAdobeSystems,Inc. PS~~PSisalsoPeopleSearch(Yahoo!),PacketStream(AT&T),ProtectionScheme (Nortel),ProtectionSwitching(Alcatel),PeopleSoft,Inc.(softwarecompany) PS/2~personalsystem/2~AtypeofconnectorforattachingaPS/2-compatiblekeyboard, mouse,orkeypad. PSA~professionalserviceautomation~professionalserviceautomation PSD~PhotoShopDrawing~Filenameextension.UsedbyPhotoshopandotherAdobe programs PSIP~ProgramandSystemsInformationProtocol~theATSCstandardfordigital televisionchannelnaming,numberingandnavigation. PSK~phaseshiftkeying~Phasemodulationthatusesdiscretechangesofphase. PSLC~ParallelSysplexLicenseCharge~Asoftwarelicensingarrangementavailableto vendorsifthepiecesmakinguptheirParallelSysplexcomplexhavebeenqualifiedby IBM.Chargesarebasedonthetotalmachinecapacity. PSN~PacketSwitchNode~Adedicatedcomputerwhosepurposeistoaccept,routeand forwardpacketsinapacketswitchednetwork. PSN~PlaystationNetwork~PSNstandsforPlaystationNetworkofSony PSN~ProcessorSerialNumber~AnembeddedserialnumberinIntelPentiumIII microprocessors.Itallowssoftwaremanufacturersandwebsitestoidentifyindividuals moreprecisely. PSP~PersonalSoftwareProcess~Methodstoimprovethequalityofworkofindividual softwareengineers PSP~PlayStationPortable~GameconsolebySony PSPs~printserviceproviders~printserviceproviders PSS~PrintSubSystem~SoftwareforIBMmainframesthatprovidesanAFPandline dataprintingsolutionusingPCLandPostScriptprinters PSTN~publicswitchedtelephonenetwork~theworldwidenetworkofpublicvoice communicationfacilities. PSTN~publicswitchedtelephonenetwork~Anycommoncarriernetworkthatprovides circuitswitchingamongpublicusers. PTF~PrintToFax~FaxdriverforLotusDominoFaxServer PTRrecord~Pointerrecord~ADNSrecordtypethattranslatesIP(IPv4)addressesto domainnames.UsedinDNSreverselookups. PTT~PublicTelephoneandTelegraph~Telecom-TelecomGlossaryorFreeDictionary PTT~PushToTalk~Functionalityinthegroupcommunicationterminaldevice.You havetopushPTT-buttontogetthepermissionfortransmission PTT~Postal,Telephone,andTelegraph~Anagencythatregulatesandadministersthe telephoneandpostalsystemsincertaincountries. PTTs~Post,telegraph,andtelephoneauthorities~governmentagenciesresponsiblefor postalmail,telegraph,andtelephoneservices.Suchmonopoliesexistedinmanycountries, butsincethe1980smanyofthemhavebeenpartiallyorcompletelyprivatized. PTZ~pan-tilt-zoom~videoconferencingcameracapability PUMA~Privilegedusermonitoringandauditing~IBMTivoliSIEMcapability PUMA~ProtectedUserModeAudio~TogetherwithUMA,isanengineintheWindows VistaProtectedEnvironmentthatprovidesasaferenvironmentforaudioplayback,aswell ascheckingthattheenabledoutputsareconsistentwithwhatthecontentallows PUP~Potentiallyunwantedprogram~atermusedtodescribeunwantedprogramssuch asTrojans,spywareandadware,alongwithothermalwarewhichmaycompromiseyour privacy.SomeantivirusandPCsecuritysoftwarepackageswillscanforandprotectyour systemagainstPUPs. PUT~programupdatetape~AcodereleasetoTransactionProcessingFacilitycustomers containingmaintenance(programfixes)andnewfunction. PVC~permanentvirtualcircuit~Avirtualcircuitthatispre-definedinroutingtables amongthevariousroutersandswitchesinapacket-switchednetwork,ratherthanbeing establishedonacall-by-callbasis. PVC~PolyvinylChloride~Thecommonvinylshieldingusedtocoverthepairsinthe copperfour-pairwireusedfornumerousEthernetstandards. PVR~personalvideorecorder~Adevicethatrecordstelevisionprogramsonaninternal harddriveinanticipationofviewerpreferences. PVST~Per-VLANSpanningTree~Linklayer-Cisco’sintroductiontoSpanningTree Protocol PVST~Per-VLANSpanningTree~InEthernetswitchedenvironmentswheremultiple VirtualLANsexist,spanningtreecanbedeployedperVirtualLAN. PVV~PINverificationvalue~Discretionaryvalueencodedinmagneticstripeof paymentcard. PWM~Pulsewidthmodulation~apowerfultechniqueforcontrollinganalogcircuits withaprocessor’sdigitaloutputs.PWMisemployedinawidevarietyofapplications, rangingfrommeasurementandcommunicationstopowercontrolandconversion. PWR~PoWeR~PoWeR PWS~PersonalWebServer(orPeerWebServices)~thebabybrotherofMicrosoftIIS. BothproductsarehybridcompilationsandsubstitutesforanInternetcapablewebserver. P-x~Pentium-(numbers)~ThebrandnameforaseriesofIntelmicroprocessorsusedin IBM-compatiblePCs.e.g.PentiumPro(1995),PentiumII(1997),PentiumIII(1999)and Pentium4(2002). PXE~PrebooteXecutionEnvironment~Providesawayforasystemtoinitiatea networkconnectiontovariousserverspriortoloadinganOS ~Q~ QA~QualityAssurance~Thepracticeofcheckinghardware,software,orsystemsfor defects,identifyingsuchdefects,andthencheckingtomakesurethatsuchdefectsare correctedwhenfuturerevisionsofsoftwareorhardwarearereadyfortesting. QAM~quadratureamplitudemodulation~QAMisamethodofcombiningtwo amplitude-modulated(AM)signalsintoasinglechannel,therebydoublingtheeffective bandwidth.QAMisusedwithPAMindigitalsystems,especiallyinwirelessapplications. QAT~QuantityAboveThresholdIndicator~Thesumofitemizedcallminutesthat exceedstheminimumthresholdof1500MinutesofUsage(MOU)thatiseligiblefora volumediscount. QB~QuickBASIC~adescendantoftheBASICprogramminglanguagethatwas developedbytheMicrosoftCorporationforusewiththeMS-DOSoperatingsystem. QB~Quickbooks~AgeneralaccountingsystemfromIntuit,Inc.ÂQuickBooks QBDG~QueryBasedDistributionGroup~Atypeofdistributiongroupintroducedin Exchange2003.Itprovidessimilarfunctionalitytothatofastandarddistributiongroup, whatisdifferentisthatitdoesnotcontainafixedlistofmembersbutisdefinedusinga query.Thisallowsthegroupmembershiplisttobegenerateddynamicallyondemand usingthequery. QBDL~QueryBasedDistributionList~MorecommonlyknownasaQueryBased DistributionGroup QBL~QueryByExample~QBEisamethodofquerycreationthatallowstheuserto searchfordocumentsbasedonanexampleintheformofaselectedtextstringorinthe formofadocumentnameoralistofdocuments.BecausetheQBEsystemformulatesthe actualquery,QBEiseasiertolearnthanformalquerylanguages,suchasthe standardÂSQL,whilestillenablingpowerfulsearches. QCIF~QuarterCommonIntermediateFormat~videoconferencingformatthatspecifies dataratesof30fps,witheachframecontaining144linesand176pixelsperline. QD~QueuingDelay~referstothedelayimposedonacellbyitshavingtobebuffered becauseofunavailabilityofresourcestopassthecellontothenextnetworkfunctionor element. QDF~QuickenDataFile~FilenameextensionbyIntuit QDOS~QuickAndDirtyOperatingSystem~Anearlypersonalcomputeroperating systemrumoredtobetheforerunnerofPC-DOSandMS-DOS. QDR~QuadDataRate~atypeofstaticRAMcomputermemorythatcantransferupto fourwordsofdataineachclockcycle. QEMM~QuarterdeckExpandedMemoryManager~DOSandWindowsmemory managerfromQuarterdeckOfficeSystems,SantaMonica,California;usedforIBMPCs withanIntel80386orhigherprocessor. QFE~QuickFixEngineering~QFEisaMicrosofttermforthedeliveryofindividual serviceupdatestoitsoperatingsystemsandapplicationprogramssuchasWord.Formerly calledahotfix,‘QFE’canbeusedtodescribeboththemethodofdeliveringandapplying apatchorfix,andalsotorefertoanyindividualfix. QFP~QuotedForPermanence~anintegratedcircuitpackagewithleadsextendingfrom eachofthefoursides. QI~QueryInterface~databasesystemthatcanbeaccessedbyphoneclientprogramsto retrieveandeditentriesintheserver.Thisisgenerallyusedforphonebookservices,but canbeusedinanydatabaseapplication. qic~Quarter-InchCartridge~astandardformagnetictapedrives.QICtapesareamong themostpopulartapesusedforbackinguppersonalcomputers.QICtapesaredividedinto twogeneralclasses:full-size(alsocalleddata-cartridge)andminicartridge. QIF~QuickenInterchangeFormat~Fileformatforfinancialdata QIP~qualityimprovementprocess~Ateam-based,structured,problem-solvingprocess aimedatachievingexceptionalcustomersatisfaction.Â QIX~NASDAQInformationExchangeprotocol~QIXisaproprietaryspecification intendedtostreamlineautomatedtradinginthefinancialindustry.QIX,liketheopenstandardFinancialInformationExchange(FIX)protocolandthecomputer-to-computer interface(CTCI),supportsmultiplecommunicationsformats. QLLC~QualifiedLogicalLinkControlprotocol~transfersIBMÂSNAÂdataoveran X.25network. QMF~QueryManagementFacility~AnIBMmainframequeryandreport-writing productforrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems. QMS~QualityMicroSystems~AMobile,Alabamamanufactureroflaserprinters.QMS madeoneofthefirstPostScriptprinters. QName~qualifiedname~Thenameofthelibrarycontainingtheobjectandthenameof theobject. QName~qualifiedname~Adatanameexplicitlyaccompaniedbyaspecificationofthe classtowhichitbelongsinaspecifiedclassificationsystem. QName~qualifiedname~InC++,anamethatisusedtoqualifyanonclasstypename, suchasamember,byitsclassname. QName~qualifiedname~Adatasetnameconsistingofastringofnamesseparatedby periods QName~qualifiedname~AnamethatconformstotheNamespacesinXML specification. QoE~qualityofexperience~Themeasurementofoverallcustomersatisfactionbefore, during,andafteratransaction. QoS~qualityofservice~Anyoperationthatallowstrafficprioritiestobedesignated. Differenttrafficthroughoutanetworkcanbeclassifiedandadministered. QoS~qualityofservice~InOSI,avaluethatspecifiescertainperformance characteristicsofaservice,session,orlink. QoS~qualityofservice~Asetofcommunicationcharacteristicsrequiredbyan application.QoSdefinesaspecifictransmissionpriority,levelofroutereliability,and securitylevel. QoS~qualityofservice~Ameasureofsystemperformanceandsystemavailability. QoS~qualityofservice~ApolicythatcollectsperformancedataforHTTPtransactions foroneormoreWebservers QP~QuantumProgramming~Aprogrammingparadigmthatextendstraditionalobject- orientedprogrammingwithtwoadditionalfundamentalconcepts:hierarchicalstate machinesandcomputingbasedonactiveobjects. QPM~QoSPolicyManager~ACiscoSystemsoffering. QPS~Queries-per-second~QPSisameasureofhowmuchtrafficaparticularquery serverishandlingatagiventime.OntheInternet,theactivityinthecollectionofservers thatserveasthedomainnamesystemissometimesmeasuredinqueries-per-second. QPSK~QuadraturePhase-ShiftKeying~Amethodofmodulatingdigitalsignalsusing fourphasestatestocodetwodigitalbitsperphaseshift. QRcode~QuickResponsecode~CreatedbyJapanesecorporationDenso-Wavein 1994,a‘QRcode’isamatrixcode(whichisatwo-dimensionalbarcode)thatisatwodimensionalwayofrepresentinginformation.Itissimilartoalinear(1-dimensional)bar code,buthasmoredatarepresentationcapability. QSA~QualifiedSecurityAssessor~companyapprovedbythePCISSCto conductÂPCIDSSÂon-siteassessments. QSIG~Qsignaling~QsignalingisaprotocolforÂISDNÂcommunicationsbasedon theQ.931standard,isusedforsignalingbetweendigitalÂPBXs.QSIGisemployed inÂVoIPÂnetworks,ÂVPNs,andhigh-speed,multi-applicationnetworksfor corporations,educationalinstitutions,andgovernmentagencies. QT~QuickTime~ThisisamultimediatechnologydevelopedbyourfriendsatApple Computer.Itisapopularformatforcreatingandstoringsound,graphics,andmovie (.mov)files.ThoughitisanAppletechnology,QuickTimesoftwareisavailableforboth theMacandthePC.ÂcheckoutApple’sQuickTimesite QTM~QuadraticTextureMapping~ThisisatechnologyusedwithNVidiabased3D graphicsboardsthatdramaticallyspeedsuptexturemappingandscreenredrawing (refreshing)byreducingtheamountofworkrequired.NVidiachipsusefewerpolygonsto renderanacceptablelookingroundedobject. QTSS~QuickTimeStreamingServer~Atechnologythatletsyoudelivermediaoverthe Internetinrealtime. QTVR~QuickTimeVirtualReality~QTVRisa3-D,virtualrealityversionofApple’s Quicktimemultimediasoftware.QTVRusesmultiplestillshotstocompilea3-Dviewof space. QTW~QuickTimeforWindows~MultimediasoftwarefromAppleComputerthat integratesfull-motionvideoandsoundintoapplicationprograms. Quagi~quadandYagi~Anantennaconsistingofbothfullwavelengthloops(quad)and Yagielements. QVGA~QuarterVideoGraphicsArray~QVGAisasmall-screendisplaymodeinwhich theresolutionis320pixelshorizontallyby240pixelsvertically(320x240).Thisis25 percentofthetotalnumberofpixelsaffordedbytheVGA(VideoGraphicsArray)display modeoriginallyintroducedbyIBMin1987. QXGA~Quad((orQuantum)eXtendedGraphicsArray~adisplaymodeinwhichthe resolutionis2048pixelshorizontallyby1536pixelsvertically(2048x1536).Thisresults in3,145,728pixelsintheimage(sometimesreferredtoas3.2millionpixels).This resolutionistwicethe1024x768seenonmosthighpoweredunits. ~R~ R&D~researchanddevelopment~Adescriptivetermforthefunction,organizationor budgetallocationdevotedtoresearchinganddevelopingnewproductsortechnologies. R_A_TOV~resourceallocationtimeoutvalue~Infibre-channeltechnology,avalue usedtotimeoutoperationsthatdependonthemaximumpossibletimethataframecanbe delayedinafabricandstillbedelivered. RAB~RaidAdvisoryBoard~Industryorganizationofmanufacturersandusersofdisk systemsandrelatedproductswhosemissionistoeducateusersregardingallaspectsof storagetechnology,andinparticular,RAIDtechnology. RAB~Reverse-LinkActivityBit~determiningthedatarateofareverselink communicationofamobilecommunicationsystem. RAC~RealApplicationCluster~RACisacomponentoftheOracle9idatabaseproduct thatallowsadatabasetobeinstalledacrossmultipleservers. RACF~ResourceAccessControlFacility~Providesimprovedsecurityforan installation’sdata.RACFprotectsyourvitalsystemresourcesandcontrolswhatuserscan doontheoperatingsystem RACH~RandomAccessChannel~thechannelusedbymobilesinÂGSMÂandWCDMAsystemstogainaccesstothesystemwhenfirstattachingtoit. racon~radarbeacon~Atransmitter-receiverassociatedwithafixednavigationalmark which,whentriggeredbyaradar,automaticallyreturnsadistinctivesignalwhichcan appearonthedisplayofthetriggeringradar,providingrange,bearingandidentification information. RAD~radiationabsorbeddose~thebasicunitofmeasureforexpressingabsorbed radiantenergyperunitmassofmaterial. RAD~RapidApplicationDevelopment~Awayofdevelopingasystembycompletinga workingpart,implementingit,andaddingmoreworkingpartseveryfewmonths,instead ofwaitingtofinishtheentireprojectbeforeputtingthesystemintouse. RADA~randomaccessdiscreteaddress~Acommunicationstechniqueinwhichradio usersshareonewidefrequencybandinsteadofeachuser’sbeingassignedanarrowband. RADCAB~RelevancyAppropriatenessDetailCurrencyAuthorityBias~Itwascreated byKarenChristensson,alibrarymediaspecialist,forhelpingstudentsresearchtopicson theWeb. RADIUS~RemoteAuthenticationDial-InUserService~Security-RFC2865 RADIUS~RemoteAuthenticationDial-InUserService~Asecurityprotocolusedto transportpasswordsbetweentheaccessdeviceandtheauthenticationserver. RADSL~ReverseADSL~AtermforaDSLstreamthatisasymmetricalintheupstream direction;thatis,areverseADSLlinkhasasmalldownstreamandlargeupstream communicationspath. RADVD~routeradvertisementdaemon~runbyLinuxorBSDsystemsactingasIPv6 routers.ItsendsRouterAdvertisementmessages,specifiedbyRFC2461,toalocal ethernetLANperiodicallyandwhenrequestedbyanodesendingaRouterSolicitation message. RAI~remotealarmindication~Asignaltransmittedintheoutgoingdirectionwhena terminaldeterminesthatithaslosttheincomingsignal.ÂRAIiscommonlycalledthe yellowalarmsignal. RAID~RedundantArrayofIndependentDisks~RAIDisamethodofstoringdataon multipleharddisks.WhendisksarearrangedinaRAIDconfiguration,thecomputersees themallasonelargedisk.However,theyoperatemuchmoreefficientlythanasinglehard drive. RAM~RandomAccessMemory~Physicallayer-TelecomGlossary RAM~RandomAccessMemory~RAMisthestoragemediumusedwithinthecomputer tostoreprogramsanddatawhilethecomputerisswitchedonandrunning.Oncethe powertothecomputerisswitchedoff,anyprogramsordatanotsavedtotheHardDisk Drivewillbelostpermanently. RAMDAC~RandomAccessMemoryDigitaltoAnalogConverter~Chiponavideo boardthatgeneratestheanalogvideosignals RAN~RadioAccessNetwork~theground-basedinfrastructurerequiredfordeliveryof third-generation(3G)wirelesscommunicationsservices,includinghigh-speedmobile accesstotheInternet. RAPI~RsvpApplicationProgrammingÂInterface~AnRSVP-specificAPIthatenables applicationstointerfaceexplicitlywithanRSVPprocess RARE~ReseauxAssociÃ©spourlaRechercheÂ~TheEuropeanAssociationof ResearchNetworks.NowcalledTERENA RARE~EuropÃ©enne~ RARP~ReverseARP~Linklayer-RFC903 RARP~ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol~Theprotocolwhichallowsauserto broadcastaÂMACaddressÂonthelocalnetwork,resultinginthenetworkinterface (NIC)returningit’sIPAddress RAS~Registration,Admission,Status~amanagementprotocolbetweenterminalsand GatekeepersintheH.323network. RAS~remote-accessserver(services)~Aserverthatfacilitatesnetworkconnectionsto anenterpriselocal-areaorwide-areanetworkfromusersremotelyaccessingthenetwork overcableortelephonelinesusingamodem.Theserverusesvariousprotocolsto authenticateandconnectremoteusers. RAS~RowAddressSelect~AcontrolpinonaDRAMusedtolatchandactivatearow address.TherowselectedonaDRAMisdeterminedbythedatapresentattheaddress pinswhenRASbecomesactive. RAS~RowAddressStrobe~asignalsentbytheprocessortoaDRAMcircuittotellit thatanassociatedaddressisarowaddress. RAS~RemoteAnnouncingSystem~aswitchfeaturethatallowsanoutsidecaller,with properaccess,tomakeannouncementsoverthelocalpublicorofficeannouncingsystem. RAT~RemoteAdministrationTool~referstoproductssuchasPCAnywhereand CarbonCopybutismoreoftenusedtorefertotrojanRATssuchasBackOrificeand NetBus. RBA~RunBookAutomation~automateIToperationsprocessesacrossdifferentIT managementdisciplines.RBAproductshaveanorchestrationinterfacetodesign, administerandmonitorprocesses;aworkflowtosupporttheprocesses;andintegrationto manyIToperationstoolsneededtosupporttheprocesses. RBAC~role-basedaccesscontrol~RBACisastrategyforimplementingsecuritypolicy management,specificallyintheareaofauthorization.TheideabehindRBACistodefine rolesassetsofprivilegestodifferentsystemsthatrepresentcommonaccessrightsfor users. RBL~Real-timeBlack-holeListorReal-timeBlockList~RBLsholdinformationabout blockedsites,typicallyusedtolistsitethatgeneratespam. RBOC~RegionalBellOperatingCompany~Thelocaltelephonecompanyineachofthe sevenU.S.regions. RC~ReleaseCandidate~Aversion(ofsoftware)thatisreleasedbeforethefinalrelease. Areleasecandidatemaycontainoutstandingissues(orbugs)orincompletefunctionality. Alsoknowasa‘technicalpreview’or‘betarelease’. RC2/4/5~RivestCipher2/4/5~afamilyofproprietaryciphersdevelopedbyRonald RivestofRSASecurity. RCA~RadioCorporationofAmerica(cables)~Thestandard,single-endedanalogcables usedtoconnectaudioandvideodevicestoeachother.Typicallyaredinputisfortheleft channelofsound,whiteisfortheright,andyellowisforcompsitevideo. RCC~radiocommoncarrier~Atelecommunicationscommoncarrierthatprovidesradio communicationsservicesbutisnotengagedinthebusinessofprovidinglandlinelocal exchangetelephoneservice. RCM~RevisionandConfigurationManagement~HPservice-RCMcollects configuration,revision,andpatchdatafromyoursupportedsystems rcp~Remotecopy~AUNIXutilitythatcopiesfilesoveranEthernet. RCP~RichClientPlatform~Minimalsetofplug-insneededtobuildarichclient application. RCS~RevisionControlSystem~Managesmultiplerevisionsoffilesbyautomatingthe storage,retrieval,logging,identification,andmergingofrevisions.It’sparticularlyuseful fortextthatisrevisedfrequently,suchasprograms,documentation,graphics,papers,and formletters RCU~RapidCloningUtility~includedwiththeNetAppFlexClonelicense.RCUisan integratedcloningandprovisioningutilityforvirtualmachinesthatinstantlyreplicates datavolumesanddatasetsastransparentvirtualcopies RDAC~RedundantDiskArrayController~Providesapplication-transparentprotection forarraycontrolleranddatapathfailuresusingaspecial-purposedaemonprocessand kernel-residentI/Odriver RDBA~RemoteDatabaseAccess~astandardpermittingtheexchangeofinformation betweendifferentDBMSsystems. RDBMS~relationaldatabasemanagementsystem~RDBMSisaprogramthatletsyou create,update,andadministerarelationaldatabase. RDDL~ResourceDirectoryDescriptionÂLanguage~XML-basedlanguagefor describingaresourcedirectory.Aresourcedirectoryprovidesatextdescriptionofsome classofresourcesandofotherresourcesrelatedtothatclass.Italsocontainsadirectoryof linkstotheserelatedresources RDF~radiodirection-finding~Radiodeterminationusingthereceptionofradiowaves forthepurposeofdeterminingthedirectionofastationorobject. RDF~ResourceDescriptionFramework~aspecificationthatdefineshowmetadata,or descriptiveinformation,shouldbeformatted.TheRDFmodelusesasubject-predicateobjectformat,whichisastandardizedwayofdescribingsomething. RDI~remotedefectindication~Asignaltransmittedatthefirstopportunityinthe outgoingdirectionwhenaterminaldetectsspecificdefectsintheincomingsignal. RDL~ReportDefinitionLanguage~XML-basedindustrystandardusedtodefinereports RDM~RemoteDeploymentManager~AnIBMtool(formerlycalledLANClient ControlManager,or‘LCCM’)thatallowssystemsadministratorstoremotelyconfigure anddeployoperatingsystemsandapplicationsonIBMsystems. rDNS~ReverseDNS~amethodofresolvinganIPaddressintoadomainname,justas theDNSresolvesdomainnamesintoassociatedIPaddresses. RDP~RemoteDesktopProtocol~aprotocoldesignedforsecurecommunicationsin networksusingMicrosoftTerminalServices.RDPisavailableformostversionsofthe WindowsoperatingsystemaswellasMacOSX,LinuxandFreeBSD. RDP~RouterDiscoveryProtocol~Astandardprotocol,toinformhostsofthepresence ofrouterstowhichtheycansendpackets.YoucanalsouseRDPinsteadofhost wiretappingroutingprotocols(forexample,RIP). RDR~RateofDefectRecurrence~Howmanytimesadefectisreintroducedoverthe lifeofanapplication RDT~remotedigitalterminal~Anintelligentnetworkelementthatinterfacesbetween customeraccesslinesanddigitalfacilities. RDT~remotedigitalterminal~Thedigitalloopcarrier(DLC)multiplexerthatisatthe endoftheDLCthatisclosesttothenetworkinterface(NI). RED~RandomEarlyDetection~Acongestion-avoidancealgorithmdevelopedinthe early1990sbuiltonthebase-levelTCPbehaviorofautomaticallyslowingtransmissions whenpacketlossisdetected RED~ReputationEnabledDefense~WatchGuardÂREDusesacloud-based WatchGuardreputationserverthatassignsareputationscorebetween1and100toevery URL. REG~RangeExtenderwithGain~Aunitthatprovidesrangeextensioninaloopfor bothtransmissionandsignaling. ReGS~ReportingGridServices~AsetofcoreOpenGridServicesArchitecture (OGSA)servicesforlogging,tracing,andmonitoringapplicationsinOGSA-basedgrid environments. REJ~Reject.Incommunications~acommandorresponsethatrequestsdatabe retransmitted. Rel~Recorderelement~Theminimumdistancebetweentworecordedpoints(spots)in animagesetter. REL~RightsExpressionLanguage~Alanguageforspecifyingrightstocontent,feesor otherconsiderationrequiredtosecurethoserights,typesofusersqualifiedtoobtainthose rights RELAX~REgularLAnguagedescriptionforXml~UsesÂXMLÂsyntaxtoexpressthe structurerelationshipsthatarepresentinaDTD,andaddstheXMLDatatypeSchema mechanisms,aswell REN~RingerEquivalencyNumber~1REN=theenergytoringonePlainOld TelephonePOLorSingleLineTelephone(SLT).TheRENnumbercanbefoundonthe FCClabelonthedevice. RePDV~ReputationDigitalVaccine~HPTippingPointservicethatprotectsenterprises fromthelatestsecurityrisksbyprovidinggreatervisibilityintomaliciousactivityon corporatenetworks. Res~resolution~Atermusedtodefineimageresolutioninsteadofppi.Res12indicates 12pixelspermillimeter. RES~RobotsExclusionStandard~Standardthatallowswebsiteadministratorsto indicatetovisitingrobotswhichpartsoftheirsiteshouldnotbevisitedbytherobot REST~REpresentationalStateTransfer~AlooselydefinedspecificationforHTTPbasedserviceswherealloftheinformationrequiredtoprocessarequestispresentinthe initialrequestandwhereeachrequestreceivesonlyasingleresponse,andwherethe responseisinamachine-readableform. RETAIN~RemoteTechnicalAssistanceandInformationNetwork~Databaseusedby IBMSupportCenterstorecordallknownproblemswithIBMlicensedprograms. REVS~RapidExchangeofVirusSampleslist.~Amailinglistforantiviruscompanies, allowingtheirvirusanalysisstafftosecurelysendsamplesof‘emergency’virusestoother antivirusdevelopersandforthelabstafftodiscussemerging‘virusemergencies’. REXX~RestructuredEXtendedeXecutor~Ageneral-purpose,high-level,programming language,particularlysuitableforEXECproceduresorprogramsforpersonalcomputing. REXX~RestructuredEXtendedeXecutor~Thei5/OSimplementationoftheSystems ApplicationArchitectureProceduresLanguage. RF~Radiofrequency~Describestheportionofthespectrumusedtotransmitradio signals.Oftenusedadjectivally. RFB~RemoteFramebuffer~aprotocolforremoteaccessusedbytheremotecontrol applicationVNC(VirtualNetworkComputing) RFC~RequestforComments~Multiplelayers-IETF’sRFCIndex RFC~radio-frequencychoke~aninductor(coil)designedtokeephigh-frequency signalsfromflowingintopowersupplylinesandotherinterconnections. RFC~RequestForComments~Thenameoftheresultandtheprocessforcreatinga standardontheÂInternet.NewstandardsareproposedandpublishedontheInternet,asa RequestForComments. RFCOMM~RadioFrequencyCommunication~aBluetoothprotocolwhichisasimple setoftransportprotocols,providingemulatedRS232serialports. RFI~remotefailureindication~Asignaltransmittedintheoutgoingdirectionwhena terminaldeterminesthatspecificdefectshavepersistedlongenoughtodeclareareceived signalfailure. RFID~radiofrequencyidentification~Ananalog-to-digitalconversiontechnologythat usesradiofrequency(RF)wavestotransferdatabetweenamovableitemandareaderfor identification,trackingorlocationpurposes.Itdoesnotrequirephysicalcontactoraline ofsightbetweenthereaderorscannerandthetaggeditem. RFMD~RFMicroDevices~globalleaderinthedesignandmanufactureofhighperformancesemiconductorcomponents. RFP~RequestForProposal~Arequestforbidsthatindicatesthespecificationsfora softwareprojectorothersystemneeds. RFS/RFU~ReadyForService/Use~ReadyForService/Use RFT~RequestForTechnology~ArequestfromtheOpenSoftwareFoundationfor proposalsfornewstandards. RFT~revisable-formtext~Adatastreamdefinedbydocumentcontentarchitecturethat isusedtoexchangeunresolveddocuments(whichcannotbedirectlyprintedordisplayed) betweensystems. RGB~Red/Green/Blue~AnRGBsignalhasfourseparateelements;red/green/blueand sync.ThisresultsinacleanerÂ RGB~Red/Green/Blue~imagethanwithcompositesignalsduetothelowerlevelof distortionandinterference. RGMP~Router-portGroupManagementProtocol~IPmulticastconstraining mechanismforrouter-onlynetworksegments.RGMPmustbeenabledontheroutersand ontheLayer2switches RHCE~RedHatCertifiedEngineer~MidtoadvancedlevelcertificationforIT professionalswhoareabletoinstallandconfigureRedHatLinux,understandlimitations ofhardwareandconfigurebasicnetworkingandfilesystems RHCS~RedHatClusterSuite~RedHat’ssoftwaretocreateahighavailabilityandload balancingcluster RHEL~RedHatEnterpriseLinux~REDHATOS RHR~radiohorizonrange~Thedistanceatwhichadirectradiowavecanreacha receivingantennaofgivenheightfromatransmittingantennaofgivenheight. RHSBL~Right-HandSideBlacklist~AtypeofDNSBLthatusesdomainnamesinstead ofIPaddresses. RIA~RichInternetApplication~Evolutionofthewebdevelopmentanddeployment model RIM~ReferenceInformationModel~Acomprehensive,object-orientedinformation modelforclinicalhealthcare.RIMservesasasemanticpointofreferencefor allÂHL7Âstandardsdevelopmentefforts. RIM~ResearchInMotion~vendorofwirelesscommunicationproductsbasedin Waterloo,Ontario.ItsproductsincludethepopularBlackBerryhandheld deviceÂwww.rim.com. RIMM~RambusIn-LineMemoryModule~RIMMisasynchronousdynamicRAM modulethatisusedonnewermotherboards.RIMM’saremanufacturedbyÂRambus Corporation. RIP~RoutingInformationProtocol~InternetLayer-RFC2453,forRIPversion2 RIP~rasterimageprocessor~adevicethathandlescomputeroutputasagridofdots. Dot-matrix,inkjet,andlaserprintersareallrasterimageprocessors. RIP~RoutingInformationProtocol~Aninternalrouterprotocolusedforinforming networkcomputersofchangesinconfiguration. RIPE~RÃ©seauxIPEuropÃ©ens~theInternetregistryorganizationfor Europe.Âhttp://www.ripe.net/ RIR~regionalInternetregistry~anorganizationthatmanagestheallocationand registrationofInternetnumberresourceswithinaparticularregion RISC~ReducedInstructionSetComputer~Aprocessorsupportingsimpleinstructions (typicallyonlyonememoryaccessperinstruction)andoftenreducedinstructionsetsize, sacrificingcomplexityforgreaterspeed. RJ11~RegisteredJack11~Thephysicalspecificationforthefour-wirejackcommonly usedinU.S.telephonesystems. RJ45~RegisteredJack45~Atypeofeight-wireconnectorcommonlyusedinlocal-area networks. RJE~RemoteJobEntry~Transmissionofabatchjobtoaremotecomputerwhich processesthejob. RLC~RadioLinkControl~alink-layerprotocolthatisresponsibleforerrorrecovery andflowcontrolin3G(UMTS)cellularsystems. RLE~run-lengthencoding~Atechniqueforcompressingdatathatavoidsrepeatedly havingtocodedataelementsofthesamevalue RLE~run-lengthencoding~Atypeofcompressionthatisbasedonstringsofrepeated, adjacentcharactersorsymbols,whicharecalled‘runs.’ RLL~Run-LengthLimited~Physicallayer-RLLisusedinawiderangeofencodings. RLL~RunLengthLimited~anencodingschemeusedtostoredataoncertainPChard disks. rlogin~remotelogin~theUNIXcommandthatallowsyoutouseyourcomputerasa terminalonanothercomputer. RLP~RadioLinkProtocol~alinklayerprotocolusedfor2G(GSMandcdmaOne)and CDMA-2000(3G)network-basederrorcorrectionstoensurerobustdatatransmission. RMA~ratemonotonicanalysis~Theprocessofanalyzingareal-timesystemtoassign individualthreadprioritiesaccordingtotheratemonotonicalgorithm. RMA~ReturnMaterialsAuthorization~Thisisanumberissuedtoreturnequipmentfor service,validation,upgrades,orexchange. RMC~RaptorManagementConsole~Symantecterm RMC~ResourceMonitoringandControl~IBMterm.Scalable,reliablebackbone subsystemofRSCT.Itrunsonasinglemachineoroneachnode(operatingsystemimage) ofaclusterandprovidesacommonabstractionfortheresourcesoftheindividualsystem ortheclusterofnodes RME~RackMountEquipment~RMEisequipmentwhichisdesignedtomountina standardsteelframeworkconsistingofparallelpairsofsteelchannelverticalsspaced19’ anddrilledformountingscrews. RME~resourcemodelengine~Ananalysisenginethatisusedtoidentify,notify,and cureperformanceandavailabilityproblems. RMI~RemoteMethodInvocation~techniqueforcallingamethodinaJavaclass locatedonamachine(suchasawebserver)differsentfromthemachine(suchasthe browserclient)onwhichthecurrentapplicationisrunning. RMON~RemoteMonitoring~AnetworkmonitoringprotocoldefinedinRFC2074 RMS~RecordManagementSystem~anÂAPIÂfordevice-dependentuseofaudioand video. RMS~RightManagementService~AfeatureinVistatoencryptconfidential documentationwithpolicies. RMS~RootMeanSquare~afancywayofdescribingtheaveragevoltagelevelofan audiosignal. RMU~RackMountUnit~AsingleRMUis1.75inchesofverticalspaceinarack housing.Itistypicallyintheformofanumbersuchasthis;4U,meaning4unitsor RMUs. RNA~Ribonucleicacids~aclassofnucleicacidsthatactasacarrierforgenetic informationaswellascatalyzingimportantbiochemicalreactions.RNAscontainsugar riboseandtheorganicbaseuracil. RNA~RingNoAnswer~Whatyougetwhenthemodemyoujustcalleddoesn’tanswer RNC~RadioNetworkController~thegoverningelementintheUMTSradioaccess network(UTRAN)responsibleforcontroloftheNodeBaseStations(BS),thatistosay, thebasestationswhichareconnectedtothecontroller. R-NE~remote-networkelement~Atypeofnetworkelement(NE)thatcontainsaDUA (directoryuseragent),anoptionallocalcache,andpossiblyotherapplicationprocesses suchastheregistrationagent. RNI~RawNativeInterface~NativeinterfaceproposedbyMicrosoft RNR~receivenotready~Incommunications,adatalinkcommandorresponsethat indicatesatemporaryconditionofbeingunabletoacceptincomingframes. ROA~recognizedoperatingagency~Anyoperatingagency,asdefinedintheITU Convention(Geneva,1992),whichoperatesapubliccorrespondenceorbroadcasting service ROADM~reconfigurableopticaladd-dropmultiplexer~adevicethatisutilizedon manydifferentfiberopticnetworks.Essentially,thistypeofmultiplexerhastheabilityto controlthedirectionandfocusofbothinfraredandvisiblelightemissionswithinarange ofdifferentwavelengths. ROD~recordorienteddata~Thetypeofdocumentdefinitionusedtodescribe proprietarydocumentformats. RODM~ResourceObjectDataManager~InIBMTivoliNetViewforz/OS,a componentthatprovidesanin-memorycacheformaintainingreal-timedatainanaddress spacethatisaccessiblebymultipleapplications. RoHS~RestrictionofHazardousSubstances~TheRoHSdirectivehasbeenadoptedby theEuropeanUnion.RoHSrestrictstheuseofsixhazardoussubstances:lead(Pb), mercury,cadmium,hexavalentchromium,polybrominatedbiphenyls(PBB)and polybrominateddiphenylethers(PBDE)inallelectricalandelectronicproducts,andtheir componentparts ROI~ReturnonInvestment~ReturnonInvestment ROKSO~RegisterofKnownSpamOperations~alistofover500professional spammersthatismaintainedbytheSpamhausProject,anorganizationdedicatedto identifyingandexposingspamoperators.Anyspammerknowntohavebeenterminated bythreeconsecutiveÂISPsisaddedtothelist. ROLR~receiveobjectiveloudnessrating~TheratioindBofthevoltageenteringaloop andtelephonetothesoundpressureproducedbythetelephone’sreceiver. ROM~Read-OnlyMemory~Hardware-TelecomGlossary ROM~read-onlymemory~Datastoredincomputermemorythatcanbeaccessedand readbytheuser,butnotmodified.ROMisoftenpermanent,andstoressystemcontrol software. ROM~ReportObjectModel~ObjectmodelatthebaseoftheBusinessIntelligenceand ReportingTools(BIRT) ROOM~Real-TimeObject-OrientedModeling~AnObject-OrientedObject-Oriented analysisanddesignapproach ROP~RasterOperation~Asetoflow-levelgraphicsoperationsinWindows,i.e., operationsthatdealwithrastergraphics. RoR~RubyonRails~AwebapplicationstackbasedupontheRubyprogramming language,awebserver(likeApacheorlighttpd),andadatabaseserver(likeMySQL). ROR~remoteoutdoorrouter~adevicethatconnectsaremotelocationinaWLANto eitheranotherremotelocationwithanRORforapoint-to-pointconnectionortothe system’sCORforpoint-to-multipointconnections. ROS~runofsite~inOnlineAdvertisingROSisatypeofonlineadbuyingcampaign wherethebanner,image,ormediaadcanappearonanypagewithinthetargetedWebsite. ROSE~RemoteOperationsServiceElement~OSIRPCmechanismusedbyvariousOSI networkapplicationprotocols. rot13~rotate13~atypeofENCRYPTIONcommonlyusedontheInternettoconceal answerstopuzzlesandthelike.Toencodeamessage,thefirst13lettersofthealphabet areswappedwiththelast13. RPA~RecursivePyramidAlgorithm~areformulationoftheclassicalpyramidalgorithm (PA)forcomputingthediscretewavelettransform(DWT). RPC~RemoteProcedureCall~Mostcomputerprogramsrunprocedures,orsetsof instructions,usingthecomputer’sCPU.Inotherwords,theinstructionsareprocessed locallyonthesamecomputerthatthesoftwareisrunningfrom. RPF~ReversePathForwarding~Enablesrouterstocorrectlyforwardmulticasttraffic downthedistributiontree.Itmakesuseoftheexistingunicastroutingtabletodetermine theupstreamanddownstreamneighbors RPG~ReportProgramGenerator~Aprogramminglanguagethatwasdevelopedby IBMinthe1960stosimplifyprogrammingforbusinessapplications. RPG~role-playinggame~role-playinggame RPI~RockwellProtocolInterface~Afeatureinsomemodemsthatallowsdata compressionanderrorcorrectiontobeperformedbysoftwareinsteadof hardware.ÂHTTP://WWW.ROCKWELL.COM. RPL~RemoteProgramLoad~Bootablenetworkdeviceprotocol,developedandused mostlybyIBM RPL~RequestedPrivilegeLevel~alevelofprivilegewithinthearchitectureofa computersystemwherethemostprivilegedlayerisusuallyzero. RPL~RecognizedPriorLearning~anindustryacknowledgementofaperson’sskillsand knowledgeobtainedthroughlearningprogramsoutsideofaformaleducationsystem. RPM~RapidPredictiveModeler~BIproductthatautomaticallystepthroughabehind- the-scenesworkfowofdatapreparation,variableselection,andtransformation RPM~RedHatPackageManager~Apackagingsystembasedonfileswiththe.rpm extensionthatcontaindependencyinformation,pre-andpost-installscripts,andtheactual userruntimes(files/executables)thatarepartofthepackage. RPM~RevolutionsPerMinute~Thespeedatwhichadiskdriverotatesismeasuredin revolutionsperminute. RPM~RouteProcessorModule~Ciscoterm RPN~ReversePolishNotation~Awayofexpressingasequenceofcalculationswithout usingparenthesestoshowwhichoperationmustbeperformedfirst.ReversePolish notationgoesintheoppositedirectionfromPolishnotation. RPO~recoverypointobjective~AtermusedinÂDRÂandÂBCP.TheRPOdefines whatconstitutesanacceptablelossofdata-specifically,therequiredtimelinessofthe datathatcanberecoveredusingbackups,journalsortransactionlogs. RPP~receivingpartypays~Theconventionunderwhichthepartyreceivinga communicationpaysallorsomeoftheend-to-endcostofthecommunication. RPR~Resilientpacketring~TheIEEE802.17technologicalspecificationtodeliver packet-basedservicesoverSONETrings.RPRisanOSI-Rm(OSIReferenceModel) Layer2technologywithframingverysimilartothatofEthernet. RP-SMA~ReversePolaritySubMiniatureversionA~atypeofantennaconnectorused onbrandsofroutersincludingBuffaloandAsus. RPT~radiopersonalterminal~Alight-weight,pocket-sizeportableradioterminal(or ‘personalterminal’)providingthecapabilityfortheusertobeeitherstationaryorin motionwhileaccessingandusingtelecommunicationservices. RP-TNC~ReversePolarityThreadedNeill-Concelman~atypeofantennaconnector usedonLinksysaccesspoints. RQN~Real-QuickNewsletter~FreeBSDnewsletter RR~RegistertoRegister~TheclassofCPUinstructions(andassemblercodesthatgo withthem)relatingtoonlyregisters,notmainmemory RR~repeatableread~Anisolationlevelthatpreventsanyrowthatisreadfrombeing changedbyotherapplicationsuntilthetransactioniscompleted. RR/RRS~round-robinscheduling~aschedulingalgorithmthatiteratesthroughall availablechoicesbeforebeginningagainwiththefirstchoice. RR/RRS~round-robinscheduling~RoundrobinDNSisusuallyusedforbalancingthe loadofgeographicallydistributedWebservers. RR_TOV~resourcerecoverytimeoutvalue~Infibrechannelnetworks,theminimum timeatargetdeviceinaloopwaitsafteraloopinitializationprimitive(LIP)before loggingoutaSCSIinitiator. RRI~ReverseRateIndicator~aparameterina3Gwirelessnetworkprovidedbythe reverselink,whichaidstheAccessPointindeterminingtherateatwhichthereverselink issendingdata. RRPP~RapidRingProtectionProtocol~linklayerprotocol RS~RecommendedStandard~forexample,RS-232C.Morerecentdesignationsuse EIA,forexample,EIA-232C. RS~Reed-Solomon~codesareblock-basederrorcorrectingcodeswithawiderangeof applicationsindigitalÂ RS~RemoteScripting~communicationsandstorage. RS~RuneScape~AllowscodeinaclientpagetocallfunctionsinanASPpagerunning ontheserver RSA~RemoteSupervisorAdapter~PCIadapterwhichsimplifiesremotesystem managementbyprovidingaround-the-clockremoteaccesstotheserver.TheRSA monitorstheserverandsendsoutalertstodesignatedrecipientsviaÂLAN,pager,email orÂSNMPÂifafailureisdetected RSA~registersavearea~Theareaofmainstorageinwhichthecontentsofregistersare saved. RSA~Rivest,ShamirandAdleman~Anasymmetricencryptiontechnique,namedafter itsinventorsRivest,ShamirandAdleman.Basedontheassumptionthatthefactoringof theproductoftwolargeprimenumbersisverydifficult.Âwww.rsa.com RSA~ruralservicearea~cellularserviceareasusedbytheFCCtolicensecellular telephoneservice. RSBAC~RuleSetBasedAccessControl~targetsactionsbasedonrulesforentities operatingonobjects. RSCT~ReliableScalableClusterTechnology~Setofsoftwarecomponents,usedfor AIXandLinux,toprovideclusterswithimprovedsystemavailability,scalability,andease ofuse rsh~RemoteShellProtocol~aprotocolthatallowsausertoexecutecommandsona remotesystemwithouthavingtologintothesystem.Forexample,rshcanbeusedto remotelyexaminethestatusofanumberofaccessserverswithoutconnectingtoeach communicationserver,executingthecommand,andthendisconnectingfromthe communicationserver. RSIP~RealmSpecificInternetProtocol~LikeNAT,RSIPtranslatesbetweenpublicand privateIPaddresses.Butinsteadofrequiringaboundaryroutertotranslate,RSIPusesa simpleprotocolbetweenauser’sdesktopPCandaboundaryroutertoperform preparatorysignaling RSL~receivedsignallevel~Thesignallevelatareceiverinputterminal. RSM~RelationalStorageManager~IBMdatabaseterm RSM~RemoteStorageManagement~MicrosoftOSterm RSM~RouteSwitchModule~Basicallyarouteronacardintheswitchforrouting betweenVirtualLocalAreaNetworks RS-MMC~ReducedSizeMulti-MediaCard~Foundmostlyincameraphones. RSN~RealSoonNow~atanindefinitetimeinthefuture,probablymuchlaterthan promised. RSPAN~RemoteSwitchedPortAnalyzer~extendsSPANbyenablingremote monitoringofmultipleswitchesacrossyournetwork. RSS~RDFSiteSummary/ReallySimpleSyndication~RSSismethodofproviding websitecontentsuchasnewsstoriesorsoftwareupdatesinastandardXMLformat.RSS contentcanbeaccessedwithanRSS-enabledWebbrowserorotherprogramsdesigned forretrievingRSSfeeds. RSS~ReceiveSideScaling~increasesperformanceonmulti-processorsystemsby efficientlybalancingnetworkloadsacrossCPUÂcores. RSS~RelaySpamStopper~QueryableDNS-baseddatabaseofspam-relayingmail servers.SeeÂhttp://work-rss.mail-abuse.org/rss/ RSSI~RelativeSignalStrengthIndicator~ameasurementofradiasignalsatthepointin whichtheyarereceivedandmeasured. RSTP~RapidSpanningTreeProtocol~Linklayer-IEEE802.1w-Rapid ReconfigurationofSpanningTree RSU~RecommendedServiceUpgrade~IBM-recommendedPTFs(ProgramTemporary Fix)suppliedaspartofmonthlyz/OSservicesupport RSU~remoteswitchingunit~Thesubtendingremoteswitchingdevicethatdependsin partonitshostswitchforcallcontrolbutiscapableofprovidingintra-unitswitching. RSVP~ResourceReservationProtocol~Atransport-layerprotocolusedtoimprove networkqualityofservice(QOS)byreservingtheresources(suchasbandwidthand bufferspace)thatapplicationsrequire.DevelopedbytheInternetEngineeringTaskForce (IETF),RSVPreliesonenddevicestorequesttheirprioritysothatresourcescanbe reservedforflowstofacilitatetherequestedQOS. RTC~RichThinClient~Allabouttechnologiesforthinclientwithrichfunctionality andwidgetset,asopposedtoHtmlclients RTD~Real-TimeDecisions~Oracle’sintelligentprocessautomation(IPA)for operationaldecisions RTE~real-timeenterprise~Anenterprisethatachievescompetitiveadvantagebyusing up-to-dateinformationtoprogressivelyremovedelaysinthemanagementandexecution ofitscriticalbusinessprocesses. RTE~round-tripengineering~Themechanismusedtosynchronizecodeandmodel information.Thistermincludesthecodegenerationandreverseengineeringfeatures. RTF~RichTextFormat~Afileformatthatencodesdocumentssotheirmessages includeboldface,italicsandotherlimitedtextstylingsacrossplatformsandapplications. DifferencesexistbetweenimplementationsbyLotusandMicrosoft. RTG~RadioisotopeThermoelectricGenerators~asimpleelectricalgeneratorwhich obtainsitspowerfromradioactivedecay RTG~Receive/transmitTransitionGap~aconceptinthemobilewirelessnetwork,isa gapbetweenthelastsampleoftheuplinkburstandthefirstsampleofthesubsequent downlinkburstattheantennaportoftheBSinatimedivisionduplex(TDD)transceiver. RTGS~RadioisotopeThermoelectricGenerators~asimpleelectricalgeneratorwhich obtainsitspowerfromradioactivedecay. RTK~RealTimeKinematic~highly-accurate,highly-repeatablepositioning.WithRTK, abasestationreceiverisplacedonastable(ideallyimmobile)mount,allowingmultiple GPSroverreceiverstoutilizethistypeofcorrectionwithinalimitedrangeofthebase station. RTM~ReadTheManual~ReadTheManual RTMP~routingtablemaintenanceprotocol~acommunicationprotocolusedby AppleTalktoensurethatallroutersonthenetworkhaveconsistentroutinginformation RTO~recoverytimeobjective~recoverytimeobjective RTP~Real-timeTransportProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC3550 RTP~Real-TimeTransportProtocol~Anend-to-endnetwork-transportprotocolsuitable forapplicationstransmittingreal-timedata(suchasaudio,video,orsimulationdata)over multicastorunicastnetworkservices. rtPS~Real-TimePollingService~oneofthefiveQOSservicetypesdefinedintheIEEE 802.16WiMAX. RTS~requesttosend~Acontrolpacketusedbyastationtoindicatethatithasdatato send.AftersendinganRTS,thestationmustreceiveacleartosend(CTS)fromthe destinationstationbeforetransmittingdatapackets. RTSC~ReadtheSourceCode~asoftwaredeveloperasksaquestionabout undocumentedcode. RTSE~ReliableTransferServiceElement~AlightweightISO/OSIapplicationservice usedaboveX.25networkstohandshakeapplicationPDUsacrossthesessionserviceand TP0 RTSP~RealTimeStreamingProtocol~RTSPisanofficialInternetstandard (RFCÂ2326)fordeliveringandreceivingstreamsofdatasuchasaudioandvideo.The standardallowsforbothreal-time(‘live’)streamsofdataandstreamsfromstoreddata. RTT~RadioTransmissionTechnology~theâ€œvoiceâ€?protocolforCDMA-enabled cellulardevices,usuallyabbreviatedasâ€œ1Xâ€?. RTT~Real-TimeTechnology~Referstoatechnologythatallowsausertoreceivedata duringtheactualtimethataphysicalprocessoccurs,knownasrealtime.Realtimeis measuredinmillisecondsormicroseconds RTT~round-triptime~Timerequiredforanetworkcommunicationtotravelfromthe sourcetothedestinationandback.RTTincludesthetimerequiredforthedestinationto processthemessagefromthesourceandtogenerateareply. RTTY~radioteletypewriter~Ateletypewriteremployedinacommunicationsystem usingradiocircuits. RTU~RemoteTerminalUnit~adevicelocatedataremotesitetocollectdataand transmitthedatabacktoacentralstation(ormaster).AnRTUalsocollectsinformation fromthemasterdeviceandimplementsprocessesthataredirectedbythemaster. RTU~RightToUse~TheSunsoftwarelicensing,usuallyincludedinthepriceofthe software R-UIM~removableuseridentitymodule~Asmartcardthatisdesignedtobeusedin mobilephonesbasedonÂCDMA.Itallowsroaming acrossÂCDMAÂandÂGSMÂnetworks. RUOW~remoteunitofwork~Aunitofworkthatallowsfortheremotepreparationand executionofSQLstatements. RUOW~remoteunitofwork~TheformofSQLdistributedprocessinginwhichthe applicationisonasystemdifferentfromtherelationaldatabase RUOW~remoteunitofwork~Aunitofworkthatletsauseroranapplicationprogram readorupdatedataatonelocationperunitofwork. RUP~RationalUnifiedProcess~RUPisasoftwaredevelopmentprocessfromRational, adivisionofIBM.Itdividesthedevelopmentprocessintofourdistinctphases RUS~RecipientUpdateService~MicrosoftExchangeMailServerServicethat generatesandupdatesemailaddressesseenintheGlobalAddressList(GAL) RVI~ReverseInterrupt~Acommunicationscontrolcharacterthatistransmittedbya receivingterminalrequestingacancellationofthecurrenttransmission,sothatitmay sendamessageofitsownthatisofhigherpriority. RVLC~ReversibleVariableLengthCode~MPEG-4AudioErrorResilience(ER) techniquethatreduceserrorpropagationwithinscalefactordata RW~ReadWrite~Devicecapabilitytoreadandwriteitsmedia RWI~radioandwireintegration~Thecombiningofwirecircuitswithradiofacilities. RWM~Read-WriteMemory~MemorywithRWcapability RWP~RemoteWriteProtocol~AnInternetprotocolforexchangingshortmessages betweenterminals. RWU~remotewake-up~agenerictermfortheactionofturningonacomputerovera networkfromaremotelocation. RX/RXD~Receive/ReceivingData~Amodemstatussignalindicatedbyalighton themodem,whichmeansthelocalmodemisreceivingdata. ~S~ S/N~Signal-to-Noise~Theratioofthesignalpowertothenoisepoweratapointina system(usuallyexpressedindecibels). S/PDIF~Sony/PhilipsDigitalInterface~Anaudiotransferfileformatthatallowsthe transferofaudiofromonefiletoanotherwithoutconvertingittoandfromananalog format,whichcoulddegradethequalityofthefile. S+~Security+~ACompTIAcertificationinvendor-neutralcomputersecuritytraining. OneoftherequiredbasiccertificationsmandatedbyDoDInstruction8570.01-MforALL peoplehavingaccess,eitherasamilitarymemberorasaciviliansupportperson. S3~SimpleStorageSystem~anonlinestoragewebserviceofferedbyAmazonWeb ServicesthatfirstbecameavailableintheUSinMarch2006andinEuropeinNovember 2007. SA~SystemAdministrator~Thesystemadministratoraccountinstalledwith MicrosoftÂSQLÂServer.Thissystemadministratoraccounthastheusername‘sa’. SA~SystemAdministrator~Thepersonwhocontrolsandmanagesacomputersystem. SA~Source-Active~SA(Source-Active)isCiscoterm. SA~Source-Active~InÂOSI,apersonwhocontrolshowtheopensystemresourcesofa systemorenterpriseareused. SAA~SystemsApplicationArchitecture~IBM’sfamilyofstandardinterfaceswhich enablesoftwaretobewrittenindependentlyofhardwareandoperatingsystems. SaaS~softwareasaservice~SaaSisasoftwaredistributionmodelinwhichapplications arehostedbyavendororserviceproviderandmadeavailabletocustomersovera network, SAD~SecurityAssociationDatabase~IneachIPsecimplementationthereisanominal SecurityAssociationDatabase,inwhicheachentrydefinestheparametersassociatedwith oneSecurityAssociation SAIC~ScienceApplicationsInternationalCorporation~FoundedbyJ.RobertBeyster, Ph.D.,andasmallgroupofscientistsin1969,aFORTUNE500Â® companyÂhttp://www.saic.com SALT~SpeechApplicationLanguageTags~Lightweightsetofextensionstoexisting markuplanguages,inparticularHTMLandXHTMLthatenablemultimodaland telephonyaccesstoinformation,applicationsandWebservicesfromPCs,telephones, tabletPCsandwirelesspersonaldigitalassistants SAM~securityaccountmanager~Anintegralsubsystemthatmaintainsadatabaseof informationaboutuseraccounts,includingpasswords,anyaccountgroupsagivenuser belongsto,theaccessrightseachuserisallowed,andanyspecialprivilegesagivenuser has. SAM~SerialAccessMemory~aserialregisterbuiltintoaVRAMtoenableitto transferlargequantitiesofdatafromtheDRAMportionofthedevicetoagraphics controllerorframebuffer. SAM~softwareassetmanagement~Aprocessformakingsoftwareacquisitionand disposaldecisions.Itincludesstrategiesthatidentifyandeliminateunusedorinfrequently usedsoftware,consolidatingsoftwarelicensesormovingtowardnewlicensingmodels SAML~SecurityAssertionMarkupLanguage~AnÂXML-basedmechanismthat enablesdisparateentitiestoexchangeidentity-relatedsecurityinformation.This informationispresentedasassertionsaboutauthentication,authorizationorvarious attributesoftheidentityinquestion. SAN/SANs~StorageAreaNetwork(s)~Astoragenetworkthatconsistsoftwotiers: SAN/SANs~StorageAreaNetwork(s)~Thefirsttier-thestorageplumbingtierprovidesconnectivitybetweennodesinanetworkandtransportsdevice-oriented commandsandstatus. SAN/SANs~StorageAreaNetwork(s)~Thesecondtier-thesoftwaretier-uses softwaretoprovidevalue-addedservicesthatoperateoverthefirsttier. SANS~SysAdmin,Audit,Network,Security~themosttrustedandbyfarthelargest sourceforinformationsecuritytrainingandcertificationintheworld SANS~SystemAdministration,NetworkingandSecurityinstitute~Organizationthat develops,maintains,andmakesavailableatnocost,thelargestcollectionofresearch documentsaboutvariousaspectsofinformationsecurity,anditoperatestheInternet’s earlywarningsystem-InternetStormCenter. SAP~ServiceAccessPoint~Alogicaladdressthatallowsasystemtoroutedata betweenaremotedeviceandtheappropriatecommunicationssupport. SAP~ServiceAccessPoint~InOSIarchitecture,thepointatwhichtheservicesofa layerareprovidedbyanentityofthatlayertoanentityofthenexthigherlayer. SAP~ServiceAccessPoint~Theprotocolandcredentialsassociatedwithadatacenter deviceforauthenticationofremoteoperations. SAP~ServiceAdvertisingProtocol~Novell’sProtocolprovidesinformationaboutwhat serversareavailableonthenetwork. SAP~SecondaryAudioProgram~AnNTSCaudiochannelusedforauxiliary transmission,suchasforeignlanguagebroadcastingorteletext. SAP~Systeme,Anwendungen,Produkte~Agermancompanythatproducestheleading suiteofclient-serverbusinesssoftware(‘Systems,ApplicationsandProductsindata processing’).Âwww.sap.com SAR~segmentationandreassembly~theprocessusedtofragmentandrebuildpackets thatallowsthemtobetransportedacrossÂasynchronoustransfermode(ATM) SAS~SecureAttentionSequence~Akeysequencethatbeginstheprocessofloggingon oroff.ThedefaultsequenceisCTRL+ALT+DEL SAS~SerialAttachedSCSI~AreplacementfortheParallelSCSIphysicalstorage interface.SerialAttachedSCSIoffersmuchfastercommunicationandeasier configuration. SAS~singleattachmentstation~Deviceattachedonlytotheprimaryringof aÂFDDIÂring.AlsoknownasaClassBstation. SAS~StatisticalAnalysisSystem~SASInstitute,abusinessintelligencesoftware vendor,foundedin1976andheadquarteredinCary,NorthCarolina.Âwww.sas.com SAS70~StatementonAuditingStandardsNo.70~definesthestandardsanauditormust employinordertoassessthecontractedinternalcontrolsÂwww.sas70.com SASL~SimpleAuthenticationandSecurityLayer~Anextensibleauthenticationscheme thatallowstheOpenDirectoryPasswordServertosupportavarietyofnetworkuser authenticationmethodsrequired. SAST~Staticapplicationsecuritytesting~asetoftechnologiesdesignedtoanalyze applicationsourcecode,bytecodeandbinariesforcodinganddesignconditionsthatare indicativeofsecurityvulnerabilities. SatNav~Satellitenavigation~softwarewhichfindsyourphysicalgeographicallocation thengivesyoudirectionsonwhichwaytotravel.Thisismostcommonlyusedin specialisthand-helddevicesaswellasmobilephones. SATA~SerialATA~adisk-interfacetechnologydevelopedbyagroupoftheindustry’s leadingvendorstoreplaceparallelATA.ItisthenaturalsuccessortoIDE.SerialATAonly requiressevenwiresperdevice(4dataand3ground)andthecablescanbeupto1mlong. SAV~SymantecAntiVirus~PreviouslycalledÂNortonAntiVirus(NAV) SAX~SimpleAPIforXML~Apublic-domainalternativetoÂDOMÂforenabling programminglanguagestoworkwithXMLdocuments.SAXisÂAPIÂthatuses‘start events’and‘stopevents’toparseanXMLdocumentsothatanapplicationcaninteract withit. SB~SoundBlaster~SoundBlasterbrandbyCreativeLabs SBAS~Satellite-BasedAugmentationSystem~systemsbroadcastfreecorrectionsignals fromgeo-stationarysatellitestoimprovetheaccuracy,integrityandavailabilityofthe GPSnetwork SBB~StorageBridgeBay~specificationcreatedinMarch2006byanonprofitworking group,includingcollaborativevendorssuchasIntel,Dell,EMCandLSI,whichdefines SBBasthemechanical/electricalinterfacebetweenapassivebackplanedrivearrayand theelectronicspackagesthatgivethearrayitspersonality. SBC~SessionBorderController~AnappliancethatsimplifieshandlingofVoIPatthe borderofanetwork SBC~single-boardcomputer~acompletecomputerthatresidesonasingleprinted circuitboard,usuallyasmallone. SBCS~single-bytecharacterset~Acodedcharactersetinwhicheachcharacteris representedbya1-bytecode. SBCS~SmartBusinessCommunicationsÂSystem~Ciscounifiedcommunications appliancethatprovidesvoiceanddatacommunications,voicemail,automatedattendant, video,security,andwirelesscapabilitieswhileintegratingwithexistingdesktop applications SBL~SpamhausBlockList~RealtimedatabaseofIPaddressesofverifiedspamsources andspamoperations,maintainedbytheSpamhausProjectteamandsuppliedasafree servicetohelpemailadministratorsbettermanageincomingemailstreams. SBLOG~spamblog~afakeblogcreatedsolelytopromoteaffiliatedWebsites,withthe intentofskewingsearchresultsandartificiallyboostingtraffic. SBM~SubnetBandwidthManager~AnIETFproposedstandardforhandlingresource reservationsonsharedandswitchedIEEE802-stylelocal-areamedia SBS~SmallBusinessServer~TakentorefertoSmallBusinessServer2003(orearlier versions)fromMicrosoft. SBSD~SlowButSureDeath~termusedbyhardwarerepairpeoplethatreferstothefact thatcomputersarenotinquestionastoIFtheywillcrashanddie;itisonlyamatterof when.Thethreelethalfactorsareheat,powerthatisnotcleanandcigarettesmoke residue. SCA~Servicecomponentarchitecture~acollectionofspecifications(proposedand published)byaconsortiumofvendors. SCADA~SupervisoryControlAndDataAcquisition~Usedextensivelybypower, water,gasandotherutilitycompaniestomonitorandmanagedistributionfacilities.They arealsousedtomonitorandcontrolenduserusagelevelsforpurposessuchasremote meterreadingandloadshedding. SCAI~Switch-to-ComputerApplicationsInterface~Protocolthatallowssubscriberâ €™scomputertointeractwithdigitalswitch,makingitpossibletocoordinateinformation indatabasewithincomingandoutgoingphonecallstoallowcompanyrepresentativeto receivecustomercallandsimultaneouslyreceivecustomer’sfileforviewingondesktop workstation. SCAM~SCSIConfiguredAuto-Magically~ThisSCAMisactuallyagoodthing.It allowsSCSIdevicestoautomaticallybeconfiguredwithanIDnumber,eveniftheyarenâ €™tassignedone. SCCM~Softwarechangeandconfigurationmanagement~SCCMtoolsareproductsand suitesthatsupportthestructuredapproval,assignment,monitoring,executionand reportingofchangestosoftwareproductsforteamsandteamsofteams. SCCP~SignalingConnectionandControlPart~SS7protocolthatprovidesadditional functionstoMessageTransferPart(MTP).TypicallysupportsTransactionCapabilities ApplicationPart(TCAP). SCCS~SourceCodeControlSystem~Asuiteofutilitiestoadministratesourcecode suchthatonlyonepersoncanchangeanygivenfileatanygiveninstant. SCM~ServiceControlManager~TheWindowscomponentthatmaintainsadatabaseof installedservicesandmanageseachservice’sstate. SCM~SpecifcCoverageMetric~Acodedatabaseusedtoenablethecollaborative developmentoflargeprojectsbymultipleengineers.SCMrepositoriesaremanagedby specifictools,whichmanagetherepositoryandhandlecheck-insandcheck-outsofcode resourcesbyengineers. SCM~SourceCodeManagement~Howmuchofanapplicationâ€™sfunctionalityis testedforsecurity SCM~Sourceconfigurationmanagement~asetofactivitiestocontrolchangeby identifyingthesoftwareworkproductsthatarelikelytochange,establishingrelationships amongthem,definingmechanismsformanagingdifferentversions,andauditingand reporting. SCM~supplychainmanagement~Theprocessofoptimizingthedeliveryofgoods, servicesandinformationfromsuppliertocustomer.SCMisasetofbusinessprocesses thatengagesatrading-partnercommunityinthecommongoalofsatisfyingtheend customer. SCO~SantaCruzOperation~softwarecompanybasedinSantaCruz,Californiawhich wasbestknownforsellingthreeUNIXvariantsforIntelx86processors:Xenix,SCO UNIX,andUnixWare.http://www.sco.com/ SCOM~SystemCenterOperationManager~End-to-endservice-managementproduct thatisthebestchoiceforWindowsbecauseitworksseamlesslywithMicrosoftsoftware andapplications,helpingorganizationsincreaseefficiencywhileenablinggreatercontrol oftheITenvironment SCORM~SharableCoursewareObjectReferenceModel~asetoftechnicalstandards thatenableWeb-basedlearningsystemstofind,import,share,reuse,andexportlearning contentinastandardizedway. SCP~SecureCopy~Asecureprotocolfortransferringfilesoveranetwork. SCP~Service/SignalControlPoint~ApartofSS7.ASCPisusuallyahostcomputer withdatabases. SCPC~singlechannelpercarrier~Atransmissionsysteminwhichaphysicalchannelis allocatedsolelytoonecarrierforthedurationofthetransmission. SCR~SustainableCellRate~anupperboundontheconformingaveragerateofanATM connectionovertimescaleswhicharelongrelativetothoseforwhichthePCRisdefined. SCSI~SmallComputerSystemInterface~AnANSI-standardelectronicinterfacethat allowspersonalcomputerstocommunicatewithperipheralhardware.Nowobsolete SCSL~SunCommunitySourceLicensing~TheSunMicrosystemslicensemodelfor Java.Theagreementleveragesacommunity-baseddevelopmentmodelsimilarto‘opensourcesoftware’initiativesthathaveexistedovertheyears. ScTP~screenedtwistedpair~Acablewherethetwistedpairisscreenedfrom electromagneticinterferencebyathinaluminumscreen. SCTP~StreamControlTransmissionProtocol~setofrulesfortransmittingmultiple streamsofdataatthesametimebetweentwoendpointsthathaveanestablishednetwork connection. SCWCD~SunCertifiedWebComponentDeveloper~Aspecialtyperformance-based certificationprogramofferedbySunMicrosystems(partofOracleÂCorporation)that targetsinformationregardingJavacomponentsrelatedtoWebapplications,specifically ServletsandÂJSP. SD~SalesandDistribution~SDisSAPterm. SD~SecureDigital~SDisatypeofmemorycardusedforstoringdataindevicessuch asdigitalcameras,PDAs,mobilephones,portablemusicplayers,anddigitalvoice recorders. SD~SpanDestination~SDisCiscoterm SDDL~SecurityDescriptorDefinitionLanguage~aformalwaytospecifyMicrosoft Windowssecuritydescriptorsortextstringsthatdescribewhoownsvariousobjectssuch asfilesinthesystem.Thesecuritydescriptormayalsoprovideanaccesscontrollistforan objectorgroupofobjects. SDDM~sourcedistributeddatamanager~Inadistributeddatamanagementnetwork, programmingsupportthattranslateslocaldatamanagementrequestsforremotefilesor SQLrequestsforaremotedatabaseintoaDDMrequest SDDS~SonyDynamicDigitalSound~Multi-channel(5.1or7.1)digitalaudioformat, compressedfromPCMat48kHz.Thedataratecangoupto1280kbps SDEP~sequentialdependentsegment~Asegmentofadataentrydatabasethatis chainedofftherootsegmentandinserted(last-infirst-out)intothelastpartofaDEDB area. SDFI~SecureDigitalForensicImaging~Asynchronousmethodoftelemedicine.It denotesaspecificprocessthatensuresthefast,safeandsecurecapture,storageandinstant deliveryofdigitalforensicevidence SDH~SynchronousDataHierarchy~TheEuropeanstandardforusingopticalmediaas thephysicaltransportforhigh-speed,long-haulnetworks. SDH~SynchronousDigitalHierarchy~ITU-TSSInternationalstandard,similarto SONET.Atechniqueforassemblingandtransmittingcomponentdigitalsignals,for exampleforindividualphonecalls,intoasinglehighbitratedigitaldatastream. SDK~softwaredevelopmentkit~Asetofdevelopmentutilitiesforwritingsoftware applications,usuallyassociatedwithspecificsoftwareenvironments(forexample,the JavaDevelopmentKit). SDLC~SynchronousDataLinkControl~Linklayer-CiscoTechnologyHandbook: SDLCandDerivatives SDLC~Softwaredevelopmentlifecycle~methodologiesarebasedontheprinciplethat securityimplementationshouldn’tbeanisolatedprocess,butratherpartofa comprehensivesoftwareengineeringprocess. SDLC~SynchronousDataLinkControl~Alink-levelcommunicationsprotocolusedin anIBMSNAnetworkthatmanagessynchronous,code-transparent,serialinformation transferoveralinkconnection SDLT~SuperDigitalLinearTape~AÂQuantumÂstorageproductarchitecturethat extendsthecapacityandtransferrateofÂDLTdrives. SDMA~spatialdivisionmultipleaccess~asatellitecommunicationsmodeforusingdata fromantennaarraysinwirelesscommunicationssystems. SDN~SecondaryDirectoryNumber~Atelephonenumberthatispickedupona telephoneset,butwhichisaPDNonanotherinstrument. SDN~SoftwareDefinedNetwork~SoftwareDefinedNetwork SDO~ServiceDataObjects~Anopenstandardforenablingapplicationstohandledata fromheterogeneousdatasourcesinauniformway,basedontheconceptofadisconnected datagraph. SDO~ServiceDataObjects~Frameworkthatsimplifiesandunifiesdataapplication developmentinaSOA.ItsupportsandintegratesXMLandincorporatesJ2EEpatterns andbestpractices SDP~ServiceDeliveryPlatform~Oracle’splatfromcontainsthetelephonyfunctionality, isgearedtowardserviceprovidersandnottowardenterprises.Â SDP~SessionDescriptionProtocol~AtextfileusedwithQuickTimeStreamingServer thatprovidesinformationabouttheformat,timing,andauthorshipofalivestreaming broadcastandgivestheuserâ€™scomputerinstructionsfortuningin. SDR~software-definedradio~software-definedradio SDRAM~SynchronousDynamicRandomAccessMemory~Atypeofhigh-speed DRAMthatcantransferburstsofnon-contiguousdataat100MB/secondorgreaterand workswithupto100MHzprocessorspeeds. SDS~SuddenDeathSyndrome~Usedindigitalphotographywhenyourcameradiesa suddendeath SDSL~SymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine~SDSLisatypeofofDSL,whichisusedfor transferringdataovercoppertelephonelines.The‘symmetric’partofthetermmeansthat anSDSLconnectionhasthesamemaximumuploadanddownloadspeeds. SDTV~StandardDefinitiontelevision~thedigitaltelevisionformatthatprovidesa videoqualityneartheequivalentofDVD.SDTVandHDTVarethetwodesignationsof displayformatsfordigitaltelevision(DTV)transmissions,whicharestandardsasof2004. SDVO~SerialDigitalVideoOutput~Makesitpossibletousea16-lanePCIexpressslot toaddadditionalvideosignalinginterfacessuchasVGAandDVImonitoroutputs,SDTV andHDTVtelevisionoutputs,orTVtunerinputstoasystemboardcontainingan integratedIntel9xx-seriesgraphicsprocessor. SDX~StorageDataAcceleration~ThistechnologywasintroducedbyWesternDigital. TheideabehinditisthatslowerdrivessuchasCDandDVDdriveswouldattachdirectly tolarger,fasterharddrives. SE~secureelement~agenerictermthatdescribestheplacewhereamobilecontactless applicationisstoredsecurely. SEAL~simpleandefficientAAL~methodofrelayingÂATMÂcellsbetweenATM Layerandahigherlayer SEA-ME-WE~SoutheastAsia-MiddleEast-WesternEurope2~Asubmarinecable networkthatwentintooperationin1994,linkingoveronedozencountriesfromFranceto Singapore. SEA-ME-WE3~SoutheastAsia-MiddleEast-WesternEurope3~Afiber-optic submarinecablenetworkthatwentintoservicein1999,linkingover30countriesbetween WesternEuropeandSoutheastAsia. SEAS~SaaS-enabledapplicationserver~platformmiddlewarethatisspeciallydesigned withmultitenantcapabilitiesintransactionisolation,dataaccessisolation,andsecurity andperformanceisolationtosupportthedesignanddeploymentofSaaS-stylebusiness applications. SEC~SiemensEnterpriseCommunications~ajointventureoftheÂSiemensÂparent companyandTheÂGoresGroup,emergingasasignificantcompetitorintheenterprise UCmarket. SECAM~SequentialCouleuraMemoire~Acolortelevisionbroadcastingsystemusing 625picturelinesanda50-hertzfieldfrequency,inwhichthetwocolor-differencesignals aretransmittedsequentiallyinsteadofsimultaneously.ItwasdevelopedinFranceandis alsousedintheformerSovietUnion. SEG~securee-mailgateway~solutionsthatprovideenterprisemessagetransferagent (MTA)capabilities,offerprotectionagainstinboundandoutbounde-mailthreats SEM~StrategicEnterpriseManagement~AsuiteofSAPanalyticalapplicationsthat supportintegratedplanning,decisionmakingandperformancemonitoring.SEMuses multidimensionalÂOLAPÂfunctionalitytoprocessdataheldinSAP’sBusiness InformationWarehouse. SEN~SiemensEnterpriseCommunications~providesprofessionalbusinesssolutions, managedservices&unifiedcommunicationstoallbusinesstypes.Âwww.siemensenterprise.com SEO~SearchEngineOptimization~JustabouteveryWebmasterwantshisorhersiteto appearinthetoplistingsofallthemajorsearchengines.Say,forexample,thatBobruns anonlinesoccerstore.Hewantshissitetoshowupinthetopfewlistingswhensomeone searchesfor‘soccershoes.’ SERK~ServerExtensionsResourceKit~MicrosoftFrontpageserverextensions additionaldocumentationandsoftware SERP~SearchEngineResultsPage~thepagethatyouseeafteryouperformasearch usingasearchengine.Itincludesalistofsearchresultsthatarerelevanttothesearch phraseorkeywordsyouentered. SES~SecureEasySetup~Asimplepush-buttonconfigurationmethodthatautomates wirelessnetworkconnectionsetupbetweenLinksysroutersandwirelessdevices SES~SeverelyErroredSeconds~AunitusedtospecifytheerrorperformanceofT carriersystems.Thisindicatesasecondcontainingtenormoreerrors,usuallyexpressed asSESperhour,day,orweek. SET~SecureElectronicTransaction~Astandardinconceived1995byÂVisaÂand MasterCardtoensurethatallInternet-basedpaymenttransactiondetailsareencrypted,the partiesauthenticated,acknowledgmentsfullyrecordedandthecustomerpaymentdetails madeavailableonlytothebank. SETI~SearchofExtraterrestrialIntelligence~thecollectivenameforanumberof activitiestodetectintelligentextraterrestriallife.SETIprojectssurveytheskytodetect theexistenceoftransmissionsfromacivilizationonadistantplanet. SEX~SunUsers’Group&elsewhere~Atechniqueinventedbytheblue-greenalgae hundredsofmillionsofyearsagotospeeduptheirevolution,whichhadbeenterribly slowupuntilthen. SFA~SalesForceAutomation~Theprocessofusingsoftwaretoautomatethebusiness tasksofsales,includingorderprocessing,contactmanagement,informationsharing, inventorymonitoringandcontrol,ordertracking,customermanagement,salesforecast analysisandemployeeperformanceevaluation. SFD~Start-of-framedelimiter(Ethernet,HDLC,etc.)~Linklayer-IEEE802.3 (Ethernet),orRFC2687(HDLC),forexamples SFD~Start-of-FrameDelimiter~Adatapacketonthewireiscalledaframe.Aframe beginswithPreambleandSFD,followingwhicheachEthernetframefeaturesanEthernet headerfeaturingsourceanddestinationMACaddresses. SFF~SmallFormFactor~Adevicethatissmallerthanothersinitsfield. SFP~Smallform-factorpluggable~Hardware-SeagateSpecification SFP~SmallForm-factorPluggable~Astandardhotswappablesmallmulti-pinconector usedmostlyforfibrechannelopticalmodulesondiskarraycontrollers. SFTP~SSHFileTransferProtocol(orprogram)~Anetworkprotocolprovidingfile transferandmanipulationoverasecuredatastream. SFTP~SSHFileTransferProtocol(orprogram)~SFTPclientisacommand-line programthatimplementstheclientpartofSFTP,suchasthatsuppliedwithOpenSSH. SFU~ServicesForUnix~AsetoftoolstobetterintegrateexistingUnixandWindows environments SGC~ServerGatedCryptology~SGCisatechnologyforanotherleveloftransaction andoperationsecurityontheInternet.Itisassociatedwithonlinebanking. SGF~StructuredGraphicsFormat~AnapplicationoftheÂXML,thatisusedto describeaWebsitesothatitspagesandcontentcanbedisplayedandaccessedina structured,usuallytabularform. SGI~SiliconGraphicsIncorporated~SGIwasfoundedbyDr.JamesClarkin1982and haditsinitialpublicofferingin1986.Itisbestknownforproductsusedtodevelop computergraphicssuchasthoseusedtocreatespecialeffectsandanimationinmotion pictures.ÂHTTP://WWW.SGI.COM SGML~StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage~Developedin1986SGMLprovidesa richsetofrulesfordefiningnewdataformats.Awell-knownexampleofusingSGML isÂXML,whichisasubsetofSGML:ThedefinitionofXMLisallofSGMLminusa coupleofdozenitems.SGMLisanInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)standard: ISO8879:1986. SGRAM~SynchronousGraphicsRandomAccessmemory~atypeofmemorythatis optimizedforgraphicsuse.SGRAMiscapableofrunningatmuchhigherspeedsthanfast pageorEDODRAM. SGSN~ServiceGPRSSupportNode~mediatesaccesstonetworkresourcesonbehalfof mobilesubscribers(MS)andimplementsthepacketschedulingpolicybetweendifferent QoSclasses. SHA~SecureHashAlgorithm~Ahashingalgorithmthatgeneratesa160-bithashvalue (SHA-1).UsedwiththeDigitalSignatureAlgorithm(DSA)intheDigitalSignature Standard(DSS),amongotherplaces S-HTTP~SecureHTTP(rarelyused)~Transportandotherlayers-RFC2660Seealso https S-HTTP~SecureHypertextTransportProtocol~AlsoknownasHTTPS,thisisan extensionofHypertextTransportProtocol(HTTP)thatprovidessecurityservicesfor transactionconfidentiality,authenticityandintegritybetweenHTTPserversandclients. SI~systemintegration~Theprocessofcreatingacomplexinformationsystem.This processmayincludedesigningorbuildingacustomizedarchitectureorapplication,and integratingitwithneworlegacyhardware,packagedandcustomsoftware,and communications. SI~systemintegrator~Anorganizationoranindividualthatperformssystem integration.Majorsystemintegrationprojectsoftenrequiretheassistanceofaspecialty firmthathastheresourcesandexpertisetomanageaprojectplanthatcouldlastover severalmonthsorevenyears. SID~SecurityIdentifier~Auniquevalueassignedtoanobjectbywhichitisidentified. Securityzones-AtechniqueusedinIEtoallowyoutoassigndifferentlevelsofsecurity todifferentsetsofWebsitesdependingonwherethey’relocatedorhowmuchyoutrust them. SIEM(SEM&SIM)~SecurityInformationandEventManagement~Originallytools forregulatorycompliance,logmanagementandanalysis,trouble-shootingandforensic analysis.Thisisspreadingintosoftwareandappliancesthatarebeginningtoplayabig roleinproactivesecurity. SigBlock~signatureblock~Thesignatureblockthatautomaticallyappearsattheendof everyoutgoinge-mailmessage. SIIA~Software&InformationIndustryAssociation~Anassociationforsoftware companies.SeealsoÂhttp://www.siia.net/ SIIT~StatelessIp/IcmpTranslationalgorithm~TranslatesbetweenIPv4andIPv6 packetheaders(includingICMPheaders)inseparatetranslator‘boxes’inthenetwork withoutrequiringanyper-connectionstateinthose‘boxes’ SIL~SafetyIntegrityLevel~arelativelevelofrisk-reductionprovidedbyasafety function,ortospecifyatargetlevelofriskreduction SIM~SecurityInformationManagement~Softwaredesignedtoautomatethecollection ofeventlogdatafromsecuritydevicesandhelpingusersmakesenseofitthrougha commonmanagementconsole SIM~subscriberidentitymodule~Asmall,programmablesmartcardcontaininga cellularservicesubscriber’sidentitykey.TheSIMcontainscodestoidentifyasubscriber toadigitalmobileserviceandthedetailsofthespecialservicesthesubscriberhaselected touse. SIMD~SingleInstructionMultipleData~Aprocessorinstructionthatcanperform operationsacrossmultipledatainstructions. SIMM~singlein-linememorymodule~asmallcircuitboardthatcanholdagroupof memorychips.Typically,SIMMsholdup8(onMacintoshes)or9(onPCs)RAMchips. OnPCs,theninthchipisoftenusedforparityerrorchecking.Unlikememorychips, SIMMsaremeasuredinbytesratherthanbits. Simulcast~simultaneousbroadcast~Asimulcastisabroadcastthatcanbesharedlive withmultiplesites. SIP~SessionInitiationProtocol~TheIPequivalentofITUStandardNumber7 Signaling(SS7).AcontrolprotocoldevelopedwithinIETFforcreating,modifyingand terminatingmultipartysessions,particularlyInternetconferencingandInternettelephony sessions.Â SIPP~StableImagePlatformProgram~AprogramlaunchedbyÂIntelÂinJune2003. SIPPaimstogivePCmanufacturersandenterprisesgreaterplatformstabilityand advancednoticeoffuturePCdesktopandnotebookchanges. SiS~SiliconIntegratedSystems~aworldwideleaderinthedevelopment,manufacturing andmarketingofleading-edgelogicproducts,includingcorelogic,multimedia, connectivityandinformationappliances SIS~SingleInstanceStore~Architecturedesignedtomaintainduplicatefileswitha minimumofdisk,cache,andbackupmediaoverhead SIS~studentinformationsystem~Asystemusedinacademicenvironmentstoenrolland registerstudents,andtotrackstudentinformationsuchaspriortranscripts,coursestaken, gradesreceivedandprogresstowardadegree. SISMAPI~SiebelInternetSessionNetworkAPI~aproprietary(originallySiebel Systems,nowÂOracle)messageformatprotocolusedforcommunicationsbetween variousSiebelapplicationcomponents. SITA~SocieteInternationaledeTelecommunicationsAeronautiques~AEuropean provideroftelecommunicationsandITservicestotheairlineindustry,headquarteredin Geneva. SIU~smallestinstallableunit~Thefileorsetoffilesthatcomprisetheatomic(non- aggregated)installableunit(IU)thatisintendedtobedeployedintoasinglehosting environment. SIX~SharedwithIntenteXclusive~Databasemanagementsystem’slockingattribute SKMS~ServiceKnowledgeManagementSystem~ServiceKnowledgeManagement System SKU~StockKeepingUnit~Thenumberofeachspecificproductavailableforsale.For example,ifahardwaredeviceorsoftwarepackagecomesindifferentversions,thereisan SKUforeachone. SL~ScientificLinux~ScientificLinux(SL)isaLinuxdistributionproducedbyFermi NationalAcceleratorLaboratoryandtheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch (CERN). SLA~ServiceLevelAgreement~Defineshowaserviceshouldperformandthe sanctionsifitfailstoperform.http://www.slf4j.org/ SLARP~SerialLineARP(AddressResolutionProtocol)~LinkandotherlayersArchivedCiscoSerialLineEncapsulationextension SLI~ScalableLinkInterface~Methodforlinkingtwo(ormore)videocardstogetherto produceasingleoutput.Itisanapplicationofparallelprocessingforcomputergraphics, meanttoincreasetheprocessingpoweravailableforgraphics SLIC~SubscriberLineInterfaceCard~InterfacebetweenhomephonelinesandÂCO SLIP~SerialLineInternetProtocol(obs.)~Telecom-RFC1055 SLIP~SerialLineInternetProtocol~Astandardthatwaspopularintheearly1990’sfor usingaregulartelephoneline(aserialline)andaÂmodemÂtoconnectacomputerasa realInternetÂsite.SLIPhaslargelybeenreplacedbyÂPPP. SLM~servicelevelmanagement~Thedisciplined,proactivemethodologyusedto ensurethatadequatelevelsofservicearedeliveredtoallITusersinaccordancewith businessprioritiesandatacceptablecost. SLPDA~ServiceLocationProtocolDirectoryAgent~Aprotocolthatregistersservices availableonanetworkandgivesuserseasyaccesstothem.Whenaserviceisaddedtothe network,theserviceusesSLPtoregisteritselfonthenetwork. SLR~ScalableLinearRecording~Aquarter-inchtapeformatdevelopedbystorage vendorTanbergData. SLS~SoftlandingLinuxSystem~OneofthefirstLinuxdistributions,originallyshipped onanumberoffloppies,thateventuallybecametheSlackwaredistribution. SLSI~SuperLargeScaleofIntegration~Theprocessofplacingfrom50,000to100,000 circuitcomponents.Also,thequalityoftheirconnections SM/SI~SocialMiningandSocialIntelligence~processesfordevelopingandapplying analyticstosocialcontent.Thesetechnologieswillenableorganizationstodiscoverand makesenseoftheknowledge,behaviors,affiliationsandtendenciesofWebcommunities, societiesandenvironments. SMART~Self-MonitoringAnalysisAndReportingTechnology~Itisusedtoprotect andpreventerrorsinharddrives.TheSMARTtechnologybasicallymonitorsand analyzesharddrives(hencethename),thenchecksthehealthofyourharddriveandlets youknowifthereareanyproblems. SMASH~Simple,ManyAndSelf-Healing~SupercomputingarchitecturebyIBM SMATV~satellitemasterantennatelevision~Transmissionoftelevisionprogramming toaSatelliteMasterAntennainstalledontopofanapartmentbuilding,ahotel,orat anothercentrallocationfromwhereitservesaprivategroupofviewers.Thetransmission usuallyisdoneinC-bandto1.5or2meterdishes. SMB~ServerMessageBlock~Acommonformatforsharingfiles,directoriesand devicesinMicrosoft’soperatingsystems SMBP~ServerMessageBlockProtocol~Thisarchitectureprovidesamethodforclient applicationsinacomputertoreadandwritetofilesonandtorequestservicesfromserver programsinacomputernetwork,localordistant. SMD~StorageModuleDevice~Anindustry-standardinterfaceusedforlarge-capacity, high-performancedisks SMDR~stationmessagedetailrecording~Acomputergeneratedreportshowinginternal usageonatelephonesystem;usuallyincludesextensionnumber,trunknumberused, phonenumberdialed,timeofcall,durationandoperatorinvolvement. SMDS~SwitchedMultimegabitDataService~public,packet-switchedserviceaimedat enterprisesthatneedtoexchangelargeamountsofdataoverthewide-areanetworkona nonconstantor‘bursty’basis. SMF~SemanticModellingFormat~XML-basedlanguagethatcanbeusedtopersist EnglishQuerymodelinformation SMI~StructureofManagementInformation~IntheSNMP,therulesusedtodefinethe objectsthatcanbeaccessedbymeansofanetworkmanagementprotocol. SMiShing~SMSphishing~atypeofphishingattackwheremobilephoneusersreceive textmessagescontainingaWebsitehyperlink,which,ifclickedwoulddownloadaTrojan horsetothemobilephone. SMLT~SplitMulti-LinkTrunking~animprovementoverMulti-LinkTrunking(MLT), amethodoflinkaggregationthatallowsmultipleEthernetlinkstobeaggregatedtogether, andhandledasasinglelogicaltrunk. SMP~SimpleManagementProtocol~anothernameforSNMP2.SNMP2isanenhanced versionoftheSNMPwithfeaturesrequiredtosupportlargernetworksoperatingathigh datatransmissionrates. SMP~SymetricMultiProcessing~AmultiprocessingarchitecturedevelopedbyInteland agroupofleadingPCmanufacturers.Thearchitecturedescribeshowmultipleprocessors inthesameservercansharethesamesystemmemoryandprovideincreased performance/scalability. SMS~SecurityManagementSystem~TippingPointAppliancemanagesmultipleIPS systems SMS~ShortMessageService~Abidirectionalpagingfunctionthatisbuilt intoÂGSMÂsystems.Eachmessagecanbeupto160characterslong.Thenetworkstores messagesforseveraldaysandattemptstodeliverthemessageswhenevertheportable phoneisswitchedon. SMS~SystemsManagementServer~Microsoft’spremierremote,large-batchcomputer managementapplication.Usedtoinventorylargenumbers,determinecapabilitiesofeach, anddeployselectedsoftwaretosystemsthatarecapableofreceivingthesoftware. SMSC~ShortMessagingServiceCenter~Onawirelessnetwork,SMSCallowsshort textmessagestobeexchangedbetweenmobilecelltelephonesandothernetworks. SMSC~SmartMixed-SignalConnectivity~globalsupplierofsemiconductorsolutions thatdistributevideo,sound,photosanddatainthehome,automobile,officeand factory.Âwww.smsc.com SMSI~SimplifiedMessageServiceInterface~ALucentTechnologiesservicethat transmitsout-of-bandinformationbetweenDirectTalkandcertainswitches. SMTP~SimpleMailTransferProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC5321 SMTP~SimpleMailTransferProtocol~AÂTCP/IPÂprotocolgoverningelectronic mailtransmissionandreception. SN~SequenceNumber~AcellsentperiodicallyoneachlinkofanAIMUXtoindicate howmanycellshavebeentransmittedsincethepreviousSNcell. SNA~SystemsNetworkArchitecture(IBM)~Multiplelayers-SNAProtocolSuite SNA~SocialNetworkAnalysis~atechniqueforanalyzingpatternsofrelationships amongpeopleingroups,andtherolesthatindividualsplayinaninformalnetwork.It involvescollectingdatafrommultiplesources,analyzingthedatatoidentifyrelationships andminingitfornewinformation. SNA~SystemsNetworkArchitecture~AnIBM-developednetworkarchitecture,with layerssimilartothoseoftheÂOSIÂnetworkreferencemodel SNAP~SubNetAccessProtocol~Linklayer-IEEE802OverviewandArchitecture SNAP~Sub-NetworkAccessProtocol~astandardforthetransmissionofIPdatagrams overIEEE802networks. SNC~SupplyNetworkCollaboration~SAP’sSCMtool SNI~SwitchNodeInterface~Thelink(s)betweenaPPNandanEPNoverwhichcontrol informationispassed. SNIPS~System&NetworkIntegratedPollingSoftware~aÂsystemandnetwork monitoringsoftwareÂthatrunsonUnixsystemsandcanmonitornetworkandsystem devices.ItiscapableofmonitoringDNS,NTP,TCPorwebports,hostperformance, syslogs,radiusservers,BGPpeers,etc.Newmonitorscanbeaddedeasily SNMP~SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC1155,RFC 3410thruRFC3418andothers SNMP~SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol~Asetofstandardsforcommunication withdevicesconnectedtoaÂTCP/IPÂnetwork.Examplesofthesedevicesinclude routers,hubs,andswitches.AdeviceissaidtobeSNMPcompatibleifitcanbemonitored and/orcontrolledusingSNMPmessages. SNS~socialnetworkingsite~anyWebsitethatenablesuserstocreatepublicprofiles withinthatWebsiteandformrelationshipswithotherusersofthesameWebsitewho accesstheirprofile.Socialnetworkingsitescanbeusedtodescribecommunity-based Websites,onlinediscussionsforums,chatroomsandothersocialspacesonline. SOA~ServiceOrientedArchitecture~Whenbusinessesgrow,theyoftenaddnew productsandservices.Whiletheseadditionsmayhelpmakethebusinesslarger,itisoften difficulttoimplementtheminanefficientmanner.ThegoalofSOAistomakeiteasyfor businessestogrowandaddnewservices.more… SOA~StartofAuthority~SOAisfordomainnamesystemrecord SOAP~SimpleObjectAccessProtocol~SOAPisamethodoftransferringmessages,or smallamountsofinformation,overtheInternet.SOAPmessagesareformattedinXML andaretypicallysentusingHTTP(hypertexttransferprotocol).Botharewidelysupported datatransmissionstandards. SOC~SecurityOperationCentre~SecurityOperationCentre SOC~SeparationOfConcerns~Softwaredevelopmenttechniqueusedinaspectorientedprogramming(AOP) SOCKS~SOCKetS~protocolforhandlingÂTCPÂthoughaproxyserver;libraryof softwareaddedtoanindividualapplicationforsecurecommunicationthroughthefirewal SODIMM~SmallOutlineDualInlineMemoryModule~Thesememorymodulesare typicallyusedinlaptopandnotebookcomputerswherespaceandlowpowerconsumption isamajorconsideration.SODIMM’sareabouthalfthesizeofitsDIMMcounterpart. SOF~Startofframe~Linklayer-IEEE802.3(Ethernet),orRFC2687(HDLC),for examples SOH~StartOfHeader~Acontrolcharacterthatisusedtoindicatethestartofaheader thatprecedesthemessagestext. SoIP~StorageoverIP~themergingofFibreChanneltechnologieswithIP-based technologytoallowforaccessingstoragedevicesoverTCP/IPnetworks SOM~Self-OrganizingMap~Algorithmusedtovisualizeandinterpretlargehighdimensionaldatasets.Typicalapplicationsarevisualizationofprocessstatesorfinancial resultsbyrepresentingthecentraldependencieswithinthedataonthemap SONET~SynchronousOpticalNetwork~AÂITUÂstandardforhigh-speed communicationsoverfiber-opticnetworks.Itofferssynchronoustransmissionatspeeds uptomultigigabitratesandincludesfeaturestoenablemultivendorinteroperability, improvedtroubleshootingandnetworksurvivability. SONIC~ScienceOfNetworksInCommunities~SONICstandsforScienceOf NetworksInCommunities SONIC~SACOn-LineInteractiveController~SONICstandsforSACOn-Line InteractiveController SORBS~SpamandOpenRelayBlockingSystem~DNSBLincludesmorethan3 millionlistedhoststhatareconsideredtobecompromised SOS~SophisticatedOperatingSystem~SOSisApple///OS SOS~SymbianOperatingSystem~SymbianOperatingSystem SOS~SecureObjectStore~LotusNotesdatabasesystem SOW~statementofwork~Adocumentthatprovidescomprehensivedescriptionsof requiredservices-alongwithrealisticinformationconcerningthecurrentenvironmenttoensurethatvendorsdeliverwhattheenterpriseneedsatthepricethathasbeen negotiated. SOX~Sarbanes-OxleyAct~Mostsignificantpieceofcorporatesecuritieslegislation sincetheSecuritiesActof1933andTheSecuritiesandExchangeActof1934.TheAct’s requirementsaresignificantandhavebroughtaboutsubstantialchangeintheworkand roleofauditorsandtheoperationsandfinancialdisclosuresofpubliclytraded corporations. SP~Service-Packs~Aminorsoftwareproductrevisionthatcontainsfeatureupdatesor bugfixes,butnotenoughnewcodetowarrantanewversionnumber.e.g.SP1orSP2 SP~storageprocessor~anintelligentRAIDcontrollerthatisenclosedwithinastorage device. SPAN~SwitchedPortAnalyzer~FeatureoftheCatalyst5000switchthatextendsthe monitoringcapabilitiesofexistingnetworkanalyzersintoaswitchedEthernet environment.SPANmirrorsthetrafficatoneswitchedsegmentontoapredefinedSPAN port. SPARC~ScalableProcessorARChitecture~ArchitecturebasedonaÂRISCÂconcept. Sunanditssuppliersdesignedthearchitecturetosignificantlyimprovepriceand performance SPB~StoredProcedureBuilder~Developmentenvironmentforcreating,installingand testingstoredprocedures SPC~storedprogramcontrol~Amethodwherebyinstructionsareplacedinthememory ofacommoncontrolledswitchingunitforuseasareferencewhenprocessingcalls. Instructionsmayinclude:classmarks,codeconversions,routingandtroubleanalysis. SPD~SerialPresenceDetect~An8-pinserialEEPROMchipavailableonsome SDRAMmemorythatkeepsspecificinformationaboutaÂDIMMâ€™ssize,speed, voltage,drivestrength,numberofrowandcolumnaddresses,DIMMmanufacturer, andÂRAMÂmanufacturer. SPD~SystemProductsDivision~ProprietaryAS/400I/Obus SPE~SynergisticProcessorElement~IntheCellBroadbandEnginearchitecture,a groupingofmultipleSynergisticProcessorUnits(SPUs). SPE~SystemPolicyEditor~Itprovidesanadministratorwiththemeanstocentrally manageWindowsdesktopenvironments,andisaflexiblealternativetomandatoryuser profiles SPF~SenderPolicyFramework~allowsthee-mailaddressownertospecifywhichmail serverstheyusetosendmailfromtheirdomaintopreventsenderaddressforgery. SPF~ShortestPathFirst~Aroutingalgorithminwhicheachrouterusesthelengthofthe pathtodeterminetheshortest-pathspanningtree. Sphairon~Sphere,luminary,globalandElektron,Technology(vision)~Oneofthe leadingproducerofÂISDN-NTsworldwideandaspecialistforDSLbroadbandnetwork solutions.website:Âwww.sphairon.com SPI~SerialPeripheralInterface~Aninexpensivebusforchipinterconnectionthatis popularoncircuitboards. SPI~StatefulPacketInspection~Afirewallmechanismwhichexamineseachincoming networkpacketandonlyallowsthroughthosepacketswhichareforaknownopen connection. SPICE~SimpleProtocolforIndependentComputingEnvironment~ahostedvirtual desktopprotocolandakeypartofRedHatEnterpriseVirtualizationforDesktops. SPIM~SpamoverInstantMessaging~atypeofspamthatusesIMplatformsasthe transportmedium.UsersofdifferentpublicIMsystems,whousepublicprofilesarequite likelytoreceiveunsolicitedadvertisingmessagesfromspammers. SPIT~SpamoverInternetTelephony~SPIToffersspammersalow-costalternativeto unsolicitedmarketing.Massmarketingusingautomatedvoicemessagesisaccomplished literallywiththepushofabutton. SPL~SenderPolicyFramework~ananti-spamapproachinwhichtheInternetdomainof ane-mailsendercanbeauthenticatedforthatsender,therebydiscouragingspammailers, whoroutinelydisguisetheoriginoftheire-mail,apracticeknownase-mailspoofing. SPL~SoundPressureLevel~Ameasureindecibelsofthesoundpowerproducedbyan object.Itismeasuredwithasoundlevelmeter. SPM~StatisticalPacketMultiplexing~Technologytodynamicallyallocatebandwidthto activecircuits SPM~supplierperformancemanagement~productsusedashboardandreporting mechanismstoaggregateinformationonsuppliers,theirfinancialcondition,their certificationsandsocialresponsibilityperformance,andtheirtrackrecordofmeeting requirements SPML~ServiceProvisioningMarkupLanguage~SaaSindustrystandards SPOF~Singlepointoffailure~agenericphraseforanycomponentofasystemthat uponfailurewillcauseamalfunctionintheentiresystem.ASPOFcanbeahardwareor electricalcomponentorasoftwarecomponent. SPOI~SignalingPointOfInterface~ThedemarcationpointontheSS7signalinglink betweenaLECnetworkandaWirelessServicesProvider(WSP)network. SPOT~SmartPersonalObjectsTechnology~SPOTistheresultofaMicrosoftresearch projecttoembedmoreintelligenceinavarietyofeverydaydevicessuchasclocks. Microsoftisbynomeansthefirstvendortopromotesuchavision,butthespecificityand practicalityofMicrosoft’sapproachsetsitapartfrommanyearlierefforts. SPREAD~SystemsProgramming,Research,EngineeringAndDevelopment~Systems Programming,Research,EngineeringAndDevelopmentbyIBM SPSS~StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences~Astatisticalanalysissoftware packageinventedin1968,whichbecamethefoundingproductofChicago-based analytical-softwarefirmSPSS,Inc.,acquiredbyIBM SPU~SynergisticProcessorUnit~A128-bitprocessorwithsingle-instructionmultipledata(SIMD)capabilitiesspecializedforcomputationally-intensivetasks. SPX~SequencedPacketExchange~ANovellNetWaresession-basedcommunications protocolusedtogovernthetransportofmessagesacrossanetwork.Itisdesignedto providereliableend-to-enddatatransport,includingerrordetectionbetweentwoend-user devices. SQL~StructuredQueryLanguage~SQLisastandardizedquerylanguageforrequesting informationfromadatabase. SQLPL~SQLprocedurallanguage~AlanguageextensionofSQLthatconsistsof statementsandlanguageelementsthatcanbeusedtoimplementprocedurallogicinSQL statements. SQR~SecuritytoQualityDefectRatio~Theratioofthenumberofsecuritydefectsto thenumberofallidentifeddefects SR~SpeechRecognition~Speechrecognitionistheprocessbywhichacomputer identifiesspokenwords.Basically,itmeanstalkingtoyourcomputer,ANDhavingit correctlyrecognizewhatyouaresaying. SRAM~Staticrandomaccessmemory~Hardware-PCGuide’sDefinition SRAM~staticrandomaccessmemory~atypeofmemorythatisfasterandmorereliable thanthemorecommonDRAM.Thetermstaticisderivedfromthefactthatitdoesn’t needtoberefreshedlikedynamicRAM. SRAT~StaticResourceAffinityTable~Canbeusedtodescribethephysicallocationof processorsandmemoryinlarge-scalesystems,allowingthreadsandmemorytobe groupedinanoptimalmanner SRGS~SpeechRecognitionGrammarSpecification~Grammarintendedforuseby speechrecognizersandothergrammarprocessorssothatdeveloperscanspecifythewords andpatternsofwordstobelistenedforbyaspeechrecognizer SR-IOV~Single-rootI/Ovirtualizationstandards~developedbythePCISpecialInterest Group(PCI-SIG)andenablesVMmigration.TheIntelEthernetÂ SR-IOV~Single-rootI/Ovirtualizationstandards~ServerAdapterâ€™simplementation assistsdirectconnectivityfromtheadaptertothevirtualmachinestoprovidenear-native performance. SRL~SingingReturnLoss~Thefrequency-weightedmeasureofreturnlossattheedges ofthevoiceband(SRLLow,260to500HzandSRLHigh,2200to3400Hz),where singing(instability)problemsaremostlikelytooccur. SRM~storageresourcemanagement~SRMreferstosoftwarethatmanagesstorage fromacapacity,utilization,policyandevent-managementperspective. SRS~SharedRegistryServer~Thecentralsystemforallaccreditedregistrarstoaccess andregister/controldomainnames. SRT~SourceRoutingTransparent~AnIETFBridgingStandardcombiningTransparent BridgingandSourceRouteBridging. SRT~(formerly)SourisRiverTelecommunications~thelargesttelecommunications cooperativeinNorthDakota,withtelephone,wirelessphone,broadbandInternet,security systems,andcabletvservices.Âhttp://www.srt.com/ SRV~Servicerecords~SRVRecordsrepresentadatacategoryintheDomainName SystemthatlocalizesspecificdomainrelatedservicessuchasFTPandSIP. SS7~SignalingSystem7~DefinedbyITU-T,SS7isaninternationalout-of-band signalingprotocolthatprovidestwomajorcapabilities:high-speedcircuit-switched connectionsforfastercallsetupandremotedatabaseaccessfortransactionprocessing. SS7hasbeendeployedthroughoutthePSTN. SSA~SocialSecurityAdministration~anindependentagencyoftheUnitedStates federalgovernmentthatadministersSocialSecurityÂwww.ssa.gov SSA~SurvivableSystemsAnalysis~Practicalengineeringprocessthatenablesyouto systematicallyassessthesurvivabilitypropertiesofproposedsystems,existingsystems, andmodificationstoexistingsystems SSAP~SourceServiceAccessPoint~partoftheLLCLSAPfordatatype. SSB~sequentialstorebuffer~Asequentialstorebufferisatechniquefordividingthe costofawrite-barrierbyrememberingwhichobjectsaremodifiedandupdating rememberedsets(andsoon)atalaterstage. SSD~Solid-StateDrive~adatastoragedevicethatusessolid-statememorytostore persistentdata SSE~SimpleSharingExtension~ExtensionstoRSS SSE~StreamingSimdExtensions~XeonCPUextensiontotheinstructionset SSH~Secureshell~Applicationlayer-RFC4252 SSH~SecureShell~Asetofapplicationsandprotocolstoprovidesecureencrypted messagetransmissionbetweentwocomputersonaninsecure(e.g.public)network. SSI~Server-SideIncludes~Instructstheservertoincludesomedynamicinformationin aWebpagebeforeitissenttoaclient.Thisdynamicinformationcouldbecurrentdate,an opinionpoll,etc. SSI~SmallScaleIntegration~Chipscontainingtensoftransistors,butnothundreds. SSID~Servicesetidentifier(Wi-Fi)~Wireless-IEEE802.11 SSID~ServiceSetidentifier~Identifiesanetworkconsistingofoneormoreaccess points.SuchanetworkisalsoknownasanExtendedServiceSet(ESS). SSIM~SymantecSecurityInformationManager~enablesadocumented,repeatable processforsecuritythreatresponseandITpolicycomplianceviaintegratedlog managementandincidentresponsesolutions. SSL~SecureSocketsLayer~AprotocoldesignedbyNetscapeCommunicationsto enableencrypted,authenticatedcommunicationsacrosstheinternet.SSLusedmostlyin communicationsbetweenwebbrowsersandwebservers. SSLE~sequentialsystemsoflinearequations~aninfeasibleQP-freemethodbasedon theupdateoftheinverseofthesymmetricmatrix SSMP~SimpleScreenManagementProtocol~Acommunicationsprotocolfortextbasedterminals. SSO~singlesign-on~Atermusedtodescribetechnologythatenablesausertoaccess multiplecomputerplatformsorapplicationsystemsafterbeingauthenticatedjustone time. SSO~SystemSecurityOfficer~Apersonresponsibleforenforcementoradministration ofthesecuritypolicythatappliestothesystem. SSSCE~ShortSelf-ContainedCorrect(orCompilable)Example~Preferredformof codesnippetspostedinnewsgroupsandbugreports.Âhttp://sscce.org/ STA~SingleThreadedApartment~Athreadingcontextforcomponentsthatrequirea messagequeueorthreadaffinity.AccesstocomponentsinanSTAisbydefinition synchronized STEP~Standardfortheexchangeofproduct~adraftISOstandardfortheexchangeof CADdata. STK~SatelliteToolKit~Graphical,object-orientedsoftwareforsatelliteandspace stationorbitalandsensorcoverageanalysis[ STM~scanningtunnelingmicroscopes~scanningtunnelingmicroscopes STM~SynchronousTransportModule~Asystemoffiber-optictransmissionrates definedintheSynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)scheme(seeÂSDH).STMlevelsare theEuropeanequivalentofSynchronousOpticalNetwork(SONET)OpticalCarrierLevel N(OC-N)hierarchyinNorthAmerica(seeÂSONETandÂOC-N).Eachlevelquadruples asfollows: STP~SpanningTreeProtocol~Linklayer-Cisco’sIntroductiontoSpanningTree Protocol STP~shieldedtwistedpair~Acablewherethetwistedpairisshieldedfrom electromagneticinterference. STP~SoaToolsPlatform~Opensourcecollaborativesoftwaredevelopmentproject dedicatedtoprovidingageneric,extensible,standards-basedtoolplatformforproducing ServiceOrientedArchitecture(SOA)applications STP~SpanningTreeProtocol~providesaloopfreetopologyforanyLANorbridged network. STP~StraightThroughProcessing~Abilitytotakeafinancialtransactionthough completeconfirmationautomatically STP~SwitchingTransferPointsorSingleTransferPoints~partofSS7.STPsarepacket switches. STS~SecurityTokenService~Serviceusedtoissuetokens STT~SecureTransactionTechnology~Technologydevelopedbysoftwarecompanies andcreditcompaniestoprotectfinancialdealingsovertheInternetandpreventfraud. STUN~SessionTraversalUtilitiesforNAT~anInternetstandards-tracksuiteof methods,includinganetworkprotocol,usedinNATtraversalforapplicationsofreal-time voice,video,messaging. STX~StartOfText~Acontrolcharacterthatisusedtoindicatethebeginningofa messageandisplacedimmediatelybehindtheheaderinatransmittedblock. SUA~SingleUserAccount~AllowsmultipleuserstoshareasingleIPaddress(either dynamicorstatic)assignedbyyourInternetServiceProvider(ISP) SUS~SoftwareUpdateServices~SoftwareupdatemanagementsolutionbyMicrosoft SUT~SystemUnderTest~TherealopensysteminwhichtheImplementationUnder Test(IUT)resides. SVBR~SemanticsofBusinessVocabularyandBusinessRules~vocabulariesexistfor specificverticalindustries-forexample,HealthLevelSeven(HL7),theAgencyforCooperationandResearchinDevelopment(ACORD),andtheSocietyforWorldwide InterbankFinancialelecommunicationÂ SVC~ScalableVideoCoding~traffichandlingtechniques,anextensionofH.264 SVC~supervisorcall~Arequestthatservesastheinterfaceintooperatingsystem functions,suchasallocatingstorage. SVC~supervisorcall~Aninstructionthatinterruptstheprogrambeingrunandpasses controltothesupervisorsothatitcanperformthespecificserviceindicatedbythe instruction. SVC~SwitchedVirtualCircuit~Virtualconnectionsetuponlyforthedurationofa singlecommunicationssession. SVC~SwitchedVirtualCircuit~InOSI,atemporaryassociationbetweentwoDTEsthat isinitiatedwhenoneDTEmakesacallrequesttothenetwork. SVD~SecondaryVirtualDisk~aÂVDÂconfiguredusinghybridÂRAIDÂlevelslike RAID10orRAID50.ItselementsÂareBVDs. SVG~ScalableÂVectorGraphics~anXMLfilethatisusedtoholdgraphicaldatathat canberesizedwithoutlossofquality.SVGdatacanbekeptinitsownfile,oreven embeddedwithinawebpage SVGA~SuperVideoGraphicsArray~AdisplaystandarddefinedbytheVideo ElectronicsStandardsAssociation.Itprovideshigherresolutionthanthe640x 480ÂVGAÂstandard,andsupportsasmanyas16millioncolors,dependingonthe computersystemandamountofavailablememory. S-Video~Super-Video/ÂSonyVideo~atechnologyfortransmittingvideosignalsover acablebydividingthevideoinformationintotwoseparatesignals.Onesignalforcolor (chrominance),andtheotherforbrightness(luminance). SVPCo~SmallValuePaymentsCo.~Abankingconsortium,formedinJuly1998,thatis governedby12largeU.S.banksSVPCoisconcentratingonElectronicCheck Presentment(ECP),whichrequirescooperationfrommanybanksinordertosucceed. SWorS/W~Software~acomputerprogramthatenablesacomputertoperforma specifictask,asopposedtothephysicalcomponentsofthesystem(hardware). SWAP~SharedWirelessAccessProtocol~Aprotocolusedforwirelessvoiceanddata networkinginthehome,developedbytheHomeRFWorkingGroup. SWAT~SambaWebAdministrationTool~SambaWebAdministrationTool SWAT~SolutionswithAdvancedTechnologies~SWATisCiscoterm SWIFT~SocietyforWorldwideInterbankFinancialTelecommunication~Aselfdescribingmessagingformatusedinthebankingandfinanceindustrytosupport electronicfundstransfer. SWIM~SystemWideInformationManagement~SystemWideInformation Management SWL~shortwavelength~Atypeoffiberopticcablingthatisbasedon850-mmlasers andsupports1.0625-Gbpslinkspeeds. SWOP~SpecificationsforWebOffsetPublications~Thesespecificationsstandardize thesubmissionofmaterialssuppliedtoweboffsetpublications,andareasofresponsibility foreachoftheinvolvedindustrysegments.Seehttp://www.swop.org/ SWT~StandardWidgetToolkit~AnEclipsetoolkitforJavadevelopersthatdefinesa common,portable,userinterfaceAPIthatusesthenativewidgetsoftheunderlying operatingsystem. SYN(TCP)~Synchronization~Linkandotherlayers-RFC793andmanyothers Sync~Synchronisation~pulseensuresthatthemonitordisplayingtheinformationis synchronizedatregularintervalswiththedevicesupplyingthedata,thusdisplayingthe dataattherightlocation. syslog~systemlogging~SyslogisthesystemloggingfacilityforUnixsystems. Sysop~SystemOperator~Anyoneresponsibleforthephysicaloperationsofacomputer systemornetworkresource.Forexample,aSystemAdministratordecideshowoften backupsandmaintenanceshouldbeperformedandtheSystemOperatorperformsthose tasks. SYSVOL~SystemVolume~ashareddirectorythatstorestheservercopyofthe domain’spublicfilesthatmustbesharedforcommonaccessandreplicationthroughouta domaininMicrosoftWindows. ~T~ T1~~Thisisadatatransfersystemthattransfersdigitalsignalsat1.544megabitsper second(quiteabitfasterthana56Kmodem,whichmaxesoutataround0.056Mbps). T2~~OneofseveraltypesofdigitalvoicelinesdefinedintheU.S.T-carriersystem.A T2linehasatransmissioncapacityofupto6.312megabitspersecond. T2L~TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTORLOGIC~Alogicgatefamilythatprovideshigherspeedandhigher-powerthantheobsoleteDTLlogicfamily. T3~~AT3lineactually30timesfaster,supportingdatatransferratesof44.736 megabitspersecond. T4~~Acommunicationslinecapableofcarryingdigitizedvoicesignalsatupto274.176 megabitspersecond,asdefinedintheT-carriersystem T5~~240T1lines,whichcancarry5760voicechannelsorupto400.352Mbpsworthof data. TACACS~TerminalAccessControllerAccessControlSystem~DevelopedbyÂCisco Systems,itisstandardsecurityprotocolusedinauthenticatingtheidentityofacomputer ordeviceseekingremoteaccesstoprivilegeddata(suchasthatbehindafirewall). TAE~textanalysisengine~Asoftwarecomponentthatisresponsiblefordiscovering andrepresentingcontextandsemanticcontentintext. TAO~TrackatOnce~AmethodofwritingdatatoaCD-RorCD-RWdisconatrackby trackbasis.Recordingcanbepausedbetweenwritingtracks,unlikeDiscatOnce,which requiresanuninterruptedfull-discrecording. TAPI~TelephonyApplicationProgrammingInterface~AnumberofITcompanies,led byMicrosoftandIntel,havecollaboratedtodesignacommonWindowsgraphicaluser interfacefortelephonyandaTelephonyApplicationProgrammingInterface(TAPI). tar~TapeARchive~Acompressionformatcommonlyusedinthetransferandstorageof filesonUNIXcomputers(.tar). TAXI~TransparentAsynchronousTransmitter/ReceiverInterface~Encodingscheme usedforÂFDDIÂLANsÂaswellasforÂATM.Supportsspeedsofupto100Mbpsover multimodefiber.TAXIisthechipsetthatgenerates4B/5Bencodingonmultimodefiber. Tb~terabit~Forprocessorstorage,realandvirtualstorage,andchannelvolume,2tothe powerof40or1099511627776bits.Fordiskstoragecapacityandcommunications volume,1000000000000bits. TB~TeraByte~1024gigabytes,1,099,511,627,776bytes Tbps~terabitspersecond~Atrillionbitspersecond. TBR~TechnologyBusinessResearch~specializesinprovidingin-depthandtimely insightswithinthecomputer,software,telecom,mobility,andprofessionalservices industries.Âhttp://tbri.com/ TCA~TransactionCostAnalysis~Methodologythatcanbeusedtomeasurethecostof individualshopperoperationssuchasregistering,browsing,searchingacatalog,adding anitemtoashoppingcart,checkingout,andsoon TCAP~TransactionCapabilitiesApplicationPart~fromITU-Trecommendations Q.771-Q.775orANSIT1.114isaprotocolforSS7networks. TCB~trustedcomputingbase~everythinginacomputingsystemthatprovidesasecure environment.Thisincludestheoperatingsystemanditsprovidedsecuritymechanisms, hardware,physicallocations,networkhardwareandsoftware,andprescribedprocedures. TCG~TrustedComputingGroup~Groupthatdevelopsandpromotesopen,vendorneutral,industrystandardspecificationsfortrustedcomputingbuildingblocksand softwareinterfacesacrossmultipleplatforms.See alsoÂhttps://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/ tcl~ToolCommandLanguage~portableinterpretedcomputerlanguagedesignedtobe easytouse. TCO~totalcostofownership~thecompletecostofowningandusingamachineduring itsusefullife,includingnotonlythecostofthemachineitself,butalsomaintenance, repairs,andconsumablesuppliessuchasinkandpaper. t-commerce~televisioncommerce~interactiveTVcapabilitu,includingÂVODÂmovie rentalsandgames TCP~TestCoordinationProcedure~Setofrulestocoordinatetestprocessbetween lowertesteranduppertester.Enableslowertestertocontroloperationofuppertester. May,ormaynot,bespecifiedinabstracttestsuite. TCP~TransmissionControlProtocol~Aconnection-orientedprotocolthattransmits datainbytestreams.DataistransmittedinpacketscalledTCPsegments,whichcontain TCPheadersanddata. TCP/IP~TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol~Transportlayer-RFC793 andmanyothers TCP/IP~TransmissionControl/InternetProtocol~Thisisusedforcommunications acrossinterconnectednetworksandisbeingincreasinglydeployedtoconnectdiverse computerarchitecturesandplatforms,bothbetweenenterprisesandwithinenterprises. TCPoperatesatLayer4(thetransportlayer)oftheOSIstack.IPoperatesatLayer3(the networklayer)oftheOSIstack. TCQ~TaggedCommandQueuing~SCSIfeaturetoallowmultipleI/Orequests TCS~TataConsultancyServices~Inida-basedITservices,businesssolutions,and outsourcingcompany.Âwww.tcs.com TCS~TelecommunicationsSystems~wirelesscommunicationsproviderin U.S.Âhttp://www.telecomsys.com TCU~transmissioncontrolunit~Acommunicationcontrolunitwhoseoperationsare controlledsolelybyprogrammedinstructionsfromthecomputingsystemtowhichthe unitisattached. TDCA/S~Tele-DenmarkCommunications~formertelecommonopolyinDenmark.Itis nowprivatized.Thus,itisthebiggestcompanyinallaspectsoftelecommunicationin Denmarkwithlandline,mobile,Internet,VHFmaritimeborderline-radioetc. TDD/TTY~ToneDialingfortheDeaf/Teletype~amethodbywhichthehearing impairedcantypemessagesovernormalphonelinesusingspecialequipment.ManyISPs haveaTDD/TTYfortechnicalsupport. TDDM~targetdistributeddatamanager~Inadistributeddatamanagementnetwork, programmingsupportthattranslatestheDDMrequestsreceivedfromasourcesysteminto datamanagementorSQLrequestsonthetarget(orremote)system. TDK~TokyoDenkiKagaku~English:TokyoElectricandChemicals.aJapanese companywhichmanufactureselectronicmaterials,electroniccomponents,andrecording anddata-storagemediahttp://www.tdk.com/ TDL~timedifferentiallinking~softwaredetectingaccounttakeovers,newaccountfraud ande-commercefraud TDM~Time-divisionmultiplexing~Physicallayer-FedStd1037C TDM~timedivisionmultiplexing~adata,voiceandvideocommunicationstechnique thatmultiplexesseverallow-speedsignalsintoonehigh-speedtransmissionchannelby allocatingbrief,interleavedtimeperiodstoeachsignal. TDR~TimeDomainReflectometry~usedtopinpointflawsandproblemsin undergroundandaerialwire,cabling,andfiberoptics. TD-SCDMA~Timedivision-synchronouscodedivisionmultipleaccess~China’shomegrown3Gstandardforcellularnetworks. TE~TrafficEngineering~TEisCiscoMPLSterm TEC~TivoliEnterpriseConsole~AnIBMsystemandnetworkmonitoringproduct. TECcollectseventinformationfromavarietyofsystemandapplicationresources, correlatestheinformationtodeterminedetectproblemsandperformsautomatedproblem resolution. TEC~ThermoelectricCooler~ThermoelectricCooler TED~TechnologyEntertainmentandDesign~TEDisaglobalsetofconferencesowned bytheprivatenon-profitSaplingFoundation,formedtodisseminate‘ideasworth spreading.’Âhttp://www.ted.com/ TED~TieredElectronicDistribution~TEDisNovellZENWorksterm TED~TorrentEpisodeDownloader~TEDstandsforTorrentEpisode DownloaderÂhttp://www.ted.nu/ TED~TunnelEndpointDiscovery~TEDisCiscoterm TEHO~tailendhopoff~Callinaprivatenetworkwhichiscarriedoverflatrate facilities(intermachinetrunksorIMTs)totheswitchingnodeclosesttoitsdestinationand isconnectedintothepublicnetworkasalocalcall. TEI~TotalEconomicImpact~forresterterm,ahighlycustomizedmethodologythat helpsITprofessionalsmakebetter,morecost-effectivedecisionsregardingtheselectionof technologyvendors.http://www.forrester.com/TEI Telco~telephonecompany~Itgenerallyreferstothelocal-exchangecarrier(LEC) telematics~telecommunicationsandinformatics~thebroadindustryrelatedtousing computersinconcertwithtelecommunicationssystems.Thisincludesdial-upserviceto theInternetaswellasalltypesofnetworksthatrelyonatelecommunicationssystemto transportdata. telephony~Telephonetechnology~Theconversionofsoundintoelectricalsignals,its transmissiontoanotherlocation,anditsreconversiontosound,withorwithouttheuseof connectingwires. Telnet~telephonenetworkprotocol~ThecommandandprogramusedtoÂloginÂfrom oneÂInternetÂsitetoanother.Thetelnetcommand/programgetsyoutothelogin:prompt ofanotherÂhost. TEM~telephoneexpensemanagement~TEMtoolsfacilitatethecontrolofacquisition, operationandsupportofcorporatetelecomassetsandnetworkservices.Thecoverage typicallyincludesvoiceanddatacommunicationsaswellascellphones. TERM~technology-enabledrelationshipmanagement~Theconceptofformingone enterprisewideviewofthecustomeracrossallcustomercontactchannels.Itisacomplex area,requiringcomplexsolutionstoproblemsofintegration,dataflow,dataaccessand marketingstrategy. TESS~TransactionEventsÂ~CAAPMsoftware TESS~andStatisticsServer~CAAPMsoftware TETRA~TerrestrialTrunkedRadio~asetofstandardsdevelopedbytheETSIthat describesacommonmobileradiocommunicationsinfrastructurethroughoutEurope. texel~TextureElement~Thesmallestelementofatextured3Dsurface.Pixelsmakeup 2Dsurfaces,buttexelsmakeupthesurfacesthatcovertextured3Dobjects. TFRC~TCP-FriendlyRateControl~acongestioncontrolmechanismdesignedfor unicastflowsoperatinginanInternetenvironmentandcompetingwithTCPtraffic. TFS~TeamFoundationServer~Productiveandeffectivesolutionformanagingchange acrossorganizationsofallsizes.Itenablesyoutosecurelymanageallprojectartifactsand sourcecodeinonerepository TFS~ThreeFingerSalute~ReferstotheControl-Alt-Deletekeycombinationusedto rebootolderversionsofWindowsandÂDOSÂortobringupthetaskmanagerinnewer versions. TFT~ThinFilmTransistor~Thesetransistorsareusedinhigh-qualityflatpanelliquidcrystaldisplays(LCDs).TFT-baseddisplayshaveatransistorforeachpixelonthescreen. TFTP~TrivialFileTransferProtocol~Applicationlayer-RFC1350 TFTP~TrivialFileTransferProtocol~asetofconventionsthattransfersfilesbetween hostsusingminimalprotocol. TGT~ticket-grantingticket~Aticketthataprincipalpassestotheticket-grantingserver whenaserviceticketisrequested. TGT~ticket-grantingticket~Aticketthatallowsaccesstotheticketgrantingserviceon thekeydistributioncenter(KDC). TI~TexasInstruments~amanufacturerofsemiconductorsandcomputers,headquartered inDallas,Texas.JackS.Kilbydevelopedthefirstworkingintegratedcircuit(â€œsilicon chipâ€?)atÂTIÂin1958,makingitpossibletominiaturizeelectronicequipmenttoa degreefarbeyondearlierexpectations TIA~TelecommunicationsIndustryAlliance~Organization-Telecommunications IndustryAssociation TiB~tebibyte~1,099,511,627,776bytes.1024gibibytes TIES~timeindependentescapesequence~providesameanstoswitchbetween commandmodeanddatamodeonananalogmodem.TIESisanalternatemethodtothe Heatheringtonescapesequence.TIESwasdevelopedbyagroupofmodemmanufacturers in1991. TIFF~TagImageFileFormat~Adefactostandardformatforbit-mappedimagefiles. TIP~TelepresenceInteroperabilityProtocol~Cisco-developed,mechanismtodealwith multiscreenenvironments TISPAN~Telecoms&InternetConvergedServices&ProtocolsforAdvancedNetworks ~TISPANisastandardizationbodyofETSI,specializinginfixednetworksandInternet convergence. TKIP~TemporalKeyIntegrityProtocol~Adataencryptiontechnology. TLB~translationlookasidebuffer~Thetranslationlookasidebufferoraddress translationcacheissmallpieceofassociativememory(1)withinaprocessorwhichcaches partofthetranslationfromvirtualaddressestophysicaladdresses. TLD~TopLevelDomain~Thelast(right-hand)partofacompleteÂDomainName. TherearealargenumberofTLD’s,e.g..biz,.com,.edu,.gov,.info,.int,.mil,.net,.org, andacollectionoftwo-letterTLD’scorrespondingtothestandardtwo-lettercountry codes,e.g.,.us,.ca,.jp,etc. TLI~TransportLayerInterface~Aninterfacethatistosupersedethesocket-based interprocesscommunicationsmechanismsasthewaytoaccesstransportservices. ModeledaftertheindustrystandardISOTransportServiceDefinition TLL~TaskLibraryLanguage~InIBMTivolienvironment,aprogramminglanguage usedtodefineatasklibrary. TLM~TransportationLifecycleManagement~ManhattanAssociates’TMSproductthat iscapableofhandlingmanyoftheneedsofuserswithcomplextransportation requirements TLP~TransactionalLicensingProgram~AdobeOpenOptionsmakesiteasyfor organizationsofallsizestogetthebenefitsofvolumeorderingthroughtheTLP TLS~TransportLayerSecurity~Aprotocoldesignedtosecuretheprivacyof communicationsovertheInternet.Itisdefinedinrequestforcomment2246fromthe InternetEngineeringTaskForce. TMHES~TrendMicroHostedEmailSecurity~TrendMicroe-mailsecuritySaaS offering TMPfile~temporaryfile~Temporaryfilesaregeneratedbyapplicationsandshouldbe deletedautomaticallybytheapplicationthatcreatedthemwhentheyarenolonger required-unfortunatelythisfrequentlydoesnothappensotemporaryfilescantendto buildupovertime. TMRS~trafficmeasurementandrecordingsystems~Acomputer-generatedreportwith usageinformationoftelephonesystems;usuallyincludestrunkutilization,outages, queuingtimeandtheneedforadditionalcommonequipment. TMS~ThreatManagementSystem~Symantecâ„¢DeepSightâ„¢TMSprovides actionableintelligencecoveringthecompletethreatlifecycle,frominitialvulnerabilityto activeattack.Âhttps://tms.symantec.com/ TMS~transportationmanagementsystem~transportationmanagementsystem TNC~TrustedNetworkConnect~anopenarchitectureforNAC TNEF~TransportNeutralEncapsulationFormat~FormatforconvertingasetofMAPI propertiesintoaserialdatastream.Primarilyusedbytransportprovidersthatneedto encodeMAPImessagepropertiesfortransmissionthroughamessagingsystemthatdoes notsupportthosepropertiesdirectly TNS~TransactionNetworkServices~leadingglobalproviderofdatacommunications andinteroperabilitysolutions.http://www.tnsi.com/ TOA~timeofarrival~Atechniquethatusestotriangulationtodeterminethegeographic positionofmobiledevices,suchascellphones.Thepositionisdeterminedbycomparing thedifferenttimesthatasignalbroadcastbythedevicearrivesatvarioussites TOD~ToolonDemand~featureofsomeversionsoftheAOLsoftwareallowsusto updateportionsoftheclientsoftwareonyourcomputerwithoutyouhavingtoupgradeto acompletelynewversion. TOD~time-of-day~Atimingdevicethatcountsunitsoftimebasedonthestartingpoint of00hours,00minutes,and00secondsonJanuary1,1900. TOE~TCP/IPOffloadEngine~atechnologyusedinNICstooffloadprocessingofthe TCP/IPstacktothenetworkcontroller. TOFU~TrustOnFirstUse~Security-ImprovingSSH-styleHostAuthenticationwith Multi-PathProbing ToS~TypeOfService~AfieldwithinanIPheaderwhichcanbeusedbythedevice originatingthepacket,orbyanintermediatenetworkingdevice,tosignalarequestfora specificQoSlevel TOSLink~ToshibaLink~Astandardopticalconnectionfordigitalaudio. TPF~TransactionProcessingFacility~Ahigh-availabilityIBMsystemdesignedto supporttransaction-drivenapplications. TPM~TransactionsPerMinute~Theamountofdatabasetransactionsaservercandoin aminuteâ€™stime.Thismethodofmeasurementisoftenusedtocomparehigh-powered databaseserverswithmultipleprocessors. TPM~TrustedPlatformModule~AcomponentonthePCmotherboardthatis specificallydesignedtoenhanceplatformsecurityabove-and-beyondthecapabilitiesof todayâ€™ssoftware. TP-MIC~Twisted-PairMediaInterfaceConnector~Connectorjackatenduseror networkequipmentthatreceivestwistedpairplug. TPMs~transactionprocessingmonitors~enterpriseapplicationplatforms TPS~transactionspersecond~ameasurementusedtodeterminehowmanytransactions havebeenprocessedinonesecondintransaction-orientedsystems. TPS~TransactionProcessSystem~atypeofISthatcollects,stores,modifiesand retrievestransactionofanorganization. TPV~ThirdPartyVendor~supplierthatprovidesservicestotheprimaryservice providerthathassignedthelargeprojectsmanagementoroutsourcingagreementwiththe client. TR~TerminalReady~Thislightisilluminatedwhenyourcomputerhasturnedon theÂRS-232(serial)interface.Sometimesthislightwillnotcomeonuntilyouhave loadedyourcommunicationssoftwareintomemory. tracert~traceroute~Tracerouteisatoolthemapstherouteapackettakesfromthelocal machinetoaremotedestination. Transceiver~Transmitter/Receiver~ADevicethatreceivesandsendssignalsovera medium.Innetworks,itisgenerallyusedtoallowfortheconnectionbetweentwo differenttypesofcableconnectors,suchasAUIandRJ-45. TRIP~TelephonyRoutingoverInternetProtocol~DiscoveryandexchangeofIP telephonygatewayroutingtablesbetweenproviders TRIP~TokenRingInterfaceProcessor~High-speedinterfaceprocessorontheCisco 7000seriesrouters.TheTRIPprovidestwoorfourTokenRingportsforinterconnection withIEEE802.5andIBMTokenRingmediawithportsindependentlysettospeedsof either4or16Mbps. TripleDES/TDES~TripleDataEncryptionStandard~AvariantofDataEncryption Standard(DES).ItusesthreedifferentDESkeys,insequence,toencryptafile TRUE~task-relateduserexit~Auserexitprogramthatisassociatedwithspecified eventsinaparticulartask,ratherthanwitheveryoccurrenceofaparticulareventinCICS processing TRM~TeradataRelationshipManager~TeradataMCCMproduct TRS~Tip,Ring,Sleeve(cable)~Ananalogcableusedtoconnectaudiodevices.It typicallycomesin1/4â€³and1/8â€³diameters. TS~TerminalServer/Services~(MicrosoftWindows)TerminalServer. TS-CAL~TerminalServices-ClientAccessLicense~alicenseallowingmorethanthe minimumnumberofuserstoaccessaWindowsserverthroughREMOTEDESKTOP. TSF~TextServicesFramework~Simpleandscalableframeworkthatenablesadvanced textinputandnaturallanguagetechnologiesforapplications TSIG~TransactionSignature~acomputernetworkingprotocolusedbytheDNSasa waytoauthenticateupdatestoadynamicDNSdatabase. TSM~TivoliStorageManager~Protectsdatafromhardwarefailuresandothererrorsby storingbackupandarchivecopiesofdataonofflinestorage TSM~trustedservicemanager~anewroleintroducedinthevaluechaintoprovidea singlepointofcontactforallserviceproviderswantingtoputtheirapplicationsontoNFC phones.TheTSMwouldhaveamasterkeytothesecureelementandwouldmanagethe securedownloads. TSN~TheSierraNetwork~alsocalledImagiNationNetwork(INN),anearlyonline multiplayergamingsystem.DevelopedbySierraOn-Linein1989,andfirstavailableto thepublicin1991. TSO~TimeSharingOption~MultitaskingsystemforIBMMVSoperatingsystem TSOP~ThinSmallOutlinePackage~OneofseveralpackagingoptionsforAMDflash devices. TSR~TerminateandStayResident~programusuallyloadedautomaticallyonstartup, whichremainsinmemorytoprovideparticularfunctionssuchasconnectiontoanetwork orprotectionagainstviruses. TSRM~TivoliServiceRequestManager~IBM’sITservicedeskproduct TSV~TabSeparatedValue(file)~aplain-textfilethatincludeslinesoffields(stringsof characters)thatareseparatedfromeachotherbysingletabstops. TTL~TimeToLive~usedwhena‘ping,’orarequestforaresponse,issenttoanother computer,suchasaserver.TheTTLrepresentsthenumberofhops,orserversindifferent locations,therequestcantraveltobeforereturningafailedattemptmessage. TTL~TimeToLive~Thetimeintervalinsecondsthatanentrycanexistinthecache beforethenameserverdiscardsit. TTL~TransistorTransistorLogic~Aspecificmethodofwiringadigitalcircuitusing bipolartransistors. TTP~trustedthirdparty~Atrustedentitythatvouchesfortheidentityofthesenderor receiverofinformationinasecuritysystem.InÂPKIÂsecurity,theroleoftrustedthird partyisplayedbyacertificationauthority TTS~Text-To-Speech~Atermusedinvoiceprocessing.Thecomputer‘reads’thetext outaloud.Thetechnologyisusedextensivelyforblindpeople. TTY~TeleTypewriter~Thistermreferstoameansofsendingdataonecharacterata time.TheTTYinterfaceisoftenusedbydumbterminalstocommunicatewith mainframes. TUCOWS~TheUltimateCollectionofWinsockSoftware~wellknownforitspopular websitedirectoryofshareware,freeware,anddemosoftwarepackagesavailableto download.Âhttp://www.tucows.com/ TUP~TelephoneUserPart~providesconventionalPSTNtelephonyservicesacrossthe SS7network.TUPwasthefirstlayer4protocoldefinedbythestandardsbodiesandas suchdidnotprovisionforISDNservices. TUR~trunkutilizationreport~Acomputerprintoutdetailingthetrafficonatrunk. TVO~totalvalueofopportunity~AGartner-developedmodelthatbringsanumberof factorstogethertoderivethebusinessvalueofITinvestments,therebyprovidingabasis forITdecisionmaking. TVT~ThinkVantageTechnology~Lenovobrandingforproprietarysoftware. TWA~transactionworkarea~aworkareaforagiventask. TWAIN~technologywithoutaninterestingname~aprotocolfordeliveringgraphical imagesfromascanningorimagingdevicetoapplicationsoftware.seeÂwww.twain.org TWX~TeletypewriterExchangeService~Adatacommunicationsserviceprovidedby theAT&TCorporationusingteletypewriterstationsconnectedtophonelines,foraccessto otherTWXstations.TWXsupportsbothASCIIandBaudotcodedmachines. TX~Transmit/Transmission~Theactofuploadingorsendingdata. TXT~TrustedeXecutionTechnology~HardwareextensiontosomeofIntel’s microprocessorsandrespectivechipsets,intendedtoprovideusersandorganizations (governments,enterprises,etc.)withahigherleveloftrustwhileaccessing,modifyingor creatingsensitivedataandcode TXTrecord~Textrecord~ADNSrecordtypethatstoresatextstringforaresponsetoa DNSquery. ~U~ U2F~UndetectableandUntraceableFraud~Amajorissueforinformationtechnologyis fraudmadepossiblebytechnologyandelectronictransactions,especiallycrimesthat leavenotraceandnoaudittrail. UA~UpgradeAdvantage~AMicrosoftsoftwarelicenseprogram. UAC~UserAccountControl~AsecuritytechnologyinWindowsVistathatreduces exposuretoattacksbyrunninginnonadministrativemode,evenwhenloggedonwithan administrativeaccount,unlessanduntiladministrativeprivilegesarerequiredtoperforma task. UART~universalasynchronousreceiver-transmitter~Amodulecomposedofasingle integratedcircuit,whichcontainsboththereceivingandtransmittingcircuitsrequiredfor asynchronousserialcommunication. UAT~UserAcceptanceTest~Normallyasuiteofdocumentedtests,derivedfroma requirementsorfunctionalspecificationandagreedwithaclient,thatwhensuccessfully completedindicatethataproducedproductisacceptable uauth~userauthentication~userauthentication UBE~unsolicitedbulkemail~aformaltermforspam.ThemostcommontypeofUBE isUCE:bulkemailthatistryingtogettherecipienttobuysomeproductorservice. UBR~UndefinedBitRate~AneconomicalclassofÂQoSÂonamoment-to-moment basis,withoutguaranteeingservicelevels. UC~Unifiedcommunications~UCisadirectresultoftheconvergenceof communicationsandapplications.Differingformsofcommunicationshistoricallyhave beendeveloped,marketedandsoldasindividualapplications.Insomecases,theyeven hadseparatenetworksanddevices. UC&C(orUCC)~UnifiedCommunications&Collaboration~Mashups,consoles,APIs andpackagedclientswillenableothercollaborationservicestobeblendedintoamixthat includese-mail,RSSfeeds,calendars,blogs,tasks,wikis,personalpagesanddiscussion threads.Â UC2~UnifiedCommunicationsandCollaboration~IBMportfoliobasedonLotusNotes messaging,SametimecollaborationproductsandtheEclipseclientframework UCB~unitcontrolblock~Acontrolblockincommonstoragethatdescribesthe characteristicsofaparticularI/Odeviceontheoperatingsystem UCC~UniformCodeCouncil~DataModelstandard UCCW~Ultimatecustomwidget~versatileAndroidwidgets UCD~UnicodeCharacterDatabase~Consistsofanumberofdatafileslistingcharacter propertiesandrelateddataalongwithadocumentationfilethatexplainstheorganization ofthedatabaseandtheformatandmeaningofthedatainthefiles.See alsoÂhttp://www.unicode.org UCD~UplinkChannelDescriptor~aconceptintheIEEE802.16(WiMAX)network, whichdescribestheuplinkburstprofile UCD~User-centereddesign~adesignphilosophywheretheend-userâ€™sneeds,wants andlimitationsareafocusatallstageswithinthedesignprocessanddevelopment lifecycle. UCE~UnsolicitedCommercialEmail~Electronicjunkmailadvertisingaproduct, service,orwebsite,wheretherecipientdidnotrequesttoreceivethemessage. UCM~UnifiedChangeManagement~AChangeManagement(CM)concept implementedbyRationalSoftwareCorporation(acquiredbyIBM) UCM~UnifiedComputingSystem~Cisconext-generationdatacenterplatform acceleratesthedeliveryofnewservicessimply,reliably,andsecurelythroughend-to-end provisioningandmigrationsupport. UCM~UniversalContentManagement~Oracle’sunifiedplatformforWCM,document anagement,digitalassetmanagementandretentionmanagement UCM~UniversalCustomerMaster~SiebelMDMproduct,acquiredbyOracle UCM~UseCaseMaps~avisualrepresentationoftherequirementsofasystem,usinga preciselydefinedsetofsymbolsforresponsibilities,systemcomponents,and sequences.Âwww.usecasemaps.org UCP~UbuntuCertifiedProfessional~firstintroducedinMay2006isacomputerbased examinationabouttheUbuntuoperatingsystem.ItisadministeredbytheLPIfoundation. UCS~UniversalCharacterSet~Acharactersetusing16-bitcharactercodes,alsocalled ISO10646.UCSisastandarddefinedbytheISOandIEC. UCS~UniversalCharacterSet~Aprinterfeaturethatpermitstheuseofavarietyof characterarrays. uDAPL~UserDirectAccessProgrammingLibrary~aspecificationandalibrarythat definesasinglesetofuserAPIsforallRDMA-capabletransports. UDDI~UniversalDescription,DiscoveryandIntegration~Amethodforfindingnew WebServicesbyreferringtoacentraldirectory.Thespecificationforanindexofall availableWebserviceswhichiscomparabletoaglobalYellow-Pagesdirectory.UDDI helpsbusinessestoproducedescriptionsoftheservicestheyoffer,passondetailstothe registryandthusappeartobeaservicesprovider.www.uddi.org UDF~UniversalDiskFormat~ThevolumeformatofDVDdisks. UDLP~UniDirectionalLinkProtocol~Thisprotocolisusedbyinexpensive,receive onlyantennastoreceivedataviasatellite. UDMA~UltraDMA(UltraDirectMemoryAccess)~AprotocoldevelopedbyQuantum CorporationandIntelfordiskdrivesthatenablesthecomputertotakeadvantageofthe fastUltraATAdiskdrives. UDO~UltraDensityOptical~Opticalstoragetechnologythatincreasescapacitiesby usinganextremelyfocusedbluelasertowriteandreaddata.HP,Sony,andPlasmon collaboratedontheUDOstandard UDP~UserDatagramProtocol~Transportlayer-RFC768 UDP~UserDatagramProtocol~ItispartoftheTCP/IPsuiteofprotocolsusedfordata transferring.UDPisaknownasa‘stateless’protocol,meaningitdoesn’tacknowledge thatthepacketsbeingsenthavebeenreceived.Forthisreason,theUDPprotocolis typicallyusedforstreamingmedia.Whileyoumightseeskipsinvideoorhearsomefuzz inaudioclips,UDPtransmissionpreventstheplaybackfromstoppingcompletely. UDRP~UniformDisputeResolutionpolicy~defineshowdisputesoverdomainname registrationsareresolvedintheglobaltop-leveldomains(.biz,.com,.info,.name,.net, and.orgaswellas.aero,.coop,and.museum). UFS~UnixFileSystem~Thedefaultdisk-basedfilesystemundertheUnixoperating system UGC~Usergeneratedcontent~UGCcoversarangeofmediacontentavailableina rangeofmoderncommunicationstechnologies. UGS~UnsolicitedGrantService~oneofthefiveQoSservicetypesdefinedintheIEEE 802.16WiMAX.The802.16protocolsupportsfivetypesofQoS. UHF~UltraHighFrequency~Electromagneticfrequenciesintherangeof300to3000 megaherz.Usedforsometelevisionandradiotransmission. UHV~UltraHighVoltage~atermmeaninganyamountofvoltageinexcessof800,000 volts. UI~userinterface~Theconnectionbetweentheuserandacomputer’shardwareor softwarethatpermitstheusertoworkproductivelywithasystemoraprogram.User interfacedesignrequiressignificantskillandattentionandhasbecomearecognized specialty. UIA~UnifiedInformationAccess~InformationAccessprovidestotalinsightbasedon aggregatingalltypesofdataandcontentinoneuniversalindex UL~UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.~aworldleaderinproductsafetytestingand certification,isworkingwithHPonatwo-yearprojecttostandardizeprocessesand technologies. ULH~ultra-long-haul~100Gbpsopticalsystem ULV~UltraLowVoltage~Aclassofprocessorsthataredeliberatelyunderclockedto uselesspowerattheexpenseofperformance. UM~Unifiedmessaging~UMisanextensionofvoicemailthatenablessubscribersto accessandmanagemessages,suchasvoicemail,faxmailande-mail,fromasingle-user interface. UMA~Unified-MemoryArchitecture~AllowstheCPUandvideocontrollertosharethe samemainmemoryand64bitdatapath.OneortwoMBofmainmemoryisallocatedto videoviaaWin95utilityorinthePCssetup. UMA~UnlicensedMobileAccess~providesaccesstoÂGSMÂandÂGPRSÂmobile servicesoverunlicensedspectrumtechnologies,includingBluetoothand802.11,typically usingabroadbandconnectionto‘backhaul’traffictotheserviceprovider. UMA~UpperMemoryArea~InaPC,thememoryareabetween640Kand1024K. UnderÂDOS,thismemoryareaisordinarilydesignatedforuseby theÂROMÂBIOSÂanddisplay,andisunavailableforusebyotherprograms. UMA~UserModeAudio~TogetherwithPUMA,isanengineintheWindowsVista ProtectedEnvironmentthatprovidesasaferenvironmentforaudioplayback,aswellas checkingthattheenabledoutputsareconsistentwithwhatthecontentallows UMB~UltraMobileBroadband~thebrandnamefortheprojecttoimprovethe CDMA2000mobilephonestandardfornextgenerationapplicationsandrequirements. UMB~uppermemoryblock~Anuppermemoryblockisacontiguousblockofmemory startingatanaddressabove640KB.MS-DOSdistinguishesbetweenconventional memory(addressesbetween0and640KB)anduppermemory(addressesabove640KB). UMC~ultramodularcomputing~Theradicaladoptionofmodularprinciplesbasedon usingcommoditycomponentsinastandardizedarchitectureinordertosimplifythe environmentforcreating,delivering,andoperatingapplicationswithinanenterprise. UMID~UniqueMaterialIDentifier~Amethodologyformaterialssupplierstocodea materialthatonlyTHEYsupply.Whileusedinthecomputerandchipmakingindustries, itisalsousedinotherindustriessuchasmedical,foodprocessingandweapons,tonamea few. UML~UnifiedModelingLanguage~Astandardizedvisualnotationforcommunication aboutsystemspecificationsanddesigndetails.InitiallycreatedatRationalSoftware(now partofIBM). UMS~UnfiedMessagingSystems~atechnologythatshouldallowuserstoaccess messagessentindifferentformatsthroughonesingleinterface. UMTS~UniversalMobileTelecommunicationSystem~UMTSisenvisionedasthe successortoGlobalSystemforMobileCommunications(GSM).UMTSsignalsthemove intothethirdgeneration(3G)ofmobilenetworks. UNC~Uniform/UniversalNamingConvention~thisisasyntaxforanetworkresource, fileorprinter,inthestandardformat: UNI~User-to-NetworkInterface~ATMUserNetworkInterfaceisanATMForum specificationoftheinterfacebetweenanATMuserdeviceandtheATMnetwork. Unicode~UNIversalCODE~A16-bitcharactersetdefinedbyISO10646. UNR~UbuntuNetbookRemix~Canonical-sponsorednetbook-optimizedLinux distributionthatisbasedonUbuntu.IthasbeenavailablesinceUbuntu8.04‘Hardy Heron’.UNRisanoptionalpreinstalledLinuxonsomenetbookssuchasDellInspiron Mini10vandtheToshibaNB100. UOL~UniversoOnline~UOLisaBrazilianonlineserviceproviderandISP. UOW~unitofwork~Inadvancedprogram-to-programcommunications,theamountof processingthatisstarteddirectlyorindirectlybyaprogramonthesourcesystem. UOW~unitofwork~Arecoverablesequenceofoperationsperformedbyanapplication betweentwopointsofconsistency. UOW~unitofwork~Arecoverablesequenceofoperationswithinanapplication process. UPA~userprintablearea~Theareawithinthevalidprintablearea(VPA)whereusergenerateddatacanprintwithoutcausinganexceptioncondition. UPC~UniversalProductCode~Thebarcodeprintedonretailmerchandise,itcontains thevendor’sidentificationnumberandtheproductnumber. UPnP~UniversalPlugandPlay~PlugandPlaydescribesdevicesthatworkwitha computersystemassoonastheyareconnected.UPnPisanextensionofthisideathat expandstherangeofPlugandPlaydevicestonetworkingequipment.UniversalPlugand Playusesnetworkprotocolstoallowawiderangeofdevicestobeinterconnectedand workseamlesslywitheachother.www.upnp.org UPS~UninterruptiblePowerSupply~Inthetechnologyworld,UPSismorethanjusta brownshippingcompany.Itisalsoatypeofpowersupplythatusesbatterybackupto maintainpowerduringunexpectedpoweroutages. UPT~UniversalPersonalTelecommunications~asetofstandardsdevelopedbythe CCITTforwirelinepersonalcommunications. URC~UtilityReadyComputing~HP’sintegratedITcomputecapacityacquisition programthatincludesaportfolioofdeployment,support,availability,andmanagement services. URI~UniformResourceIdentifier~AnaddressforsresourceavailableontheInternet. ThefirstpartofaURIiscalledthe‘scheme’.themostwellknownschemeishttp,but therearemanyothers.EachURIschemehasitsownformatforhowaURIshouldappear. URI~UniformResourceIdentifier~Acompactstringofcharactersforidentifyingan abstractorphysicalresource. URL~UniformResourceLocator~Thestandardwaytogiveaddressofanyresourceon theInternetthatispartoftheWWW.ThemostcommonwaytouseaURListoenterintoa WWWbrowserprogram,suchatNetscape,orLynx. URN~UniformResourceName~AÂURIÂthatissupposedtobeavailableforalong time.ForanaddresstobeaURNsomeinstitutionissupposedtomakeacommitmentto keeptheresourceavailableatthataddress. uRPF~UnicastReversePathForwarding~limitthemalicioustrafficonanenterprise network URT~universalreceivertransmitter~Acircuitwhichisusedforsynchronous, asynchronous,orcombinedsynchronous/asynchronouscommunications,andwhich containsaserial-to-parallelconverterfordatatransmittedoutofthecomputeranda parallel-to-serialconverterfordatacomingin. URT~UserRegistrationTool~Dynamicauthorizationandpolicycontrolframeworkthat managesaccesstotheÂLANÂbypartitioningusertrafficthroughÂVLANs USB~UniversalSerialBus~Physicalandotherlayers-USB3.0Specification USB~UniversalSerialBus~anexternalbusstandardthatsupportsdatatransferratesof 12Mbps. USB~UpperSideBand~UpperSideBandinHAMandcommercialradio USENET~USEr’sNETwork~Aworld-widesystemofdiscussiongroups,with commentspassedamonghundredsofthousandsofmachines.NotallUSENETmachines areontheÂInternet.USENETiscompletelydecentralized,withover10,000discussion areas,calledÂnewsgroups. USF~UniversalServiceFund~Financialmechanismthathelpscompensatephone companiesforprovidingaccesstotelecomserviceatreasonableandaffordablerates acrossthecountry. USG~UNIXSystemsGroup~ThedivisionofNovellconcernedwithUNIXandUNIX products. USHER~UnitedStatesHigherEducationRootCertificateAuthority~USHERisa publickeyinfrastructure. USL~UNIXSystemLaboratories~ThedivisionofAT&Twhichwasresponsiblefor UNIXfrom1990untilitwasacquiredbyNovellin1993. USM~UnifedServiceModel~CAÂextensibleschemathatmodelsbothentitiesand rela-tionshipsaswellaspoliciesandrulesthatgovernhowtheCatalystServicesfederate, correlateandreconciledataandcapabilities USM~Unsharpmasking~Aprocessusedtosharpenimages. USMT~UserStateMigrationTool~Tooltomigrateuserfilesandsettingsduringlarge deploymentsofMicrosoftWindowsXPandMicrosoftWindowsVistaÂ®operating systems USO~universalserviceobligation~TheobligationundertheTelecommunicationsAct 1997toensurethatstandardtelephoneservices,payphonesandprescribedcarriage servicesarereasonablyaccessibletoallAustraliansonanequitablebasis,whereverthey resideorcarryonbusiness. USP~UniversalStoragePlatform~HitachiÂVMthatdeliverscontroller-based virtualization,logicalpartitioninganduniversalreplicationforopensystemsand mainframeenvironmentsinarackmountedstorageservicesplatform. USP~usagesensitivepricing~Chargeforservicebasedontheamountofuse. usr~UnixSystemResources~Inanyunix(andvariantslikelinux)systemthe/usr directory USRT~UniversalSynchronousReceiverTransmitter~Acircuitwhichisusedfor synchronousdatacommunicationsviatheserialportonacomputer.Itconvertsdatainto serialformfortransmission. USS~unformattedsystemservice~Acommunicationsfunctionthattranslatesa character-codedcommand,suchasaLOGONorLOGOFFcommand,intoafieldformattedcommandforprocessingbyformattedsystemservices. UT~UpperTester~RepresentationinISO/IEC9646ofmeansofproviding,duringtest execution,controlandobservationofupperserviceboundaryofIUT,asdefinedbychosen AbstractTestMethod. UTF-8~UnicodeTransformationFormat8~amethodforconverting16-bitUnicode charactersto8-bitcharacters.Thisformatsupportsalloftheworld’slanguages,including thosethatusenon-Latin1characters. UTM~UnifiedThreatManagement~acomprehensivesecurityproductthatincludes protectionagainstmultiplethreats.AUTMproducttypicallyincludesafirewall,antivirus software,contentfilteringandaspamfilterinasingleintegratedpackage. UTM~UniversalTransverseMercator~oneofmanydifferentmathematicalprojection modelsuponwhichsatellite-derivedpositionscanbetranslatedintoacoordinatesystem thatorrespondstopositionsderivedthroughstandardmaps. UTP~Unshieldedtwistedpair~Physical-ManyversionsaredefinedbyTIA,such as:TIA-568-B UTP~unshieldedtwistedpair~atypeofcableusedinmosttelephonenetworksand somecomputernetworks.Pairsofunshieldedwiresaretwistedtoprotectagainst electromagneticinterference,ratherthanrelyingonametalsheatharoundeachpairof wirestoprotectagainstinterference. UTSL~UseTheSourceLuke~meaningreadthesourcecode UUCP~UnixtoUnixCopy~Afileexchangeprotocolbetweentwohostcomputers. Usedaspartofmanyfirewallmechanisms. UUEE~Unix-to-UnixEncode~Atoolfortransferringfilesthroughe-mail. UUENCODE~UnixtoUnixEncoding~AmethodforconvertingfilesfromBinary formattoÂASCIIÂtextsothattheycanbesentacrosstheInternetviaemail. UUG~UnixUserGroup~ThereareUUGsworldwide UUID~UniversallyUniqueIdentifier~The128-bitnumericalidentifierthatisusedto ensurethattwocomponentsdonothavethesameidentifier. UUNET~UNIXtoUNIXNetwork~ThefirstInternetaccessprovider,foundedin1987 inFairfax,Virginia UUT~UnitUnderTest~referstosometypeofelectricalapparatusconnectedtotest instrumentation.Theapparatuscanrangefromasimplecircuittoacomplexsubsystem suchasamobilephone,basestationorMSC. UV~UltraVioletlight~UVisusedintheelectronicsworldtoeraseEPROMsandsimilar devices.Aninvisiblebandofradiationatthehigh-frequencyendofthelightspectrum. UWB~Ultra-Wide-Band~alsocalleddigitalpulse,isawirelesstechnologydefinedin IEEE802.15.3fortransmittingdigitaldataoverawideswathoftheradiofrequency spectrumwithverylowpower. UWIN~UnixforWINdows~SoftwarethatenablesUnixsoftwaretobeexecutedona Windowsplatform UXP~userexperience~userexperience ~V~ VH~Verticalandhorizontalgridpoints~usedtodeterminestraight-linemileage betweenlocations.ThejunctionpointisthecalledVandHcoordinate. V.35~~AnÂITUÂinterfacespecificationfordatatransmittedat48kilobitspersecond. V2P~Virtualtophysical~referstothemigrationofanoperatingsystem(OS), applicationprogramsanddatafromavirtualmachineordiskpartitiontoacomputer’s mainharddisk.Thetargetcanbeasinglecomputerormultiplecomputers. VA~virtualassistant~aconversational,computer-generatedcharacterthatÂsimulatesa conversationtodelivervoice-ortext-basedinformationtoauserviaaWeb,kioskor mobileinterface. VAD~Value-AddedDistributor~Analogoustovalue-addedreseller(ITtradeterm). VAD~VoiceActivityDetection~Atechnologythatrecognizeswhenapersonis speakingandwhenapersonissilenttosuppresssendingunnecessarynoiseacrossa telecommunicationsline. VADP~vStorageAPIsforDataProtection~VMware’sreplacementforVCB,integrates backupfunctionalityviavStorageAPIs VAIO~VideoAudioIntegratedOperation~Sonynotebookbrand VAN~Value-AddedNetwork~VANsarepublicnetworksthataddvaluetothebasic communicationprovidedbycommoncarriersbyofferingspecializedservicessuchas accesstocommercialdatabases,E-mailandvideoconferencing. VAR~value-addedreseller~Anorganizationthatbuysequipmentfromavendorata discount,addsvalue(suchasapplicationsoftwarepackagedandsoldwithunderlying systemsoftware)andremarketsit. VAROS~VAriableRefractionOpticalSystem~ScannertechnologybyÂCanon VATH~Visual,Auditory,Tactile,Haptic~ModalitiesinAvatar-basedRealTime DistributedVirtualEnvironment. VAX~VirtualAddressExtension~TheDigitalarchitecturethatwasthecompany’s principalproductlinepriortotheAlpha.VAXwasenormouslysuccessfulinÂDEC’s traditionalengineeringandscientificcustomerbase. VB~VisualBasic~softwareproductdevelopedbyMicrosoft.Itspurposeistobring programmingdowntoadrag-and-dropleveltospeedupdevelopmentcycles. VBA~Virtualbackupappliance~VBAisavirtualmachineusedtobackupothervirtual machines VBA~VisualBasicforApplications~VBAistheapplicationeditionofMicrosoft’s VisualBasicprogramminglanguage vBNS~veryhigh-speedBackboneNetworkService~ThenextgenerationInternet. SponsoredbytheNSFandimplementedbyÂMCI,vBNSpresentlysupportsdatatransfer ratesof622Mbsandisexpectedtoeventuallysupport2.5Gbsspeeds. VBR~variablebitrate~QoSÂclassdefinedbytheATMForumforATMnetworks. VBRissubdividedintoarealtime(RT)classandnon-realtime(NRT)class.VBR(RT)is usedforconnectionsinwhichthereisafixedtimingrelationshipbetweensamples. VBR~VeryBusyRun~ITslangforVeryBusyRun,meaningahightrafficnetworkor segmentofanetwork. VBUG~VoiceBrowserUsabilityGroup~AgroupwithintheÂW3CÂdevelopingvoice portalusabilityguidelinesandbestpractices. VBX~VisualBasicCustomControl~Asoftwaremodulethatcanbeusedinmany differentapplications.VBXswereoriginallycreatedtotomakeiteasytodevelop WindowsapplicationswithVisualBasic,butcanbeusedinotherenvironments. VC~Virtualcircuit~Transportandotherlayers-TelecomGlossary VC~Videoconference~Areal-timevideosessionbetweentwoormoreusersorbetween twoormorelocations. VC~VirtualChannel~Aconnectionestablishedbetweenendusers,inwhichpacketsare forwardedalongthesamepathandbandwidthisnotpermanentlyallocateduntilitisused. VC~virtualcircuit~Logicalcircuitcreatedtoensurereliablecommunicationbetween twonetworkdevices.AvirtualcircuitisdefinedbyaVPI/VCIpair,andcanbeeitherPVC orSVC. VCB~VMwareConsolidatedBackup~VMwareInfrastructurefeature VCC~VoiceCallContinuity~VCCisakeyaspectoftheIMSpromiseofaseamless userexperience. VCD~VideoCompactDisc~ThistechnologywasdevelopedbySonyandPhilipsin 1993,andallowsaround70minutesofcompressedMPEG-1video/audiotobestoredona CD. VCDX~VMwareCertifiedDesignExpert~VMwareCertifiedDesignExpert VCI~VirtualChannelIdentifier~Standsfor‘VirtualChannelIdentifier.’TheVCI,used inconjunctionwiththeVPI(virtualpathindicator),indicateswhereanATMcellisto traveloveranetwork.ATM,orasynchronoustransfermode,isamethodthatmanyISPs (InternetServiceProviders)usetotransferdatatoclientcomputers. VCM~VirtualChannelMemory~AtypeofmemorydevelopedbyNEC.VCMmemory addssomelowlatencySRAMregistersontostandardSDRAM,muchlikeEDOcompared toFastPageModememory. VCO~voltage-controlledoscillator~Anoscillatorwithanoutputfrequencythatisa functionofaninputvoltage. VCP~ValueChainPlanning~Oracle’sSCPcapabilities VCP~VMwareCertifiedProfessional~designedforindividualswhowantto demonstratetheirexpertiseinvirtualinfrastructurewww.vmware.com/certification/ VCR~videocassetterecorder~Ananalogmagneticrecordingandplaybackmachine. Usuallyusedforrecordingandviewingfull-motionvideo;alsousefulasadatabackup device. VD~VirtualDisk~objectpresentedtothehostlevelforuserdatastorage.Atleastone physicaldiskisassociatedwithaVD.Â Vdeck~VideoDeck~ASuper8mmtapedrivefromSonywhichcanbeconnectedtoa computerviatheserialport. VDI~Virtualdesktopinfrastructure~practiceofhostingadesktopoperatingsystem withinavirtualmachine(VM)runningonacentralizedserver.VDIisavariationonthe client/servercomputingmodel,sometimesreferredtoasserver-basedcomputing(SBC). ThetermwascoinedbyVMwareInc. VDR~virtualdealroom~asecure,Web-basedvirtualdataroomthatcomplementsor replacesthepaper-baseddealroomthatcontainsallrelevantinformationneededduring theduediligencephase. VDS~VariableDropSize~PrintingtechnologybyNEC VDS~visualdatastream~Inbidirectionaltextrepresentation,astreamofdatathatis organizedinthesequenceinwhichthedataispresentedonthescreen. VDSL~veryhigh-speeddigitalsubscriberline~Extremelyhigh-speedDSLconnections overshortdistances. VDT~VideoDisplayTerminal~Acomputerterminalwithmonitorandkeyboard; sometimesVDTreferstoonlythemonitor. VDU~VisualDisplayUnit~includesakeyboardforinputdataandascreenfor displayingoutput.TheoldestandmostpopulartypeofVDUscreenistheCRT,which usesessentiallythesametechnologyasatelevisionscreen. VEP~verticalenterpriseportal~Aportalthattypicallyincludesabusinessapplication andfocusesonaspecificbusinessfunction(e.g.,investmentorcustomerservice)ofan enterprise-unlikeaÂHEP,whichservesabroadenterprisepopulation. Veronica~VeryEasyRodentOrientedNet-wideIndextoComputerizedArchives~ DevelopedattheUniversityofNevada,Veronicawasaconstantlyupdateddatabaseofthe namesofalmosteverymenuitemonthousandsofÂgopherservers.Nowmadeobsolete byweb-basessearchengines. VESA~VideoElectronicsStandardsAssociation~Anorganizationtohelpstandardize howPCsimplementvideotechnologies.Thefirststandardthisorganizationcreatedwas the800x600pixelSuperVGA(SVGA)displayanditssoftware interface.ÂHTTP://WWW.VESA.ORG VF~VoiceFrequency~VoiceFrequency VFM~virtualfilemanager~IBMSystemStorageNseriesVFMsoftwareisa comprehensivesolutionformanagingunstructuredfiledata. VFM~virtualfilemanager~NetAppÂVFMsimplifyyourfileservicesandmaximize productivity VGA~VideoGraphicsArray~Ahardwaredisplayandsoftwareresolutionstandardfor personalcomputers. VGF~voicegradefacility~CircuitdesignedtoDDDnetworkstandards,makingit suitableforvoice,low-speeddata,facsimileortelegraphservice. VHD~VirtualHardDrive~Fileformatcontainingthecompletecontentsandstructure representingaHardDiskDrive,andisusedtostorevirtualoperatingsystemsandtheir associatedprogramsinasinglefilebyvariousvirtualizationprogramsoravirtual machine VHDL~VLSIHardwareDescriptionLanguage~anindustrystandardformatfor describingintegratedcircuitlogicandbehavior. VHDTS~VeryHighDensityThumbScrew~68-pinÂSCSIÂconnectorwithmanually screwablescrews VHF~veryhighfrequency~rangeoftheradiospectrumisthebandextendingfrom30 MHzto300MHz.Thewavelengthscorrespondingtotheselimitfrequenciesare10 metersand1meter. VHLL~Very-High-LevelLanguage~Ahigh-levellanguagethatisverystructured, havingstrictrulesthatmustbefollowed. VHM~VoiceHealthMonitor~Helpssystemadministratorsandnetworkmanagers determineandmaintainthestabilityoftheVoIPnetworkwithintheirenterprisebyusinga seriesofavailabilityandhealthchecks VHS~videohomesystem~Avideocassetteformat. VIC~VoiceInterfaceCard~connectsthesystemtoeitherthePSTNortoaPBX. VIM~VendorIndependentMessaging~AnÂAPIÂdefinedbyAppleComputer,Inc.; BorlandInternational,Inc.;LotusDevelopmentCorporation;andNovell,Inc. Vines~VIrtualNEtworkSystem~aclient/servernetworkdesignedandmarketedby Banyan VIO~virtualinput/output~Atypeofstoragegroupthatallocatesdatasetstopaging storage,whichsimulatesadirectaccessstoragedevice(DASD)volume. VIP~VeriSignIdentityProtection~cloud-basedauthenticationservicethatenables enterprisestosecureonlineaccessandtransactionstohelpobtaincomplianceandreduce fraudrisk VITAL~VHDLInitiativefortheStandardizationofASICÂLibraries~Astandardfor definingtheformatofintegratedcircuitsimulationlibraries. VIVO~VideoInVideoOut~agraphicscardportwhichenablessomevideocardsto havebi-directionalvideotransfer,originallythroughaMini-DINconnectoranda specializedsplittercable,butnowmeaninganykindofvideothathasbothinputand outputcapability. VLA~VolumeLicenseAgreement~Asoftwarelicensingoptionofferedunderthe Novell‘CustomerConnections’program,withanentrypointthatopensdiscountsto smallerorganizations. VLAN~Virtuallocalareanetwork~Linklayer-IEEE802.1Q VLAN~virtuallocal-areanetwork~Asetofsystemsthat,regardlessofhigher-layer addressingorlocation,isdesignatedasalogicalÂLANÂandtreatedasasetof contiguoussystemsonasingleLANsegment.VLANscanbeproprietaryorstandardized usingtheÂIEEEÂ802.1qspecification. VLC~VideoLanClient~Highlyportablemultimediaplayerforvariousaudioandvideo formats(MPEG-1,MPEG-2,MPEG-4,DivX,mp3,ogg,…)aswellasDVDs,VCDs,and variousstreamingprotocols.SeealsoÂhttp://videolan.org VLDB~verylargedatabase~Adatabasemeasuredinterabytes. VLE~VirtualLearningEnvironment~Abrowserdependentsoftwaresystemthat enablesonlineinteractionbetweenlearnerandtutor.Itcombinesmethodsofonline communication(suchaschatroom,discussionboardsande-mail)withtheabilityto deliverlearningmaterials VLF~VeryLowFrequency~Electromagneticfrequenciesintherangeof3to30 kiloherz.VLFradiationhasbeenasourceofhealthconcernsintheuseofcomputer monitors. VLF~VirtualLogFile~SQLServertransactionloglogicalsegment VLIW~VeryLongInstructionWord~Amicroprocessorarchitecturedifferentfrom CISCandRISC.VLIWusesencodedinstructionsthatareevenmorecomplexthanthe instructionsusedinCISC. VLK~VolumeLicenseKey~Asinglelicensekeywhichcanbeusedonanumberof computerstoinstallagivenproduct.Avolumelicensekeyistypicallyissuedtoan individualcompanyafterpurchasingasitelicenseforaproduct. VLL~VirtualLeasedLine~waytoprovideEthernetbasedpointtopointcommunication overIP/MPLSnetworks. VLR~VisitorLocationRegister~containsallsubscriberdatarequiredforcallhandling andmobilitymanagementformobilesubscriberscurrentlylocatedintheareacontrolled bytheVLR. VLS~VirtualLibrarySystems~HPStorageWorksbackupandrecoverysolutions VLSI~VeryLargeScaleofIntegration~Theprocessofplacingmorethan100,000 transistorsononechip VLSM~Variable-lengthsubnetmasking~Architecture-RFC1518RFC1519 VLSM~VariableLengthSubnetMasking~UsedinconjunctionwithCIDRsubnetting. InCIDR,withoutVLSM,allsubnetsegmentscanbeanynumberofbitslong,butall segmentsmustbethesamelength.WithVLSM,subnetsegmentscanbedefinedwhich usedifferentCIDRmasksforeachsubnetsegment,resultinginveryeconomicaluseof availableIPaddresses. VM~virtualmachine~Aninstanceofadata-processingsystemthatappearstobeatthe exclusivedisposalofasingleuser VM~virtualmachine~Anabstractspecificationforacomputingdevicethatcanbe implementedindifferentwaysinsoftwareandhardware. v-mail~Videomail~Sendingvideoclipsasattachmentstoe-mailmessages. VMDQ~VirtualMachineDeviceQueues~partoftheIntelVT-csuiteforvirtualization environmentsonIntelEthernetserveradapters. VMEbus~VersaModuleEurocardbus~analternativetothePCbus,S-100busand others.Theoriginaldesignwas32-bitbusdevelopedjointlybyMotorola,Signetics, MostekandThompsonCSF. VMI~vendor-managedinventory~vendor-managedinventory VML~VectorMarkupLanguage~AnapplicationofXMLusedforthemarkupofvector graphicinformationinthesamewaythatHTMLisusedforthemarkupoftext. VMM~virtualmachinemonitor~hostprogramthatallowsacomputertosupport multipleandidenticalexecutionenvironmentsinvirtualizationtechnology. VMS~VirtualMemorySystem~Amultiuser,multitasking,virtualmemoryoperating systemfortheVAXseriesfromDigitalEquipment. VMS~VocabularyManagementSolution~providesthetoolsforasoftwareknowledge managementsystemthatcanbeusedonbothintranetsandextranetsformanaging taxonomies,thesauri,classificationschemes,andprovidesuserswiththecapabilityto controlfilesandindexes. VMS~VoiceMessageService~AnEricssonservicethattransmitsinformationbetween DirectTalkandcertainswitches. VNC~VirtualNetworkComputing~Aremotedisplaysystemwhichallowsyoutoview acomputing‘desktop’environmentnotonlyonthemachinewhereitisrunning,butfrom anywhereontheInternetandfromawidevarietyofmachinearchitectures. VNL~vianetloss~Thelowestlossindecibel(dB)atwhichatrunkfacilitycanbe operatedconsideringlimitationsofecho,crosstalk,noiseandsinging. VNO~virtualnetworkoperator~virtualnetworkoperatorisaproviderofmanagement servicesandaresellerofnetworkservicesfromothertelecommunicationssuppliersthat doesnotownthetelecommunicationinfrastructure. VoD~VideoOnDemand~Aservicewhichallowsyoutochoosefromamenudisplayed onyourTV,avideo,TVprogramme,ortrainingmaterialandplayitinrealtimeonyour TV. Vodcast~videoÂpodcasting~Apodcastisashortvideoclipthatisbroadcastoverthe Internet. VoIP~voiceoverInternetProtocol~VoIPisthetransmissionofvoicecommunications overIPdatanetworks,suchasIP-basedLANs,intranetsortheInternet.VoIPisdefinedas basicvoicetransportand,asopposedtoIPtelephony,VoIPdoesnotsupportany telephonyfeatures. Voken~virtualtoken~anadvertisementthatappearsoverthecontentsofabrowser window,butnotinawindowofitsown. VOM~Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter~Anelectronicmeasuringdevicetomeasurevoltage, amperage,resistance,electrondirectionflowandcontinuity. VOP~VelocityofPropagation~thespeedofasignalinrelationtothespeedoflightina vacuum(186,400milespersecond) vortal~Verticalportal~Aportalthatcaterstoconsumerswithinaparticularindustry (sometimescalleda‘verticalindustry’).Verticalportals,alsocalled‘vortals,’useInternet technologytoofferthesamekindofpersonalizationtoolsthatportalsdo.Anotherkindof vortalcaterssolelytootherbusinessesratherthantoanindustry’sconsumers. VOX~VoiceOperatedeXchange~telephoneorradioactivateddevice,suchasavoice recorderortransmitter. voxel~Volumepixel,orvolumepictureelement~Athree-dimensionalpixel;aconcept usedinthree-dimensionalmodeling.Thesmallestdivisionofathree-dimensionalspaceor image. VoxML~VoiceMarkupLanguage~atechnologyfromMotorolaforcreatingavoice dialogwithaWebsiteinwhichausercancallaWebsitebyphoneandinteractwithit throughspeechrecognitionandWebsiteresponses. VPA~validprintablearea~Theintersectionofthecurrentlogicalpageorcurrentoverlay withthephysicalpageinwhichprintingisallowed. VPA~VolumeProcurementAmendment~Anagreementbetweenacomputervendorand acustomerunderwhichthevendorgrantsdiscountedpricesinreturnforthecustomer’s commitmenttopurchaseaminimumquantityofproducts. VPD~VitalProductData~Informationaboutadevicethatisstoredonthedeviceitself. TypicalVPDinformationincludesaproductmodelnumber,auniqueserialnumber, productreleaselevel,maintenancelevel,andotherinformationspecifictothedevicetype VPDN~VirtualPrivateDial-upNetwork~Anetworkthatextendsremoteaccesstoa privatenetworkusingasharedinfrastructure. VPI~VirtualPathIndentifier~Avalueinthecellheaderthatidentifiesthevirtualpath (VP)towhichthecellbelongs.Thefieldis8bitsincellstraversinganUNIcircuitand12 bitsincellstraversingnetworkcircuits VPLS~virtualprivateLANservice~VPLSisaclassofVPNthatsupportsthe connectionofmultiplesitesinasinglebridgeddomainoveramanaged IP/MPLSÂnetwork. VPN~Virtualprivatenetwork~Applicationlayer-VirtualPrivateNetworkConsortium VPN~VirtualPrivateNetwork~Thisisanetworktermthatmostcomputerusersdon’t needtoknow,butatleastyoucanimpressyourfriendsbytalkingaboutit.AVPNrefers toanetworkthatisconnectedtotheInternet,butusesencryptiontoscrambleallthedata sentthroughtheInternetsotheentirenetworkis‘virtually’private. VPS~VectorsPerSecond~Ameasurementofthespeedofavectorprocessor(a processorwhichcanexecuteinstructionsinwhichtheoperandscanbearraysofdata ratherthanonlysingleelements). VPS~Virtualprivateserver~asinglephysicalserverthatissplitintomultiplevirtual servers.Whatthismeansisthatthesinglephysicalserverisportionedinsuchawaythat theoneserverappearstobemultipleservers. VQF~VectorQuantizationFormat~AnaudiocodecsimilartoMP3butlesslossyand (arguably)moreintelligent.Seehttp://www.vqf.com VR~Virtualreality~Theuseofmultimediatocreateasimulationofaproductorservice sothatausercanexperienceandinteractwithit(e.g.drivingacar). VRC~VerticalRedundancyCheck~Awayoferrorcheckingbyattachingaparitybitto eachbyteofdatatobetransmitted,whichisthentestedtodetermineifthetransmissionis correct.SeeparitybitandCyclicRedundancyCheck. VRF~VPNrouting/forwardinginstance~AVRFconsistsofanIProutingtable,a derivedforwardingtable,asetofinterfacesthatusetheforwardingtable,andasetof rulesandroutingprotocolsthatdeterminewhatgoesintotheforwardingtable.Ingeneral, aVRFincludestheroutinginformationthatdefinesacustomerVPNsitethatisattached toaPErouter. VRM~voltageregulatormodule~atinymodulethatinstallsonamotherboardtocontrol andregulatethevoltagefedtothemicroprocessor. VRML~VirtualRealityModelingLanguage~It’saformofapplicationthatgivesa3-D effecttopicturessometimesallowingyouto‘move’throughthem. VRRP~VirtualRouterRedundancyProtocol~Electionprotocolthatdynamically assignsresponsibilityforavirtualroutertooneoftheVRRProutersonaLAN VRS~VirtualReferenceStation~Representsanetworkcorrectionmethodinwhich multiplebasestationsareusedtoderivecorrectiondataspecifictoanindividualroverbut itisuniqueinthataâ€œvirtualâ€?basestationiscreatedfortheroverattheautonomous pointofinitiation. VRT~Variable-RateTechnology~Anelectroniccontrolsystemthatchangesoradjusts theratesofachemicalormaterialdispensed. VRU~voiceresponseunit~Devicethatacceptsacodedrequestfordata,composesa codedresponseandinterpretsthecodedresponseintolocationsofstoredvocabularyas output. VSAM~VirtualSequentialAccessMethod~AdatastoragesystemusedinIBM mainframes.VSAMwasdesignedtoimproveaccesstimebysearchingindexesinsteadof actualfiles,andorganizingdataefficiently. VSAM~VirtualStorageAccessMethod~AnIBMprogramthatcontrolscommunication anddataflowinSNAnetworks. VSAT~verysmallapertureterminal~Asatellite-basednetworkingservicethathasalow persitecost($175permonthpersiteorless).VSATsachievedtheirlowcostbyusing shared,high-powersatellitecapacity,asymmetricdataflowsandastartopology. VSB~verysevereburst~Intervalbetween2.5and10secondsinwhichthebackground errorrate(BER)exceeds10-2;canalternativelybedefinedasthreetoten consecutiveÂseverelyerroredseconds(SES). VSB~Vestigialsideband~atypeofamplitudemodulationtechniquethatencodesdata byvaryingtheamplitudeofasinglecarrierfrequency.Portionsofoneoftheredundant sidebandsareremovedtoformavestigialsidebandsignal. VSD~ViSioDiagram~MicrosoftViSioFilenameextension VSE~VirtualStorageExtended~amultitasking,370-architectedoperatingsystemakin toMultipleVirtualStorage(MVS).VSEworkrunsinpartitionsratherthanaddress spaces,andusesPOWERforinput/outputratherthanJES,butislargelysimilartoMVS. VSELP~VectorSumExcitedLinearPredictive~atypeofspeechcodingusingan excitationsignalgeneratedfromthreecomponents:theoutputofalong-term,pitchfilter andtwocodebooks. VSIP~VisualStudioIndustryPartners~theMicrosoftprogramwascreatedtoeducate andsupportISVs,SIs,academicinstitutions,corporationsanddevelopersinterestedin integratingtools,components,andlanguagesintotheVisualStudioIDE. VSM~ValueStreamMapping~transcriptLeantoolsandpractices VSN~volumeserialnumber~anidentifyingnumberassignedtoadiskortapeby Windowsorotheroperatingsystems.Volumeserialnumbersensurethatthecomputerwill knowwhenthediskortapeinadriveischanged. VSNL~VideshSancharNigamLimited~nowÂTataCommunicationsLimited,India’s largesttelecommunicationcompanyininternationallongdistance,enterprisedataand internetservices. VSP~VoIPServiceProvider~CSPsupplyingpeer-to-peerapplicationthatenables customertomakevoicecallsoverIPnetworks.SeeVoIP. VSR~VerticalScanRate~Themaximumnumberofframespersecondthatacomputer monitorcandisplay,expressedinhertz.Toolowascanratecausesaflickeringscreen whichishardontheeyes. VSS~vectorsymbolset~IntheGDDMfunction,asetofcharacterseachofwhichis treatedasasmallpictureandisdescribedbyasequenceoflinesandarcs. VSS~VolumeShadowCopy~creatingonline,consistentpoint-in-timecopiesofasingle ormultiplevolumesinWindowsServerenvironments VSwitch~VirtualSwitch~networkingentitiesconnectingVirtualMachinesinavirtual networkatlayer2. VSWR~VoltageStandingWaveRatio~Theratioofthetransferringsignalvoltageas comparedtoreflectedsignalvoltagemeasuredalongthelengthofatransmissionline VTAM~VirtualTableAccessMethod~IBMoperatingsystemmodule VTAM~VirtualTelecommunicationsAccessMethod~ThemainÂSNAÂsubsystem residentinanIBMmainframethatmanagessessionestablishmentanddataflowbetween terminalsandapplicationprograms,orbetweenapplicationprograms. VTL~virtualtapelibrary~VTLisanarchivalbackupsolutionthatcombinestraditional tapebackupmethodologywithlow-costdisktechnologytocreateanoptimizedbackup andrecoverysolution. VTOC~VolumeTableofContents~Atableofcontentsonadiskordiskettethat describesthelocationandsizeofeachfile.VTOCisgenerallyatermusedwith mainframes;personalcomputersusethetermFileAllocationTable. VTP~VlanTrunkingProtocol~Layer2messagingprotocolthatmantainsVLAN configurationconsistencybymanagingtheaddition,deletion,andrenamingofVLANson anetwork-widebasis VTS~virtualtapesubsystem~Tapelibraryhardwareandsoftwareextensionsthat utilizeÂDASDÂbufferstomultiplythetapedevicecount,throughputandstoragedensity oftapelibrarysystems. VT-x/iordorc~VirtualizationTechnology-Itanium~VT-disahardwareenhancement forI/Ovirtualizationthatisimplementedaspartofcorelogicchipset. VTY~VirtualteleTYpewriter~Virtualterminalforremoteconsoleaccess. VUE~VisualUserEnvironment~AgraphicaluserinterfaceforUNIXfromHewlettPackard. VVM~VeritasVolumeManager~Easy-to-use,onlinestoragemanagementtoolfor enterpriseenvironments,whichreducesplannedandunplanneddowntime. VVR~VeritasVolumeReplicator~Providesthefoundationforseamlessavailability acrosssites.BasedonVERITASVolumeManager,itreliably,efficiently,andconsistently replicatesdatatoremotelocationsoveranyIPnetworkwhendatalossandprolonged downtimecannotbetolerated VWE~virtualworkenvironment~virtualworkenvironment VWIC~Voice/WanInterfaceCard~Voice/WanInterfaceCardofCiscoRouter VWS~VirtualWebServer~AVWSallowsyoutouseyourdomainonanÂISP’sweb server.YourURLwillgivetheimpressionthatyouhaveyourowndedicatedwebserver. VxD/VDD~VirtualDeviceDriver~Avirtualdevicedriveristhecomponentofa devicedriverthatcommunicatesdirectlybetweenanapplicationandahardwaredevice.It runsaspartoftheÂOSkernelÂandhasaccesstokernelmemory,runningprocessesand hardware. ~W~ W3C~WorldWideWebConsortium~Organization-W3C W3C~WorldWideWebConsortium~Anorganizationformedin1994topromotethe Web’sevolutionasaplatformforinformation,commerceandcommunication.TheW3C, whichhasmorethan500memberorganizations,hasdevelopedXMLandavarietyof XML-relatedspecifications. WAA~WideAreaAdapter~AnadapterconnectingtoaWAN. WAAS~WideAreaAugmentationSystem~acollectionofsatellitesandgroundstations thatsendoutÂGPSÂsignalcorrectionstoprovideincreasedpositionaccuracy. WAB~WindowsAddressBook~FilenameextensionbyMicrosoft WAC~WholesaleApplicationsCommunity~WholesaleApplicationsCommunity WACK/WAK~Waitacknowledgement~Thismeansthereceivingstationisnotready toreceivetheACK. WADS~write-aheaddataset~Adatasetcontaininglogrecordsthatreflectcompleted operationsandarenotyetwrittentoanonlinelogdataset. WAE~WirelessApplicationEnvironment~thetopmostlevelintheWAPsuite,which combinesboththeWWWandMobileTelephonytechnologies. WAF~Webapplicationfirewall~AttacksagainstWeb-basedapplications,aswellasPCI requirementstoaddressWebapplicationsecurity WAI-ARIA~WebAccessibilityInitiative-AccessibleRichInternetApplications~a drafttechnicalspecificationpublishedbytheÂWorldWideWebConsortiumthatspecifies howtoincreasetheaccessibilityofdynamiccontentanduserinterfacecomponents developedwithAjax,HTML,JavaScriptandrelatedtechnologies. WAIS~WideAreaInformationServers~Developedintheearly1990sWAISwasthe firsttrulylarge-scalesystemtoallowtheindexingofhugequantitiesofinformationon theÂWeb,andtomakethoseindicessearchableacrossÂnetworksÂsuchas theÂInternet.WAISwasalsopioneeringinitsuseofranked(scored)resultswherethe softwaretriestodeterminehowrelevanteachresultit. WAL~watsaccessline~AlineclassmarkedasaWATSline,providedfromanequal accessendoffice.TheWATSaccesslineprovidesthesameserviceandfeaturesasa normalbusinessline. WALE~watsaccesslineextension~AWALprovidedtoacustomerservedbyanend officewhichhasnotbeenconvertedtoequalaccessthroughanendofficewhichhasbeen converted.Â WAMP~Windows,Apache,Mysql,PHP(orPerlorPhyton)~Webapplicationsplatform WAN~Wide-areanetwork~Telecom-TelecomGlossary WAN~Wide-areaNetwork~Usedtodistinguishthebroadertelecommunication structurefromalocalareanetwork(LAN).Awideareanetworkmaybecomposed entirelyofprivatestructures,butthetermseemstoalsoconnotetheinclusionofpublic networksandallkindsoftransmissionmedia. WAP~WirelessApplicationProtocol~WAPisasetofspecificationsdevelopedbythe WAPForumforefficientcommunicationofdataoverwirelessnetworkstosmalldevices, suchaspersonaldigitalassistantsandcellphones. WARIA~WorkflowAndReengineeringInternationalAssociation~Thecharterofthe WARIAistoidentifyandclarifyissuesthatarecommontousersofworkflow,electronic commerceandthosewhoareintheprocessofreengineeringtheirorganizations.See alsoÂhttp://www.waria.com/ WAS~WebApplicationServer~WebApplicationServer WATS~WideAreaTelecommunications/TelephoneService~Longdistanceservice providedbyvariouscarriersthatincludesbothintrastateandinterstateservicefor outgoingandincoming(800)calls.WATSprovidesabulksavingsplanforcompanies withahighvolumeoftollcalls,suchastelemarketing. WAVE~WideAreaVirtualizationÂ~Cisco’sengineperformWANoptimization focusedonLayer4toLayer7(applicationlayer)andhostWindowsServicesthrough virtualizationcomponentsatthebranch WAVE~Engine~ WBEM~Web-BasedEnterpriseManagement~AninitiativestartedbyBMCsoftware, Compaq,Cisco,IntelandMicrosoftin1996andacceptedbytheDesktopManagement TaskForce(nowknownasthe‘DistributedManagementTaskForce’)in1998. WBMP~WirelessBitMaP~agraphicformatoptimizedformobilecomputingdevices.A WBMPimageisidentifiedusingaTypeFieldvalue,whichdescribesencodinginformation WCF~WindowsCommunicationFoundation~Setof.NETtechnologiesforbuilding andrunningconnectedsystems WCS~Webcustomerservice~WCSframeworkconsistsofKnowledgebaseforselfservice,E-mailresponsemanagement,webchat,Collaborativebrowsingand Multichannelinteractionrecording. WCS~WebsphereCommerceServer~IBMSoftwareplatformframeworkforecommerce,includingmarketing,sales,customerandorderprocessingfunctionalityina tailorable,integratedpackage WD~WesternDigital~Anindustryleaderinthediskdriveanddrivecontroller industry.http://www.westerndigital.com WDDM~WindowsDisplayDriverModel~Thegraphicsdrivermodelsupportedby WindowsVistathat’srequiredfordisplayofthefullAeroGlasseffects. WDDX~WebDistributedDataExchange~anXMLbasedtechnologythatfacilitates complexdataexchangebetweenWebprogramminglanguages(ColdFusion,Perl,ASP, Java,JavaScript,PHP,andothers). WDF~WindowsDriverFoundation~StrategyforthenextgenerationofWindows drivers.WDFdefinesasingledrivermodelthatsupportsthecreationofobject-oriented, event-drivendriversforeitherkernelmodeorusermode WDM~WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing~Opticaltransmissiontechniqueinwhich twoormorewavelengths,arecombinedfortransmissionoverasingleopticalfiber.Atthe receivingend,thewavelengthsareseparatedanddirectedtoseparatereceivers. WDOG~Watchdogprotocol~providesconstantvalidationofactiveworkstation connectionsandnotifiestheNetWareoperatingsystemwhenaconnectionmaybe terminatedasaresultoflengthyperiodswithoutcommunication WDS~WirelessDistributionSystem~atechnologythatenablesaccesspointsto communicatewithoneanotherinordertoextendtherangeofawirelessnetwork.WDSis appearingin802.11g-basedaccesspoints. WDT~watchdogtimer~a16bitcounterthatresetstheprocessorwhenitrollsoverto zero.Thewatchdogtimerisafail-safemechanismthatintervenesifasystemstops functioningorincaseofacodecrash. WebCam~WEBCAMera~kindofcheapTVcamerawhichyoucanusefor videoconferencingovertheinternet,orjustshowingoff WebDAV~Web-basedDistributedAuthoringandVersioning~Asetofextensionsto theÂHTTPÂprotocolthatallowsmultipleuserstonotonlyreadbutalsotoadd,delete, andchangedocumentsresidingonawebserver.Â webinar~(webseminar)~agroupofpeopleviewingaseminarpresentedovertheWeb WEEE~WasteElectricalandElectronicEquipment~EuropeanUniondirective (2002/96/EC)makingmanufacturersresponsibleforfinancingtherecyclingofend-of-life equipment. WEP~WiredEquivalentPrivacy~Wireless-IEEE802.11 WEP~WiredEquivalentPrivacy~WEP:wirelessfeatureusedtoencryptanddecrypt datasignalstransmittedbetweenWirelessLAN(WLAN)devices.Anoptional802.11 feature(see802.11),WEPprovidesdataconfidentialityequivalenttothatofawiredLAN thatdoesnotemployadvancedcryptographictechniquestoenhanceprivacy. WES~WebsenseEmailSecurity~WebsenseÂSEGÂproduct WFM~WiredForManagementBaseline~AnIntelhardwarespecificationforeasier managementofdesktopPCsinanetworkedenvironment. WfMC~WorkFlowManagementCoalition~Non-profit,internationalorganizationof workflowvendors,users,analystsanduniversity/researchgroups.See alsoÂhttp://www.wfmc.org/ WFO~workforceoptimization~solutiontoimproveoperationalefficiencyanddrive interactioneffectiveness WFQ~weightedfairqueuing~Congestionmanagementalgorithmthatidentifies conversations(intheformoftrafficstreams),separatespacketsthatbelongtoeach conversation,andensuresthatcapacityissharedfairlybetweentheseindividual conversations.WFQisanautomaticwayofstabilizingnetworkbehaviorduring congestionandresultsinincreasedperformanceandreducedretransmission. WGA~WindowsGenuineAdvantage~WGAisaprogramthatinvestigatesWindowsbasedcomputerstobesurethattheircopyoftheWindowsOSislegitimate.Thesystem checkstheOSversion,theproductkey,thelicensekey,theharddiskserialnumberand otherinformationaboutthehardwareandsoftwareinthecomputer. WHISPER~WindowsHighlyIntelligentSPEechRecognition~WindowsHighly IntelligentSPEechRecognition WHQL~WindowsHardwareQualityLab~AMicrosoftgroupthatprovidesand managestestingprogramstoensurethatyourhardwareanddriversqualifyforthe WindowsLogoProgram(WLP). WIA~WindowsImageAcquisition~StandardizedAPIforacquiringdigitalimagesfrom devicesthatareprimarilyusedtocapturestillimagesandformanagingthesedevices WiBro~WirelessBroadband~awirelessbroadbandinternettechnologybeingdeveloped bytheKoreantelecomsindustry. WIC~WanInterfaceCard~WanInterfaceCardofCiscorouter Wi-Fi~IEEE802.11(Wi-FiAlliance)~Wireless-Wi-FiAlliance Wi-Fi~WirelessFidelity~Itisprettymucharip-offoftheterm‘Hi-Fi,’orHighFidelity, whichreferstohigh-qualityaudioorsurroundsound.Wi-Fireferstowirelessnetwork componentsthatarebasedononeoftheWi-FiAlliance’s802.11standards. wiki~WhatIKnowIs~Typicallyusedtodescribeacollaborative(orcommunity) projectallowingvisitorstoeditwebpagesandaddcontentforthebenefitofthegroupor community.RelevantLinks:*Âhttp://en.wikipedia.org/-Wikipedia,theFree Encyclopedia.PossiblythebestknownWIKI. WiMax~WorldInteroperabilityforMicrowaveAccess~alsoknownasIEEE802.16isanemergingglobalbroadbandwirelessstandard;alargenumberofcompaniesback standardizationandcertificationworkthroughtheWiMAXForum. WIMPS~windows,icons,menus,pointers,scrollbars~Astyleofgraphicaluser interfaceoriginallydevelopedbyXerox,popularizedbytheAppleMacintoshandadopted byMicrosoftforWindows. WINE~WineIsNotanEmulator~WindowsEmulatorforUnixplatforms WinFS~WindowsFutureStorage~thecodenameforadatastorageandmanagement systembasedonrelationaldatabases,developedbyMicrosoftandfirstdemonstratedin 2003 Winkey~Windowskey~AkeymarkedwiththeMicrosoftWindowslogoandfoundon somePCkeyboards.ItprovidesashortcuttosomeWindowsmenus WINS~WindowsInternetNameService~AsystemthatdeterminestheIPaddress associatedwithaparticularnetworkcomputer.Thisiscallednameresolution. Winsock~Windowssockets~filesthatallowWindowsprogramstoconnecttothe Internetandothercomputers. Wintel(slang)~WindowsandIntel~Thehardwareandsoftwarecombinationofan IntelÂCPUÂrunningMicrosoftWindows.Oftenusedwiththeword‘platform’in oppositiontotheUNIXorMacintoshplatforms.Sometimesusedinaderogatorysenseto connotethemonopolypowersthatIntelandMicrosoftyield. WIPO~WorldIntellectualPropertiesOrganization~anUNorganization,basedin Geneva,Switzerland,formedforthepurposeofpromotingtheprotectionofintellectual propertycopyrightsworldwidethroughtreatyagreementsbetweenallparticipating countries.http://www.wipo.org/ WLAN~wirelessLAN~ALANcommunicationtechnologyinwhichradio,microwave orinfraredlinkstaketheplaceofphysicalcables.ThreephysicalmediatypesofWLAN areavailable.Thefirsttwo-direct-sequencespreadspectrum(seeÂDSSS)and frequency-hoppingspreadspectrum(seeÂFHSS)-arebasedonradiotechnologiesthat arenotinteroperable. WLL~wirelesslocalloop~Awirelessconnectionofawirelessphoneorotherdevicein ahomeorofficetoafixednetwork.WLLsystemsarepoint-to-multipointradio-based productsusedtoprovidefixedwirelessaccesstonetworksandservices. WMI~WindowsManagementInstrumentation~Microsoft’simplementationofWebBasedEnterpriseManagement(WBEM),whichisanindustryinitiativetodevelopa standardtechnologyforaccessingmanagementinformationinanenterpriseenvironment WML~WebsiteMetaLanguage~FreeandextensibleWebdesigner’soff-lineHTML generationtoolkitforUnix,distributedundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.See alsoÂhttp://thewml.org/ WML~WirelessMarkupLanguage~AnXML-basedmarkuplanguage,designedfor specifyingthecontentanduserinterfacesofnarrowbandwirelessdevices,suchaspagers andcellularphones. WMOS~WarehouseManagementforOpenSystems~ManhattanAssociatesWMS offering,whichincludesManhattan’sothersupplychainsolutions,suchastransportation, distributedordermanagement,replenishmentandplanning. WMP~WindowsMediaPlayer~MicrosoftÂWindowsMediaPlayerisÂafamous digitalmediaplayerandmedialibraryprogram,,nowÂwindowsmediaplayer11. WMS~warehousemanagementsystem~WMSisasoftwareapplicationthatsupports theday-to-dayoperationsinawarehouse.WMSprogramsenablecentralizedmanagement oftaskssuchastrackinginventorylevelsandstocklocations.WMSsystemsmaybe standaloneapplicationsorpartofanEnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)system. WOA~Web-orientedarchitecture~anarchitecturalsubstyleofservice-oriented architecture(SOA)andisbasedontherepresentationalstatetransfer(REST)architectural principlesofftheWorldWideWeb WOL~WakeOnLAN~TheabilityofanetworkcardtowakeupaPCthatispowered downoronstandby(i.e.sleeporsuspected),whenawake-upmessageisreceivedacross theLAN. WORM~writeonce,readmany~Astoragemediumonwhichinformationcanbe recordedonceandreadmanytimes.MostopticalstoragetechnologiesuseWORMmedia, incontrasttomagneticmedia(suchastape),whichcanbere-recorded. WOS~WirelessOfficeSystems~atechnologythatallowstheusertotransfercallstoa mobiletelephone. WOSA~WindowsOpenServiceArchitecture~Anarchitectureandsetofapplication programminginterfacesthatpositionWindowsasauniversalclient.Itstandardizes theÂinterfacesthatdeveloperscanuseinaccessingunderlyingnetworkservices. WOW~WorldofWarcraft~AverypopularMMORPGwhereuserscantakeonfantasy avatarsandplaytogethertoattackdifferentenemiesinaverydetailedandextensive virtualworld. WOW~WorldOrganizationofWebmasters~sponsorsseveralweb-relatedcertifications andprovideswidelyacceptedcertificationstandards. WOW!~(formerly)WideOpenWest~cableproviderinthe U.S.Âhttp://www.wowway.com/ WPA~Wi-FiProtectedAccess~Security-IEEE802.11i WPA~Wi-FiProtectedAccess~WPAisasecurityprotocoldesignedtocreatesecure Wi-Finetworks.ItissimilartotheWEPprotocol,butoffersimprovementsinthewayit handlessecuritykeysandthewayusersareauthorized. WPAD~WebProxyAutoDiscovery~anInternetprotocolthatenablesaWebbrowserto automaticallyconnecttoacacheserver(orproxyserver)locationinanetworkinorderto retrievestoredWebpagesataquickerratethanhavingtoleavethenetwork WPAR~WorkloadPARtition~FeatureintroducedwiththeIBMAIXÂ®Version6.1 operatingsystem.ItallowsrunningapplicationstomovebetweenSystempmachinesor Systemplogicalpartitions(LPARs) WPF~WindowsPresentationFoundation~Newwindowsystemthatcomespre-installed onMicrosoftWindowsVista WPLO~WarrantyParts/Labor/Onsite~TherearethreecomponentsofHPStandard Warranty,specificallyParts,LaborandOnsite.Therearevariationsdependingonthe model,e.g.somemodelsinclude1/1/1(OneyearParts,OneyearLabor,OneyearOnsite) or3/3/0(ThreeyearsParts,ThreeyearsLaborandnoonsite;pickupandreturnonly). wpm~WordsPerMinute~Speechrecognitionprocessingpower WPN~WorldwidePortName~Aunique16-characteridentifierassignedtoeachporton aFibreChannelcard.UsedinLUNmapping. WQUXGA~WideQuadUltraeXtendedGraphicsArray~adisplaystandardreferringto avideoadaptercapableofaresolutionofupto3840by2400pixels. WRC~WorldRadiocommunicationConference~AnITUconferenceheldeverytwoor threeyears,toreviewandamendtheinternationalradioregulations. WRED~WeightedRandomEarlyDetection~CombinesIPprecedenceandRandom EarlyDetectioncapabilitiestoprovidedifferentiatedperformancecharacteristicsfor differentclassesofservice WRS~WindRiverSystems~ThecompanythatdevelopedtheVxWorksreal-time operatingsystem.SinceitsacquisitionofcompetitorIntegratedSystems(developersof pSOS)in2000,WindRiverhasbeenthedominantplayerintheRTOS marketplace.http://www.wrs.com WRT~WeightedRiskTrend~Aweightedriskscoremeasuredovertime WSC~WindowsSecurityCenter~AcentralinterfaceintheWindowsVistasystemfor usertomanagesecurityfeaturesandhandlesecurityproblems.WindowsService Hardening-AnewsecurityfeatureinWindowsVistathatprotectsservicesfrombeing compromisedbyrunningthemundermorelimitedaccounts. WSD~whitespacedevice~FCC-certifiedwirelessdevicethatcanbeusedwithoutan exclusivebroadcastlicenseintheRFspectrumbelow700MHz WSE~WebServicesEnhancements~Add-ontoMicrosoftVisualStudio.NETandthe Microsoft.NETFrameworkprovidingdevelopersthelatestadvancedWebservices capabilitiestokeeppacewiththeevolvingWebservicesprotocolspecifications WSFC~WindowsServerFailoverClustering~WindowsServerFailoverClustering WSJ~WallStreetJournal~WSJisanAmericanEnglish-languageinternationaldaily newspaper.ItispublishedinNewYorkCitybyDowJones& Company.http://www.wsj.com/ WSP~WebStandardsProject~acollectiveprojectandeffortofWebdevelopers,tool developers,andenduserswhosegoalistostopthefragmentationofthewebby persuadingthebrowsermakersthatcommonstandardsareineveryone’sbestinterest. WSP~WirelessSessionProtocol~providestheupper-levelapplicationlayerofWAP withaconsistentinterface WSS~WindowsSharepointServices~Windows2003integratedportfolioof collaborationandcommunicationservicesdesignedtoconnectpeople,information, processes,andsystemsbothwithinandbeyondtheorganizationalfirewall WS-Secuirty~WebServicesSecurity~OASISStandardspecifieshowSOAPmessages canhavetheirintegrityandconfidentialityensured. WTG~WilyTransactionGenerator~CAAPM’ssynthetictransactiongeneratorusedto simulatetransactions WTL~WindowsTemplateLibrary~LibraryfordevelopingWindowsapplicationsand UIcomponents.ItextendsATL(ActiveTemplateLibrary)andprovidesasetofclassesfor controls,dialogs,framewindows,GDIobjects,andmore WTLS~WirelessTransportLayerSecurity~thesecuritylevelforWAPapplications. BasedonÂTLSÂv1.0(asecuritylayerusedintheInternet,equivalenttoSecureSocket Layer3.1),WTLSwasdevelopedtoaddresstheproblematicissuessurroundingmobile networkdevices WTX~WorkstationTechnologyeXtended~Asize(max16.75’x14’—425mmx 356mm,LxW)andformfactorspecificationformotherboards.See alsoÂhttp://www.wtx.org WUS~WindowsUpdateServices~Relevantlinks:http://technet.microsoft.com/enus/wsus/default.aspx WVA~WideViewingAngle~Theaspectratiosofeachare16:10(widescreen). WWAN~wirelesswide-areanetwork~wirelesswide-areanetwork WWN~Worldwidename~Auniquenumberassignedbyarecognizednamingauthority thatidentifiesaconnectionorasetofconnectionstothenetwork. WWNN~worldwidenodename~Aunique64-bitidentifierforahostcontainingafibrechannelport. WWPN~worldwideportname~Aunique64-bitidentifierassociatedwithafibrechanneladapterport. www~WorldWideWeb~Architecture-W3CConsortium WWW~WorldWideWeb~Afacilitydevelopedfortheinternet,butalsousedonvirtual privatenetworks,whichenablesnetworkserverstobeset-upandregistered.Theseservers containHypertextwhichwhenclickedonbyauserwillpointthemtoothernetworkfiles containingfurther,relatedinformation. WYSIWYG~whatyouseeiswhatyouget~pronouncedÂwiz-ee-wig,Âuserinterface thatpresentsascreenimagethatcloselymatchestheappearanceoftheprinteddocumentlikeMicrosoft’sFrontPageÂ®webpageeditorandAdobeDreamweaver. WZC~WirelessZeroConfiguration~alsoknownasWirelessAutoConfiguration,or WLANAutoConfigisawirelessconnectionmanagementutilityincludedwithMicrosoft WindowsXPandlateroperatingsystems ~X~ X3D~ExtensibleÂ3DÂGraphics~anÂXMLÂfilethatisusedtoholdthreedimensionalgraphicaldata. x86~8086processor~Theseincludethe286,386,486,and586processors.Asyoucan see,the‘x’inx86standsforarangeofpossiblenumbers.Technically,x86isshortfor 80x86sincethefullnamesoftheprocessorsareactually80286,80386,80486,and80586. The‘80’istypicallytruncatedtoavoidredundancy. XaaS~anythingasaservice~anythingasaservice XACML~ExtensibleAccessControlMarkupLanguage~openstandardXML-based languagedesignedtoexpresssecuritypoliciesandaccessrightstoinformationforWeb services,ÂDRM,andenterprisesecurityapplications. XAF~eXpressApplicationFramework~amodernandpowerfulapplicationframework allowingsimultaneousASP.NETandWinFormsdevelopment.product ofÂwww.devexpress.com XAMPP~Cross-platform/Apache/MySQL/PHP/Perl~Anapplicationstackwhich includesMySQL,Apache,PHP,andPerl. XBL~XMLÂBindingLanguage~documentusedtoassociateexecutablecontentwith anÂXMLÂtag.ItisitselfanÂXMLÂfile,andisusedmostfrequently(althoughnot exclusively)inconjunctionwithXUL. XBMC~XBoxÂMediaCenter~MediaplayerfortheoriginalÂXboxÂgame-console. XBMCcanplaymusicandvideos,displayimagesandlaunchXboxgamesfromthe Xbox’sDVDdrive,itsinternalharddrive,alocalnetwork,USBflashdrive,andthe internet XBRL~ExtensibleBusinessReportingLanguage~alanguageforbusinessfinancialdata usingXML-styletags.Formoreinformation,seeÂwww.xbrl.org. XCP~eXtendedCopyProtection~Rootkit-basedcopyprotectionscheme XDCC~XabiDCCoreXtendedDCC~ascriptwrittenin1994forircII[1]byXabi.This scriptextendstheircIIDCCcommand. XDE~eXtendedDevelopmentExperience~AsinIBMRationalSoftware’sXDE product XDM~XDisplayManager~AprogramsuppliedwiththeOpenWindowsinterfacethat managesXdisplays XDO~extendeddataobject~Inanapplicationprogram,agenericrepresentationofa storedcomplexmultimediaobjectthatisusedtomovethatobjectinto,andoutof, storage.XDOsaremostoftencontainedwithinDDOs. XDR~eXternalDataRepresentation~Standardformachine-independentdatastructures developedbySunMicrosystems. xDSL~xdigitalsubscriberline~Generictermforavarietyofdigitalsubscriberline techniquesthatallowwideandnarrowbandsignalstobesentdownnormaltelephone wires. XE~ExpressEdition~OracleDatabaseXEisanentry-level,small-footprintdatabase basedontheOracleDatabase XFDL~ExtensibleFormsDescriptionLanguage~Anopenprotocolforcreating,filling in,andreadingcomplexbusinessformsandlegalcontractsontheInternetandintranets. XFDL,basedonXML,wasdevelopedbecauseÂHTMLÂisnotsuitableforrepresenting auditablebusinessforms. XFN~XHTMLFriendsNetwork~Asimplewaytorepresenthumanrelationshipsusing hyperlinks.XFNenableswebauthorstoindicatetheirrelationship(s)tothepeopleintheir blogrollssimplybyaddinga‘rel’attributetotheir‘ahref’tags. xfr~transfer~Anabbreviationusedindatacommunications. XGA~ExtendedGraphicsArray~Ahigh-resolutionvideodisplaymodethatprovides screenpixelresolutionof1,024by768in256colors,or640by480inhigh(16-bit)color. XHR~XmlHttpRequest~APIthatcanbeusedbyJavaScript,JScript,VBScriptand otherwebbrowserscriptinglanguagestotransferandmanipulateXMLdatatoandfroma webserver XHTML~ExtensibleHypertextMarkupLanguage~XHTMLisaspinoffoftheHTML usedforcreatingWebpages.ItisbasedontheHTML4.0syntax,buthasbeenmodified tofollowtheguidelinesofXML,theExtensibleMarkupLanguage.Therefore,XHTML 1.0issometimesreferredtoasHTML5.0. XID~exchangeidentification~Requestandresponsepacketsexchangedpriortoa sessionbetweenarouterandaTokenRinghost.Iftheparametersoftheserialdevice containedintheXIDpacketdonotmatchtheconfigurationofthehost,thesessionis dropped. XID~exchangestationID~Incommunications,adatalinkcommandorresponsefor recognizingtheprimarystationandasecondarystation. XIL~XImagingLibrary~TheXILisaplatformprogramminginterfaceforimagingand videosupport XLF~ExtensibleLogFormat~AlogformatbasedonXML,designedtobeextensible anduniversal. XLL~ExtensibleLinkingLanguage~secondpartoftheÂW3C’sXMLspecification concerninghyperlinks.AnXMLextensionusedtoinsertlinksthatcanpointdirectlytoa specificobject(image,title,word,etc.)intoapage. XLS~eXceLSpreadsheet~MicrosoftExcelFilenameextension XMCL~ExtensibleMediaCommerceLanguage~anXML-basedlanguagedesignedto supportthebusinessofdeliveringdigitalcontent(music,etc.)overtheInternet.Formore information,Âseewww.xmcl.org. XMI~XMLMetadataInterchange~aproposeduseoftheXMLthatisintendedto provideastandardwayforprogrammersandotheruserstoexchangeinformationabout metadata XML~ExtensibleMarkupLanguage~definedocumentswithastandardformatthatcan bereadbyanyXML-compatibleapplication.ThelanguagecanbeusedwithHTML pages,butXMLitselfisnotamarkuplanguage.Instead,itisa‘metalanguage’thatcanbe usedtocreatemarkuplanguagesforspecificapplications. XMLC~eXtensibleMarkupLanguageCompiler~ConvertsaHTMLorXMLdocument toaJavaclass XMLRPC~XMLRemoteProcedureCall~AÂprotocolÂforÂclient- serverÂcommunicationthatsendsandreceivesinformation‘ontopof’HTTP.Thedata sentandreceivedisinaparticularXMLÂformatspecificallydesignedforusewith XMLRPC. XMP~eXtensibleMetadataPlatform~ProvidesAdobeapplicationsandworkflow partnerswithacommonXMLframeworkthatstandardizesthecreation,processing,and interchangeofdocumentmetadataacrosspublishingworkflows XMPP~eXtensibleMessagingandPresenceProtocol~IETF’sformalizationofthecore protocolscreatedbytheJabbercommunityin1999.SeealsoÂhttp://www.xmpp.org/ XMS~ExtendedMemorySpecification~aprocedureusedtoaccess‘high’memory inÂDOS. XMS~XirrusManagementSystem~providescentralizedconfigurationandRF management,securitycontrolandpolicies(IDS/IPS),performancemonitoring,and reportingforhundredsofArraysacrossaLayer3network. xmt~transmit~themethodofsendingdatatoanalternatecomputerordevice. XNI~XercesNativeInterface~Frameworkforcommunicatinga‘streaming’document informationsetandconstructinggenericparserconfigurations. XNRL~XmlNamespaceRelated-resourceÂlanguage~HTML-basedmarkuplanguage designedtocontainahuman-readabledescriptionofanXMLnamespaceaswellas pointerstomultipleresourcesrelatedtothatnamespace XNS~XeroxNetworkSystems~Thesuiteofinternetprotocolsdevelopedby theÂXeroxCorporation;generallyusedbylargersystemsusingIBMoperatingsystems. XO~crystaloscillator~Anoscillatorinwhichthefrequencyiscontrolledbya piezoelectriccrystal. XOFF~Transmitteroff~AnabbreviationfortheÂASCIIÂtransmission-control character XoIP~AnythingOverIP~Referstoanyformofdatatransmittedover aÂTCP/IPÂnetwork.XoIPisusedwhendescribingVoice/SIPÂOverCable,Voice/SIP overEthernet,Voice/SIPoverWireless,StreamingVideoOverIP,etc,oranythingoverIP. XON~Transmitteron~AnabbreviationfortheASCIItransmission-controlcharacter meaning‘Transmitteron.’ XOP~Xml-binaryOptimizedPackaging~AmeanofmoreefficientlyserializingXML Infosetsthathavecertaintypesofcontent XOR~exclusive-ORgate~alogicgatewhoseoutputis1whenonebutnotbothofits inputsis1 XP~eXPerience~version5.1ofMicrosoftWindows XP~ExtremeProgramming~asoftwareengineeringmethodologywhichisintendedto improvesoftwarequalityandresponsivenesstochangingcustomerrequirements. XPath~XMLPathLanguage~Alanguageusedtocreateaddressesmappingthevarious partsofXMLdocument.XPathgetsitsnamefromitsuseofapathnotation(asusedin InternetURLs)fornavigatingthroughthehierarchicalstructureofanXMLdocument. XPFE~CrossPlatformFrontEnd~Asuiteoftechnologiesusedtocreateapplications thatwillworkandlookthesameondifferentcomputeroperatingsystems.Awidelyused XPFEapplicationistheMozillawebbrowseranditsderivities,suchastheNetscapeweb browserinversion7andlater. xPGK~xPEERiencegatekeeper/proxy~AcommonlyusedVoIPsolutioninRussia. RGC,ownerandoperatorofRHINOTEL,boughtxPGKtobringtogethervariousH.323 basedgatewaysbydifferentmanufacturers. XPL~CarrierPrivateLine~Atelephonyslangabbreviation XPLINK~ExtraPerformanceLinkage~Atypeofcalllinkagethatcanimprove performanceinanenvironmentoffrequentcallsbetweensmallfunctions. XPS~XmlPaperSpecification~Paginatedrepresentationofelectronicpaperdescribed inanXML-basedformat XQL~XMLQueryLanguage~awaytolocateandfiltertheelements(datafields)and textinXMLdocument.XMLfilesareusedtotransmitcollectionsofdatabetween computersontheWeb. XRC~extendedremotecopy~Inz/OSandS/390environments,ahardware-and software-based,remote-copy,serviceoptionthatprovidesanasynchronousvolumecopy acrossstoragesubsystemsfordisasterrecovery,devicemigration,andworkload migration. XRC~extendedremotecopy~Afunctionofastorageserverthatassistsacontrol programtomaintainaconsistentcopyofaÂLVOLÂonanotherstoragefacility. XRE~XulRuntimeEngine~NowrenamedinXULRunner,isaÂMozillaÂruntime packagethatcanbeusedtobootstrapXUL+XPCOMapplicationsthatareasrichas FirefoxandThunderbird. XrML~ExtensibleRightsMarkupLanguage~anXML-basedlanguageforspecifying rightsandconditionsassociatedwithdigitalcontentorservices.Formoreinformation, seeÂwww.xrml.org. XRST~extendedrestart~AnIMS/ESAsystemservicecallthatcanrequestthata programrestartsnormallyorfromaspecificcheckpointID,atime/datestamp,or(BMPs only)thelastcheckpointissued. XRST~extendedrestart~Arestart,initiatedbyaDL/Icall,thatreestablishesdatabase positioninganduser-specifiedareas. XSD~XmlSchemaDefinition~XML-basedgrammarfordescribingthestructureof XMLdocuments.Aschema-awarevalidatingparsercanvalidateanXMLdocument againstanXSDschemaandreportanyÂdiscrepancies. XSL~extensibleStylesheetLanguage~asetoflanguagetechnologiesfordefiningXML documenttransformationandpresentation XSLT~eXtensibleStyleLanguageTransformation~thelanguageusedinXSLstyle sheetsto‘interpret’XMLcodinganddisplayitinalanguagetheviewerwillunderstand. XSS~Cross-SiteScripting~atypeofcomputersecurityvulnerabilitytypicallyfoundin webapplicationswhichenablemaliciousattackerstoinjectclient-sidescriptintoweb pagesviewedbyotherusers XT~crosstalk~Undesiredcouplingofasignalfromonecircuit,partofacircuit,or channel,toanother. XT~ExtendedTechnology~ThefirstIBMPCtohaveaharddisk.Itcameoutin1983. IthadanIntel8088microprocessor,128KBofRAM,anda10MBharddrive. XTI~UNIXTransportLayerInterface~Layer4transportlayer,standardizedunder UNIX XTM~ExtensibleThreatManagement~nextgenerationofUTM,integratednetwork securityappliances. XTP~Extremetransactionprocessing~anapplicationstyleaimedatsupportingdesign, development,deployment,managementandmaintenanceofdistributedtransaction processing(TP)applications,characterizedbyexceptionallydemandingperformance, scalability,availability,security,manageabilityanddependabilityrequirements. XTPP~extremetransactionÂprocessingplatform~Well-establishedarchitecturesand technologiesareevolvingandconvergingwithXTP-specifictechnologies XTR~EfficientCompactSubgroupTraceRepresentation~Acryptosystemthatisa particularlyefficientandcompactimplementationoftheclassicalDiffie-Hellmanscheme. SeeÂhttp://www.ecstr.com XTR~ExtremeReality~http://www.xtr3d.com/ XUL~eXtensibleUser-interfaceLanguage~pronouncedâ€œzoolâ€?,Amarkup languagesimilartoÂHTMLÂandbasedonÂXML. XUL~eXtensibleUser-interfaceLanguage~XULusedtodefinewhattheuserinterface willlooklikeforaparticularpieceofsoftware.XULisusedtodefinewhatbuttons, scrollbars,textboxes,andotheruser-interfaceitemswillappear,butitisnotusedto definehowthoseitemwilllook(e.g.whatcolortheyare). xVM~intersection(x)ofvirtualizationandmanagement~usedbySunMicrosystemsfor itsvirtualizationandmanagementsoftware.AlsocalledSunxVM,itisaSolaris-based hypervisorthatenablesserverstorunmultipleoperatingsystemssimultaneouslyona singlecomputer,addressingbothdesktopandservervirtualization. XVT~ExtensibleVirtualToolkit~AnapplicationsdevelopmenttoolkitfromXVT Software,Inc.,whichmakesitpossibletodevelopuserinterfacesformultipleplatforms. XWB~eXtendWorkBench~JavaÂIDE XWSS~XmlandWebServicesSecurity~Providesmessage-levelsecuritythatenablesa JAX-WSorSAAJapplication’srequestandresponseactionstobesecuredatthelevelof service,port,oroperation ~Y~ Y2K~Year2000~Thistermismoreoftenusedtorefertothe‘MilleniumBug.’Thisbug isalittlecreaturethatlivesinsideoldercomputers.Whentheyear2000rollsaround,the littlebugwillself-destruct,blowingupthecomputeritwasresidingin.Thechainof explosionsacrosstheworldwillbecatastrophic,causingglobalpanamoniaandLAriots. YA-~YetAnother~Ahumorousallusionoftenusedintitlestoacknowledgethatthe topicisnotoriginal,thoughthecontentis. yacc~yetanothercompilercompiler~YaccisthestandardparsergeneratorfortheUnix operatingsystem.Anopensourceprogram,yaccgeneratescodefortheparserintheC programminglanguage.Theacronymisusuallyrenderedinlowercasebutisoccasionally seenasYACCorYacc.TheoriginalversionofyaccwaswrittenbyStephenJohnson atÂAT&T. YAHU~YetAnotherHeaderUtility~Utilitiesforpeekingintoexecutablesheaders YAST~YetAnotherSetupTool~anRPM-basedoperatingsystemsetupand configurationtoolthatisfeaturedintheopenSUSELinuxdistribution,aswellasNovell’s derivedcommercialdistributions. YB~Yottabyte~Ayottabyteis2tothe80thpower,or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176bytes.1024zetabytes YES~Yahoo!EnterpriseSolutions~Yahoo!EnterpriseSolutions YiB~Yobibyte~Ayobibyteisaunitofdatastoragethatequals2tothe80thpower,or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176bytes.Whileayottabytecanbeestimatedas10^24or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000bytes,ayobibyteisexactly 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176bytes.Thisistoavoidtheambiguityassociatedwith thesizeofyottabytes. YIM~Yahoo!InstantMessenger~Yahoo!InstantMessenger YKYBHTLW~youknowyou’vebeenhackingtoolongwhen~Inthisexpression, hackingmeans‘programming,’not‘attemptingcomputercrime.’ YMMV~ourmileagemayvary~Awarningthatnoteverythingdescribedinamanual willworkexactlythewayitpromisedto. YP~YellowPages~theoriginalnamefortheNISsystembeforeBritishTelecom assertedtheirtrademark. YPN~YahooPublishersNetwork~anadvertisingprogramrunbyYahoo.Website ownerscanenrollinthisprogramtoenabletextandimageadvertisementsontheirsites. TheseadsareadministeredbyYahooandgeneraterevenueonaper-clickbasis. YUB~luminance(Y)chroma(UV)~Themethodofcolorencodingfortransmitting colorvideoimageswhilemaintainingcompatibilitywithblack-and-whitevideo.Usesless bandwidththanthethreeseparatevideosignalsinanRGBvideotransmission.known beforeasYCrCb YYYY-MM-DD~YearYearYearYear-MonthMonth-DayDay~TheISOstandard formulaforwritingdates,whichavoidstheCenturyDateChange(Y2K)problem. ~Z~ ZAPP~ZeroAssignmentParallelProcessor~Avirtualtreemachinearchitecturein whichaprocesstreeisdynamicallymappedontoafixed,stronglyconnectednetworkof processorscommunicatingbymessagepassing. ZAW~ZeroAdministrationWindow~AMicrosoftinitiativelaunchedin1997tolower theTCOassociatedwiththeWindowsplatformbyreducingcostsassociatedwith administration.ManyofcomponentsintroducedundertheZAWumbrellawere incorporatedasregularfunctionalitywithinWindows2000. ZB~Zettabyte~Unitofstorage.OftenabbreviatedtoZB.1ZB=2totheseventieth powerbytes=1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424bytes=1024exabytes.1024zettabytes= 1yottabyte. ZBR~ZeroBugRelease~Pointinthesoftwaredevelopmentatwhichallfeaturesare correctlyimplementedandhavenobugsloggedagainstthem ZBR/ZCAV~Zoned-bitrecording/ZoneConstantAngularVelocity~ZBRisamethod ofphysicallyoptimizingtheutilizationofaharddrivebyplacingmoresectorsintheouter tracksthanintheinnertracks.Thistechniqueisalsoknownaszone-bitrecording,zone recording,zone-densityrecording,ormultiple-zonerecording. ZBTSI~ZeroByteTimeSlotInterchange~AtechniqueusedwiththeTcarrierExtended SuperframeFormat(ESF)inwhichanareaintheESFframecarriesinformationaboutthe locationofall-zerobytes,eightconsecutivezeros,withinthedatastream. ZCS~zerocodesuppression~Acodingmethodusedwithalternatemarkinversionto preventsendingeightsuccessivezeros.Ifeightsuccessivezerosoccur,thesecond-least significantbitischangedfroma0toa1.AMIwithZCSdoesnotsupportclearchannel operation. ZCT~zerocounttable~usedindeferredreferencecountingtorecordobjectswhose referencecountshavedroppedtozerobutwhichhavenotbeenprocessedtoseeifthey canbereclaimed. ZDBop~Ziff-DavisBenchmarkOperation~ThedivisionofZiff-Davis,Inc.that developsthebenchmarkprogramsusedbyZiff-Davispublications,including BatteryMark,BrowserComp,MacBench,NetBench,ServerBench,WebBench,WinBench, andWinstone. ZDL~ZeroDelayLockout~Technologydesignedtopreventbeaconingstationsfrom enteringintoaTokenRingbylockingoutfaultystations. ZDN/ZDNet~ZiffDavisNetwork~Largestcomputerpublicationcompany network:Âwww.zdnet.com ZDO~ZigBeeDeviceObject~aprotocolintheZigBeeprotocolstack,isresponsiblefor overalldevicemanagement,andsecuritykeysandpolicies.TheZDOislikeaspecial applicationobjectthatisresidentonallZigBeenodes. Zeroconf~zeroconfiguration(IPnetworking)~amethodofnetworkingdevicesviaan Ethernetcablewithoutrequiringconfigurationandadministration. ZFS~ZettabyteFileSystem~AdistributedfilesystemfromSunthatwasaddedto OpenSolarisin2005andSolaris10in2006. ZFS~zSeriesFileSystem~AdistributedfilesystemfromIBMforitszSeries mainframes.InzFS,storagemanagementisseparatedfromfilemanagement. ZIF~ZeroInsertionForce~ZIFisatypeofCPUsocketonacomputermotherboardthat allowsforthesimplereplacementorupgradeoftheprocessor.ProcessorsthatuseaZIF socketcaneasilyberemovedbypullingasmallreleaselevernexttotheprocessorand liftingitout.Thereplacementprocessoristhenplacedinthesocketandsecuredby pushingtheleverintheoppositedirection ZIL~ZorkImplementationLanguage~LanguageusedbyInfocom’sInteractiveFiction adventuregames.Interpretedbythezmachine,forUnixandAmiga. zine~electronicmagazine~anearlierusageinprintmediathatderivedfrommagazine anddescribed‘smallpress’orpersonallydistributedmagazinesornewsletters. ZINK~ZeroINK~AninklessprintingtechnologyfromZINKImaging,LLC.,Waltham, MAÂwww.zink.com)thatwasintroducedinearly2007.TheZINKpapercontainslayers ofdyecrystalsthatturncolorwhenactivatedbyheat. ZIP~ZoneInformationProtocol~AppleTalksessionlayerprotocolthatmapsnetwork numberstozonenames.ZIPisusedbyNBPtodeterminewhichnetworkscontainnodes thatbelongtoazone. ZLE~zero-latencyenterprise~Astrategythataimsforinstantaneousawarenessand appropriateresponsestoeventsacrossanentirevirtualenterprise.Assoonasnew informationiscapturedbyanyapplication,itismadeavailabletoallotherinterested parties.TheZLEconceptiscloselyrelatedtothatoftheÂRTE,astrategytoprogressively removedelaysintheexecutionofanenterprise’scriticalbusinessprocesses. ZMA~ZoneMulticastAddress~Adata-link-dependentmulticastaddressatwhicha nodereceivestheNBPbroadcastsdirectedtoitszone. ZNA~ZeroNetworkAdministration~allregistration,profiles,policykeptin1place ZOPE~ZObjectPublishingEnvironment~free,opensourceWebapplicationplatform usedforbuildinghigh-performance,dynamicWebsites.ÂHTTP://WWW.ZOPE.ORG ZRTP~(Zimmerman)Real-TimeTransportProtocol~aÂVoIPÂencryptionextension fortheRTP.The‘Z’in‘ZRTP’isthefirstletterofthesurnameofPhilZimmermann,an engineerbestknownforinventingÂPGP.ZRTPisapartofaÂSDKÂforanencryption programZimmermancreatedcalledZfone. zsh~Zshell~AUNIXcommandinterpreter. ZTE~ZhongXingTelecommunicationEquipment~aChinesecorporationthatdesigns andmanufacturestelecommunicationsequipmentandsystemsÂhttp://www.zte.com.cn ZTLP~ZeroTransmissionLevelPoint~Intelephony,areferencepointformeasuring thesignalpowergainandlossesoftelecommunicationscircuitatwhichazerodBmsignal levelisappliedandusedforsystemdesignandtesting. ZVport/ZVP~ZoomedVideoport~ZVportisatechnologythatsupportsthedelivery offull-screenmotionvideoandmultimediatonotebookcomputers.TheZVportallows specialsoftwareandaversionofthePCCardcalledaZVPortCardtoprovideaseparate dedicated,point-to-pointbusorpathfromcontinuouslyarrivingvideosignalsdirectlyto thedisplaycontroller.ZVportsareprovidedinIBM,Toshiba,andothermanufacturers’ notebookcomputers. Section2 CommonlyUsedFileNameExtensions ~Misc.~ -5~AudioUtilityTuningwrenchCompressedFile 0~FlightSimulatorTextureFile(MicrosoftCorporation) 0~InnoSetupBinaryFile 0~JavasoftJRE1.3LibraryFile 0~WebOutfitterServiceVerificationUtility(Intel) 0~(0-99)HachaSplitFile(Dr.Software) 0~(0-38)OrmerodDataAnalysisFile 0~(0-99)CSUWMACWasteMinimizationOpportunityFile(ColoradoState University) 0~PSERVERPrinter/PrintQueueInformationFile(Novell,Inc.) 0~EASYViewDocument 0~ScreenLogFile 0~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0~(0-9)MSXBinaryFile(StudieverenigingMarieCurie) 0~BasicNetworkingUtilityTemporaryFile 0~BeehiveCollectionFile 0~EuromapIRS-1C/IRS-1DFastFormatFile 0~UnknownFoundinSomeFreeBSD/NetBSDPackages 0~UnknownFoundinMultipleGNU/LinuxPackages 0~HASLFileType 0~THEAccountsReceivableAbortedFile(IndianRidgeEnterprises) 0~LeCroy7200ADigitalOscilloscopeFile(ThermoFisherScientificInc.) 0~PersonalPearlTemporaryFile 0~Z80SpectrumEmulatorSnap/FileFormats 0~ZeissFile(ThermoFisherScientificInc.) 0~inVznFile 0~mcml/convFile 0~SageBackup(SageSoftware) 0~HPGLPlotFile 0~7-ZipFileManager(000-999)SplitArchiveofa7zfile(IgorPavlov) 0~PaperPortScannedImage(ScanSoftInc.) 0~(000-999)ARJMulti-volumeCompressedArchive 0~(000-999)SequentiallyNumberedBackupFiles 0~DoublespaceCompressedDataFile(MicrosoftCorporation) 0~GeoworksDataFile 0~(000-999)Usedtonumberbackupversionsoffilesorusedtonumberrelateddatafiles formultipleusersofasmall-scalePCapplication 0~(000-999)TrendMicroPatternFile(TrendMicro,Inc.) 0~(000,010,020,030,etc.)AdvancedRevelationDatabaseFile(RevelationSoftware) 0~EmpowerDataFile(MetapraxisLtd.) 0~IsoBusterCD/DVDImageFile(Container)(SmartProjects) 0~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 0~CHKDSKFoundFolder 0~VIC-20Multi-CartridgeProgram $0~DOSPipeFile 0~Compressedharddiskdata~DoubleSpace $0~Pipefile~DOS 71%~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1~UnknownFoundinSomeFreeBSD/NetBSDPackages 1~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1~(000-AnyNumber)TotemCashAdFile 1~Genesis2000(Genesis2000,Inc.) 1~SwiftViewICSCommandFile(SwiftView,Inc.) 1~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 1~(001-0??)CutkillerStartofaSplitFileSequence(N2jfTeam) 1~GhostDiskImageSpanFile(SymantecCorporation) 1~(001-0??)FreshDownloadSplitFile(FreshdevicesCorp.) 1~(001-999)HJSplitFile 1~DrivespaceVirtualDrive(MicrosoftCorporation) 1~FaxDataFile 1~HayesJTFAXFile 1~Norton(Ghost)BackupFile(SymantecCorporation) 1~TaggedImageFormatFile 1~SuperbaseIndexFile(001-999)(SuperbaseDevelopersplc) 1~UnknownFoundinMultipleGNU/LinuxPackages 1~(001-999)SplitJoinFile 1~SageBackup(SageSoftware) 1~PhotoImpact 1~001FileJoiner&SplitterPartFile 1~Fifa2001UserFile 1~ScreenLogFile 1~InnoSetupBinaryFile 1~Roff/nroff/troff/groffManualSource(UNIX) 1~(1..AnyNumber)MightbePartofaVersionNumber 1~SuperNintendoMulti-partGame-consoleROMImage(1,2,3,etc.)(Nintendo) 1~WebOutfitterServiceVerificationUtility(Intel) 1~StuffitArchiveFile(AladdinSystems,Inc.) 1~Pro/ENGINEERBackupFile(PTC) 1~Mozilla(Netscape)Cookie,Image,PopupPermissions(Mozilla.org) 1~TheFileSplitterSplitFilePortion(Dekabyte) $1~DOSPipeFile $1~MidiFile $1~ZXSpectrum-Emulator 1~Fax~(Manyprograms) 1~Roff/nroff/troff/groffsourceformanualpage~cawf2.zip 2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 2~Driveimage5SetupFile 2~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 2~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 2~WebOutfitterServiceVerificationUtility(Intel) 2~SetupFactory6.0SetupLauncher(MicrosoftCorporation) 2~UNIXManualPage 2~SuperNintendoMulti-partGame-consoleROMImage(1,2,3,etc.)(Nintendo) 2~ScreenLogFile $2~DOSPipeFile $2~MidiFile 3~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3~Driveimage5SetupFile 3~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 3~ScreenLogFile 3~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 3~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 3~SolarisDeviceConfigurationAssistantBootDiskette $3~DOSPipeFile 4~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 4~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 4~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 4~ScreenLogFile $4~DOSPipeFile 5~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 5~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 5~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 5~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 5~ScreenLogFile $5~DOSPipeFile 6~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 6~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 6~ScreenLogFile 6~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 6~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 7~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 7~JamesBond007:NightFire 7~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 7~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 7~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 7~ScreenLogFile 8~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 8~A86AssemblerSourceCode 8~ScreenLogFile 8~A86Âassemblersourcecodefile~ 9~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 9~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 9~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 9~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 9~ScreenLogFile 10~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 10~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 10~SaltLakeCityGameMusicfile 11~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 11~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 11~SaltLakeCityGameMusicfile 12~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 12~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 12~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 13~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 13~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 13~SaltLakeCityGameMusicfile 14~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 14~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 14~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 15~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 15~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 15~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 16~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 16~Formula1CarRace2001File 16~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 16~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 16~ISOLINUXSplashScreenGraphic 16~SYSLINUXÂSplashScreenÂGraphic~SYSLINUX,ÂXnView 17~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 17~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 18~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 18~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 18~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 19~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 19~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageScriptDataFile 19~SaltLakeCityGameMusicfile 20~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 20~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 21~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 21~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 22~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 22~Clipstream20KbStream 22~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 23~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 24~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 24~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 25~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 25~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 26~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 27~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 28~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 28~SaltLakeCityGameMusicfile 29~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 30~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 30~PrinterDriverFile 31~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 31~InternationalS-57HydrographicDataElectronicNavigationChart(USNOAA/US ArmyCorpsofEngineers) 31~PHASESPhasedStructureFactorFile 32~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 32~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 33~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 33~PrinterDriverFile 34~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 34~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 35~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 36~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 36~PrinterDriverFile 36~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 37~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 37~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 38~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 39~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 40~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 40~AOL4.0Organizer(AmericaOnline,Inc.) 41~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 42~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 42~PrinterDriverFile 42~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 43~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 44~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 44~PrinterDriverFile 44~Clipstream32KbStream 45~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 45~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 46~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 47~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 48~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 49~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 49~PrinterDriverFile 49~SaltLakeCityGameMusicFile 50~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 51~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 52~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 53~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 54~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 55~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 56~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 57~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 58~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 59~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 60~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 61~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 62~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 63~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 64~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 65~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 66~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 67~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 68~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 68~PCCurses14File 69~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 70~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 71~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 72~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 73~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 74~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 75~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 75~VenturaPublisher75dpiScreenCharacters 75~VenturaPublisher75x75dpiDisplayFont 75~75Ã—75dpidisplayfont~VenturaPublisher 76~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 77~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 78~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 79~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 80~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 81~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 82~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 83~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 84~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 85~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 85~VenturaPublisher85dpiScreenCharacters 85~VenturaPublisher85x85dpiDisplayFont 85~85Ã—85dpidisplayfont~VenturaPublisher 86~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 87~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 88~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 89~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 90~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 90~PrinterDriverFile 91~VenturaPublisher91dpiScreenCharacters 91~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 91~VenturaPublisher91x91dpiDisplayFont 91~91Ã—91dpidisplayfont~VenturaPublisher 92~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 93~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 94~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 95~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 96~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 96~VenturaPublisher96dpiScreenCharacters 96~VenturaPublisher96x96dpiDisplayFont 96~96Ã—96dpidisplayfont~VenturaPublisher 97~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 98~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 98~DLLDirectxMigrateFile 99~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 100~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.0 100~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 100~DesignerGraphicsFile 101~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 101~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 102~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 102~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 103~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 103~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 104~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 104~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 105~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 106~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 107~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 108~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 108~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 110~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.1 110~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 111~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 112~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 113~IomegaBackupFile(Iomega) 118~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 120~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.2 123~1-2-3Spreadsheet(IBM) 123~Spreadsheet~Lotus1-2-3version9andversion97 124~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 128~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 129~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 130~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.3 130~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 133~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 134~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 137~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 139~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 140~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.4 143~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 145~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 149~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 150~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.5 151~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 153~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 159~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 160~OmniPageOCRFile(NuanceCommunications,Inc.) 163~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 167~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 169~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 170~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.7 175~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 180~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.8 183~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 187~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 190~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.9 191~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 196~ComputerSnooperLogFile 200~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 200~ebase2.0 201~StarmoneyAgentRollbackFile 207~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 210~StarmoneyBpdHbcioffl280File 214~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 229~Winfunktion8GrafikJulia1File 232~OfficeInstall(MicrosoftCorporation) 235~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 253~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 256~Formula1CarRace2001File 256~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 261~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 261~H.261EncodedVideoFile 263~H.263EncodedVideoFile 264~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 270~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 281~ASMMd86 281~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 286~Windows3.xVirtualDeviceDriver(StandardMode) 286~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 290~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 300~NCBridgeXP/NC200/NC400/NC900SeriesNetworkBootSoftware(Network ComputingDevices,Inc.) 301~BrooktroutFax-MailFile 301~SuperFAX2000orFax-Mail96Fax 301~Fax~SuperFAX2000-Fax-Mail96 303~Seq-303Settings 310~Tri-SenTS310ControllerConfigurationFile(Tri-SenSystemsInc.) 320~ChromeleonDemoDataFile 320~Screamtracker32File 320~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 320~Tri-Sen320ControllerConfigurationFile(Tri-SenSystemsInc.) 323~H.323InternetTelephony 330~NCBridgeXP330SeriesNetworkBootSoftware(NetworkComputingDevices, Inc.) 340~ChromeleonDemoDataFile 350~NCBridgeXPSeriesexceptXP330NetworkBootSoftware(NetworkComputing Devices,Inc.) 360~360desktop360-DegreeDesktopImage(360desktopPty.Ltd.) 360~BackupFile 370~PrinterDriverFile 386~WindowsEnhancedModeDriverorSwapFile(MicrosoftCorporation) 386~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 386~Intel80386processorÂdriver~Windows3.x 386~Windowsvirtualdevicedriver~Win 400~DesignerGraphicsFile 400~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 402~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 404~FruityLoopsChannelStateFile 411~SonyMavicaDataFile 426~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirewallFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨re Alcatel) 500~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 500~TallyFile(TallySolutionsPvt.Ltd.) 500~NCBridgeNC200/NC400SeriesNetworkBootSoftware(NetworkComputing Devices,Inc.) 504~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 510~Cthugha51File 512~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 520~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 521~MurrayStateUniversityTrojanRingConfigurationFile 538~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 545~aiMutationAOLInstantMessengerSkin 555~16bitperpixelimagefileformat(5bitpercomponent)~SierraEntertainment 567~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 586~Asm586 601~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 602~T602TextFile 602~Text(fairlysimpleformat,plaintextwithbinarycontrolcommandsembedded withintextlinesandspecialformattingcommandsondedicatedlines)~Text602Âtext processorbyÂSoftware602 640~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 660~FLEXnetManager(AcressoSoftwareInc.) 668~MusicFile 668~Music(themixingisalwaysat12048ÂHz)~ 669~669TrackerModule 669~UnisComposerMusicFile 669~Music(8channels)~The669Composer 682~TrendPc-cillin2000File 686~Asm686 699~Portable699Loaderv0.2 710~KorgTritonMusicWorkstation 712~HTMST712File 720~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 747~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 777~777CompressedFileArchive 800~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 850~VisualFoxpro98File 852~VisualFoxpro98File 854~8514ResolutionBMPBitmap 866~VisualFoxpro98File 890~SAMDigitalSubtitle(CavenaImageProductsAB) 890~ScanTitlingsubtitlefiles~ 900~NCBridgeNC900SeriesNetworkBootSoftware(NetworkComputingDevices, Inc.) 906~CalcompPlotterFile 907~CalcompPlotterFile 911~Config911sFile 912~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 915~Config915eFile 917~TrendAntivirusFile 999~MultipassSecurityFile 999~SageBackup(SageSoftware) 1212~CryptoShellExtensionsCertificateRevocationList 1500~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1510~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1990~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1991~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1992~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1993~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1994~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2000~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2400~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3200~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3201~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4000~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4001~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 5445~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8000~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8001~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8002~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8004~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8006~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8010~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8031~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) Jan-93~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 22-Aug-93~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) Feb-94~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1-Jan~LikelyaSectionofanASCIIFile 14-Jun~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 940110~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) –~MicrosoftBackupFileSet(MicrosoftCorporation) –~WindowsTemporaryFile !BT~BitTorrentPartiallyDownloadedFile(BramCohen;nowmaintainedbyBitTorrent, Inc.) !C~GraphicsConverterPro !qB~UnfinishedÂqBittorrentÂdownload~qBittorrent !UT~ÂµTorrentIncompleteDownload(LudvigStrigeus) !ut~UnfinishedÂÂµTorrentÂdownload~ÂµTorrent ###~DoubleSpaceCompressedVolume ###~QTICTemporaryFile ###~TemporaryFile ###~Temporaryfile~Program-dependentformat #01~NumberedPictureFiles #24~Locoscript24-pinPrinterDataFile(LocoScriptSoftware) #24~PrinterdatafileforÂ24-pinmatrixprinter~LocoScript #GF~MetaFontFontFile #IB~LocoscriptDotMatrixDataFile(LocoScriptSoftware) #IB~Printerdatafile~LocoScript #nn~Partoffileimage~Long #SC~LocoscriptDotMatrixDataFile(LocoScriptSoftware) #SC~Printerdatafile~LocoScript #ST~LocoscriptDotMatrixPrinterDefinitionFile(LocoScriptSoftware) #ST~Standardmodeprinterdefinitions~LocoScript #VC~ViewChoiceCompressedFile(PayrollAssociates,LLC) $~BASICVBVB1DKompSymboleFile $#!~AOL5.0VirchkFile(AmericaOnline,Inc.) $#!~Cryptext $$$~Backup $$$~TemporaryFile $$$~UsedbyOS/2tokeeptrackofarchivedfiles $$$~OS/2archivefile(i.e.archives$.$$,keys$.$$)~OS/2 $$$~Temporaryfile~ $$_~MidiprgCapellaCompressedFile $$A~OS/2(IBM) $$F~OS/2Database(IBM) $$M~3DGameStudioBackupMap(ConitecDatasystems,Inc) $$P~OS/2Notes(IBM) $$S~OS/2Spreadsheet(IBM) $?~ZXSpectrumÂfileinHOBETAformat~ $A~AutoCADAutosaveFile(Autodesk,Inc.) $AC~AutoCADAutosaveFile(Autodesk,Inc.) $AC~$&SenseDataFile(MonogramSoftware/SoftwareToolworks/TheLearning Company) $B5~AppleIIProDOS16orGS/OSShellApplication(AppleInc.) $C~GraphicsConverterPro $D$~OS/2PlannerDataFile $DB~dBASETempFile $DB~Temporaryfile~dBASEIV $DX~CaVisualObjectsPlatformforDeveloper(CAVO)BackupIndexFile(CA) $ED~CEditorTemporaryFile(MicrosoftCorporation) $ED~C/C++TemporaryEditorFile(MicrosoftCorporation) $ED~Editortemporaryfile~MSC $EU~MidiprgMustatCompressedFile $ID~CubaseCompressedFile(Steinberg) $LL~CubaseCompressedFile(Steinberg) $LN~C++TLinkResponseFile(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) $NG~MidiprgMustatCompressedFile $O1~Pipefile~DOS $OL~DOSPipeFile $ON~CubaseFontsCompressedFile(Steinberg) $RI~CubaseAudioCompressedFile(Steinberg) $RR~CubaseCompressedFile(Steinberg) $S~GraphicsConverterPro $TF~CubaseFontsCompressedFile(Steinberg) $VM~Windows3.xVirtualManagerTempFile(MicrosoftCorporation) $VM~Virtualmanagertemporaryfile~Windows3.x $WM~EpsonCreativeStudioExampleFile(EpsonCorporation) $XE~MustatCompressedAudioFile &&&~TemporaryFile (D)~pcAnywhereTemporaryFile )2(~LHAArchiverTemporaryFile )2(~LHAarchivertemporaryfile~LHA .REASON~REASONREASON(Propellerhead) .SSKD~OnSchedule(SquidgeSoftware) ??$~BackupÂfile~P-CAD ???~ANYThreeCharacterAudioFile ???~TrendMicroVirusPatternFile(TrendMicro,Inc.) ??_~InstallShieldCompressedFile(AcressoSoftwareInc.) ??_~MicrosoftKWAJcompressed(PhilKatz’s‘deflate’) ??_~MicrosoftSZDDcompressed(HaruhikoOkumura’sLZSS) ??_~Microsoftpackedfile~Expand ??Z~LoseThosCompressedFile(TerryA.Davis) ?DK~Diskimage~Loaddskf.exe ?Q?~Squeeze ?Q?~Squeeze~CP/MÂandÂMS-DOS ?UT~NonpackedFTNmail(?-flavor)~FidoNet @@@~ScreenFiles @@@~CodeviewforC(MicrosoftCorporation) @HA~E-mailAnimator(IMSI/DesignLLC) [B]~AmigaPaintFile(Amiga) ___~Adinftable ___~Adinftable~Adinf ___FPE~FolderPasswordExpertProtectedFolder(ZQSSoftwareTeam) __A~FFSJSplit/JoinFile(FastFileJoiner) __INCOMPLETE___~WinMXIncompleteDownload(FrontcodeTechnologies) _00~SoundtrackCompressedFile _01~SoundtrackCompressedFile _01~CompressedBIOSFile _02~SoundtrackCompressedFile _1~AudioUtilityTuningwrenchCompressedFile _2~AudioUtilityTuningwrenchCompressedFile _3~AudioUtilityTuningwrenchCompressedFile _8~AudioUtilityTuningwrenchCompressedFile _CRYPT~Virus.Win32.Gpcode.akEncryptedDocument _DB~StratumDataIconsFile _DD~NortonDiskDoctorRecoveredFile(SymantecCorporation) _DL~FormofDLLFile _DM~NutsnBoltsDiskMinderRecoveredFile _EX~FormofEXEFile _H~TypeManagerJapaneseFontOutline(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) _MP~InstallShieldTemporaryInstallerFile(AcressoSoftwareInc.) _NT~FormofNTFile _RS~RVS-COMServicePack(LivingByteSoftwareGmbH) _SLN~VisualStudioSolution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SLN60~VisualStudio6.0Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SLN70~VisualStudio.NET2002Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SLN71~VisualStudio.NET2003Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SLN80~VisualStudio2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SLN90~VisualStudio2008Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _SY~FormofSYSFile _V~TypeManagerJapaneseFontMetrics(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) _VBXSLN80~VisualBasicExpress2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VBXSLN90~VisualBasicExpress2008Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VCPPXSLN80~VisualC++Express2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VCPPXSLN90~VisualC++Express2008Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VCSXSLN80~VisualC#Express2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VCSXSLN90~VisualC#Express2008Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VJSXSLN80~VisualJ#Express2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VWDXSLN80~VisualWebDeveloperExpress2005Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VWDXSLN90~VisualWebDeveloperExpress2008Solution(MicrosoftCorporation) _VX~FormofVXDFile _ZA~CleverZipTemporaryFile {PB~Backup {SA}PROJ~{smartassembly}Project(Cachupa) {SA}REPORT~{smartassembly}ExceptionReport(Cachupa) ~~TemporaryFile ~$~~1stReaderTemporaryFile ~$~~Temporaryfile~1stReader ~??~LockedFile ~??~OldBackupfiles(.MNUto.~MN)~ResourceWorkshop(BorlandDelphi) ~_~~TemporaryFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ~~~~Temporaryfile ~~A~ApFile ~~D~WindowsApplogFile ~~F~WindowsApplogFile ~~M~WindowsApplogFile ~01~(~01..~99)NortonEditorBackupFile ~1~~IllumSourceFile ~1~,~2~,etc.~Backupfile(nameisconstructedwithnumberedbackupoptionby appending~,theincrementednumber,andanother~aftertheoriginalname)~ GNUÂcoreutilsÂ(cp,Âinstall,Âln,ÂmvÂ),ÂEmacs ~AP~C++AppExpertProjectDatabaseFile(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~BM~ImgRCFile ~CU~CursorFile ~DE~C++ProjectBackupFile(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~DF~DelphiDFMFileBackup(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~DFM~DelphiBackupFile(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~DP~DelphiDPRFileBackup(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~DR~ARKEYDrawingBackup ~H~AZZCardfileHeap(AntanasZdramys) ~H~Cardfileheap~AZZCardfile ~I~AZZCardfileIndex(AntanasZdramys) ~MN~NortonCommanderMenuBackup ~NT~NTInstallFiles ~NT~XPInstallFile ~PA~DelphiPASFileBackup(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~PAS~DelphiBackup(BorlandSoftwareCorporation) ~PR~TerramodelProjectBackup ~RE~ImageFile ~SG~TAPCISMessageIndexFile ~T~~RKArchiverTemporaryFile(RKSoftware) 0_TT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 00_~Winfnkt8File 001,002,…~Splitpartsofasinglewholefile~FFSJ,HJSplit,JJSplit,Âsplit (Unix)Â(whenusingnumericsuffixes) 001P~PowerviewElectronicsDesignPackagePostscriptPlotFile 00A(T)~CDExtraFormatFile 00B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 00B~PenSoftPayrollBackupFile 00N~PortableNavigatorChartLayerFile(ESLSoftware) 01$~(01$…AnyNumber$)CompressedArchive(MicrosoftCorporation) 01_~Winfunktion8File 01A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 01B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 01B~PenSoftPayrollBackupFile 01C~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 02_~Winfunktion8File 02B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 02INFO~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 03_~Winfunktion8File 04_~Winfunktion8File 04B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 04Z~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 05_~Winfunktion8File 05B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 05Z~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 06_~Winfunktion8File 0A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0B~PageMakerPrinterFontLineDrawCharacters(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 0B~PrinterfontwithlineDrawextendedcharacterset~PageMaker 0D8~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0DOC~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0DOCS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0E~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0ETC~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0GR~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0GS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 0HA~MaestroMamaFile 0-R~PNGFile 0-W~PNGFile 10O~EmbroideryFile 10X~GeminiBitmapPrinterGraphicsFile 11KHZ~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 123dx~CADdrawingfile~Autodesk123DÂdesignfile,aÂZIPfileformatÂpackage containingaÂ.satÂfileandÂ.pngÂthumbnails.[1] 12M~1-2-3SmartmasterFile(IBM) 12U~PageMakerFont(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 14000K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 14K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 15U~PageMakerPrinterFont(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 15U~PrinterfontwithPIfontset~PageMaker 16_~NtgraphSetupFile 16700K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 16PLUS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 17200K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 17400K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 17600K~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1A0~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.A 1AU~WaveAFSPManAudioFile 1B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1C~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1-C~GraphlibURTFile 1C0~AwardBIOSUpgradeFileVersion1.C 1D1~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 1FP~SpiffyChartsDataFile(NTech) 1G~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1L~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1M~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1MEG~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1OF2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1-P~PNGFile 1PE~TurboTaxFormFile(Intuit) 1PH~TurboTax(Intuit) 1PS~ManPSFile 1q1~(1Q1â€¦9Q9)Squeeze 1SC~Bio-RadScanFile(Bio-RadLaboratories,Inc.) 1ST~Information 1ST~UsuallyREADME.1STtextfile~ 1-STEP~1-StepBackup(Iomega) 1T~FortranFile 1T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 1TX~1toXFile(Logipole) 1TX~1toXLogipolefile~ 1WSW~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 21W~SnoodPreferencesFile(DavidDobson) 22KHZ~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 24B~BitmapGraphic 24COUL~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 261A~SpeedTouchDSLModemFirmwareUpdate(CompagnieFinanciÃ¨reAlcatel) 2A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2A~DictionaryFile 2B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2BP~PocketPCBitmap 2C~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2D~Amapi 2D~VersaCAD2DDrawingFile 2DA~InfinityGameEngineAD&DRuleSet(BioWareCorp.) 2DA~BioWareAuroraEngine2-DimensionalArray(BioWareCorp.) 2DC~Cadwork2DCatalog 2DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 2DOC~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2DR~CadworkRoad 2DS~UnrealTournament2DShapeFile(EpicGames,Inc.) 2E~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2GR~3GRVGAGraphicsdriver/configurationfilesunderWindows 2GR~WindowsEGA/VGAScreenGrabber 2GR~286GrabberFile~Win 2GS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2IMG~XGSAppleIIGSEmulator2IMGDiskImageFormat 2L~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2MG~XGSAppleIIGSEmulator2IMGDiskImageFormat 2ND~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2OF2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2SP~HomePortalFirmwareRecoveryFile(2Wire,Inc.) 2T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 2U~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3~6~Windows3.xSystemFile 310SV~Tri-Sen310svControllerConfigurationFile(Tri-SenSystemsInc.) 32_~NtgraphSetupFile 32S~Win32sFile 32X~Gens2.0File 32X~KegaFusionROMImage 33B~SYNETSIMSourceCode 38_~CompressedTvideoCardNEUFile 3A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3A3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3A5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3B1~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3B3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3B5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3C3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3C5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3CN~3DMovieMakerScene(MicrosoftCorporation) 3D~Advent3B2Document 3D~Al-ArabiPublisherDocument 3D~AtariStereoCAD-3DObjectsGraphicsFormat(Atari) 3D~VersaCAD3DDrawingFile 3D~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3D~Geocadabra 3D~i3DBrowserFile(CenterforAdvancedStudies,ResearchandDevelopmentin Sardinia) 3D~SpinFireProfessionalSecure3DFormatCADFile(Actify,Inc.) 3D~Cadwork3DCADFile(cadworkAG) 3D~UniversalCombat3Dmodelfile~UniversalCombat 3D2~3DPlus2Graphic(Serif) 3D2~StereoCAD-3DVer.2.0ObjectsGraphicsFormat(Atari) 3D3~GrafikAnimFile 3D4~AtariStereoCAD-3DObjectsGraphicsFormat(Atari) 3DA~AtmosphereWorldFile(AtmosphereWorlds) 3DB~3DMarkDatabase(FuturemarkCorporation) 3DC~3DCCColorScheme 3DC~3DCanvas3DModelFile(AmabilisSoftware) 3DD~GrafikAnimFile 3DF~Quickdraw3DFile 3DG~3DGrapherPlotDescriptionFile(RomanLabSoftware) 3DI~DeltaForceObjectCollection(NovaLogic,Inc.) 3DJ~Pyware3DDrillFile(Pygraphics,Inc.) 3DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 3DM~In3D(Flatland3DML)ThreeDimensionalMarkupLanguage 3DM~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3DM~Cadent3DModel(CadentInc.) 3DM~Rhino3DModelFile(RobertMcNeel&Associates) 3DM~Quickdraw3DMetafile(AppleInc.) 3DM~Rhino3DModel 3DMF~QuickDraw3DMetafile(AppleInc.) 3DMF~QuickDraw3DMetafile~QuickDraw 3DML~Rover3DModeling 3DML~In3D(Flatland3DML)ThreeDimensionalMarkupLanguage 3DMLW~3DMLWFile(3DTechnologiesR&D) 3DO~Tank3DemoFile 3DO~TotalAnnihilationObjectFile(CavedogEntertainment) 3DON~Scrutinize3DData(KeenEdgeSoftware) 3DP~3DMark03ProBenchmarkFile(FuturemarkCorporation) 3DP~3DPlus(Serif) 3DR~3DMarkBenchmarkFile(FuturemarkCorporation) 3DS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3DS~3DStudio3DScene(MeshFile)(Autodesk,Inc.) 3DS~3DStudioScene 3DS~3DStudioGraphicsformat~3DStudio 3DSX~Nintendo3DSHomebrewFileFormat~Nintendo3DSHomebrewLauncher 3DT~TopicscapeDatabase(3D-ScapeLimited) 3DT~3DGreetingsPersonalEditionCard(RiverdeepInteractiveLearningLimited) 3DT~PhotoModelerFile(EosSystemsInc.) 3DT~Databaseinwhichthemeta-dataofa3DTopicscapeisheld~3DTopicscape 3DV~Grafic3DVFile 3DV~VisualComponentFile 3DV~3-DwireframegraphicsbyOscarGarcia~3dvwireframeviewer 3DW~Cadai3DWorldDescription(Cadai) 3DX~Rhino3DModelFile(RobertMcNeel&Associates) 3DXMJ~3D-XplorMath-JExhibitFile(The3D-XplorMathConsortium) 3DXML~3DXMLUnzipped(orZipped)File(DassaultSystemes) 3DZ~Pyware3DDrillFileArchive(Pygraphics,Inc.) 3DZ~Easy3DCreatorProjectFile 3F~Advent3B2Template 3F~Al-ArabiPublisherTemplate 3F~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3FX~CorelChart3DEffect 3FX~Effect~CorelChart 3G2~3GPP2MultimediaFile 3GA~MobilePhoneAudio(Samsung)~ 3GP~Nokia7650VideoRecorderVideoFile(Nokia) 3GP~3GPPMultimediaFile 3GP~3GPPMultimediaFile 3GP~MobilePhoneVideo~ 3GP2~3GPP2MultimediaFile 3GPP~3GPPMultimediaFile 3GR~DeviceDriver 3GR~WindowsSVGA/XVGAScreenGrabber 3GR~386GrabberFile~Win 3H~Advent3B2TagHeader 3H~Al-ArabiPublisherTagHeader 3IN~MSNSetupInformation 3K~Advent3B2KeyboardDefinition 3K~Al-ArabiPublisherKeyboardDefinition 3M~Advent3B2Macro 3M~Al-ArabiPublisherMacro 3MM~3DMovieMakerMovie(MicrosoftCorporation) 3MP~TTCN-3ToolboxSourceCode(TestDescription)(DanetGroupGmbH) 3NG~ATTime!InternalLog(3ENGIN) 3O~Advent3B2ObjectGraphic 3O3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3O5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 3P~Advent3B2DocumentPreferences 3PI~3rdPlanIt 3PI~ShapeGrabberScannerFile 3PS~ManPsfile 3R~Advent3B2RasterImage 3R~Al-ArabiPublisherRasterImage 3RF~Advent3B2ExtensionsScriptCrossReference 3S~Advent3B2ParagraphStyles 3T~Advent3B2Text 3T~Oftenamanualfile 3T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3T4~BinarytoASCIIConversion 3T4~BinaryfileconvertertoASCII~Util3 3TA~Triple-TAnimation 3TF~CrystalReports(CrystalDecisions) 3TH~3DMovieMakerThumbnailDataFile(MicrosoftCorporation) 3TP~Triple-TPlug-in 3X~Advent3B2Entity 3X~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 3X5~3x5KnowledgeBase(Vega-Tek) 3XE~3DLinXEntity 4A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4A3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4A5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4B3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4B5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4BIT~GoDot 4BT~GoDotGraphic 4BW~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4C$~4Cast/2Data 4C$~Datafile~4Cast/2 4C3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4C5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4CLR~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4CM~ClickyMouseMacroSet(PitrinecSoftware) 4CX~4thDimensionCarbonizedPlug-in(4D,Inc.) 4DA~4thDimensionUserFormUserFormFile(4D,Inc) 4DB~4thDimensionDatabaseStructure(4D,Inc.) 4DB~4DStructureFile~4D 4DC~4thDimensionCompiledStructure(4D,Inc.) 4DD~4thDimensionDatabaseData(4D,Inc.) 4DD~4DDataFile~4D 4DF~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsSearchDocument(4D,Inc.) 4DG~4thDownFootballScoutGameDataFile(MoDiSoftware) 4DIndy~4DStructureIndexFile~4D 4DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 4DL~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsLogFile(4D,Inc.) 4DR~4thDimensionDatabaseData(4D,Inc.) 4DS~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsDataSegment(4D,Inc.) 4DX~4thDimensionDatabasePlug-in(4D,Inc.) 4FI~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsASCIIMap(4D,Inc.) 4FR~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsApplyFormulaDocument(4D,Inc.) 4GE~Informix4GLCompiledCode 4GL~Informix4GLSource 4H3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4KHZ~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4LB~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsLabel(4D,Inc.) 4LK~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsHotLinkFile(4D,Inc.) 4MA~FileMakerRuntimeDatabase(FileMaker,Inc.) 4MD~MusicFile 4MD~Musicalfile~ 4MI~4MIFile(GTA4MODS.COM) 4O3~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4O5~STABCAL(stabilitycalculationforaqueoussystems)File 4PK~PerfectKeyboardMacroSet(PitrinecSoftware) 4PP~PhotoParadeVer4+Slideshow(CallistoCorporation) 4QR~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsQuickReport(4D,Inc.) 4ST~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsSavedSet(4D,Inc.) 4SW~4DOSSwapFile 4SW~4DOSSwapFile~4DOS 4T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 4TH~FORTHSourceCodeProgram 4TH~FORTHÂsourcecodefile~ForthCMP-LMIForth 4UG~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsUser/GroupsSet(4D,Inc.) 4V~QuartetMusicFile 4VR~4thDimensionDatabaseWindowsSavedVariable(4D,Inc.) 4W~FourWindsMahJongSavedLayout/Game(Lagarto) 4WD~WebMergeDataListFile(FourthWorldMediaCorporation) 4XM~4XMovieFormat 51Z~CropWalker 58M~Canoni560PrinterDriverTemporaryOutput(Canon,Inc.) 5A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 5D~WorksFile(MicrosoftCorporation) 5DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 5INFO~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 5OO~DOS7File 5PS~ManualPSFile 5SLRDECREAS~EdGCMResultsFile(TheEdGCMCooperativeProjectofColumbia University) 5TH~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 60D~VistaColumbusDigitalCCTVSystemRecording 60D~CCTVDataFile 60H~VistaColumbusDigitalCCTVSystemRecording 64B~C64PC64EmulatorFile 64C~C64PC64EmulatorFile 64D~C64PC64EmulatorFile 64K~C64PC64EmulatorFile 67C~FLEXnetManager(AcressoSoftwareInc.) 6AM~HaltechECUFuelandIgnitionMap 6CM~Sound;669Composer 6CM~TritonFastTracker6-ChannelMusic 6CM~Music(6ChannelModule)~TritonFastTracker 6DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 73C~TI-73ComplexNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73D~TI-73DebuggerFile(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73G~TI-73Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73I~TI-73Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73K~TI-73(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73L~TI-73List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73M~TI-73Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73N~TI-73RealNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73P~TI-73CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73Q~TI-73Certificate(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73S~TI-73String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73T~TI-73TableSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73V~TI-73(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73W~TI-73WindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73Y~TI-73(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 73Z~TI-73Zoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 7A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 7B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 7DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 7PS~ManualPSFile 7T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 7Z~7-ZipCompressedFile(IgorPavlov) 7Z~7-ZipCompressedFile 7z~Acompressedarchivefileformatthatsupportsseveraldifferentdatacompression, encryptionandpre-processingalgorithms~7-Zip 800A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 802F~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 82B~TI-82Backup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82D~TI-82GDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82G~TI-82Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82I~TI-82Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82L~TI-82List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82M~TI-82Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82N~TI-82RealNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82P~TI-82CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82T~TI-82Text(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82W~TI-82WindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82Y~TI-82(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 82Z~TI-82Zoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83B~TI-83Backup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83C~TI-83ComplexNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83D~TI-83DebuggerFile(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83G~TI-83Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83I~TI-83Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83L~TI-83List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83M~TI-83Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83N~TI-83RealNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83P~TI-83CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83p~ExecutableprogramforTI-83PlusGraphingCalculator~TIConnect 83S~TI-83String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83SD~TI-83PlusSilverEditionDebuggerFile(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83T~TI-83Text(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83W~TI-83WindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83Y~TI-83(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 83Z~TI-83Zoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85B~TI-85Backup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85C~TI-85ComplexNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85D~TI-85GDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85E~TI-85(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85G~TI-85Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85I~TIBitmap 85I~TI-85Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85K~TI-85Constant(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85L~TI-85List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85M~TI-85Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85N~TI-85RealNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85P~TI-85CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85R~TI-85Range(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85S~TI-85String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85V~TI-85Vector(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85W~TI-85WindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85Y~TI-85YVariable(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 85Z~TI-85Zoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86C~TI-86ComplexExpression(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86D~TI-86GDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86E~TI-86(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86G~TI-86Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86I~TI-86Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86K~TI-86Constant(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86L~TI-86List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86M~TI-86Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86N~TI-86RealNumber(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86P~TI-86CalculatorFile 86P~TI-86CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86R~TI-86Range(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86S~TI-86String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86V~TI-86Vector(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86W~TI-86WindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86Y~TI-86YVariable(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 86Z~TI-86Zoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89A~TI-89Figure(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89B~TI-89Backup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89C~TI-89Data(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89D~TI-89GDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89E~TI-89Expression(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89F~TI-89Function(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89G~TI-89Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89I~TI-89Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89K~TI-89Application(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89L~TI-89List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89M~TI-89Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89N~TI-89(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89P~TI-89CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89p~ExecutableprogramforTI-89/89TitaniumGraphingCalculator~TIConnect 89Q~TI-89Certificate(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89R~TI-89(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89S~TI-89String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89T~TI-89Text(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89U~TI-89OSUpgrade(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89X~TI-89Macro(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89Y~TI-89Program/Graphic(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89Z~TI-89Program/Graphic(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 89Z~TI-89ASMProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8BA~PhotoDeluxe(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BC~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BE~PhotoDeluxePlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BF~PhotoshopPlug-inFilter(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BF~AdobeÂPhotoshopÂcompatibilefilters/plugins~ 8BI~PhotoDeluxePlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BI8~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BL~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BP~PhotoshopImport(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BPS~Photoshop(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BS~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BW~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8BX~PhotoDeluxePlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8BY~PhotoDeluxePlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8CLR~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8CM~TritonFastTracker8-ChannelMusic 8CM~Music(8ChannelModule)~TritonFastTracker 8COLREMAP~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 8LI~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8LY~PhotoshopPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8M~PageMakerMath8PrinterFont(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8M~PrinterfontwithMath8extendedcharacterset~PageMaker 8MED~AmigaOctaMedMusic(Amiga) 8MED~SoundAppFile(NormanFranke) 8SVX~SoundAppFile(NormanFranke) 8SVX~Amiga8-bitSound(Amiga) 8T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 8U~PageMakerRoman8PrinterFont(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) 8U~PrinterfontwithRoman8extendedcharacterset~PageMaker 8XB~TI-82-PlusBackup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XC~TI-82-PlusComplex(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XD~TI-82-PlusGDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XE~TI-83PlusCalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XG~TI-82-PlusGroup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XI~TI-83PlusBitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XK~MirageOSFlashApplicationforTI-83Plus 8XK~TI-82-PlusApplication(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XL~TI-82-PlusList(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XM~TI-82-PlusMatrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XN~TI-82-PlusReal(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XP~TI-83PlusCalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8xp~ExecutableprogramforTI-83/84PlusGraphingCalculator~TIConnect 8XQ~TI-82-PlusCertificate(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XS~TI-82-PlusString(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XT~TI-82-PlusText(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XU~TI-83PlusOperatingSystemUpgrade(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XU~TI-82-PlusOSUpgrade(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XV~TI-82-PlusApplicationVariable(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XW~TI-82-PlusWindowSetup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XY~TI-82-Plus(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 8XZ~TI-82-PlusZoom(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 90B3~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 92A~TI-92Figure(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92B~TI-92Backup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92C~TI-92Data(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92D~TI-92GDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92E~TI-92Expression(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92F~TI-92Function(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92G~TI-92Group(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92I~TI-92Bitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92K~TI-92Application(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92L~TI-92List(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92M~TI-92Matrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92N~TI-92(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92P~TI-92CalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92Q~TI-92Certificate(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92R~TI-92(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92S~TI-92String(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92T~TI-92Text(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92U~TI-92OSUpgrade(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92X~TI-92Macro(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92Y~TI-92(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 92Z~TI-92AssemblyProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 93GS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 93GSV2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 99_~CasinoGameFile 9A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 9B~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 9B~WavetoolFile 9BT~WavetoolFile 9DK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) 9KP~DoomArchivedTGAGraphics(IdSoftware,Inc.) 9T~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) 9XA~TI-92PlusFigure(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XB~TI-92PlusBackup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XC~TI-92PlusData(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XD~TI-92PlusGDB(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XE~TI-92PlusExpression(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XF~TI-92PlusFunction(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XG~TI-92PlusGroup(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XI~TI-92PlusBitmap(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XK~TI-92PlusApplication(CircuitAnalysis)(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XL~TI-92PlusList(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XM~TI-92PlusMatrix(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XN~TI-92PlusApplication(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XP~TI-92PlusCalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XQ~TI-92PlusCertificate(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XR~TI-92Plus(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XS~TI-92PlusString(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XT~TI-92PlusText(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XU~TI-92PlusOSUpgrade(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XX~TI-92PlusMacro(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XY~TI-92PlusArchivedCalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) 9XZ~TI-92PlusCalculatorProgram(TexasInstruments,Inc.) ~A~ A~ADAProgram A~AssemblySourceCode(Macintosh) a~UNIXStaticObjectCodeLibrary A~FreePascalArchiveFileforLinuxorDOSVersion(FPCDevelopmentTeam) A~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A~ImageAlchemyFile(HandmadeSoftware,Inc.) A~ADAÂsourcecodefile~ A~Library~Unix A##~AlZipCompressedFiles’pieces~ A_T~Atrain A00~ArchiveSection A01~ArchiveSection A01~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A01~ARJMulti-volumeCompressedArchive(canbe01to99)(alsosee.000)(canbe 01to99)(alsosee.000) A02~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A02~ArchiveSection A03~ArchiveSection A03~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A03~annotareava04ProjectFile(annotare.net) A04~ArchiveSection A04~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A05~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A05~ArchiveSection A06~ArchiveSection A06~LottoPro2002SmartNumberTicket A06~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A07~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A07~TaxCalcTaxFile(AcorahSoftwareProductsLtd.) A07~ArchiveSection A08~ArchiveSection A08~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A09~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A09~ArchiveSection A1~FreePascalArchiveFileforGO321v1Platform(FPCDevelopmentTeam) A1~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A10~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessSYSOPFile A11~AOLInstantMessenger(AIM)Graphic(AmericaOnline,Inc.) A11~GraphicsAIIMimagefile~ A2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A21~SoundwebFirmwareFile(BSSAudio) A2A~APLASCIIEISPACK A2A~IBMVoiceTypeLanguageVocabelsFile A2A~SharpAPLWorkspaceExportFile A2B~A2BPlayerPlaylist(DigitalPhono.com) A2BPS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A2C~AliceSceneFile(CarnegieMellonUniversity) A2DOM~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A2M~AdLibTracker2 A2M~AudioToMidiSettings A2P~Astrotite200X,AstroA2PAstrotite200XOnlineDatarepairFileforAstroA2P (FantiusenSoftware) A2PROBPS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A2R~KittyXplorerEncryptedArchive(MyPlanetSoftware) A2W~AliceProgram(World)File(CarnegieMellonUniversity) A2W~WorldfileforAliceprogramminglanguage,version3.1~ A3~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) A3~UnrelatedInventionsAudiotoolsShowLog A31~AuthorwareVer.3.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A3D~Amapi3DModeling(Eovia) A3K~YamahaA3000SamplerFile(YamahaCorporationofAmerica) A3L~AuthorwareVer.3.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A3M~AuthorwareUnpackagedMacintoshFIle(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A3W~AuthorwareUnpackagedWindowsFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A41~AuthorwareVer.4.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A4L~AuthorwareVer.4.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A4M~AuthorwareUnpackagedMacintoshFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A4P~AuthorwareFileWithoutRuntime(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A4R~AuthorwarePackagedCourseFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A4W~AuthorwareUnpackagedWindowsFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A51~AuthorwareVer.5.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A52~Atari5200GameImage(Atari) A5L~AuthorwareVer.5.xLibrary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A5W~AuthorwareUnpackagedWindowsFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A5W~AlphaFiveWebPublishingPage(AlphaSoftware,Inc.) A60~RolandGarrosTennisMVTSFile A64~Artist64 A64~Nintendo64MemoryPakNoteHexExport(Nintendo) A65~Authorwarev6.5File(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A68~PDP-10Algol-68CompilerSource A6P~AuthorwareApplication(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) A78~Atari7800ROMImage(Atari) A8~ImageAlchemyFile(HandmadeSoftware,Inc.) A8~CubicompPictureMaker24bit3DAnimation A80~Assemblerlanguagesourcefor8080~ A86~A86AssemblerSourceCode AA~AudioBook AA~PROGNOSISAutomatedAnalystDocumentFile AA,AB,…~Splitpartsofasinglewholefile~split(Unix) AAA~AppCamAutomation AAA~SoftphraseAutomationFile AAA~SybaseSQLAnywhereTempFile AAA~XtalBackup AAB~AuthorwareBinary(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AAC~MPEG-2AdvancedAudioCodingFile AAC~AdvancedAudioCoding,astandardized,lossycompressionandencodingscheme fordigitalaudio~ AAF~AdvancedAuthoringFormatFile AAF~AutoPatcherÂfile~ AAF~AdvancedAuthoringFormat,anadvancedmediawrapperfileforprofessional applications~ AAM~AuthorwareShockedFile(Map)(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AAO~America’sArmyMap AAO~AgendaatOnceDatabaseFile(DatalandSoftware) AAP~ApolloAdvancedPlaylist AAP~LexNavigatorInformationUpdate(UltraTechGroup) AAPKG~ArchestrAIDEPackage(Invensys) AAR~AxisArchive(ApacheSoftwareFoundation) AAS~StarTrekEliteForceBotSupportFile(RavenSoftware) AAS~AudibleWordsFile(Audible,Inc.) AAS~ArchosSigned/EncryptedData(ARCHOS) AAS~AuthorwareShockedPacket(Segment)(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AAS~BongScriptFile AAS~MovieClip;AutodeskAnimationSetup;usedbyCompton’sReferenceCollection AAS~AnimationPlayScript~AAPlay AAT~ArcinfoLineDataAttributeData AATREND~ActiveFactoryTrendFile(InvensysSystems,Inc.) AAX~AudibleEnhancedAudioFile(Audible,Inc.) AB~ApplixBuilder AB~AndroidÂadbÂBackup~adb AB$~AutoCADSpooledPlot(Autodesk,Inc.) AB1~ABIFAppliedBiosystemsInc.Format(AppliedBiosystems) AB1~ChromasLiteNucleotideSequenceAnalysisResults(TechnelysiumPtyLtd) AB2~Parson’sAddressBook AB3~PhotoImpactAlbumFile AB4~ENIACComputingAB4Accounting&BusinessFile AB6~ABStatData AB6~Datafile~ABStat AB8~ABStatData AB8~Datafile~ABStat ABA~PalmAddressBookFile(Palm,Inc.) ABA~AvantBrowserAdd-on(AvantForce) ABAP~ABAPSourceCode(SAPAG) ABC~ACT!E-mailAddressBookFile(BestSoftwareCRMDivision) ABC~LithTechGame3DModel(TouchdownEntertainment,Inc.) ABC~ABCProgrammingLanguage ABC~Athena16AddressBook ABC~FlowCharterDataFile(iGrafxLLC) ABC~MusicalNotationLanguageFile ABC~Pro-Act ABC~Alembic-3Dgeometry/models~ManyComputerGraphicstools,seeÂAlembic (ComputerGraphics)Âforalist. ABC~Document~ABCFlowCharter1.0 ABC~MusicinABCformat~MainlyVideoGames ABD~AdventureBuilderDatabase ABD~AmBizBonusCalculatorDataFile ABD~TheBat!AddressBook(RITLABS) ABF~BinaryScreenFont(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ABF~AltairBinaryFormat ABF~AdobeBinaryScreenFont~AdobeSystemsÂSoftware ABFS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ABG~FifaWorldCupGameDataFile ABI~ABI-CODER(ABI-SoftwareDevelopment) ABI~AOL6Organizer(AmericaOnline,Inc.) ABI~dnaLIMSABITraceFile(dnaTools) ABI~ChromasNucleotideSequenceAnalysisResults(TechnelysiumPtyLtd) ABK~AMOSBasicData(SPSSInc.) ABK~AnyAutomaticBackup ABK~CorelDrawAutoBackup ABK~HP-95LXAppointmentBookFile ABK~AbilityOfficeWriteDocumentBackup(AbilitySoftware) ABK~NeedforSpeed:UndergroundAudioFile(ElectronicArts,Inc.) ABK~AMOSMusicBank ABK~Automaticbackupfile~CorelDRAW ABL~XilinxIntegratedSoftwareEnvironmentABELHardwareDescriptionLanguage (Xilinx,Inc.) ABL~ADONISApplicationLibraryExport(BOCGroup) ABL~MaxagridAvailsDataFile ABM~Album ABM~HitPlayerAudioAlbumFile ABM~PhotoImpressionsAlbum(ArcSoft,Inc.) ABM~AuditionOn-lineDanceBattleMusic(T3EntertainmentCo.,LTD.) ABM~ImagePALSalbumfile~ ABM~Albumfile(variousprograms)~ ABO~ApplixBuilderTurbo ABOUT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ABOUTIT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ABP~AVSBarcodeSourceBarcodeProfile(AlverValleySoftware) ABP~Data~ABCompÂcompressed ABP~AVSBarcodeProfile~AVSBarcodeÂSource ABR~PhotoshopBrush(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ABR~AdobeBrushfileforÂPhotoShop~PhotoShop ABS~AbscissaDataFile ABS~Abstracts ABS~MPEGAudioSoundFile ABS~Optocat ABS~PCGNUCompilerOutput ABS~ABSuDoKuSudokuSaveGame(AndreiBaronov) ABS~AbsoluteDatabaseDatabase(ComponentAce) ABS~AbsolutePackagerConfigurationFile(XceedSoftwareInc.) ABS~AvantBrowserSkin(AvantForce) ABS~Abstracts(infofile)~ ABS~Datafile~Abscissa ABT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ABT~TheArbiterSportsOfficialSchedule ABU~ACT!E-mailAddressBookFile(BestSoftwareCRMDivision) ABW~AbiWordDocumentFile(TheAbiSourceCommunity) ABX~WordPerfectAddressBookFile(CorelCorporation) ABY~AOLAddressBook(AmericaOnline,Inc.) ABZ~AbszOrb AC~CaseWareWorkingPapersClientFile AC~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AC~ACwinProjectData(Procedimientos-Uno,S.L.) AC~AC3DGeometryFile(Inivis) AC~Projectbackup~AuditCommandLanguage(ACL) AC$~AutoCADUndoInfo(Autodesk,Inc.) AC_~CaseWareWorkingPapersCompressedClientFile(CaseWareInternationalInc.) AC_~CreativcompressedSb16sbidefile AC1~WeaverSpiderSoftware(WeaverSpiderSoftware) AC2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AC3~AC3AudioFileFormat(DolbyLaboratories) ACA~AgentCharacter(MicrosoftCorporation) ACA~ProjectManagerWorkbenchFile ACA~Project~ProjectManagerWorkbench ACAD~AutoCADDatabase(Autodesk,Inc.) ACAS~AdvancedCATaloguerProTemporaryFile(EvgenySoftware) ACB~PhotoshopColorBook(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACB~ACMBGraphicImage ACB~AOLCabLauncher(AmericaOnline,Inc.) ACB~Archive~ACB ACB~seeACMB~ ACC~AtariSTExecutable ACC~ComposerFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACC~DR-DOSViewmaxFile ACC~GraphicAccountsAccountsData(FKJSoftware) ACC~Program(DR-DOSÂ-ViewMax)~GEM/resident ACCDA~Data~MicrosoftAccessÂDatabaseWizard(OpenXML) ACCDB~Access2007DatabaseFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACCDB~Access2007DatabaseFile ACCDB~Data~MicrosoftAccessÂDatabase(OpenXML) ACCDE~MSOfficeAccessMSOfficeAccess(MicrosoftCorporation) ACCDE~Data~MicrosoftAccessÂDatabaseWizard(OpenXML) ACCDR~MSOfficeAccessMSOfficeAccess(MicrosoftCorporation) ACCDT~MSOfficeAccessMSOfficeAccess(MicrosoftCorporation) ACCDT~Data~MicrosoftAccessÂDatabaseTemplate(OpenXML) ACCDU~Data~MicrosoftAccessÂDatabaseWizard(OpenXML) ACCESS~JavaAccessControlFile(Sun) ACCESS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACCESSPRIV~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACCFT~MicrosoftAccessÂDataTypeTemplate[1]~MicrosoftAccess ACCOLADE~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACCORD~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACCT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACD~RSLogix5000ProjectFile(RockwellAutomation) ACD~AgentCharacterDefinition(MicrosoftCorporation) ACD~AlanGame ACD~allCLEARFlowchartingFile ACD~ChromeleonChannelRawData ACD~NascarRacing2002ArcadeCarSetup(Sierra) ACD~SonicFoundryAcidMusicFile(SonyCorporationofAmerica) ACE~Aces200 ACE~WinAceCompressedFile(e-mergeGmbH) ACE~BioPerlDNADataExchangeFormat(BioPerlProject) ACE~CastingElectronicEnterpriseCVArchive(CastingElectronic) ACE~JupiterAceSnapshot ACE~TrainSimulatorTextureFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACE~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACE~Archive~ACE ACF~SpectramapApplicationColorsFile(ColorittoBV) ACF~AgentCharacter(MicrosoftCorporation) ACF~DB/TextWorksDatabaseAccessControlFile(Inmagic,Inc.) ACF~PhotoshopCustomFilter(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACF~X-PlanePlaneDescriptionFile(LaminarResearch) ACF~AdviceCalculator(JRKSoftware) ACF~AdobeCustomFilterforPhotoShop~PhotoShop ACG~AgeofWondersSavedGame(TriumphStudios) ACG~AgentPreview(MicrosoftCorporation) ACGD~ACGCase-MixSystemACGPredictiveModel(JohnsHopkinsUniversity) ACGI~AppleSearchCGIInterface ACGL~ACGCase-MixSystemLicenseFile(JohnsHopkinsUniversity) ACH~MedlinAccountingAutomatedClearingHouseFile(MedlinAccounting) ACH~RockwellSoftwareLogix5File ACH~SpeccySnapshot ACH~PayrollMate2008AutomatedClearingHouseFile(RealTaxTools.com) ACI~ACIDevelopmentAppraisal ACIDBAT2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACL~AccessControlList(MicrosoftCorporation) ACL~ACLDesktopforWindowsDataFile(ACLServicesLtd.) ACL~CorelDraw6KeyboardAccelerator ACL~OfficeAutoCorrectList(MicrosoftCorporation) ACL~RaidenFTPDRightsFile ACL~ArchiCryptLiveSecuredDataVolume(ExklamateSoftware) ACL~Project~AuditCommandLanguage(ACL) ACL~AutoCorrectList~MicrosoftOffice ACLOCK~Amazingclock(Amazing-Clock.com) ACM~AmericanCivilWarFile(InteractiveMagic) ACM~ACBMImageFile ACM~AudioCompressionManagerDriver(MicrosoftCorporation) ACM~InfinityGameEngineSound(BioWareCorp.) ACM~InterplayCompressedSoundFile ACM~MovieFileinsomegames ACM~PhotoshopCommandButton(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACM~WindowsSystemFile ACM~AudioCompressionModuleadd-on~Win ACMB~GraphicsFile ACMB~Graphicsfile~ ACMD~ApacheCommanderProject(ZecosSoftware) ACO~Fast-TalkAcousticModelFile(Fast-TalkCommunications,Inc.) ACO~ArConProject(TRIXLGmbH) ACO~PhotoshopColorSwatchFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACO~AdobeColorPalette~Adobe ACORN~AcornImage(AppleInc.) ACP~ArConProject(ArCon-Shop.com) ACP~EditPlusAutoCompletionFile(ES-Computing) ACP~TCPDUMPStyleCapture ACP~ACBCompressedFileArchive ACP~AcrobatPaperCaptureTemporaryFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACP~OfficeAssistantPreviewFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACP~Action!Document(Macromedia) ACQ~AcquTach+(AcquisitionSystems) ACQ~AcqURL ACR~AmericanCollegeofRadiology(AmericanCollegeofRadiology) ACR~Dicom ACR~MedlinAccountingAccrualMethodAdjustments(UnpaidInvoices)(Medlin Accounting) ACR~AudioComparerComparisonresults(BolideSoftware) ACS~AgentCharacter(MicrosoftCorporation) ACSM~AdobeDigitalEditionsAdobeContentServerMessage(Adobe) ACT~Action!Presentation(Macromedia) ACT~Animation:MasterAction(Hash) ACT~DataWavePhysiologicalDataFile ACT~FoxProDocumentingWizardActionDiagram(MicrosoftCorporation) ACT~OfficeActorProgramFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACT~PhotoshopColorTable(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACT~ADPCMCompressedFileRecordedbySomeMP3Players/VoiceRecorders ACT~TrainSimulatorActivityFile(MicrosoftCorporation) ACT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACT~ACTORsourcecodefile~ACTOR ACT~AnimationsWorksActor(Graphicscell)~AnimationWorks ACT~FoxDocActionDiagrams~FoxPro ACT~Presentation~Action! ACTH~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACTH2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACTH3~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACTION~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACTIONNDA~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACTIONS~Photoline4DefaultsFile ACTIONSCRIPT~FlashActionScriptSourceCode(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACTPROJ~VisualStudio.NETACTProject(MicrosoftCorporation) ACU~AppleLink-PECompressionFormat ACU~ACUCOBOL-GTIntermediateObjectFile(Acucorp,Inc.) ACU~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ACV~OS/2AudioDrivers ACV~PhotoshopSavedCurve(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ACW~AccessibilityWizardSettings(MicrosoftCorporation) ACW~AmericanCivilWarGameSaveFile(InteractiveMagic) ACW~AutoCaptionWorksheetFile(ImageLogicCorporation) ACX~RationalXDE(IBM) ACX~AtariSTExecutable ACX~FOCUS/WebFOCUSFileDescription AD~AfterDarkScreenSaver AD~AscendPasswordProtocol AD~AxSysScriptFile(GenomicSolutions) AD~AppleDoubleEncodedFile(AppleInc.) AD~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ad~UNIXApplicationDefaultResourceFile AD~AfterDarkÂscreensaverÂmodule~AfterDark AD!~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessQS-Special-GetMarkedOnline AD2~CompressedVoiceFile AD2~ad2WebPageScriptFile(ad2,Inc.) AD2~ADPCM2-bitcompressedvoicefile~ZFAX AD3~CompressedVoiceFile AD3~ADPCM3-bitcompressedvoicefile~ZFAX ADA~ActiveDocsAnswerSet ada~ADAProgram ADA~AdvancedDigitalAudioCompressedAudio ADA~AdaÂsourcecodefile~ ADB~ACT!ActivityDataFile(BestSoftwareCRMDivision) ADB~AlphaFiveDatabaseInformationFile(AlphaSoftware,Inc.) adb~ADAPackageBody ADB~ALLDATA ADB~HP100LXOrganizerAppointmentDatabase ADB~AlphacamDiecutVBMacro(Planit) ADB~ExpressEnterpriseServerStampingFile(AdlibSoftware) ADB~AdvancedIntegratedMaintenanceSupportSystem(AIMSS)RuntimeProject ConfigurationFile(RaytheonCompany) ADB~AbilityOfficeDatabase(AbilitySoftware) ADB~CorelCENTRALAddressBook(CorelCorporation) ADB~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADB~AdaÂPackageBody~ ADB1~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADB2~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADBA~AdvancedIntegratedMaintenanceSupportSystem(AIMSS)AuthorProject ConfigurationFile(RaytheonCompany) ADBLOCK~AlphaFiveTemporaryLockingFile(AlphaSoftware,Inc.) ADC~ClearSightAnalyzerTraceFile(ClearSightNetworks,Inc.) ADC~XMapImageRegOutputFile(Delorme) ADC~SystemsManagementServer(SMS)CollectionEvaluatorAddition(Microsoft Corporation) ADC~ActiveDocsClippingCatalog ADC~ADCDataAcquistion ADC~ChromeleonDemoDataFile ADC~LingvoDictionaryTextFile ADC~Scanstudio16-colorBitmapGraphicFile ADC~TI/MITADCFormatSound ADC~Bitmapgraphics(16colors)~Scanstudio ADC~Dictionary~Lingvo ADD~AdvantageDatabaseServerDataDictionary(Sybase,Inc.) ADD~AlphacamDiecutDrawing(Planit) ADD~OS/2AdapterDeviceDriver ADD~PageMaker(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ADD~OS/2Âadapterdevicedriver~ ADDEND~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADDENDUM~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADDRESS~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADDRESSES~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADE~AccessProjectExtension(MicrosoftCorporation) ADE~ADCAudioFile ADEF~LegatoApplicationDefinition~Legato.iobuildtoolsmkappandmksys ADEX~ADEXCorporationChromaGraphGraphicsCardBitmapGraphic ADF~ActualDrawingFile ADF~AdapterDescriptionFile ADF~AdminConfigFile ADF~AmigaDiskFile(Amiga) ADF~ArcViewARC/INFOCoverageDataFile(ESRI) ADF~DogCreekQCMaskFile ADF~MicroSimPCBoardPhotoplotApertureDefinitionFile ADF~ReliaSoftALTA1 ADF~WyattTechnologyASTRA(r)Chromatography ADF~I-DEASAssociatedDataFile(EDS) ADF~GrandTheftAutoViceCityRadioStation(RockstarGames) ADF~AntennaDataFile ADF~A.R.S.E.N.A.L.ExtendedPowerMainGameFile(TacticalSoft) ADF~GameFile ADF~AmigaDiskFile~unADF,UAE,WinUAEetc… ADG~Data~ADG3DScene ADI~Active@DiskImageActive@DiskImage(Active@DataSoftware) ADI~AdvantageDatabaseServerDatabaseIndexFile(Sybase,Inc.) ADI~AutoCADPlotterFile(Autodesk,Inc.) ADI~AmateurDataInterchangeFormat(ADIF)File ADI~Graphicsfile~AutoCAD ADI~DatabaseIndexFile~AdvantageDatabaseServer ADI~DatabaseMemoFile~AdvantageDatabaseServer ADI~DatabaseTable~AdvantageDatabaseServer ADICHT~LabChartdataacquisitionfile~ADInstruments ADINEKIRN~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADIUMEMOTICON~AdiumDockIcons(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMEMOTICONSET~AdiumEmoticonSet(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMMENUBARICONS~AdiumMenuBarIcons(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMMESSAGESTYLE~AdiumMessageStyle(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMPLUGIN~AdiumPlug-in(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMSCRIPTS~AdiumAppleScripts(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMSERVICEICONS~AdiumServiceIcons(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMSOUNDSET~AdiumSoundSet(TheAdiumTeam) ADIUMSTATUSICONS~AdiumStatusIcons(TheAdiumTeam) ADJ~LISCADPlusAdjustmentFile ADJUST~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADK~OS/2SavedSKFFormatFile(IBM) ADL~ADONISModelsandModelGroupsExportFromDatabase(BOCGroup) ADL~OzWinCompuServeE-mail/ForumAccessQS-SpecialGetMarked ADL~QEMMMCAAdapterDescriptionLibrary ADL~openEHRArchetypeDefinitionLanguageFile(openEHRFoundation) ADL~DESQview(SymantecCorporation) ADL~MCAadapterdescriptionlibrary~QEMM ADM~PortfolioAdmin-levelAccesFlag(Extensis,Inc.) ADM~AddictCompiledDictionary(AddictiveSoftware) ADM~AdvantageDatabaseServerDatabaseMemoFile(Sybase,Inc.) ADM~AfterDarkScreenSaverModule ADM~AlphacamDiecutParameterMacro(Planit) ADM~SCSIDriver ADM~WindowsPolicyTemplate(MicrosoftCorporation) ADM~AdobeCS4ApplicationBar(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ADM~GarminGPSSDCardSaveFile(GarminLtd.) ADM~AfterDarksupportfile~AfterDark ADM~ADEMfileformat~ADEM ADML~Windows/OfficeLanguageSpecificGroupPolicySettings(Microsoft Corporation) adml~AnXML-basedfileusedtodescribethelanguage-specificportionsofGroup Policysettings. ADMX~Windows/OfficeGroupPolicySettings(MicrosoftCorporation) admx~AnXML-basedfileusedtodescribethelanguage-neutralportionsofGroup Policysettings. ADN~AccessBlankProjectTemplate(MicrosoftCorporation) ADN~1-2-3Add-inUtility(IBM) ADN~Add-in~Lotus1-2-3 ADO~PhotoshopDuotoneOptions(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ADO~StataProgram ADOBENET~StudioSnapshotToolApplication(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) ADOC~AuthenticaSecureOfficeProtectedWordDocument(Authentica) ADOS~ADOSCompoundDocument(ADOSCorporation) ADP~AccessProject(MicrosoftCorporation) ADP~AOLServerDynamicPage(AmericaOnline,Inc.) ADP~AstoundDynamite ADP~FaxWorksModemSetupFile ADP~AlphacamDiecutPost(Planit) ADPCM~Intel/DVIAdaptiveDifferentialPulseCodeModulationFormatSound ADPCM~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADR~AddressBook ADR~AddressPlusDatabase ADR~AfterDarkRandomScreenSaverModule ADR~OperaWebBrowserBookmarkFile(Hotlist)(OperaSoftwareASA) ADR~SmartAddressAddressBook ADR~XAIRON-AddyAddressManagerDataFile ADR~OperaDefaultBookmarkFile(OperaSoftwareASA) ADR~AfterDarksupportfile~AfterDark ADRESSES~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ads~ADAPackageSpecification ADS~ADSApplicationsFile(Autodesk,Inc.) ADS~AdaÂPackageSpecification~ ADSM~AdvancedSplitMachineSplitFile ADT~Troj/Agent-GCO ADT~AdTechFax ADT~AdvantageDatabaseServerDatabaseFile(Sybase,Inc.) ADT~AutoCADAuditReport(Autodesk,Inc.) ADT~CasioTravelPhraseDatabase(CasioComputerCo.,Ltd.) ADT~HPNewWaveCardApplicationDataFile ADT~AlphacamDiecutTools(Planit) ADT~LingvoDictionaryFile ADT~ACT!DocumentTemplate(BestSoftwareCRMDivision) ADT~MediSoftDatabaseDictionaryFile ADT~WoWgeographicalmaplocationfile~BlizzardEntertainmentgames(various) ADT~Datafileforcardfileapplication~HPNewWave ADT~Abrechnungsdatentransfer,anÂxDTÂapplication~Healthcareprovidersin Germany ADT~Dictionary~Lingvo ADT~Fax~AdTech ADU~AddictUserDictionary(AddictiveSoftware) ADV~TAPCISAdvancedCommands(UserEntered) ADV~GUSVirtualDeviceDriver ADV~GUSdevicedriver~Gf166.com ADVENTURE~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) ADW~ADHAWINMultilingualTransliterationScheme ADX~ArchetypeDesignerDocument ADX~DynazipActiveDeliveryScript ADX~ApproachIndexFile(IBM) ADX~DreamcastAudioFile(Sega) ADX~Document~ArchetypeDesigner ADZ~AmigaGZ-PackedDiskImage(Amiga) ADZ~AmigaDiskZipped(SeeÂAmigaDiskFile)~GZip AE~SoftQuadAuthor/EditorFile AEB~AlphacamWireEDMVBMacro(Planit) AEC~DataCADDoublePrecisionDrawing(DATACADLLC) AED~AlphacamWireEDMDrawing(Planit) AEF~ELECTRICALDesigner AEF~VisualObjectsApplicationExportFile(CA) AEG~NetminoFile AEH~iPerAdvancedEmbeddedHypertext(VisualVision) AEM~AlphacamWireEDMParameterMacro(Planit) AEP~ArcExplorerProject(EnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute,Inc.(ESRI)) AEP~AlphacamWireEDMPost(Planit) AEP~AfterEffectsProjectFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AEP~Homeworld(SierraEntertainment,Inc.) AEP~AfterEffectsProjectFile~AdobeAfterEffects AER~AtmosphereFile(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AES~AESCryptEncryptedFile(Packetizer,Inc.) AES~AfterEffectsStablilzerSettings(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AES~FileencryptedusingtheAdvancedEncryptionStandard(AES)~AESCrypt (Windows,Mac,Linux,Java)andCrypt4All(Android) AET~AfterEffectsTrackerSettings(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AEU~AutoRouteExpressEuropeRoute(MicrosoftCorporation) AEX~AlphaFiveCompiledAdd-inLibraryScript(AlphaSoftware,Inc.) AEX~ArtExplosionGreetingCardFactoryDeluxeGraphic(NovaDevelopment Corporation) AEX~PrettyGoodPrivacy(PGP)ArmoredExtractedPublicEncryptionKey(PGP Corporation) AEXPK~PrettyGoodPrivacy(PGP)ArmoredExtractedPublicKey(PGPCorporation) AF~3DPlus2Model(Serif) AF2~ABCFlowchart AF2~Flowchart~ABCFlowCharter2.0 AF3~FlowCharterVer.3&4(iGrafxLLC) AF3~Flowchart~ABCFlowCharter3.0 AFA~Astrotite200XDatacompress/encrypt(FantiusenSoftware) AFB~AlphacamFlameVBMacro(Planit) AFC~AppleSound(AppleInc.) AFC~ArisFlowCommander AFD~ArisFlowDiagram AFD~AlphacamFlameDrawing(Planit) AFD~PrismoGraphicsActiveFileData(AppleInc.) AFF~AnyFormForm AFF~AdvancedForensicsFormatDiskImage(SimsonL.GarfinkelandBasis TechnologyCorp) AFF~AGEMAFile AFF~AffixFile AFFAIR~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AFG~GuitarMusikTrainerFile AFI~TruevisionBitmapGraphic AFI~Truevisionbitmapgraphics~ AFL~AnimaFlexRubberFlexAnimation AFL~LotusFont(IBM) AFL~X-PlaneAirfoil(LaminarResearch) AFL~XMap(Delorme) AFL~Fontfile(forAlways)~Lotus1-2-3 AFM~AbassisFinanceManagerDataFile(SmartMediaInformatica) AFM~DESQview(SymantecCorporation) AFM~HPNewWaveCardfileApplication AFM~AlphacamFlameParameterMacro(Planit) AFM~LOUTFile AFM~OutlineFontMetric(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AFM~FormMasterEditorFormTemplate(ATSYSTEMSS.R.L.) AFM~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AFM~Datafileforcardfileapplication~HPNewWave AFM~Type1fontmetricÂASCIIÂdataforfontinstaller~ATM-many AFO-XVID~RAR-compressedVideo AFP~XMapFlightPlanorFlightPlanStatisticFile(Delorme) AFP~AndrosaFileProtectorEncryptedFile(AndrosaSoft) AFP~FlowchartSymbolPalette AFP~GangstersGameFile AFP~IBMTransactionalDataFormat(AdvancedFunctionPrint) AFP~AlphacamFlamePost(Planit) AFP~PapyrusDocumentStorageFormat AFP~PrismoGraphicsActiveFileProxy(AppleInc.) AFP~Shapepalette~ABCFlowCharter AFS~FilterFactoryPhotoshopFilter AFS~SegaDreamcastCompressedAudio(SegaofAmerica,Inc.) AFS~TypeManagerFontSet(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AFS~AktivFilterspecificationfile(SoftwareDidaktik) AFS3~AdvancedFileSecurityEncryptedFile(OsborneSoftware-EricPÃ¶rsel) AFT~AncestryFamilyTreeDataFile(MyFamily.comInc.) AFT~AnyFormTemplate AFT~FlowchartTemplate AFT~Template~ABCFlowCharter3.0 AFTER~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AFW~FlowchartWorkArea AFW~IndustrialAspectIntegratorPlatform(ABBLtd) AFW~Workplace~ABCFlowCharter3.0 AFX~AutoFXPhotographicEdges(AutoFXSoftware) AFZ~AncestryFamilyTreeBackupDataFile(MyFamily.comInc.) AG~ApplixGraphic(Applix) AG~ArgusSpreadsheet AG~AgendaApplication(IBM) AG4~AccessG4File(MicrosoftCorporation) AGC~AfterGRASPCompiledScript(JohnBridges) AGE3SCN~AgeofEmpires3Scenario(MicrosoftCorporation) AGF~AtlasGeoFile AGG~Graphic AGG~AggFlowPlantFlowDiagram(BedRockSoftwareInc.) AGI~AsteriskGatewayInterfaceFile(Digium,Inc.) AGL~PCFoldAngleCorrectionData AGL~CompaqArrayVisualizerNativeDataFormat(Hewlett-PackardDevelopment Company,L.P.) AGL~ChangeCASTAGLFile(DomainSystems,Inc.) AGL~ArgusLabMolecularDesign(PlanariaSoftwareLLC) AGL~AGLDataIndustrialWaterTreatmentFile AGLDEI~GoLiveTemplate(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AGLS~GoLiveSnippet(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AGLSL~GoLiveSite(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AGM~DOTAGM.JARPackedAudioFile(agmdigitalartsGmbH) AGN~PsionSeries3Agenda(PsionPLC) AGO~AutologScript(SoftMachines) AGP~AppGiniMySQLCodeGeneratorProject(BigProfSoftware) AGP~AspenGraphicsPages AGR~APMGraphVectorGraphic(APM) AGR~AepryusGraphImageorScreenSaverFile(AepryusSoftware) AGR~GraceProjectFile AGR~ArcViewÂASCIIgrid~ AGREEMNT~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AGS~AfterGRASPScript(JohnBridges) AGS~AppGiniSavedStyleSheet(BigProfSoftware) AGT~PeerAgentTypedExecutableE-mail AGW~AspenGraphicsWindows AGX~RationalXDE(IBM) AGZ~AggFlowAggregatePlantFlowDiagram(BedRockSoftwareInc.) AH~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AHB~AIMHighBriefcaseReportFile(CosbyCliftonComputerConsultantsLtd) AHD~AsusProbe AHF~ASPHeader AHK~AutoHotkeyScript(AutoHotkey) AHK~AutoHotkeyscriptfile~AutoHotkey AHOD~Homeworld(SierraEntertainment,Inc.) AHP~AutoCADHelp(Autodesk,Inc.) AHQ~AudioHQPlug-inModule AHS~PhotoshopHalftoneScreens(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AHT~AHNote(AbdullahHatem) AHTM~HTMLFile AHTML~HTMLFile AHUFF~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AHX~WinAHXTHXTrackerMusic(Abyss) AI~AiArchiverArchive AI~RiseofNationsAIFile(MicrosoftCorporation) AI~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AI~AdvantageDatabaseServer(Sybase,Inc.) AI~CorelTraceDrawing AI~EARSComponentFile AI~IllustratorVectorGraphic(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AI~ProgressDatabaseAfterImageFile(ProgressSoftwareCorporation) AI~AIwinProjectData(Procedimientos-Uno,S.L.) AI~AdobeIllustratorFile AI~AdobeIllustratorArtwork~AdobeIllustrator AI3~GenericEncapsulatedPostScriptGraphicFormat AI4~GenericEncapsulatedPostScriptGraphicFormat AI5~GenericEncapsulatedPostScriptGraphicFormat AI6~GenericEncapsulatedPostScriptGraphicFormat AI7~GenericEncapsulatedPostScriptGraphicFormat AIC~AdvancedImageCodingBitmap AIF~OS/2ProgramInformationFile(IBM) AIF~AudioInterchangeFile AIF~KnowledgewareSetupInformation AIF~SymbianOSApplicationInformationFile AIF~AudioInterchangeFileFormat AIF~seeAIFF~ AIFC~AudioInterchangeFile AIFC~AudioInterchangeFileFormatÂwithCompression~ AIFF~AudioInterchangeFile aiff~ThefilenameextensionofaudiofilesinthesoundformatoriginallyusedonApple andSiliconGraphics(SGI)computers. AIFF~AudioInterchangeFileFormat~Convert(c)Villena AIG~DesignYourOwnHomeArchitectureDrawingFile(theliquidateherSoftware,An MCSInvestments,Inc.Company) AIG~AbracadataDrawing AIH~ArcViewOptionalIndexFile(ESRI) AII~UnknownAppleIIFile(foundonGoldenOrchardAppleIICDRom) AIJ~OracleAfter-ImageJournal AIL~AutoImager AIM~AsmTextModeImageFile(TheUltimateDraw) AIM~AOLInstantMessenger(AIM)(AmericaOnline,Inc.) AiM~AsmTextModeImageFile~TheUltimateDraw AIML~ArtificialIntelligenceMarkupLanguage AIN~AINCompressedArchive AIN~ArcViewOptionalIndexFile(ESRI) AIN~Archive~AIN AIN~Jobschedule~AutoIntern AINSO~VAXCRYSTALSChemicalCrystallogaphyFile AIO~APLFileTransferFormat AIO~APLprogramminglanguageÂfiletransferformatfile~ AIP~AudiosoftParameterFile AIP~IllustratorPlug-in(AdobeSystemsIncorporated) AIP~StarTrekArmadaArficicialIntelligenceP

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