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Weathering and Erosion 1. Compare and contrast the following terms: a) Weathering and Erosion: Weathering is the breaking down of rocks while erosion is the movement of those rocks to other locations. b) Erosion and Deposition: Erosion is the movement of rocks to other locations, while deposition is the dropping or depositing of those materials. c) Physical Weathering and Chemical Weathering: Physical weathering is a change in the shape or form of the rock while chemical weathering changes the composition of the rock. d) Rill erosion and Gully erosion Rills are small channels caused by water erosion while gullies are larger channels. e) Residual and Transported soil Residual soil stays where it was formed while transported is moved to another location after being formed. f) Erosion and Mass movement While both indicate movement of material, mass movements always happen on slopes, tend to be quick and involve large amounts of material. g) Continental and valley glaciers Continental glaciers form across large, flat areas while valley glaciers form in mountainous areas. 2. Identify whether the following are examples of physical weathering, chemical weathering, erosion or deposition: a) Wind blowing sand from one location to another Erosion b) Flood water wearing down a canyon wall physical weathering c) Flood water carrying canyon wall sediment downstream erosion d) Glaciers moving rocks to the bottom of a valley erosion e) A car rusting in an abandoned parking lot chemical weathering f) Deltas forming at the end of the Mississippi River deposition 3. Describe the following characteristics about physical weathering: a) Two specific types or examples frost wedging exfoliation b) Three factors that affect its rate rock type/composition topography (steepness) surface area c) Climate with highest rates cold and wet 4. Describe the following characteristics about chemical weathering: a) Two specific types or examples oxidation (rusting) carbonic acid (acid rain) b) Three factors that affect its rate temperature water acidity (how strong of an acid) c) Climate with highest rates warm and wet 5. What are the five main causes or methods of erosion? Describe each one briefly. Gravity – moves rocks down slope Water – moves rocks with its flow Glaciers – moves with its ice Wind – moves small, dry particles Living things – excavating, gardening, etc. Soils 6. Outline the process of soil formation. -Weathering of rock into smaller pieces -Introduction of organic material and small organisms -Inclusion of water and nutrients 7. Which of the following soils is the most developed? Which is the least developed? How can you tell? Most – B, Least –A, determined by the amount of organic material and differentiation of soil horizons 8. In the diagram label each of the four soil horizons and briefly compare and contrast each horizon: O – horizon: top layer, contains organic material called humus. Usually dark brown or black in color A – horizon: Second layer, contains some organic material and some weathered rocks Usually light gray-brown in color B – horizon: Third layer, contains mostly weathered rocks and usually brown to light red in color C – horizon: Bottom layer, is mostly solid rock considered bed rock 9. Explain how the following affect soil development: Time: As more time passes, more nutrients can penetrate the soil and rocks continue to weather leading to more developed soil Climate: Soils develop better in warm and wet environments where there is more access to water and organic material Topography: Soils develop better on flat areas where erosion is less likely to move materials Biological Factors: If there is more organic material and small organisms, then the soil is more likely to develop a more rich O-horizon Parent material: Certain materials weather quicker and allow for quicker development 10. Briefly describe how soils are classified. Soils are classified by grain size. Mass Movements 11. What are the four factors that influence mass movement? Material Weight Ability to slide Trigger Water 12. For each type of mass movement, briefly describe it and the factors that increase their chance of occurring: a) Creep The slow movement of material down slope causes a slight leaning of trees and power poles. Can be increased by the saturation of water into the surface layer of material. b) Mudflows Swiftly moving mixtures of mud and water Can be triggered by earthquakes or in volcanic regions with significant snow melt c) Landslides A rapid, downslope movement of a thin layer of material after separating from underlying layer. Common on steeper slopes with high saturation of water d) Slump A rapid, downslope movement of a thin layer of material on a curved surface. Common on thick soils with moderate slopes and more so after it rains. e) Avalanches Landslides in mountainous areas with thick accumulations of snow. More common in early winter when snow accumulates on warm ground or due to refreezing of snow into ice. f) Rock falls The loosening of rocks by physical weathering and the falling downward. Occurs in steep cut roads and in dry conditions where there is less soil and vegetation to hold rocks in place. 13. What are some ways that people can reduce the risk of mass movements? Reduce slopes to less than 25o Digging trenches to divert water flow Build retaining walls Glaciers 14. What specifically is a glacier? A large, moving mass of ice. 15. Compare and contrast the following types of glacial erosion. Also identify each one on the diagram below. Cirques: Scooped out depressions caused by valley glaciers A Arête: The meeting of two cirques causing a steep ridge D Horns: The carving by three or more glaciers to produce a pyramid shaped peak. E Hanging valleys: Formed where glaciers meet and form valleys where waterfalls often occur F 16. Compare and contrast terminal and lateral moraines. Moraines are formed when till (the unsorted rock, gravel, sand and clay that glaciers carry) is deposited in unsorted ridges. Terminal are found along the edge of a retreating glacier and lateral are located parallel to the direction of the glacier’s flow. 17. Compare and contrast the following types of glacial deposition. Drumlins: Elongated moraines that continental glaciers moved over Eskers: Winding ridges of sediment formed by streams underneath the glacier Kames: A mound of layered sediment, usually conical in shape 18. Identify the glacial features labeled on the diagram to the right. Kettles – small puddles, bottom right Kames – small mounds, bottom middle Eskers – winding sediment, middle Drumlins – thin sediment, top