Download ESA-Lead

An Overview of NASA’s
Fundamental Physics Research
aboard the ISS
Ulf Israelsson, JPL
Fran Chiaramonte, NASA HQ
John Goree, University of Iowa
Inseob Hahn, JPL
Nan Yu, JPL
Robert Tjoelker, JPL
Robert Thompson, JPL
October 12, 2012
Q2C5 Workshop, Köln, Germany
AGENDA
• 
Quantum Gases
•  Cold Atom Laboratory (NASA/JPL-Lead)
• 
Fundamental Forces and Symmetries
•  Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ESA/CNES-Lead)
• 
• 
Space Optical Clock concept (ESA-Lead)
•  Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle concept (ESA-Lead)
Complex Fluids and Soft Condensed Matter
• 
• 
Plasma Krystal-4 (ESA/DLR-lead)
Plasmalab (DLR/ESA-lead)
• 
Dusty Plasma Physics Facility concept (NASA-lead)
• 
Matter near Critical Phase Transitions
•  DECLIC-ALI (CNES-lead)
• 
Summary and Discussion
Page 1
Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) Background!
All matter has both a wave
aspect and a particle aspect.
At high temperatures atoms
behave as particles
At very cold temperatures the
wave nature becomes more
pronounced.
At the critical temperature and
density, the wavelengths of
the atoms overlap. Below this
temperature, most of the
atoms share the same
wavefunction (for a gas of
bosons)
CAL will explore a
temperature regime more
than an order of a magnitude
below what can be achieved
on earth
T~1K
T~1 microKelvin
Laser Cooling
(subject of 1998 Nobel prize)
T~10 nanoKelvin
Evaporative Cooling
(subject of 2003 Nobel prize)
T~1
picoKelvin
λ ~ 1 mm
Adiabatic expansion
in Microgravity
CAL Overview!
Objectives
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Demonstration of evaporative cooling and generation of degenerate quantum
gases in microgravity
Study condensate expansion into extremely weak traps and achieve temperatures
an order of magnitude below what has been achieved in terrestrial experiments
Demonstrate long interaction times and macroscopic matter waves
Study mixtures of Fermi and Bose gases at extremely low temperatures
Studies of the propagation of matter-waves in microgravity
Science Team:
• 
• 
Rob Thompson, JPL (PI)
Bill Phillips, NIST, Dana Anderson, Colorado State Univ. (Co-Is)
!
Rubidium condensates prepared at JPL, showing role
of gravity in evaporative cooling. Left: Unsupported
against gravity, Right Supported against gravity
BEC$at$JILA$
CAL Hardware Implementation Approach
•  COTS for avionics and laser/optics
•  JPL build for Coil and lasers drivers
  COTS Lasers integrated into optical bench
•  Partner with ColdQuanta,inc. for atom chip and
vacuum chamber
•  Express Rack Accommodation
  Single MLE Electronics Bay for avionics
  Double MLE Physics Bay
  Convection Cooling via Fans in both bays
  Liquid Conduction Cooled base plate for Laser Driver
27 cm
(10.8”)
Laser
Driver
RF Amp
Coil
Driver
Laser
(x7)
•  Modular software approach allows bench test of
  The Laser control software will be developed on the
PXI Chassis
Liquid Heat
Exchanger
(1 of 2)
and RF amp
components using simple drivers or surrogates
Electronics Bay
Fan
(1 of 2)
Power
Mgmt
Fan
(1 of 4)
test bed as access to the lasers is required
Cooling
Fins
Physics
Module
Enclosure
55 cm
(21.8”)
Laser
20 cm
(7.9 in)
56 cm
(22”)
Laser Module
47 cm
(18.4”)
Physics Bay
Vacuum Assembly
CAL Mission Architecture!
Science Definition
Oct 2012
Development
2012-2015
Launch
Dec 2015
Mission Operations
2016-2018
TDRSS
Sequence Control
with Ground via
TDRSS
12 month science
operations phase
no down mass required
ISS
Data to
MSFC
via White
Sands
Science
Operations
Team at JPL
Docking
with ISS
2015 Launch in
Pressurized
Cargo Vehicle in
soft stowage
Crew
installation
into
Express
Rack
Pressurized Cargo Vehicle:
Dragon, HTV, Progress, Soyuz
CAL - Engaging the Science Community
Funding Period
Work
shop
Phase A
NRA
Selections
NRA
Release
Phase C/D
Phase B
Science
Experiments
Phase E
•  NASA Research Announcement (NRA) planned in 2013
–  Select ~4-6 awards for CAL co-investigators
–  International participation welcomed
–  Workshop in December 2012 – January 2013 timeframe
•  Variation in Experimental Parameters leads to a multitude of possible
experiments:
•  Control of the temperature
•  Variation of the absolute and relative
87Rb,
and fermionic
40K,
concentration between two species, bosonic
•  Control of strength and sign of atomic interactions with an external magnetic field
•  Precise control of the strength and dimensionality of an optical lattice potential
•  Control of a leakage rate from the trap, allowing studies of atom lasers and the
propagation of matter waves in space
ESA’s Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES)
Objectives
• 
• 
• 
• 
Demonstrate an atomic clock on the ISS accurate to one part
in 10^16, measure the Earth’s gravitational redshift to two
parts in 10^6, and test relativistic effects in the frequency
comparisons of moving clocks.
Search for a time variation of the fine structure constant to
one part in 10^17 over one year of integration time.
Search for Lorentz transformation violations to the one part
in 10^10 level.
Perform time synchronization and time transfer experiments
(space-to-ground and ground-to-ground) and compare
ground clocks to a fractional frequency resolution of 10^-17
in a few days of integration time.
NASA funded investigators on the ACES IWG.
• 
• 
• 
• 
Nan Yu, JPL (Microwave Link)
Tom O’Brian, NIST (Microwave Link)
Kurt Gibble, Penn State University (Clock evaluation)
Leo Hollberg, Stanford University (Time transfer)
ESA ACES Summary
JPL Ground Clocks used with ACES
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
!
!
Hg-ion LITS-9 is baseline!
Hg-ion LITS 10/11 under development!
Hydrogen Masers!
CSO Local Oscillator!
Deep Space Atomic clock test unit!
Optical clock (under development)!
R.Tjoelker et al.
LITS-9
JPL ACES Ground Terminal Site Preparation
ISS Ground Track
JPL
Boulder
Paris
ISS Ground Tracks – Visible from JPL or Boulder for several (three
typically) tracks in a row, twice per day on average.
Measurements in Paris are “offset” by about 6 hours and 18 hours.
Courtesy Steven Jefferts, NIST
ESA’s Space Optical Clock Overview
SOC Objectives
•  Demonstrate an optical clock on the ISS accurate to one part in 10^17,
measure the Earth’s gravitational redshift to two parts in 10^7, and test
relativistic effects in the frequency comparisons of moving clocks.
•  Perform a null measurement of the Sun’s gravitational redshift to two
parts in 10^7.
•  Perform differential geo potential measurements with 1 cm height
resolution on the geoid; such measurements are based on the comparison
of distant clocks on ground
•  Perform time synchronization and time transfer experiments (space-toground and ground-to-ground) and to allow comparison between ground
clocks to a fractional frequency resolution of 1 part in 10^18
NASA funded Investigators on SOC IWG
•  Scott Diddams, NIST (optical microcomb)
•  Kerry Vahala, Caltech (Co-I)
•  Chris Oates, NIST (10^17 Yb optical clock)
Transportable
SOC: systems
Efforts
by ESA and European Nations
Planned activities in SOC-2 project (EU FP-7 funded)
Transportable Clock Laser (PTB)
Simpler, more reliable lasers
Compact clock laser (698 nm) with ~ 1 Hz linewidth
!
- Industrial-type design diode lasers andReference
fiber lasers
cavity
- Diode lasers with intra-cavity etalon Passive
vibration
isolation
- Higher power ! no slave laser required
TRL 5 by 2014 („Component and/or
master laser
- Single-pass waveguide SHG
ant environment”)
on of SOC project
! some
More compact subsystems
bsystem
TRL14,
optical
link –
st stage
eadboard@with
MOT
ncy comb @ TRL 4
- Laser, modulation and distribution using individual
xcluding electronics and breadboard)
-17
compact breadboard
modules
Volume of the laser system:
330 liter,
with 10
level performance
Overall volume: <1000 liter.
- project)
Compact
clock lasers
ven:
15 W, magnets:
~40 project,
W; incl. electronics:
20 W)
subsystems
(SOC
GSTP
Comparison of different optical frequencies
slave laser
Cavity design: Nazarova et al., Appl. Phys. B 83, 531 (2006)
-
s clocks
ser
!
All fiber-coupled systems
Virtualsystem
beat method:
Laser frequency stabilization
(multiple ULE
cavities)
G. Grosche
et al.,
I(f)
Eur. Phys. J. D 48, 27 (2008)
Atomics package without Zeeman !slower
!
Vacuum chamber, high-performance frequency
combs
1
2
Lower power consumption
al bench, vacuum chamber, etc.
- Permanent magnet Zeeman slower
n RF subsystems
! Validate the subsystems
m
f
f
T): optical link (so far using Nd:YAG)
nd
1
m2
f
!
Develop a 2
!
m
Transport both systems to PTB,
!virtual beat = "#$!1 + fceo)$ m
($ !2
fLaser1
= m1 characterization
frep + fceo - !1
INRIM Torino
for
m
fLaser2 = m2 frep + fceo - !2
!virtual beat = flaser1 - m flaser2
ceo
generation Sr breadboard
rep
Laser 1
DDS Synthesizer
r optical Physics
frequency
comparison
(Djerroud
et al
package
vacuum
system
! Further developComb
Yb Laser
transportable
system
2
divider
Fiber port cluster (PTB)
(delivery of laser light 461 nm, 698 nm
for 1st stage and 2nd stage MOT)
1
2
+ fceo)
1
Laser and optics
2 transportable systems, TRL 4 by 2014;
Instability < 1×10-15/!1/2 , inaccuracy < 5×10-17
2
Optical Clock R&D Activities in the U.S.
JPL
Ball Aerospace
NIST
NIST
Flight prototype optical
reference cavity
!
NIST: ion clocks, lattice clocks
JILA: lattice clocks
JPL: compact ion clocks, space subsystems
Penn. State: space optical clocks
DARPA, compact optical clock
30 cm
ESA’s Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle
•  Trajectories of two different atom clouds
aboard the ISS are monitored as they fall
around the Earth.
•  Atom interferometers are used to search for
variations in trajectories.
•  NASA funded Investigators on QWEP IWG
• 
• 
Holger Mueller, UC Berkeley
Nan Yu, JPL (Co-I)
15
ESA’s Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle
QWEP Objectives
•  Test the Weak Equivalence Principle using
quantum particles approaching ~ 1:10^15
•  Validate the technology for a matter wave
sensor in space through demonstration of
differential atom interferometry and gravity
gradiometry measurements.
•  Investigate condensate properties in
microgravity
•  Demonstrate atom interferometry with ultracold atom sources in space
ESA droptower unit
Plasmas in Nature
Dusty Plasma Research
Dusty Plasma has 4 elements
•  Electrons
•  Positive ions
•  Neutral gas (Argon at < 1mBar)
•  Dust particles (Polymer
microspheres ~10 um, Q ~10,000)
Fundamental Physics
•  Coulomb crystals
•  Waves & instabilities
•  Melting & statistical physics
Astrophysics
•  Rings of Saturn
•  Comet tails
•  Planetary formation
Timeline of dusty plasma study in space
1997 – 2011
20 missions of PK-3 Plus
DC-RF combined
discharge dusty
plasma
RF discharge
dusty plasma
PK-4
PK-3+
“Mir”
RF
PK-3
201?
RF
2006
PK-2
2000
PK-1
1999
DC discharge
dusty plasma
ISS
1998
UV induced plasma
Courtesy Lipaev and the PK team.
Page 19
PK4, Plasmalab (ESA, DLR), and DPPF!
NASA PK4 & Plasmalab
Investigators:
John A. Goree, Univ. of Iowa
Ed Thomas, Jr., Auburn Univ.
Marlene Rosenberg, UCSD
NASA’s Dusty Plasma Physics
Facility (DPPF) concept
Investigators: John A. Goree,
Univ. of Iowa; Inseob Hahn, JPL
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Observe melting phase
transition
Measure viscoelasticity of
liquids
Observe Brownian motion in
a controlled environment
Observe nonlinear wave
propagation
Detect weak forces predicted
by theory
Study particle agglomeration
and charging
Study dust lift-off from
surfaces.
PK-4 parabolic-flight
test-rig. (MPI)
DPPF
Plasmalab chamber (MPI)
Critical Phenomena: Liquid-Gas
Fluid
Tc (K)
Pc (atm) ρc (g/cc)
Water
CO2
Xenon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Helium-4
Helium-3
647.5
304.2
289.8
154.6
32.9
5.19
3.315
218.5
72.8
57.6
49.7
12.8
2.25
1.15
•  As we approach to the critical point, density
fluctuation becomes large
•  As the system cools, phase transition occur
•  At the critical point, many detail structures,
interactions of subunits play no role in determining the
21
bulk properties of the system
0.325
0.46
1.11
0.41
0.0314
0.069
0.042
DECLIC ALI on the ISS since 2011
♦  The ALI insert is built to study the
boiling crisis utilizing properties of
fluids near the critical point
♦  High stable thermostat
♦  2 sample cells with SF6 near the
critical density
♦  Interferogram, shadowgraph,
heaters, thermometers
♦  NASA/CNES investigation measure
♦  Thermal diffusivity, Heat capacity
♦  Turbidity (correlation length,
shadowgraph
and interferogram
DECLIC on board ISS
ALI sample cell
ALI insert
compressibility)
♦  Density in two-phase (coexistence
curve)
♦  Inseob Hahn, JPL
♦  DECLIC workshop Oct 23-25 at JPL
22
Turbidity (τ) measurement
e
IT
I0 , λ0
IT = I 0 exp(− τ e)
Microgravity conditions and stable thermal
environment of DECLIC facility allowed
new turbidity measurement.
Crossover Parametric equation-of-state
Model* fits data reasonably well with offcritical density (1.7%).
Future adjustable density cell capability will
enable to test the influence of Green-Fisher
exponent near singularity and crossover
behavior.
* V. Agayan (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Maryland 2000)
C. Lecoutre-Chabot, Y. Garrabos, D. Beysens, I. Hahn (Boulder, 2012)
NASA Fundamental Physics Projects and Investigators
DECLIC-ALI: Launch 2011
Inseob Hahn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
CNES Led
Investigation of equilibration near the liquid-gas critical point
in microgravity utilizing DECLIC facility
Plasma Krystal (PK4): Launch 2014
John Gore - The University of Iowa
ESA Led
Self-Structuring in Dusty Plasmas
Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES): Launch 2015
Kurt Gibble - Penn State University
Leo Hollberg - Stanford University
ESA Led (with CNES)
JPL Participation in ESA ACES Worldwide Clock Comparison
Campaign
Contributions to the Evaluation of the ACES clock PHARAO
Advancing Time Transfer and Optical Atomic Clocks for Space
Tom O'Brian - National Institute of Science and
Technology, Boulder
NIST/ACES Collaboration: ACES Ground Station and Data Analysis
Center in Boulder, Colorado
Nan Yu - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL): Launch 2015
Robert Thompson - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
William Phillips - National Institute of Science and
Technology, Gaithersburg
Dana Anderson - Colorado State University
TBD Investigators from 2013 CAL NRA
NASA/JPL Led
Cold Atom Laboratory
Plasmalab: Launch 2015
John Gore - The University of Iowa
Edward Thomas - Auburn University
Marlene Rosenberg - University of California, Irvine
DLR Led
Plasmalab Experiments
Plasmalab Measurement
Plasmalab Theory
Space Optical Clock (SOC) (Study)
Chris Oates - National Institute of Science and
Technology, Boulder
Scott Diddams - National Institute of Science and
Technology, Boulder
Kerry Vahala, California Institute of Technology
ESA Led
Development/Evaluation of a 10^-17 Yb Optical Clock For Space
Applications
Development of an optical microcomb system in support of
fundamental physics research on the International Space Station
Co-I to Diddams
Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle (QWEP) (Study)
Holger Mueller - University of California, Berkeley
Nan Yu - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
ESA Led
QWEP Analysis and Optimization
Co-I to Mueller
Co-I to Thompson
Co-I to Thompson
Page 24
Summary and Discussion
•  Upcoming Activities
•  DECLIC Workshop at JPL Oct 23-25
•  CAL NRA workshop ~ Dec 2012 – Jan 2013 (TBC)
•  CAL NASA Research Announcement ~ Jun, 2013
•  Summary
•  NASA has expanded its cadre of fundamental
physics researchers to 13 total recently
•  Many activities are in supporting roles to CNES,
ESA, and DLR
•  Cold Atom Laboratory is a recent new EXPRESS rack
NASA facility planned for launch in 2015.
•  Collaborations with European scientists are
encouraged through 2013 NRA.
Page 25