Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
An Overview of NASA’s Fundamental Physics Research aboard the ISS Ulf Israelsson, JPL Fran Chiaramonte, NASA HQ John Goree, University of Iowa Inseob Hahn, JPL Nan Yu, JPL Robert Tjoelker, JPL Robert Thompson, JPL October 12, 2012 Q2C5 Workshop, Köln, Germany AGENDA • Quantum Gases • Cold Atom Laboratory (NASA/JPL-Lead) • Fundamental Forces and Symmetries • Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ESA/CNES-Lead) • • Space Optical Clock concept (ESA-Lead) • Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle concept (ESA-Lead) Complex Fluids and Soft Condensed Matter • • Plasma Krystal-4 (ESA/DLR-lead) Plasmalab (DLR/ESA-lead) • Dusty Plasma Physics Facility concept (NASA-lead) • Matter near Critical Phase Transitions • DECLIC-ALI (CNES-lead) • Summary and Discussion Page 1 Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) Background! All matter has both a wave aspect and a particle aspect. At high temperatures atoms behave as particles At very cold temperatures the wave nature becomes more pronounced. At the critical temperature and density, the wavelengths of the atoms overlap. Below this temperature, most of the atoms share the same wavefunction (for a gas of bosons) CAL will explore a temperature regime more than an order of a magnitude below what can be achieved on earth T~1K T~1 microKelvin Laser Cooling (subject of 1998 Nobel prize) T~10 nanoKelvin Evaporative Cooling (subject of 2003 Nobel prize) T~1 picoKelvin λ ~ 1 mm Adiabatic expansion in Microgravity CAL Overview! Objectives • • • • • Demonstration of evaporative cooling and generation of degenerate quantum gases in microgravity Study condensate expansion into extremely weak traps and achieve temperatures an order of magnitude below what has been achieved in terrestrial experiments Demonstrate long interaction times and macroscopic matter waves Study mixtures of Fermi and Bose gases at extremely low temperatures Studies of the propagation of matter-waves in microgravity Science Team: • • Rob Thompson, JPL (PI) Bill Phillips, NIST, Dana Anderson, Colorado State Univ. (Co-Is) ! Rubidium condensates prepared at JPL, showing role of gravity in evaporative cooling. Left: Unsupported against gravity, Right Supported against gravity BEC$at$JILA$ CAL Hardware Implementation Approach • COTS for avionics and laser/optics • JPL build for Coil and lasers drivers COTS Lasers integrated into optical bench • Partner with ColdQuanta,inc. for atom chip and vacuum chamber • Express Rack Accommodation Single MLE Electronics Bay for avionics Double MLE Physics Bay Convection Cooling via Fans in both bays Liquid Conduction Cooled base plate for Laser Driver 27 cm (10.8”) Laser Driver RF Amp Coil Driver Laser (x7) • Modular software approach allows bench test of The Laser control software will be developed on the PXI Chassis Liquid Heat Exchanger (1 of 2) and RF amp components using simple drivers or surrogates Electronics Bay Fan (1 of 2) Power Mgmt Fan (1 of 4) test bed as access to the lasers is required Cooling Fins Physics Module Enclosure 55 cm (21.8”) Laser 20 cm (7.9 in) 56 cm (22”) Laser Module 47 cm (18.4”) Physics Bay Vacuum Assembly CAL Mission Architecture! Science Definition Oct 2012 Development 2012-2015 Launch Dec 2015 Mission Operations 2016-2018 TDRSS Sequence Control with Ground via TDRSS 12 month science operations phase no down mass required ISS Data to MSFC via White Sands Science Operations Team at JPL Docking with ISS 2015 Launch in Pressurized Cargo Vehicle in soft stowage Crew installation into Express Rack Pressurized Cargo Vehicle: Dragon, HTV, Progress, Soyuz CAL - Engaging the Science Community Funding Period Work shop Phase A NRA Selections NRA Release Phase C/D Phase B Science Experiments Phase E • NASA Research Announcement (NRA) planned in 2013 – Select ~4-6 awards for CAL co-investigators – International participation welcomed – Workshop in December 2012 – January 2013 timeframe • Variation in Experimental Parameters leads to a multitude of possible experiments: • Control of the temperature • Variation of the absolute and relative 87Rb, and fermionic 40K, concentration between two species, bosonic • Control of strength and sign of atomic interactions with an external magnetic field • Precise control of the strength and dimensionality of an optical lattice potential • Control of a leakage rate from the trap, allowing studies of atom lasers and the propagation of matter waves in space ESA’s Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) Objectives • • • • Demonstrate an atomic clock on the ISS accurate to one part in 10^16, measure the Earth’s gravitational redshift to two parts in 10^6, and test relativistic effects in the frequency comparisons of moving clocks. Search for a time variation of the fine structure constant to one part in 10^17 over one year of integration time. Search for Lorentz transformation violations to the one part in 10^10 level. Perform time synchronization and time transfer experiments (space-to-ground and ground-to-ground) and compare ground clocks to a fractional frequency resolution of 10^-17 in a few days of integration time. NASA funded investigators on the ACES IWG. • • • • Nan Yu, JPL (Microwave Link) Tom O’Brian, NIST (Microwave Link) Kurt Gibble, Penn State University (Clock evaluation) Leo Hollberg, Stanford University (Time transfer) ESA ACES Summary JPL Ground Clocks used with ACES • • • • • • ! ! Hg-ion LITS-9 is baseline! Hg-ion LITS 10/11 under development! Hydrogen Masers! CSO Local Oscillator! Deep Space Atomic clock test unit! Optical clock (under development)! R.Tjoelker et al. LITS-9 JPL ACES Ground Terminal Site Preparation ISS Ground Track JPL Boulder Paris ISS Ground Tracks – Visible from JPL or Boulder for several (three typically) tracks in a row, twice per day on average. Measurements in Paris are “offset” by about 6 hours and 18 hours. Courtesy Steven Jefferts, NIST ESA’s Space Optical Clock Overview SOC Objectives • Demonstrate an optical clock on the ISS accurate to one part in 10^17, measure the Earth’s gravitational redshift to two parts in 10^7, and test relativistic effects in the frequency comparisons of moving clocks. • Perform a null measurement of the Sun’s gravitational redshift to two parts in 10^7. • Perform differential geo potential measurements with 1 cm height resolution on the geoid; such measurements are based on the comparison of distant clocks on ground • Perform time synchronization and time transfer experiments (space-toground and ground-to-ground) and to allow comparison between ground clocks to a fractional frequency resolution of 1 part in 10^18 NASA funded Investigators on SOC IWG • Scott Diddams, NIST (optical microcomb) • Kerry Vahala, Caltech (Co-I) • Chris Oates, NIST (10^17 Yb optical clock) Transportable SOC: systems Efforts by ESA and European Nations Planned activities in SOC-2 project (EU FP-7 funded) Transportable Clock Laser (PTB) Simpler, more reliable lasers Compact clock laser (698 nm) with ~ 1 Hz linewidth ! - Industrial-type design diode lasers andReference fiber lasers cavity - Diode lasers with intra-cavity etalon Passive vibration isolation - Higher power ! no slave laser required TRL 5 by 2014 („Component and/or master laser - Single-pass waveguide SHG ant environment”) on of SOC project ! some More compact subsystems bsystem TRL14, optical link – st stage eadboard@with MOT ncy comb @ TRL 4 - Laser, modulation and distribution using individual xcluding electronics and breadboard) -17 compact breadboard modules Volume of the laser system: 330 liter, with 10 level performance Overall volume: <1000 liter. - project) Compact clock lasers ven: 15 W, magnets: ~40 project, W; incl. electronics: 20 W) subsystems (SOC GSTP Comparison of different optical frequencies slave laser Cavity design: Nazarova et al., Appl. Phys. B 83, 531 (2006) - s clocks ser ! All fiber-coupled systems Virtualsystem beat method: Laser frequency stabilization (multiple ULE cavities) G. Grosche et al., I(f) Eur. Phys. J. D 48, 27 (2008) Atomics package without Zeeman !slower ! Vacuum chamber, high-performance frequency combs 1 2 Lower power consumption al bench, vacuum chamber, etc. - Permanent magnet Zeeman slower n RF subsystems ! Validate the subsystems m f f T): optical link (so far using Nd:YAG) nd 1 m2 f ! Develop a 2 ! m Transport both systems to PTB, !virtual beat = "#$!1 + fceo)$ m ($ !2 fLaser1 = m1 characterization frep + fceo - !1 INRIM Torino for m fLaser2 = m2 frep + fceo - !2 !virtual beat = flaser1 - m flaser2 ceo generation Sr breadboard rep Laser 1 DDS Synthesizer r optical Physics frequency comparison (Djerroud et al package vacuum system ! Further developComb Yb Laser transportable system 2 divider Fiber port cluster (PTB) (delivery of laser light 461 nm, 698 nm for 1st stage and 2nd stage MOT) 1 2 + fceo) 1 Laser and optics 2 transportable systems, TRL 4 by 2014; Instability < 1×10-15/!1/2 , inaccuracy < 5×10-17 2 Optical Clock R&D Activities in the U.S. JPL Ball Aerospace NIST NIST Flight prototype optical reference cavity ! NIST: ion clocks, lattice clocks JILA: lattice clocks JPL: compact ion clocks, space subsystems Penn. State: space optical clocks DARPA, compact optical clock 30 cm ESA’s Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle • Trajectories of two different atom clouds aboard the ISS are monitored as they fall around the Earth. • Atom interferometers are used to search for variations in trajectories. • NASA funded Investigators on QWEP IWG • • Holger Mueller, UC Berkeley Nan Yu, JPL (Co-I) 15 ESA’s Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle QWEP Objectives • Test the Weak Equivalence Principle using quantum particles approaching ~ 1:10^15 • Validate the technology for a matter wave sensor in space through demonstration of differential atom interferometry and gravity gradiometry measurements. • Investigate condensate properties in microgravity • Demonstrate atom interferometry with ultracold atom sources in space ESA droptower unit Plasmas in Nature Dusty Plasma Research Dusty Plasma has 4 elements • Electrons • Positive ions • Neutral gas (Argon at < 1mBar) • Dust particles (Polymer microspheres ~10 um, Q ~10,000) Fundamental Physics • Coulomb crystals • Waves & instabilities • Melting & statistical physics Astrophysics • Rings of Saturn • Comet tails • Planetary formation Timeline of dusty plasma study in space 1997 – 2011 20 missions of PK-3 Plus DC-RF combined discharge dusty plasma RF discharge dusty plasma PK-4 PK-3+ “Mir” RF PK-3 201? RF 2006 PK-2 2000 PK-1 1999 DC discharge dusty plasma ISS 1998 UV induced plasma Courtesy Lipaev and the PK team. Page 19 PK4, Plasmalab (ESA, DLR), and DPPF! NASA PK4 & Plasmalab Investigators: John A. Goree, Univ. of Iowa Ed Thomas, Jr., Auburn Univ. Marlene Rosenberg, UCSD NASA’s Dusty Plasma Physics Facility (DPPF) concept Investigators: John A. Goree, Univ. of Iowa; Inseob Hahn, JPL • • • • • • • Observe melting phase transition Measure viscoelasticity of liquids Observe Brownian motion in a controlled environment Observe nonlinear wave propagation Detect weak forces predicted by theory Study particle agglomeration and charging Study dust lift-off from surfaces. PK-4 parabolic-flight test-rig. (MPI) DPPF Plasmalab chamber (MPI) Critical Phenomena: Liquid-Gas Fluid Tc (K) Pc (atm) ρc (g/cc) Water CO2 Xenon Oxygen Hydrogen Helium-4 Helium-3 647.5 304.2 289.8 154.6 32.9 5.19 3.315 218.5 72.8 57.6 49.7 12.8 2.25 1.15 • As we approach to the critical point, density fluctuation becomes large • As the system cools, phase transition occur • At the critical point, many detail structures, interactions of subunits play no role in determining the 21 bulk properties of the system 0.325 0.46 1.11 0.41 0.0314 0.069 0.042 DECLIC ALI on the ISS since 2011 ♦ The ALI insert is built to study the boiling crisis utilizing properties of fluids near the critical point ♦ High stable thermostat ♦ 2 sample cells with SF6 near the critical density ♦ Interferogram, shadowgraph, heaters, thermometers ♦ NASA/CNES investigation measure ♦ Thermal diffusivity, Heat capacity ♦ Turbidity (correlation length, shadowgraph and interferogram DECLIC on board ISS ALI sample cell ALI insert compressibility) ♦ Density in two-phase (coexistence curve) ♦ Inseob Hahn, JPL ♦ DECLIC workshop Oct 23-25 at JPL 22 Turbidity (τ) measurement e IT I0 , λ0 IT = I 0 exp(− τ e) Microgravity conditions and stable thermal environment of DECLIC facility allowed new turbidity measurement. Crossover Parametric equation-of-state Model* fits data reasonably well with offcritical density (1.7%). Future adjustable density cell capability will enable to test the influence of Green-Fisher exponent near singularity and crossover behavior. * V. Agayan (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Maryland 2000) C. Lecoutre-Chabot, Y. Garrabos, D. Beysens, I. Hahn (Boulder, 2012) NASA Fundamental Physics Projects and Investigators DECLIC-ALI: Launch 2011 Inseob Hahn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory CNES Led Investigation of equilibration near the liquid-gas critical point in microgravity utilizing DECLIC facility Plasma Krystal (PK4): Launch 2014 John Gore - The University of Iowa ESA Led Self-Structuring in Dusty Plasmas Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES): Launch 2015 Kurt Gibble - Penn State University Leo Hollberg - Stanford University ESA Led (with CNES) JPL Participation in ESA ACES Worldwide Clock Comparison Campaign Contributions to the Evaluation of the ACES clock PHARAO Advancing Time Transfer and Optical Atomic Clocks for Space Tom O'Brian - National Institute of Science and Technology, Boulder NIST/ACES Collaboration: ACES Ground Station and Data Analysis Center in Boulder, Colorado Nan Yu - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL): Launch 2015 Robert Thompson - Jet Propulsion Laboratory William Phillips - National Institute of Science and Technology, Gaithersburg Dana Anderson - Colorado State University TBD Investigators from 2013 CAL NRA NASA/JPL Led Cold Atom Laboratory Plasmalab: Launch 2015 John Gore - The University of Iowa Edward Thomas - Auburn University Marlene Rosenberg - University of California, Irvine DLR Led Plasmalab Experiments Plasmalab Measurement Plasmalab Theory Space Optical Clock (SOC) (Study) Chris Oates - National Institute of Science and Technology, Boulder Scott Diddams - National Institute of Science and Technology, Boulder Kerry Vahala, California Institute of Technology ESA Led Development/Evaluation of a 10^-17 Yb Optical Clock For Space Applications Development of an optical microcomb system in support of fundamental physics research on the International Space Station Co-I to Diddams Quantum Weak Equivalence Principle (QWEP) (Study) Holger Mueller - University of California, Berkeley Nan Yu - Jet Propulsion Laboratory ESA Led QWEP Analysis and Optimization Co-I to Mueller Co-I to Thompson Co-I to Thompson Page 24 Summary and Discussion • Upcoming Activities • DECLIC Workshop at JPL Oct 23-25 • CAL NRA workshop ~ Dec 2012 – Jan 2013 (TBC) • CAL NASA Research Announcement ~ Jun, 2013 • Summary • NASA has expanded its cadre of fundamental physics researchers to 13 total recently • Many activities are in supporting roles to CNES, ESA, and DLR • Cold Atom Laboratory is a recent new EXPRESS rack NASA facility planned for launch in 2015. • Collaborations with European scientists are encouraged through 2013 NRA. Page 25