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WWII Begins
European Axis Leadership
Benito Mussolini
Duce of Fascism
(Italy)
December 24, 1925 –July 25, 1943
Adolf Hitler
Führer of Germany
April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945
Allied Leaders
Winston Churchill
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Prime Minister of
the United Kingdom
President of the US
Joseph Stalin
General Secretary of the
Communist Party
of the Soviet Union
General Dwight Eisenhower
1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe
Eisenhower with U.S. paratroopers of the
502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st
Airborne Division on June 5, 1944
British Field Marshal
Bernard Montgomery
nicknamed "Monty"
Japan Eyes the Pacific
Page 3 of 5
Alaska (U.S.)
UNION
Sakhalin
MONGOLIA
n
Is l a
A leutian
Attu
May 1943
ds
160° W
160° E
120° E
80° E
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945
SOVIET
Japan’s military leaders had dreams of empire
Karafuto s.
I
ril
Ku
MANCHURIA
1931: Japanese troops took over Manchuria
Hokkaido
Beijing
(Peking)
CHINA
N
PA Honshu
Tokyo
JA
KOREA
Hiroshima
Aug. 1945
Nanking
45
1945
45
Luzon
Mindanao
MALAYA
NEW GUINEA
44
19
HE
A ST
IN
Java
194
3–
4
194
–
43
19
C
DIE S
Gilbert
Islands
Solomon
Islands
Ellice
Islands
Coral
Sea
2,000 Kilometers
177° W
178° W
179° W
180° W
Battle of Midway, June 1942
Fro
m
Ja
pa
n
Soryu
(sinks
June 4)
Akagi
(sinks June 5)
m rbo
Fro Ha
arl
r
Pe
Hornet & Enterprise
Yorktown
Hiryu
(sinks June 5)
31° N
Enterprise
Hiryu
Yorktown
(sinks June 7)
Kaga
(sinks
June 4)
Japanese fleet movements
U.S. fleet movements
Japanese air strikes
U.S. air strikes
Japanese aircraft carriers
U.S. aircraft carriers
PAC I F I C
OCEAN
The Japanese warship Mikuma
lists and begins to sink after
being struck by bombs from
American aircraft during the
Battle of Midway.
30° N
Kure
Atoll
0
Chinese resistance placed a strain on Japan’s economy
1940: Americans cracked Japanese code:
learned the Japanese wanted colonies in Southeast Asia
worried they might take Philippines and Guam
(American-controlled at that time)
US sent aid to the Chinese
29° N
0
1937: Japanese armies attack the heartland of China,
expecting a quick victory
Japanese eyed the rich European colonies of Southeast Asia
Guadalcanal
Aug. 1942–Feb. 1943
1942
Coral Sea
May 1942
1,000 Miles
0
Tarawa
Nov. 1943
44
Celebes Moluccas
T
tra
ma
0
DU
Su
INDIAN
OCEAN
Borneo
Japanese empire, 1931
Japanese gains by 1942
Extent of Japanese expansion
Allies
Neutral nations
Allied advances
Battle
Marshall
Islands
Caroline
Islands
19
Singapore
0° Equator
.S
.)
1944
1944
Guam
July–Aug. 1944
Oct. 1944
Dec. 1941
1943
Saipan
June–July 1944
1945
PHILIPPINES
THAILAND
FRENCH
Leyte Gulf
INDOCHINA
Wake Island
Dec. 1941
Mariana
Islands
19
Hong Kong
(Br.)
BURMA
(Br.)
IslaHaw
nd aii
Pearl Harbor s (U an
19
INDIA
Iwo Jima
Feb.–Mar. 1945
Okinawa
Apr.–July 1945
(in northeastern China)
Midway Island
June 1942
Kyushu
Taiwan
Tropic of Cancer
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Shikoku
Nagasaki, Aug. 1945
Shanghai
1943
40° N
50 Miles
100 Kilometers
Midway Islands
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
Some Japanese search aircraft were late getting into the air. As a result,
the Japanese were completely unaware that U.S. ships were nearby.
1. Location Which battle was fought in the most northern
region?
2. Movement From what two general directions did Allied
forces move in on Japan?
World War II 933
1941: Japanese overran French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)
Roosevelt cut off oil shipments to Japan
the Japanese planned massive attacks on European and American interests in Southeast Asia
Japanese naval strategist Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto called for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii
Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941: Japanese attacked the American Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
U.S. military leaders knew from a coded Japanese message that an attack might come but didn’t know when or where it would occur.
within two hours, the Japanese had sunk or damaged 19 ships, including 8 battleships
more than 2,300 Americans were killed and over 1,100 were wounded
On December 8, President Roosevelt addressed Congress, declaring the 7th as
“a date which will live in infamy”
Congress quickly accepted his request for a declaration of war on Japan and its allies
Halting Hitler’s Advance
German u-boats traveled in what they called
“wolfpacks” and were proving to be very effective in
locating and destroying British and American vessels.
The German "enigma code" was broken thanks to spies'
actions and lives sacrificed to get an enigma machine to
decode messages. These messages helped locate
German u-boat wolfpacks.
German Gen. Erwin Rommel
nicknamed the "Desert Fox" because he was so clever
was having great success in North Africa
was almost to the Suez Canal in Egypt
(this would link Italy and Germany to Japan through the
Mediterranean and the Indian & Pacific Oceans)
the Battle of Stalingrad (Sep. 1942)
Soviets stopped the German westward advance
the Battle of El Alamein (Oct. 1942)
Brit. Gen. Bernard Montgomery stopped the Germans in Egypt
The Fighting Continues
the Soviet Union wanted the Allies to start a second
front against Germany
Russia had been paying a heavy share of the fighting
(20 million Russians would die by the end of the war)
America wanted to attack the Nazis through France
Britain wanted to lure the war away from England
Winston Churchill suggested they hit Germany's "soft
underbelly:" up from North Africa and through Italy
Gen. Eisenhower attacked North Africa (Nov. 1942)
Casablanca Conference (Jan. 1943)
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to seek the
"unconditional surrender" of Germany
Germans were pushed out of Africa (May 1943)
Allies moved across North Africa and up to Sicily
Mussolini overthrown; Italy surrenders (Sept. 1943)
the Tehran Conference, November-December 1943
Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill met in Tehran, Iran
Britain and the US agreed to the open a second front against Nazi Germany
The Second Front
D-Day, June 6, 1944