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1 The Rise of Dictators TEKS 1(B), 6(A) 2 3 4 5 Listen ► Economic conditions in Europe and Russia following the end of World World War I and the Russian Revolution were devastating. Conditions were ripe for the rise to power of new leaders, totalitarian in approach, who promised to relieve countries of poverty and chaos. Joseph Stalin in Russia, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Benito Mussolini in Italy each took actions, ostensibly ostensibly to revitalize their countries, which would result in further devastation and vast destruction. ► The prevailing mood in the United States during the 1930s was isolationist isolationist as Americans coped with the economic crisis of the depression. But when Japanese forces struck struck Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States could remain neutral no longer. 6 Listen the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian governments that took total control over the nations appeared in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. These governments used terror and force to suppress opposition. Fascism, Fascism, a philosophy adopted by Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy, stressed nationalism (the importance of an ethnic group) and the supreme authority of the leader. ► In 7 Listen ► To stem the economic failures of communism, the Soviet dictator Josef Stalin tried to modernize agriculture and industry by placing all family farms into into collectives under state control. His methods caused famine and starvation. To keep control, control, Stalin conducted a series of purges, purges, killing or imprisoning political enemies and possible opposition. opposition. 8 9 Listen ►Mussolini improved Italy’s failing economy, but suppressed individual individual rights and established a fascist dictatorship. In Germany Adolf Hitler, a discontented World War I veteran, rose to power through the Nazi party, whose philosophy, Nazism, Nazism, included fanatical ideas of nationalism and German racial superiority. superiority. 10 Listen ►As depression hit Germany, Hitler vowed to rebuild the economy and and restore lands lost after World War I. In defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, Versailles, Hitler and the Nazis began rearming Germany. Neither Britain nor France tried tried to stop Hitler when Germany invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia. Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement, appeasement, giving in to Hitler’s demands to keep peace. 11 12 Listen 1 ►In Spain the military was waging a brutal war against a new republican republican government. General Francisco Franco overthrew the government and and established a fascist state in Spain that lasted until 1975. The Rise of Dictators 13 Begin Taking Notes 1. How did Stalin change the government and the economy of the Soviet Soviet Union? 2. What were the origins and goals of Italy’s fascist government? 3. How did Hitler rise to power in Germany and Europe in the 1930s? 4. What were the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War? Totalitarian Rulers in Europe 14 ► During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. These governments exerted total control over a nation, nation, using terror to suppress individual rights and silence all opposition. ► Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy ruled their totalitarian totalitarian states with a philosophy called fascism. fascism. Fascism emphasizes the importance of the nation or an ethnic group and the supreme authority of a leader. Stalin’s Soviet Union 15 1 2 16 Stalin’s Economic Plans ► Stalin’s state takeover of farmland resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation. ► Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing. ► Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living. Stalin’s Reign of Terror ► To eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges, purges, the removal of enemies and undesirable individuals from positions positions of power. ► Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society. Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps. ► Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power. Fascism in Italy ► Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by advocating the popular popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed him. him. ► Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself himself Il Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship. dictatorship. ► Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini, Mussolini, the Italian army successfully conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1936. 1936. 17 Hitler’s Rise to Power Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919– 1919–1934 ► Hitler’s Background: Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty Treaty humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land. 18 Hitler’s Rise to Power ► The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany. Nazism, Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority. 19 Hitler’s Rise to Power ► Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses. 2 Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, the lower house of the German parliament. Hitler became first chancellor chancellor and then president of Germany. He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself himself the title Der Führer, or “the leader.” ► Hitler 20 Germany Rearms and Expands ►To boost the German economy and to prepare for territorial expansion, expansion, the Nazi Party began spending money on rearming Germany. ►On March 7, 1936, German troops entered the Rhineland, a region in western Germany that the Versailles Treaty explicitly banned them them from occupying. However, neither Britain nor France took any action. 21 Germany Rearms and Expands ► Also in 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement, beginning beginning an alliance between the two nations. Germany, Italy, and later Japan, became known as the Axis Powers. Powers. ► In March 1938, Germany took over Austria. Several months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia. Following the policy of appeasement, appeasement, or giving into a competitor’s demands in order to keep the peace, British Prime Minister Neville Neville Chamberlain agreed to allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland. 22 Germany Rearms and Expands ►Hitler saw expansion as a way to bolster national pride. He also also longed to see Germany return to a dominant position in the world. To do this, he believed, Germans needed more territory, or what he called lebensraum (“living space”), to the east. Hitler’s main goal, therefore, became the conquest of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. 23 The Spanish Civil War ►In 1936, military rebels in Spain led by General Francisco Franco Franco attempted to take over the Spanish government. These rebels became known as the Nationalists. ►The resulting struggle between the ruling Republicans and the rebelling Nationalists led Spain into a civil war. 24 The Spanish Civil War ►Germany and Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union Union supported the Republicans. ►In March 1939, the Nationalist army took over the Spanish capital capital of Madrid and ended the civil war, making Franco the ruler of Spain. Spain. 25 26 The Rise of Dictators— Dictators—Assessment Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of of Hitler and Mussolini were similar? (A) Both were allies of Britain and France. (B) Both believed in freedom of speech. (C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory. (D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany. Which of these best describes appeasement? (A) Rebelling against a government (B) Industrializing a rural economy (C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war 3 (D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion 27 The Rise of Dictators— Dictators—Assessment Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of of Hitler and Mussolini were similar? (A) Both were allies of Britain and France. (B) Both believed in freedom of speech. (C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory. (D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany. Which of these best describes appeasement? (A) Rebelling against a government (B) Industrializing a rural economy (C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war (D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion 28 QUIZ ►Put your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to 10. ►Make sure to title the quiz. ►Complete the quiz. ►QUIZ 29 Work Look over your notes from today. 1. Answer the 4 questions from today’s lecture. 2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in your summary! ► Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes. ► Make sure to put your Name, Name, Date, Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page. ► Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the handhand-in/collection basket. ► Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade. 4 ERROR: undefined OFFENDING COMMAND: STACK: