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Indian J. Anim. Res., 48 (1) : 83-87, 2014 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com DOI- 10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.1.018 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SCORPION FISH (SCORPAENA PORCUS, LINNAEUS 1758) MUSCLE Yalçin Kaya* and Demet Kocatepe1 Received:12-07-2013 Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop- Turkey Accepted: 05-11-2013 ABSTRACT The scorpion (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus 1758) fish contained moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, 81.76, 15.91, 0.20, 1.57, 0.57%, respectively and energy 67.63 kcal/100g. The essential amino acids content of scorpion was approximately 52% of total amino acids. The dominant amino acids were lysine and glutamic acid. The ratio of essential/non-essential amino acids (E/NE) was calculated as 1.08. The fatty acid composition indicated 53.22% saturated (SFA), 35.07% monounsaturated (MUFA) and 1.75% polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Predominant SFA, MUFA and PUFA were palmitic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid, respectively. The major macro and micro elements were potassium, calcium and iron zinc, respectively. Key words: Amino acids, Composition, Fatty acids, Minerals, Scorpaena porcus, Scorpion. INTRODUCTION Fish are the major part of the human diet and rich in protein (especially essential amino acids), n-3 fatty acids, macro and micro mineral elements. In the world, about 86% of total fishery production (128.3 million tons in 2010) was used for direct human consumption. The remaining 14% (20.2 million tons) was destined for non-food products, mainly for manufacturing of fishmeal and fish oil. About 47% of the fish destined for human consumption was living and fresh form. In 2009, the estimated global per capita consumption of fish was 18.4 kg, accounting for 16.5% of the global population’s animal proteins intake and 6.4% of total protein consumed (FAO, 2012). Turkey has very long coastal line (8333 km) and fishery is vital income sources for the country. In 2011, the total fishery production of Turkey was 703.545 tons, total consumption was 468.040 tons and per capita consumption was 6.3 kg (Tuik, 2012). Fish species generally consumed in Turkey are anchovy, bonito, horse mackerel, sardine and whiting. Scorpion fish consumption is increasing day by day due to its delicious taste, white-hard and boneless muscle. In 2011, 196.4 tons of scorpion caught in Turkey and approximately 48% was caught in Black sea. Scorpaena porcus is a marine, demersal, non-migratory and traumatogenic fish species (Fish base, 2012). These fish species caught in the Black Sea almost all the fishing season. Keeping this in view, the chemical composition scorpion fish caught in Sinop region of the Black Sea was determined to evaluate its nutritional value for human beings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials: For this study, 2 kg of scorpion fish (Scorpaena porcus) was purchased from the local fish market in the region of Sinop-Middle Black Sea harvested in September 2012. Gutting was carried out manually after cleaning with running tap water. Analysis: The whole muscle of scorpion fish was analyzed for moisture, protein and ash according to AOAC (1995), total fat according to AOAC (2005), amino acids by modified HPLC method (Dimova, 2003; Gheshlaghi et al.,2008) and fatty acids (IUPAC, 1979). The macro (Ca, P, Mg, Na and K) and micro (Mn, Zn, Fe, Co and Ni) elements were *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 1 E-mail: [email protected]; Department of Food & Beverage Management, School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey 84 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH analyzed by AOAC (2010). Selenium analysis was carried out according to EPA (1994). Energy value was estimated by Atwater method (Falch et al., 2010). Essential amino acid score was calculated with reference amino acid pattern of adult (FAO/WHO/ UNU, 2007). macrophages. In the kidney, glutamine supplies ammonia which combines with filtered hydrogen ions to form ammonium ions which are then excreted (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2007). As a donor of nitrogen in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, glutamine is essential for the proliferation of cells (Zhao et al., 2010). Aspartic and glutamic acid play Amino acid score = Sample amino acid/ important role asa general amino acid in enzyme active Reference amino acid* 100 centers, as well as maintaining the solubility and ionic Statistical analysis: The descriptive statistics character of proteins (Kocatepe and Turan, 2012b). (mean, standard error) were conducted using Excel, Scombroid protein is also rich in lysine, MS Office 2007 (Microsoft Corporation, Reymond, which is a major nitrogen carrier in the body, along with glutamine and arginine (Bequette and Nelson, Washington, USA). 2006). Lysine is the limiting amino acid in children’s RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Proximate composition: The proximate analysis cereal-based diets in developing countries (Khalil and of scorpion fish indicated moisture, protein, fat, ash, Khan 1995; Zhai et al., 2001). carbohydrate contents were 81.76, 15.91, 0.20, 1.57, 0.57 % and energy 67.63 kcal/100 g, respectively. Little information is available on proximate composition of S. porcus in. Proximate analysis of Black Sea scorpion (Kocatepe and Turan, 2012a) and Egadi Islands S. porcus (Reale et al., 2006) have shown higher protein (16.91 and 17.78%), fat (1.26 and 1.42%), carbohydrate (0.95%) and lower ash (0.92 and 0.80%) contents, respectively. S. porcus has similar protein content as other black sea fish specie, like horse mackerel, shad, garfish and golden mullet (Boran and Karaçam, 2001). Chuang et al. (2012) reported lower moisture (72%) and higher fat (1.9%) contents for Scorpaena scrofa. Lean fish have < 0.5% fat, semi-fat fish 0.5–2% fat and fatty fish have more than 2% fat (Clucas and Ward, 1996). Lipid content of scorpion fish was very low in the present study and thus it can be classified as lean fish. The differences in lipid content may be attributed to catching season. S. porcus spawning season is reported to be between end of June and September (Koca, 1997; Bilgin and Çelik, 2009). Proximate composition was known to be influenced by season, water temperature, spawning cycle and species (Ockerman, 1992). Amino acid composition: The amino acid composition of scorpion fish is shown in Table 1. The predominant non-essential amino acids were glutamic acid and glycine and those amongst the essential amino acids were lysine and leucine. Glutamine is a preferred fuel for enterocytes and immune cells such as lymphocytes and It was found that lysine and leucine were the major essential amino acids in S. porcus. Similar results were reported for other freshwater and marine fish species, like African catfish (Clarias anguillaris), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Senegalese tongue sole (Cynoglossus senegalensis) (Adeyeye, 2009), spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) (Oliveira et al., 2012), sea bass (Özden and Erkan, 2008). The essential amino acids of scorpion constituted approximately 52 % of total amino acids. The ratio of essential/non-essential amino acids (E/ NE) was calculated as 1.08. The ratio of E/NE was determined as 0.77 for sea bream, 0.77 for mackerel, TABLE 1:Amino acid composition of scorpion fish muscle. Amino acids Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Serine Histidine* Glycine Threonine* Arginine* Alanine Tyrosine Valine* Methionine* Phenylalanine* Isoleucine* Leucine* Lysine* Proline Total amino acids Total essential amino acids* (E) Total non-essential amino acids (NE) E/NE mg/kg 10159± 80 26953± 1653 7188± 192 4143± 149 15349± 734 8637± 315 7722± 221 15727± 586 8698± 422 10398± 621 6912± 150 10066± 617 9652± 345 18884± 1112 26847± 921 11276± 529 198610± 2756 103261± 1866 95349± 890 1.08± 0.01 Values are mean ± standard error from duplicate determinations. Vol. 48, No. 1, 2014 85 0.75 for chum salmon, 0.77 for Pacific flounder (Iwasaki and Harada, 1985), 0.95 for cultured sturgeon (Badiani et al., 1996), 1.33 for wild sea bass (Erdem et al., 2009). The results obtained from this study showed that scorpion fish have wellbalanced and high-quality protein in respect of E/NE ratio. study, the content of palmitic acid was highest in SFA, similar values were reported for Black Sea (Kocatepe and Turan 2012a; Chuang et al., 2012) and Marmara Sea scorpion (Tanakol et al., 1999). MUFA and oleic acid content were higher than those reported by other researchers (Tanakol et al., 1999; Chuang et al., 2012; Kocatepe and Turan, 2010a). The recommended requirements of valine However, PUFA content was very low compared to and isoleucine are 33 and 30 mg/kg body weight/ the value (26.83%) reported by Kocatepe and Turan day (FAO/WH O, 1973), respectively for (2012a). The variation in fatty acid composition of schoolchildren aged 10-12 years. For example, a 30 scorpion caught by Black Sea in our study with other kg child requires 990 and 900 mg of valine and (Kocatepe and Turan, 2012a) may be explained by isoleucine per day, respectively. The protein value the fishing season. SFAs are important nutritionally for the scorpion was 15.91 g/100g and thus because when they are eaten, they can cause blood consumption of 100 g S. porcus would provide cholesterol levels to rise. High blood cholesterol levels about 1573 and 1591 mg of valine and isoleucine, are associated with an increased risk of heart respectively. If 30 kg child therefore consumes 100 g TABLE 3: Fatty acid composition of scorpion fish muscle. of S. porcus per day, his daily requirements would Fatty acid % be met by 194 % and 178 %, respectively. Amino acid scores are summarized in Table 2. When compared to the reference amino acid pattern of adult, all the amino acid scores were > 100. According to the amino acid score, the amount of valine was the lowest amongst amino acids in scorpion. Tridecanoic acid Myristic acid Penta decanoic acid Palmitic acid Heptadecanoic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Sum of saturated fatty acids Myristoleic acid Palmiteloic acid Oleic acid Eicosenoic acid Nervonic acid Sum of monounsaturated fatty acids Linoleadic acid Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid Sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids Total Undetermined 0.10± 0.01 7.73± 0.03 1.38± 0.01 31.86± 0.10 1.50± 0.01 9.88± 0.04 0.57± 0.01 0.20± 0.00 53.22± 0.16 0.35± 0.01 9.57± 0.02 21.80± 0.04 2.36± 0.11 0.99± 0.01 35.07± 0.07 0.29± 0.01 0.32± 0.01 1.14± 0.00 1.75± 0.01 90.04± 0.08 9.96± 0.08 Fatty acid composition: Fatty acid composition is shown in Table 3. The fatty acid profile of scorpion was dominated by saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which comprised above half (53.22%) of the total fatty acids. The SFA content are different from the data reported by others for scorpion (Tanakol et al., 1999; Kocatepe and Turan 2012a; Chuang et al., 2012). The SFA (Saturated fatty acids), MUFA (Mono unsaturated fatty acid) and PUFA (Poly unsaturated fatty acid) value of Black Sea scorpion obtained by Kocatepe and Turan (2012 a) were Values are mean ± standard error from duplicate 35.91, 25.79 and 26.38%, respectively. In the present determinations. TABLE 2: Amino acid score of scorpion fish muscle. Ami no acid Threonine Methi onine Valine Phenylalanine+ Tyrosine Isoleucine Leucine Lysi ne Content (mg/g crude protein) 99.00 79.2 119.2 215.1 110.7 216.5 307.8 Referance amino acid pattern of adult (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2007). a Reference (mg/g protein)a Score 23 16 39 38 30 59 45 430 495 306 566 369 367 684 86 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH disease. Some types of polyunsaturated can lower blood cholesterol, which in turn is associated with a lower risk of heart disease. MUFAs seem to be neutral in their impact on blood cholesterol levels (Rice, 2009). In present study, DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) were not determined. The British Nutrition Foundation recommended that people who have a balanced and healthy diet consume 0.2 g EPA and DHA daily (BNF, 1992). This research indicated that 100g scorpion fish meat could not afford daily adequate intake value similar to Kocatepe and Turan (2012a). Mineral contents: Major macro elements in scorpion muscle were K (3202.50± 3.50 mg/kg), Ca (2307.50± 245.50 mg/kg) and Na (1358.00± 12.00 mg/kg) is an essential element. Manifestations of potassium deficiency include weakness, respiratory inadequacy, hypotension, and electrocardiographic abnormalities (Hathcock, 2004). The recommended intake was 3500 mgK/day for adults (over 18 years) in the UK (UK EVM, 2003). Ca is necessary for nerve transmission, muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of this mineral is 1000 mg/day for adults (Dickinson, 2002). The contents of Mg and P were 346.15± 3.05 and 332.77± 0.35 mg/kg, respectively found in the present study. The RDA for P is 700 mg/day for adults (Dickinson, 2002). Predominant microelements of scorpion were Fe (12.13± 0.17 mg/kg), Zn (11.48± 0.09 mg/ kg) and Ni (9.84± 1.29mg/kg). Türkmen et al., (2008) reported that the most abundant microelements in S. porcus were Fe (8105 mg/kg), Zn (26.2 mg/kg) and Cu (5.29 mg/kg). The RDA for Zn 8 mg/day for women and 11 mg/day for men (Dickinson, 2002). The contents of other micro elements observed in S. porcus fish were Mn (2.99± 0.07 mg/kg), Cu (4.90± 0.21 mg/kg), Co (1.79± 0.05 mg/kg) and Se (0.60± 0.01 mg/kg). The RDA for selenium is 55 µg/day for both men and women (Dickinson, 2002). 200 g scorpion meat contains about 120 µg selenium. 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