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Standardized Test Practice
STUDENT EDITION
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CONTENTS
To the Student ................................................................................................ iv
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science ................................................................. 1
Chapter 2: Mapping Our World .................................................................... 3
Chapter 3: Matter and Change...................................................................... 5
Chapter 4: Minerals ....................................................................................... 7
Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks .............................................................................. 9
Chapter 6: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks ....................................... 11
Chapter 7: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil .................................................... 13
Chapter 8: Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers ....................................... 15
Chapter 9: Surface Water ............................................................................... 17
Chapter 10: Groundwater .............................................................................. 19
Chapter 11: Atmosphere ................................................................................ 21
Chapter 12: Meteorology ............................................................................... 23
Chapter 13: The Nature of Storms ................................................................ 25
Chapter 14: Climate ....................................................................................... 27
Chapter 15: Earth’s Oceans ........................................................................... 29
Chapter 16: The Marine Environment ......................................................... 31
Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics ........................................................................... 33
Chapter 18: Volcanism .................................................................................. 35
Chapter 19: Earthquakes ............................................................................... 37
Chapter 20: Mountain Building .................................................................... 39
Chapter 21: Fossils and the Rock Record ..................................................... 41
Chapter 22: The Precambrian Earth ............................................................. 43
Chapter 23: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras ........................... 45
Chapter 24: Earth Resources.......................................................................... 47
Chapter 25: Energy Resources ....................................................................... 49
Chapter 26: Human Impact on Resources .................................................... 51
Chapter 27: The Sun-Earth-Moon System .................................................... 53
Chapter 28: Our Solar System ....................................................................... 55
Chapter 29: Stars ............................................................................................ 57
Chapter 30: Galaxies and the Universe ........................................................ 59
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
iii
To the Student
Welcome to Earth Science Standardized Test Practice
This workbook is designed to strengthen your knowledge of the NSCS (National
Science Content Standards) and provide additional chapter review of your Glencoe
textbook, Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe.
For each chapter in the Glencoe textbook, Earth Science: Geology, the Environment,
and the Universe, two pages of chapter review questions have been provided. These
questions are designed to test your comprehension of chapter content and provide you
with practice in the related skills specified in the NSCS. All of the questions are in a
multiple-choice format.
Your teacher will provide you with copies of an answer sheet to use when answering
the questions. To keep track of your answers, you should always fill in the chapter
number for the set of review questions you are answering. Every chapter has between
seven and ten review questions, so not every row of answer bubbles will always be used.
Remember, this workbook should not be used as an alternative to reviewing the
material in your textbook. This workbook will be of greatest advantage to you when used
as a “refresher” after you have reviewed each chapter in the textbook.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
iv
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
CHAPTER 1
The
Nature
ofTK
Science
Chapter
Title
Name:
1
Date:
Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a test tube.
After a few minutes, she observed that the
crystals had turned white and a film of water
had formed on the inside of the test tube. Before
Melissa conducted this experiment, she most
likely
.
4
Analyzing
the results
A developed a theory
B
developed a hypothesis
C
developed a bias
Marco needed to complete an experiment for a
science presentation. Which is the order of the
steps, from the first to the last, in the scientific
method that Marco used?
Sharing
the results
Testing a
hypothesis
What my
experience
told me
D developed a scientific law
F
G
H
A F, G, H
2
All of the following are standard components of
the experimental process EXCEPT
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A models
B
controls
C
variables
B
H, F, G
C
H, G, F
D G, H, F
D opinions
5
3
A scientist has discovered a reliable way to
predict earthquakes. What step should the
scientist take next?
Jose is measuring the mass of an apple. Which SI
unit of measure would he use?
A Describe the evidence to other geologists to
spread the news faster.
A gram
B
Notify the media about the discovery so they
can warn people.
C
Educate communities in earthquake-prone
areas about preparedness.
B
kilogram
C
meter
D liter
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
D Report to the scientific community so the
results can be retested.
Standardized Test Practice
1
CHAPTER 1
The Nature of Science, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a test tube.
After a few minutes, she observed that the
crystals had turned white and a film of water had
formed on the inside of the test tube. What did
Melissa most likely do before she conducted this
experiment?
9
A a table
A developed a theory
B
developed her procedure
C
developed her data
Data that do not add up to 100% should NOT
be represented by
.
B
a bar graph
C
a line graph
D a circle graph
D developed a bias
10
In general, models benefit scientific investigation
the most by
.
20
A using derived units as measurements
18
representing ideas, events, and objects
C
changing experimental results
Sample Mass v. Volume
16
14
D providing descriptions of patterns in nature
12
10
8
6
4
2
8
The theory of plate tectonics is supported as a
valid theory because it
.
0
0
1
2
3
Volume (cm3)
4
5
A is accepted by most geologists
B
can predict what has not yet been observed
C
will not be modified when new data are
acquired
D does not need to be tested by further
experimentation
She calculated the density using the formula
D = M ÷ V. What is the density she recorded
most likely measured in?
A grams
B
cubic centimeters
C
pounds per square inch
D grams per cubic centimeter
2
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Mass (g)
7
A student plotted the mass and volume of five
different samples of the sample mineral as shown
on the graph.
CHAPTER 2
Mapping
Our World
Chapter Title
TK
Name:
1
Date:
Which of the following lines does not pass
through the north and south poles?
4
A topographic map of Mount Rainier in
Washington State is shown below.
A prime meridian
B
equator
C
90-degrees W longitude
0m
50
A
0m
40
B
D International Date Line
500 m
400 m
6
33
Which of these statements is true?
m
2
X
C
D
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A In a Mercator projection, lines of longitude
are curved as they would be on a globe.
B
Mercator projections are used to produce
maps of small areas.
C
A Mercator projection shows the changes in
elevation of Earth’s surface.
What is the contour interval of the map?
A 20-ft
D In a Mercator projection, areas near the
poles are distorted.
B
40-ft
C
100-ft
D 200-ft
3
What characteristics of Earth’s surface can be
determined by using a topographic map?
A hill slope and stream gradients
B
bedrock erosion and stream velocity
C
hilltop elevations and bedrock age
D soil thickness and benchmark movement
5
As you move away from the equator, meridians
.
A remain seperated by the same distance
B
get closer together
C
get farther apart
D gradually become parallel
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
3
CHAPTER 2
Mapping Our World, continued
Name:
6
Date:
The map below shows the location and diameter,
in kilometers, of four meteorite impact craters, A,
B, C, and D.
8
When you cross the International Date Line
from west to east, you must set your calendar
.
A back two days
140° W
40
120° W
100° W
A
°N
6.0 km
D
20°
C
6.4 km
United States
1.2 km
°N
40
B
9.0 km
Pacific
Ocean
60° W
80° W
N
Atlantic
Ocean
B
back one day
C
ahead two days
D ahead one day
60° W
r
nce
f Ca
ic o
Trop
N
20°
Mexico
120° W
100° W
80° W
9
What is the approximate latitude and longitude of
the largest crater?
The profile below was constructed from a line
passing through five points, A, B, C, D, and E,
on a topographic map.
39ºN, 83ºW
C
44ºN, 90ºW
D 47ºN, 104ºW
7
The width of each time zone is roughly
A 15º of latitude
A
.
B
C
D
E
B
24º of latitude
Which portion of the profile represents the
terrain that has the largest gradient?
C
15º of longitude
A between A and B
D 24º of longitude
B
between B and C
C
between C and D
D between D and E
4
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Elevation
A 35ºN, 111ºW
CHAPTER 3
Matter and Change
Name:
1
Date:
Carbon-14 and carbon-12 have the same number
of protons but a different number of neutrons.
These different forms of the same element are
called
.
4
Which is a chemical formula?
A C
B
CH4
A radioactive
C
C + H4
B
isotopes
D CH4 + H2
C
nuclei
D tracers
5
2
The picture below shows models of polar
molecules. Which of these is the major
characteristic of polar molecules?
Which is the same for all atoms of an element?
A isotope
B
mass number
C
number of neutrons
H
H
O
–
Water
D number of protons
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
+
H
+ H
Cl
–
+
H
S
–
Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulfide
3
A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons and
17 electrons. What is its mass number?
A 17
B
18
C
34
D 35
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
A They contain at least two hydrogen atoms.
B
They contain a metal and a nonmetal.
C
They have a triangular shape created by the
large size of negative oxygen molecules.
D They have a slightly positive end and a
slightly negative end.
Standardized Test Practice
5
CHAPTER 3
Matter and Change, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Ionic compounds are usually formed by ionic
bonding between metals and nonmetals. Which of
the following is NOT an ionic compound?
9
A student measured the pH of four materials and
obtained the following results.
A NaBr
Material
pH
B
MgCl2
Baking soda
8.9
C
H2O
Black tea
Lye
D KI
5.0
13.8
Vinegar
3.0
Which material is the most acidic?
A baking soda
-
Carbonate (CO32 ) ions react with potassium
(K+) ions to form the ionic compound potassium
carbonate. What is the correct chemical formula
for potassium carbonate?
7
CO3K
C
K2CO3
8
Solids that lack a crystalline stracture are
known as
.
C
lye
10
Mrs. Allen and her eighth-grade class are
studying chemistry, but they are talking about
cooking. Mrs. Allen tells her class that there is a
compound that can be found as a solid, a liquid,
or a gas in any kitchen. What compound can Mrs.
Allen be describing?
A air
A polycrystalline solids
B
metal
B
glasses
C
salt
C
hexagonal solids
D water
D plasmas
6
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D KCO3
black tea
D vinegar
A CO3K2
B
B
CHAPTER 4
Minerals
Name:
1
Date:
Which of the following field tests can help
identify a mineral?
4
Which mineral property is being tested in the
diagram below?
A the ability of its atoms to bond
B
its reflection of light
C
its crystalline structure
D the pressure needed to form it
2
How does the rate of cooling affect the size of
mineral crystals?
A A slow rate of cooling results in the
formation of very small crystals.
B
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
A cleavage
Large, well-formed minerals are the result of
a slow rate of cooling.
A fast rate of cooling results in the formation
of very large crystals.
B
hardness
C
luster
D streak
D The rate of cooling does not affect the size of
mineral crystals.
5
3
Which of the flowing properties is NOT usually
used to describe minerals?
A luster
B
magnetism
C
streak
A mineral that contains a useful substance that
can be mined for profit is called an ore. Which of
the following may be classified as an ore?
A calcite (CaCO3)
B
halite (NaCl)
C
hematite (Fe2O3)
D quartz (SiO2)
D hardness
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
7
CHAPTER 4
Minerals, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Which of the following is a silicate mineral?
8
A halite
B
hematite
C
calcite
Some fossils are preserved in limestone. Are
these fossils minerals?
A Yes, because they are preserved in rocks.
D quartz
B
Yes, because they formed as the result of
Earth processes.
C
No, because they were once living.
D No, because limestone is a rock.
Scale of Hardness
7
Softest
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
Hardest
9
Water, in its liquid form, is one of the most
common substances on Earth, yet it is not a
mineral. Why?
A It is made of two gases: hydrogen and oxygen.
B
It is a liquid.
C
It covers nearly three-quarters of Earth.
D It cannot be made in laboratories.
A student plotted the mass and volume of five
different samples of the same mineral as shown
on the graph above. She calculated the density
using the formula D = M/V. The density she
recorded was most likely measured in
.
A grams
B
cubic centimeters
C
pounds per square inch
D grams per cubic centimeter
8
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHAPTER 5
Igneous Rocks
Name:
1
Date:
How are magma and lava related?
4
A magma is the surface form of lava
What purpose does the Bowen’s Reaction Series
serve?
B
lava is the surface form of magma
A it predicts the water content of different
granites
C
magma is lava that contains water
B
it predicts the order in which minerals
crystallize rom cooling magma
C
it predicts the depth at which different
minerals are found in Earth
D lava is magma that contains water
D it predicts at which temperatures different
types of magma solidify
2
Magma contains many elements and comes in
several different forms. Which element in magma
do scientists use to classify the different forms of
magma?
A silica
B
granite
5
Which of the following is an intrusive igneous
rock?
C
potassium
A
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D iron
B
3
Which of the following is not a factor involved in
the formation of magma?
A water content
B
temperature
C
pressure
C
D mineral shape
D
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
9
CHAPTER 5
Igneous Rocks, continued
Name:
9
B
has a glassy texture
C
contains pebbles
Crystal size
A has well-defined layers
Which graph below best represents the
relationship between the length of time molten
material beneath Earth’s surface takes to cool
and the size of the crystals in the rock formed by
the molten material?
7
Gold and other elements are sometimes found in
veins in igneous rocks. What best explains how
the veins form?
A They contain high levels of feldspar, which
bonds with the leftover elements in magma.
B
They contain high levels of pegmatite, which
does not mix with the magma.
C
They contain no water.
Time
A
C
10
Time
Time
B
D
A student found a light-colored rock with many
air holes. Which word best describes the texture
of this rock?
A felsic
8
B
coarse
Diamonds are found in only one type of igneous
rock. What is it called?
C
vesicular
A kimberlite
D foliated
B
pegmatite
C
rhyolite
D diorite
10
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D They contain high levels of silica and water,
which crystallize late in magma formation.
Time
Crystal size
D is made of calcite
Crystal size
Which observation about a rock could lead you to
identify it as igneous? The rock
.
Crystal size
6
Date:
CHAPTER 6
Sedimentary
and
Chapter
Title
Metamorphic TK
Rocks
Name:
1
Date:
Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist
of particles that have diameters smaller than
0.006 centimeters?
Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the
pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified
views of the rocks are shown in the circles.
A conglomerate and sandstone
B
siltstone and shale
C
coal and breccia
D fossilifereous limestone and coal
2
Which sedimentary rock can most likely form as
a result of biological processes?
A conglomerate
B
siltstone
C
limestone
4
(3)
(2)
(4)
Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence
of foliation?
A 1
D breccia
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(1)
B
2
C
3
D 4
3
Which of the following processes does NOT
form metamorphic rocks?
A heat
B
cementation
C
pressure
D chemical activity
5
What do all four rock samples have in common?
A They show cleavage.
B
They contain minerals.
C
They are organically formed.
D They formed on the Earth’s surface.
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
11
CHAPTER TK
6
Sedimentary
Metamorphic Rocks, continued
Chapter Title and
TK, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Rocks can be classified as sedimentary,
igneous, or metamorphic based primarily upon
differences in their
.
8
Which sequence would be possible for a rock
going through the rock cycle?
A color
A igneous→melting→sedimentary→erosion→
metamorphic
B
density
B
C
origin
metamorphic→erosion→igneous→
compaction→sedimentary
C
sedimentary→melting→metamorphic→
pressure→igneous
D age
D metamorphic→melting→igneous→erosion
7
According to the rock cycle below, melting and
cooling would transform
.
9
Which processes would form a sedimentary rock?
A cooling of molten magma within Earth’s
crust
recrystallization of unmelted material within
Earth’s crust
C
cooling of a lava flow on Earth’s surface
D precipitation of minerals as seawater
evaporates
A igneous rock into metamorphic rock
10
Which of the following can change sediments
into sedimentary rocks?
B
sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock
A melting
C
metamorphic rock into igneous rock
B
extrusion and intrusion
C
compaction and cementation
D sedimentary rock into igneous rock
D recrystallization
12
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
CHAPTER 7
Weathering, Erosion, and
Soil
Name:
1
Date:
Which of the following is most likely to break
apart a rock?
4
A valley with the shape shown below was most
likely formed by
.
A oxidation
B
frost wedging
C
dissolving products
D feldspar weathering
2
The rate of chemical weathering is less in
Antarctica than in the rain forests of Brazil
because of
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A the high amount of air moisture
B
the low temperatures
C
the heavy winds
A wind erosion
D the greater amount of organic materials in
the soil
3
Water flowing down the side of a slope that
carries away plants and soil and creates a groove
called a channel is an example of
.
A sheet erosion
B
rill erosion
C
gully erosion
B
running water
C
a glacier
D wave action
5
In hot, wet climates, bedrock more rapidly
weathers into soil because water
.
A dissolves many minerals
B
expands when it freezes
C
is part of most chemical compounds
D cools the surroundings when it evaporates
D sedimentary erosion
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
13
CHAPTER 7
Weathering, Erosion, and Soil, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Which layer of soil below has the greatest
amount of organic matter?
7
Soil horizons develop as a result of
.
A evaporation and transpiration
A Horizon
B
compacting and cementation
C
weathering and biological activity
D faulting and folding
B Horizon
8
The illustration below shows an arch of rock
located in the western United States.
C Horizon
A A horizon
B
B horizon
C
C horizon
D bedrock
How did the arch most likely form?
A The rock in the arch was more resistant to
weathering and erosion than the surrounding
rock that was eroded.
B
An earthquake forced bedrock upward into
the shape of an arch.
C
Sand and gravel were deposited and
compacted in the shape of an arch.
D An underground glacier tunneled through
the bedrock.
14
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Bedrock
CHAPTER 8
Mass Movements, Wind,
and Glaciers
Name:
1
Date:
Which of these is characteristic of creep?
4
A a single, large rock that slips down a slope
B
loose materials that slip down slopes
C
leaning vegetation
A valley glacier’s rate of movement is primarily
controlled by the
.
A slope of the bedrock surface
D a deposit of sediments
B
amount of sediment at the terminal moraine
C
length of the glacier
D size of the sediment transported by the
glacier
CREEP SLUMP ROCKSLIDE
2
Which of these belongs with the group above?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Mudflow
B
Continental Glacier
C
Sandstorm
5
Wooden stakes were placed on a glacier in
a straight line as represented by A-A’ in the
diagram below. The same stakes were observed
later in the positions represented by B-B’. The
pattern of movement of the stakes provides
evidence that
.
A
B
D Deflation
Aⴕ
Bⴕ
3
Under which heading in a table of contents
would the most information about loess be
found?
A Erosion by Gravity
A glacial ice does not move
B
Ice Depositing Sediment
B
glacial ice is moving faster than it
accumulates
C
Erosion by Wind
C
the glacier is moving faster in the center than
the sides
D Deposition by Wind
D friction is less along the sides of the glacier
than in the center
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
15
CHAPTER 8
Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Thousands of years ago in the United States,
which of these was LEAST likely to have
occurred as a result of glaciation?
9
The diagram below shows the sequence of events
leading to the deposition of landslide debris.
Rain
A sand dune formation
B
plucking
C
till area formation
D moraine formation
Shale
7
Sandstone
A large, scratched boulder is found in a mixture
of unsorted, smaller sediments forming a hill in
central Massachusetts. Which agent of erosion
most likely transported and then deposited this
boulder?
A wind
ocean waves
C
a glacier
Landslide
D running water
8
A sediment deposition produced by wind is most
likely composed of
.
A fine-grained particles
B
C
a range of particle sizes from 1.0 to 10 cm in
diameter
flat, angular boulders
D shells of varying size, shape and composition
16
Standardized Test Practice
Landslide debris
What primary force caused this landslide?
A gravity
B
moving ice
C
prevailing winds
D stream discharge
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
CHAPTER 9
Surface Water
Name:
1
Date:
Through which of the following loose soil
materials does water infiltrate fastest?
3
Which graph shows how changes in stream
discharge usually affect stream velocity?
silt
C
sand
Stream velocity
B
Stream velocity
A clay
D pebbles
Stream discharge
Stream discharge
The profile below represents the slopes of
the land surface in four areas, A, B, C, D.
Vegetation, soil composition, and other factors
are the same in the four areas. If precipitation
falls at the same rate over all four areas, in which
area will the amount of infiltration be greatest?
Stream velocity
2
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Stream discharge
B
A
C
Stream velocity
A
Stream discharge
D
B
C
D
4
A A
B
B
C
C
D D
In general, the probability of flooding
decreases when there is an increase in the
amount of
.
A precipitation
B
infiltration
C
runoff
D snow melt
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
17
CHAPTER 9
Surface Water, continued
Name:
5
Date:
Which statement best describes a stream with a
steep gradient?
7
Sediment is usually deposited by the stream at
locations where the stream
.
A It flows slowly, producing a V-shaped valley.
A decreases in velocity
B
It flows slowly, producing a wide valley.
B
decreases in width
C
It flows rapidly, producing a V-shaped
valley.
C
increases in potential energy
D increases in slope
D It flows rapidly, producing a wide valley.
8
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
diagram below. The diagram represents the
landscape features associated with a meandering
stream. Points W, X, Y, and Z are locations
along the stream bank. Some questions might
require the use of the Earth Science Reference
Tables.
The velocity of a stream is decreasing. As the
velocity approaches zero, which size particle will
most likely remain in suspension?
A pebble
B
sand
C
clay
D boulder
Point bar
Oxbow lake
Natural levees
Backswamp
W
X
Y
Z
9
Which material does a stream carry in solution?
A sand
6
At which location is erosion greatest?
B
silt
C
boulders
D ions
A W
B
X
C
Y
D Z
18
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Natural levees
CHAPTER 10
Groundwater
Name:
1
Date:
The majority of Earth’s fresh water is held
in
.
3
A rivers, streams, and lakes
B
polar ice caps and glaciers
C
subsurface materials
Which soil-property measure usually is greater
when particles are fine than when particles are
coarse?
A infiltration
D the atmosphere
B
capillarity
C
porosity
D permeability rate
2
The diagram below is a cross-sectional view of
rain falling on a farm field and then moving to
the water table. Which word best describes the
movement of the rainwater into zone A?
CAREFUL: Hot Geysers in Area
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4
Michelene is on a class trip in Yellowstone
National Park. She sees this warning on a sign.
The warning means that there are
.
A areas of rock that are dissolved near the
surface
Zone A
B
hot springs that erupt periodically
C
rocks heated by magma
D hot meandering streams
Water table
Zone B
A runoff
B
saturation
C
infiltration
D precipitation
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
19
CHAPTER 10
Groundwater, continued
Name:
5
Date:
Which of the following occurs when groundwater
and molten rock are close to one another and to
Earth’s surface?
8
A cave
A recharge
B
hot spring
B
infiltration
C
cold spring
C
drawdown
D sink hole
6
The difference between the original water-table
level and the water level in the pumped well is
called
.
The most likely cause of sinkholes in areas like
Florida and Kentucky is
.
D aquifer
9
A the water table being so close to the Earth’s
surface that water flows out
heated groundwater expanding underground
until it shoots up
C
groundwater dissolving limestone near
Earth’s surface
A artesian well or artesian spring
B
aquiclude
C
hotspring
D cave or sinkhole
D groundwater flowing into a well near Earth’s
surface
10
7
A water well must extend far into the
to ensure that plenty of water can be pumped to
the surface.
A saturated zone
B
unsaturated zone
C
porosity zone
The greatest source of moisture entering the
atmosphere is evaporation from the surface
of
.
A the land
B
the oceans
C
lakes and streams
D ice sheets and glaciers
D water table
20
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
An aquifer that contains water under pressure
may form a(n)
.
CHAPTER TK
11
Atmosphere
Chapter Title TK
Name:
1
Date:
Which best describes the chemical composition
of Earth’s atmosphere?
3
A 78% oxygen, 21% hydrogen, and 1% other
gases
B
87% oxygen, 12% nitrogen, and 1% other
gases
C
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other
gases
The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere
closest to Earth’s surface. Which of these would
you expect to find in the troposphere?
A a shooting star
B
extremely high temperatures
C
clouds and rain
D the ionosphere
D 87% nitrogen, 12% oxygen, and 1% other
gases
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
Which is NOT one of the four main layers of the
atmosphere?
How is human activity affecting the composition
of Earth’s atmosphere?
A troposphere
B
thermosphere
A It appears to be increasing the amount of
atmospheric carbon dioxide present today,
due to the releasing of fossil fuels.
C
lithosphere
B
It appears to be increasing the amount of
atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout
human existence, because overpopulation
means more people are exhaling.
C
Scientists generally have no data indicating
that human activity is affecting Earth’s
atmosphere.
D Human agriculture appears to be increasing
oxygen and nitrogen levels in Earth’s
atmosphere.
D mesosphere
5
What is the transfer of heat by vertical
movements of air masses called?
A conduction
B
radiation
C
subduction
D convection
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
21
CHAPTER TK
11
Atmosphere,
continued
Chapter
Title TK,
continued
Name:
6
Date:
What is the primary source of energy that drives
the water cycle?
8
Which graph represents the relationship between
air pressure and air temperature?
A carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere
A 1
B
Earth’s gravity
B
2
C
heat radiating from Earth’s interior
C
3
D the Sun
D 4
Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the
graphs below.
9
What causes wind?
A differences in humidity
B
differences in elevation
C
differences in rates of condensation
D differences in air pressure
1
Temperature
2
7
Temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Temperature
3
Temperature
4
Which graph represents the relationship between
air density and air temperature?
A 1
B
2
C
3
D 4
22
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER TK
12
Meteorology
Name:
1
Date:
Which pair of factors accounts for the differences
in the amount of solar radiation from one area to
another?
Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the
diagram of a weather front below.
A prevailing winds and mountain areas
B
prevailing winds and ocean currents
C
prevailing winds and the tilt of Earth on its
axis
Cumulonimbus
clouds
Cool, dry air
Warm, moist air
D the tilt of Earth on its axis and the path
Earth follows as it revolves around the Sun
City A
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
City B
Surface
Which type of weather front is shown?
What causes the Coriolis force?
A warm front
A Earth’s shape
B
cold front
B
Earth’s rotation
C
occluded front
C
Earth’s revolution around the Sun
D stationary front
D Earth’s energy flows from the equator to
the poles
5
3
Which global wind pattern affects the weather in
the United States?
A westerlies
B
polar easterlies
C
northeast trade winds
Which statement best describes the movement of
warm air in the front?
A It rises sharply above the cool air.
B
It rises slowly above the cool air.
C
It sinks under the cool air.
D It stalls.
D southeast trade winds
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
23
CHAPTER TK
12
Meteorology,
continued
Chapter
Title TK,
continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
diagram below, which shows Earth’s planetary
wind belts and pressure belts.
8
In the diagram below, which type of air mass is
cold and dry?
90° N
Polar high
Subpolar low pressure
60° N
Subtropical high pressure
30° N
cP
0°
Equatorial low pressure
mP
30° S
Subtropical high pressure
Subpolar low pressure
60° S
Polar high
90° S
6
The best inference that can be made from
this diagram is that winds blow from regions
of
.
cT
A high latitude to regions of low latitude
high pressure to regions of low pressure
C
high elevation to regions of low elevation
=
=
=
=
polar maritime
polar continental
tropical maritime
tropical continental
D high temperature to regions of low
temperature
A polar maritime
7
The surface winds shown in the diagram follow
curving paths mainly due to Earth’s
.
B
polar continental
C
tropical maritime
D tropical continental
A revolution
B
rotation
C
gravitational field
D magnetic field
24
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
mP
cP
mT
cT
mT
CHAPTER TK
13
The Nature of Storms
Name:
1
Date:
Whether or not thunderstorms develop on a
particular day depends on
.
4
A air pressure
What weather conditions in the central United
States are favorable to the development of
tornadoes?
B
relative humidity
A Cloudy air from Mexico meets clear air from
the Great Lakes.
C
air temperature
B
Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico meets
cold air from Canada.
C
Fast-moving air from the Rockies meets
slow-moving air from the Appalachians.
D both air temperature and relative humidity
D High-pressure atmosphere meets lowpressure air from the surface of the land.
2
Which sentence below might explain how
lightning occurs?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Oppositely charged air molecules attract and
make light from electricity.
B
High winds make air move so fast that it
turns into light.
C
Light from the Sun reflects from the rain in
quick bursts down to Earth’s surface.
Use the map below to answer question 5.
D Lightning comes from any type of storm.
3
Which of the following weather systems always
forms over the ocean?
A blizzard
B
hurricane
C
thunderstorm
D tornado
5
The map above shows the paths that Atlantic
hurricanes took in 2004. Why do no hurricanes
form in the northeastern Atlantic (off the coast
of Europe)?
A The water pressure is too low.
B
The water pressure is too high.
C
The water temperature is too low.
D The water temperature is too high.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
25
CHAPTER TK
13
The Nature
Storms,
continued
Chapter
TitleofTK,
continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
satellite image below.
8
A tornado has a wind speed of 290 km/h and
a path of destruction 48 km wide. How would
the tornado be classified according to the Fujita
tornado intensity scale?
A F0 or F1
B
F1 or F2
C
F2 or F3
D F4 or F5
9
6
Droughts are extended periods of
A above-normal temperatures
A a cold, dry air mass
B
below-normal temperatures
B
a warm, dry air mass
C
above-normal rainfall
C
an area of high pressure
D below-normal rainfall
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What would you expect to find in the center of
this storm?
D an area of low pressure
7
Over which area did the storm likely originate?
A polar continental land
B
polar ocean
C
tropical continental land
D tropical ocean
26
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER TK
14
Climate
Name:
1
Date:
The cross-section below shows how prevailing
winds have caused different climates on the
windward and leeward sides of a mountain
range.
2
Which graph best shows the general effect that
differences in elevation above sea level have on
the average annual temperature?
Wet
(windward side)
Dry
(leeward side)
Prevailing
wind
Mountain range
Rain
shadow
Why does the windward side of this mountain
range have a wet climate?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Rising air is compressed and cools, causing
water droplets to evaporate.
B
Rising air is compressed and warms, causing
water vapor to condense.
C
Rising air expands and cools, causing water
vapor to condense.
A 1
D Rising air expands and warms, causing water
droplets to evaporate.
B
2
C
3
D 4
3
What is the first stage in formation of El Nino?
A Convection currents strengthen.
B
The jet stream shifts north.
C
Trade winds weaken.
D Precipitation increases.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
27
CHAPTER TK
14
Climate, Title
continued
Chapter
TK, continued
Name:
4
Date:
Why is Earth’s surface warmer at the equator
than at the poles?
7
The diagram below shows the trends in the
temperature of North America during the last
200,000 years, as estimated by scientists. What
is the total number of major glacial periods
that have occurred in North America in the last
200,000 years?
A The Sun is closer to the equator than the
poles.
The equator receives more direct sunlight
than the poles.
C
There is more water at the equator, which
absorbs more heat.
D Ice at the poles keeps the surface colder than
the surface at the equator.
5
Which of the following climate effects does El
Niño produce?
Warmer
A flooding and mudslides in California
heavy rains in the Sahara Desert
C
cold, wet weather in the upper Midwest
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
A 2
D droughts in Florida
B
3
C
4
D 5
6
Scientists theorize that changes in the tilt of
Earth’s axis might be responsible for the cyclical
reoccurrence of
.
A ice ages
An increase in which gas would cause the most
greenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere?
B
volcanic eruptions
A nitrogen
C
El Niño
B
oxygen
C
carbon dioxide
D High sea levels
8
D hydrogen
28
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Cooler
Today
Time before present (yr)
B
CHAPTER TK
15
Earth’s Oceans
Name:
1
Date:
At which latitude region would ocean water have
the lowest salinity?
H Dry
G
Wet
Dry
F
North pole
Latitude
60° N
30° N
Equator
E
Dry
F
G
Wet
H Dry
Base your answers to questions 3, 4, and 5 on the
diagram of a wave below.
8m
6m
4m
2m
0m
3
0m
5m
10 m
15 m
20 m
25 m
30 m
35 m
40 m
45 m
50 m
55 m
What is the wave height for this wave?
A 2.0 meters
0° N
30° S
B
5.3 meters
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
60° S
South pole
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A E
B
F
C
G
4
What is the wave base for this wave?
A 2.0 meters
D H
B
5.3 meters
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
2
What is the source of most of the sodium,
magnesium, and calcium in seawater?
A weathering of seafloor rocks
5
What is the wavelength for this wave?
B
weathering and erosion of continental rocks
A 2.0 meters
C
deep-ocean organic-matter sediments
B
5.3 meters
D gases from underwater volcanic eruptions
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
29
CHAPTER TK
15
Earth’s Oceans,
Chapter
Title TK, continued
continued
Name:
6
Date:
Seawater is densest when
.
9
A salinity is high and its temperature is high
In which direction is an ocean current’s path of
motion deflected by the Coriolis effect?
B
salinity is low and its temperature is high
A to the left in the northern hemisphere and to
the right in the southern hemisphere
C
salinity is high and its temperature is low
B
to the right in the northern hemisphere and
to the left in the southern hemisphere
C
to the left in both the northern and southern
hemispheres
D salinity is low and its temperature is low
D to the right in both the northern and
southern hemispheres
7
Which description of change is most closely
associated with ocean tides and moon phases?
A cyclic and predicable
B
cyclic and unpredictable
C
noncyclic and predictable
D noncyclic and unpredictable
10
What is the most common cause of ocean waves?
A variations in the salinity of seawater
variations in the temperature of seawater
C
the gravitational effect of the Moon
D winds at the ocean surface
8
Most surface ocean currents are caused
by
.
A tides
B
evaporation
C
prevailing winds
D salinity differences
30
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
CHAPTER 16
Chapter
The
Marine
TitleEnvironment
TK
Name:
The end of the last ice age was approximately
18,000 years ago. What has happened to sea level
since then?
A
4
The profile below shows four regions of the
ocean bottom.
It has fallen about 10–15 cm.
C
It has risen about 130 m.
D
It has not changed.
1000
2000
e
It has fallen about 130 m.
Ocean
basin
Slop
B
Continental margin
Shelf
0
Depth (m)
1
Date:
3000
Rise
4000
5000
Abyssal
plain
6000
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
7000
In which of these areas of an ocean would you
expect to find the greatest amount of nutrients
and marine organisms?
A
a beach
B
the ocean bottom
C
the continental shelf
D
mid-ocean
Under which heading in a table of contents
would the most information about the deposits
that fill in the valleys in the seafloor be found?
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Distance (km)
In which list are these regions arranged in order
of gradient from least steep to most steep?
rise → abyssal plain → shelf → slope
B
slope → rise → shelf → abyssal plain
C
abyssal plain → shelf → rise → slope
D
shelf → abyssal plain → rise → slope
A
Continental Slope
As waves approach an irregular shoreline with
headlands and bays, the waves
.
B
Abyssal Plains
A
bend toward the bays
C
Trenches
B
bend toward the headlands
D
Benthos
C
bend away from both the bays and the
headlands
D
do not change direction
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
A
Standardized Test Practice
31
CHAPTER TK
16
The
Marine
Environment,
continued
Chapter
Title
TK, continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answer to questions 6–8 on the
diagram below, which shows ocean waves
approaching a shoreline. A groin and a
breakwater have been constructed along the
beach. Letters A–E represent locations in
the area.
8
Land
A
Beach
B
C
D
Groin
E
ve
Wa
At which location will the beach begin to widen
due to sand deposition?
A
B
B
C
C
D
E
10
7
32
B
The current is flowing southward at a right
angle away from the shoreline.
C
The current is flowing eastward parallel to
the shoreline.
D
The current is flowing westward parallel to
the shoreline.
The size of the bulge in the beach at position
D will
.
A
decrease gradually
B
increase gradually
C
increase during the day and decrease at night
D
remain the same
Standardized Test Practice
Which of the following coastal landforms is
produced by sediment deposition?
A
wave-cut cliff
B
sea stack
C
sea arch
D
baymouth bar
Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas
shown is based on the
.
A
distance from continental landmasses
B
topography of the ocean floor
C
age of ocean-bottom rocks
D
type of ocean-bottom sediments
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A
The current is flowing northward at a right
angle to the shoreline.
ve
Wa
9
6
A
Breakwater
ve
Wa
N
Which statement best describes the longshore
current that is modifying this coastline?
CHAPTER 17
Plate Tectonics
Name:
1
Date:
Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental
drift to explain which current theory?
A
Center of
ridge
All continents were once part of the same
landmass.
B
Earth is many millions of years old.
C
Planets in our solar system revolve around
the Sun.
D
Use the graphic below to answer questions 4 and 5.
Oceanic
crust
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Similar geological features are found on
widely separated continents.
C
The coastlines of some continents fit
together like puzzle pieces.
D
Similar fossils are found on widely separated
continents.
5
3
Where are the youngest rocks on the seafloor
located?
A
at the mid-ocean ridges
B
along the continental shelves
C
in the Mariana Trench
D
near the Hawaiian Islands
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Youngest
crust
Crust
Older
crust
Mantle
(Not drawn to scale)
Which of the following is NOT evidence used to
support the theory that Earth’s continents were
once connected?
The continents can support animal life.
Older
crust
Mantle
The universe began as a result of an
enormous explosion called the big bang.
A
Sediments
Sediments
4
2
Key
Ocean
water
If the crust symbol
represents basalt with
normal magnetic polarity, what does the crust
symbol
most likely represent?
A
igneous rock with normal magnetic polarity
B
igneous rock with reversed magnetic polarity
C
sedimentary rock with normal magnetic
polarity
D
sedimentary rock with reversed magnetic
polarity
The geologic features on the ocean floor in this
region resulted from
.
A
colliding plates in the lithosphere
B
sinking iron and magnesium in the
lithosphere
C
cooler temperatures in the mantle
D
rising convection currents in the magma
Standardized Test Practice
33
CHAPTER TK
17
Plate Tectonics,
Chapter
Title TK, continued
continued
Name:
6
7
Date:
A scientist measured the distance moved by a
tectonic plate over the course of a year. The
distance would best be recorded in what units?
A
kilometers
B
centimeters
C
liters
D
miles
9
Which diagram depicts what happens at
divergent boundaries?
A
Plate
Plate
Asthenosphere
(1)
(3)
Plate
Plate
Asthenosphere
Plate
Plate
Asthenosphere
(2)
(4)
Why does molten rock in Earth’s mantle rise to
Earth’s lithosphere in a convection current?
A
Molten rock is less dense than the cooler,
solid rock around it.
B
Molten rock is more dense than the cooler,
solid rock around it.
C
Molten rock is magnetically attracted to the
sold rock around it.
D
Molten rock is magnetically repelled by the
solid rock around it.
Standardized Test Practice
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
Which are not caused by plate tectonics?
A
convection currents
B
earthquakes
C
fault-block mountains
D
volcanoes
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D
10
34
Plate
Plate
Asthenosphere
B
C
8
Which diagram correctly shows how mantle
convection currents are most likely moving
beneath colliding lithospheric plates?
CHAPTER 18
Volcanism
Name:
1
Date:
Why are most volcanoes located along the Ring
of Fire around the Pacific Ocean?
3
Which is the order of volcanoes, from the
youngest to the oldest, that were formed by the
motion of this tectonic plate?
2
3
.PUJPO
tectonic
PGtectonic
4
plate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A
It is an area noted by one main type of
magma.
A
Q, R, S, T
B
There are few subduction zones in this area.
B
T, S, Q, R
C
It is an area with many zones of
convergence.
C
Q, T, S, R
D
T, S, R, Q
D
It is an area with many zones of divergence.
4
2
What happens as a tectonic plate moves over a
hot spot?
A
The plate descends into the mantle.
B
A chain of volcanoes form.
C
The pressure of the plate keeps magma
below Earth’s surface.
D
The hot spot is pushed to the edge of
the plate.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
What is the name for a large crater formed when
a magma chamber collapses?
A
volcanic canyon
B
depression
C
caldera
D
sinkhole
Standardized Test Practice
35
CHAPTER TK
18
Chapter
Titlecontinued
TK, continued
Volcanism,
Name:
5
6
A volcano in Hawaii erupted with a hightemperature abundant flow made of basaltic
lava that traveled about 10 km before stopping.
The structure of the volcano was broad and flat.
What type of volcano was this?
A
cinder cone
B
shield
C
composite
D
dome
Volcanoes fueled by rhyolitic magma are
very explosive because rhyolitic magma
has a
.
A
high silica content and a high dissolved gas
content
B
high silica content and a low dissolved gas
content
C
low silica content and high dissolved gas
content
D
low silica content and low dissolved gas
content
A
violent eruptions producing gentle slopes
B
violent eruptions producing steep slopes
C
voluminous lava flows producing gentle
slopes
A
pyroclastic flows
B
vent formation
voluminous lava flows producing steep
slopes
C
ash fallout
D
a mantle hot spot
9
What is most likely to harm people living near a
volcano?
Which statement about molten basaltic rock is
false?
A
It forms when rocks in the upper mantle
melt.
B
It contains small amounts of silica.
C
It has high viscosity.
D
It forms on oceanic and continental crust.
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
36
8
Which best characterizes a composite volcano?
D
7
Date:
CHAPTER 19
Earthquakes
Name:
1
Date:
Fractures in rock where sections of rock might
suddenly move to create an earthquake are
called
.
A
rifts
B
faults
C
fissures
D
crevices
4
5
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
The most destructive waves produced by an
earthquake are
.
A
body waves
B
transverse waves
C
latitudinal waves
D
channel waves
Which rope is moving most like seismic waves?
The most likely cause of earthquake activity on
the West Coast of the United States is
.
A
landslides from coastal mountains
B
the slipping of tectonic plates
C
tidal effects from the Pacific Ocean
D
seasonal temperature changes
A
B
C
D
3
Which statement best describes the relationship
between the travel times of seismic waves from
as earthquake’s focus to a seismic station?
A
P-waves travel slower than S-waves and take
less time to reach the station.
B
P-waves travel faster than S-waves and take
less time to reach the station.
C
S-waves travel slower than P-waves and take
less time to reach the station.
D
S-waves travel faster than P-waves and take
less time to reach the station.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
37
CHAPTER TK
19
Earthquakes,
continued
Chapter
Title TK,
continued
Name:
6
7
The epicenter of an earthquake is
.
A
the earthquake’s point of origin
B
the point where the strain in the ground is
released
C
the place in the ground where a rift valley
occurs
D
the point on Earth’s surface above the point
where the strain is released
8
If a tsunami develops during an underwater
earthquake, what will most likely occur?
A
Deep-ocean sediments will travel great
distances.
B
No destruction will occur near the origin of
the earthquake.
C
The magnitude of the earthquake will
determine the direction of the tsunami.
D
Severe destruction will occur in some coastal
areas.
The study of how seismic waves change
as they travel through Earth has revealed
that
.
A
P-waves travel more slowly than S-waves
through Earth crust
B
Seismic waves travel more slowly through
the mantle because it is very dense
C
Earth’s outer core is solid because P-waves
are not transmitted through this layer
D
Earth’s outer core is liquid because S-waves
are not transmitted through this layer
Standardized Test Practice
9
The Northridge, California earthquake in 1994
caused this building to sink and then collapse.
Which process was responsible for weakening
the soil underneath the building?
A
sedimentation
B
weathering
C
liquefaction
D
seismosis
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
38
Date:
CHAPTER 20
Mountain Building
Name:
1
Date:
Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the
diagram below.
The observed difference in density between
continental crust and oceanic crust is most likely
due to differences in their
.
A
composition
B
thickness
C
porosity
D
rate of cooling
Trench
Ocean
crust
Subdu
c ti n
Mantle
Island arc
complex
Basaltic and
andesitic magmas
Basin
sediments
g oc
e
an
pl a
Peridotite
melt
te
Water and melted material
rising from subducted plate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
The placement of Earth’s mantle by the
overlying crust is a condition of equilibrium
known as
.
4
A
oceanic-oceanic convergence
A
isostasy
B
oceanic-continental convergence
B
convergence
C
continental-continental convergence
C
divergence
D
divergence
D
convection
5
3
What type of orogeny (mountain building) is
shown?
Earth’s tallest mountain ranges are formed
at
.
What is the source of the magma that fuels the
island arc complex?
A
continental crust
A
continental-continental plate boundaries
B
the subducted plate
B
oceanic-continental plate boundaries
C
the overriding plate
C
oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries
D
the volcanoes that make up the complex
D
divergent boundaries
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
39
CHAPTER TK
20
Mountain
Building,
continued
Chapter Title
TK, continued
Name:
6
7
40
Some mountains are not necessarily associated
with plate tectonics. Among them are
.
9
Which of the following is likely to have caused
the continental crust to sink over a given area?
A
isostatic mountains
A
the erosion of mountains in that area
B
seamounts
B
C
fault-block mountains
the formation of a continental glacier in
that area
D
convergent mountains
C
the melting of a continental glacier in
that area
D
the development of hot mantle plumes
beneath the crust in that area
Which statement best describes Earth’s crust and
mantle?
A
The crust is thicker and less dense than the
mantle.
B
The crust is thicker and more dense than the
mantle.
C
The crust is thinner and less dense than the
mantle.
D
The crust is thinner and more dense than the
mantle.
10
Where is Earth’s crust the thickest?
A
along ocean ridges
B
at transform faults
C
under continental mountain ranges
D
under volcanic islands
How are the Black Hills in South Dakota similar
to the mountains of the Hawaiian Islands?
A
Both were formed through tectonic
convergence.
B
Both are examples of uplifted mountains.
C
Both occur at divergent boundaries.
D
Both occur far from plate boundaries.
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8
Date:
CHAPTER 21
Fossils
Chapter and
Titlethe
TK Rock Record
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 1, 2, and 3 on
the geologic cross-section below, which shows
a view of rock layers at Earth’s surface. The
dashed lines connect points of the same age.
Major fossils contained within each rock layer
are shown. The valleys are labeled X, Y, and Z.
Location 1
Location 2
3
Location 3
D
An unconformity can be observed in this
figure, represented by the question mark.
Which rock layer was most probably removed
by erosion during the time represented by the
unconformity?
A
A layer
B
B layer
C
C layer
D
D layer
C
?
B
A
Valley
X
Valley
Y
Valley
Z
Metamorphic basement rocks
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
In which type of environment were the
sediments that formed these sedimentary rock
layers most likely deposited?
A
a rock from the Moon
A
glacial
B
a Native American fire pit
B
mountainous.
C
a jawbone from a triceratops
C
marine
D
a granite rock from the Canadian Shield
D
terrestrial plateau
5
2
Carbon-14 has a radioactive decay half-life of
5,730 years. Which of the following items would
carbon-14 be most useful for dating?
The sedimentary rock layers at the three
locations can be most accurately correlated by
comparing the
.
A
thickness of the sedimentary rock layers
B
foliation bands in the metamorphic
basement rocks
C
fossils in the sedimentary rocks
D
minerals in the igneous rocks
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Which of the following would NOT be called an
original remains fossil?
A
a plant fossil caught in a tar pit
B
a fly caught in amber
C
a dinosaur tooth
D
a frozen wooly mammoth
Standardized Test Practice
41
CHAPTER TK
21
Fossils and
Record, continued
Chapter
Titlethe
TK,Rock
continued
Name:
6
Date:
The diagram below shows a sedimentary rock
composed of pebbles and sand.
Sand
7
Pebbles
Cracks in rock
8
Which statement most accurately compares the
ages of the cracks and pebbles to the age of the
sedimentary rock in which they are found?
A
B
The cracks and pebbles are both older than
the sedimentary rock.
C
The cracks are younger and the pebbles are
older than the sedimentary rock.
D
The cracks are older and the pebbles are
younger than the sedimentary rock.
Standardized Test Practice
9
A
shale
B
sandstone
C
volcanic ash
D
limestone
Which statement about the species of animals
and plants that fixed on Earth in the past is best
supported by the fossil record?
A
most became extinct.
B
most lived on land.
C
most were preserved in metamorphic rock.
D
most appeared during the Cambrian period.
Layers of volcanic ash often serve as
useful geologic time markers because ash
layers
.
A
deposit quickly over a wide area
B
are older than the surrounding rock
C
can be sampled easily
D
darken with age
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
42
The cracks and pebbles are both younger
than the sedimentary rock.
If the following rocks appeared as layers in an
outcrop, which would be the most helpful in
determining numeric age?
CHAPTER 22
The Precambrian Earth
Name:
1
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
Date:
Which of the following does NOT show evidence
that Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old?
A
zircon crystals
B
Precambrian fossils
C
meteorites
D
moon rocks
4
Geological evidence suggests that early Earth
was very different from Earth today in which
way?
A
Earth’s oceans probably formed long
before Earth’s atmosphere and covered
most of Earth’s surface.
B
Earth’s earliest atmosphere was primarily
composed of oxygen and contained very
little water vapor, carbon dioxide, or
nitrogen.
C
Earth’s earliest oceans were much deeper
than today, and the continents rose much
higher in elevation.
D
Earth’s earliest atmosphere probably
contained large quantities of water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, but contained
very little oxygen gas.
Heat caused by radioactivity has lessened since
Earth’s formation because
.
A
short-lived radioactive elements have
decayed
B
Earth has grown significantly larger
C
gravitational contraction has destroyed some
radioactive isotopes
D
there are fewer asteroid and meteorite
bombardments
A
oxygen gas
Stromatolites are colonies of photosynthetic
cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae)
that live in warm, shallow seas. Although they
are rare on Earth today, they are some of the
most commonly recognized fossilized life forms
from the Archean eon (3.8-2.5 billion years
ago). Stromatolites and organisms like them are
considered very important to the evolution of
Earth’s
.
B
sunlight
A
oceans
C
methane gas
B
atmosphere
D
water
C
water cycle
D
continental landmasses
Scientists think the most important requirement
for life is
.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
Standardized Test Practice
43
CHAPTER TK
22
The Precambrian
Earth, continued
Chapter
Title TK, continued
Name:
6
7
Use the time line below to answer questions 8
and 9.
Banded iron formation is a type of rock that
contains layers of chert and layers of iron oxides
such as magnetite and hematite. What does the
presence of banded iron in Precambrian rocks
suggest?
A
Methane seeps were common in the
Precambrian.
B
The ocean was devoid of life during the
Precambrian.
C
All of Earth’s landmasses were joined during
the Precambrian.
D
There was some oxygen present in the
atmosphere during the Precambrian.
Because early Earth had no ozone layer in its
upper atmosphere, the surface of the planet was
constantly scoured by
.
A
B
5
4
D
E
3
2
1
F
Present
Billions of years ago
8
9
On the time line above, cells with a nucleus first
appeared on Earth between
.
A
B and C
B
C and D
C
D and E
D
E and F
Complex plants and animals appeared on Earth
between
.
A
acid rain
A
B and C
B
ultraviolet radiation
B
C and D
C
tiny meteorites
C
D and E
D
tornadoes and hailstorms
D
E and E
Standardized Test Practice
C
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
44
Date:
CHAPTER 23
The Paleozoic, Mesozoic,
and Cenozoic Eras
Name:
1
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
Date:
The analysis of ancient passive margins helps
scientists
.
A
learn about fluctuating sea level over time
B
study the extent of volcanic ash deposits
C
understand how glaciers retreat
D
learn how Cambrian organisms evolved
4
Which evidence is often used to suggest that
some mass extinctions of life on Earth were
caused by asteroid impacts?
A
abundance of iridium found in most rocks
and minerals on Earth
B
unusually high amounts of iridium found
in clay layers that coincide with mass
extinctions
C
consistent and frequent volcanic eruptions
throughout geologic time
D
periodic episodes of intense volcanic activity
on the surface of planets and moons similar
to Earth
A transgression in the rock record is evidence
of
.
A
a fall in sea level
B
a rise in sea level
C
the retreat of glaciers
D
the advance of glaciers
Why is oil often associated with evaporite
deposits?
A
Evaporites are impermeable and seal in oil.
B
Evaporites have large pore spaces that allow
oil to seep to the surface.
C
Evaporites are evidence of ancient swamps.
D
Evaporites are easy to mine.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
During which geologic timespan below could
an interaction between humans and mammoths
have occurred?
A
Pleistocene Epoch
B
Pennsylvania Epoch
C
Precambrian Era
D
Paleozoic Era
Standardized Test Practice
45
CHAPTER TK
23
The Paleozoic,
Chapter
Title TK,Mesozoic,
continuedand Cenozoic Eras, continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
chart below. The thickness of the shaded areas
shows the relative abundance of some animals
and plants through geologic time.
7
Flowering plants
Which life-form was most abundant 250 million
years ago?
A
dinosaurs
B
reptiles
C
bony fishes
D
trilobites
Mammals
Birds
8
Reptiles
(Dinosaurs)
Amphibians
Bony fishes
According to fossil evidence in the geologic
record, which of these life-forms appeared on
Earth most recently?
A
fishes
B
reptiles
C
flowering plants
D
mammals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Insects
Ammonoids
Ca
m
br
ia
Or
n
do
vic
ia
n
Si
lu
ria
n
De
vo
Ca
ni
an
rb
on
ife
ro
us
Pe
rm
ai
n
Tri
as
sic
Ju
ra
ss
Cr
ic
et
ac
eo
us
Ce
no
zo
ic
Trilobites
6
46
Which life-forms appear to be extinct?
A
sponges, insects, and flowering plants
B
bony fishes, dinosaurs, and mammals
C
sponges, insects, and reptiles
D
trilobites, ammonoids, and dinosaurs
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER 24
Earth Resources
Name:
1
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
Date:
Which of the following natural resources is
renewable?
4
Which of the following is NOT a source of
natural air pollution?
A
coal
A
volcanoes
B
natural gas
B
radon
C
oil
C
coal plant
D
water
D
forest fires
Movement of carbon from the geosphere to the
atmosphere can be accomplished by
.
5
Which of these is probably a current problem in
Saudi Arabia, a country in the Middle East?
A
combustion
A
shortages of fresh water
B
photosynthesis
B
high costs of importing fossil fuels
C
respiration
C
clearing of forests to produce farmland
D
all of the above
D
air and water pollution due to mining ores
Which is a possible path of the movements of
nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle?
6
Dams are built for all of the following reasons
except
.
A
soil → air → plants → air → animals → soil
A
recreational purposes
B
soil → animals → plants → air → soil
B
generating electricity
C
air → animals → soil → plants → air
C
controlling flooding
D
air → soil → plants → animals → soil → air
D
transporting water from one area to another
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
47
CHAPTER TK
24
Earth Resources,
continued
Chapter
Title TK, continued
Name:
7
Date:
The process of removing salt from seawater is
called
.
8
9
Which air pollutant is more harmful to human
health inside a building than outside?
A
percolation
A
smog
B
desalination
B
radon gas
C
desertification
C
carbon dioxide
D
aggregation
D
nitrogen oxide
Which action would be most likely to help reduce
the desertification of an area?
10
Which action would be most likely to help reduce
the desertification of an area?
A
reducing the amount of fossil fuels used
A
reduce the amount of fossil fuels used
B
replanting cleared land with native plants
B
replanting cleared land with native plants
C
increasing the amount of irrigation on fields
C
increasing the amount of irrigation on fields
D
drilling into aquifers to tap groundwater
supplies
D
drilling into aquifers to tap groundwater
supplies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
48
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER 25
Energy Resources
Name:
1
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
Date:
What is the primary source of most of Earth’s
energy resources?
4
Crude oil is the source of all of the following
except
.
A
radioactive decay within the Earth’s interior
A
natural gas
B
convection currents in the Earth’s mantle
B
diesel oil
C
radiation received from the Sun
C
gasoline
D
earthquakes along fault zones
D
kerosene
Burning renewable organic mater, such as
sugarcane fibers, can produce electricity. Such
renewable organic matter is called
.
A
geothermal energy
B
biomass fuel
C
hydroelectric energy
D
fossil fuel
5
What characteristic do these structures have in
common?
Which fossil fuel is generally considered to be
the most abundant on Earth?
A
use of renewable resources to produce
electricity
A
oil shale
B
B
coal
use of nonrenewable resources to produce
electricity
C
petroleum
C
major sources of energy used to produce
electricity
D
natural gas
D
significant contribution to air pollution
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
49
CHAPTER TK
25
Chapter
Title TK, continued
Energy Resources,
continued
Name:
6
7
Date:
Most reservoirs of geothermal energy
are
.
A
distributed fairly evenly around the world
B
located in the Middle East
C
located near waterfalls
D
located near the boundaries of lithospheric
plates
8
Which statement best explains why a developing
nation is more likely than an industrialized
nation to use renewable energy resources?
A
Developing nations tend to be located in
areas that receive large amounts of sunlight.
B
Developing nations are less likely to support
the use of nuclear power as an energy
resource.
C
The large number of rivers in developing
nations encourages the use of hydroelectric
power.
D
Biomass fuels are sometimes the only readity
available energy resource in developing
nations.
Which of the following is NOT a problem
usually associated with nuclear energy?
A
disposal of radioactive waste
B
thermal
C
environmental damage from mining and
extraction of uranium
emission of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere
About how much does a consumer save over
three years by using a fluorescent bulb in place
of an incandescent bulb?
Information About Some Bulbs
Bulb Type
50
Standardized Test Practice
100W
23W Compact
Incandescent Fluorescent
Life of Bulb
750 hours
10,000 hours
Number of Bulbs
Needed
About 6 over
3 years
1 over
6.8 years
Total Cost of Electricity
(8 cents/kilowatt-hour)
$35.04
$8.06
Your Total Cost
Over 3 Years
$39.54
$19.06
A
$10.50
B
$19.00
C
$20.50
D
$30.50
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D
9
CHAPTER 26
Human
Impact
on
Chapter
Title
TK
Resources
Name:
Date:
Average Number of People per Square
Kilometer of Land
1965
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
Which of the following is NOT an example of
biological control of environmental problems?
A
the use of bacteria to infect and destroy the
gypsy moth in its caterpillar stage
B
the spraying of pesticides over crops in order
to destroy insect pests
C
the introduction of ladybugs to prey on
aphids that are eating crops
D
the use of microorganisms that produce
enzymes capable of digesting oil spills
2025
According to the diagram, which statement best
describes population growth in the United States?
A
After an all-time high in the mid-1960s, the
United States population has continued to
drop.
B
The population of the United States is
expected to drop in the future, in spite of
recent rises.
C
The population of the United States has
risen since the 1960s and is expected to
continue to do so.
D
2
1990
3
In spite of a drop from the years 1965
to 1990, the United States population is
expected to rise in the future.
4
Many coastal areas have been severely polluted
by oil leaked from tankers. How could the field
of biotechnology be used to clean up the oil
pollution from these spills?
A
Controlled fires could be set to burn the oil
off of the contaminated rocks.
B
New detergents could be developed to wash
the oil off of aquatic organisms.
C
Powerful vacuum devices could be
constructed for pulling the oil off of the
surface.
D
Bacteria could be genetically engineered go
remove the oil efficiently by feeding on it.
Which practice is most effective in maintaining
fertile, productive farmland?
A
increasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides
B
planting cover crops on fields between
growing seasons
C
clearing vegetation from the banks of rivers
and streams
D
providing government subsidies for large
corporate farms
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
51
CHAPTER 26
Human Impact on Resources, continued
Name:
5
Date:
Which of these pollutants is responsible for
the depletion of the ozone layer in Earth’s
atmosphere?
A
sulfur dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels
B
carbon monoxide from automobile exhaust
C
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from air
conditioners and refrigerators
D
photochemical smog from the reaction of
nitrogen oxides with sunlight
8
The diagram below shows a coastal area with a
variety of landforms.
Glacier
Lagoon
Spits
Stream
Beach
Deep-sea fan
Acid rain, which is harming water quality in
many lakes and streams, could be reduced by
A
Volcanic
island
Sea level
The environment of the area shown above would
be polluted least by
.
A
building fossil-fuel power plants along the
stream
eliminating the catalytic converters currently
required for automobiles.
B
C
installing devices to remove sulfur from
emissions of coal-fired power plants.
constructing sewage-treatment plants and
landfills on the edge of the lagoon
C
planting vegetation on hillsides to reduce
runoff of sediments into bodies of water.
developing vacation homes on the barrier
islands
D
establishing a wildlife refuge around the lake
The gasoline that leaks from an underground
tank is considered a pollutant because the
gasoline
.
A
floats on the water table
B
destroys nonliving organic substances
C
reacts chemically with minerals in the soil
D
harm living things
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
52
Coral
reef
B
D
7
increasing the efficiency of sewage treatment
plants.
Barrier
islands
Delta
Continental
shelf
6
Lake
CHAPTER 27
The
Sun-Earth-Moon
System
Chapter
Title TK
Name:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
2
Date:
The picture below illustrates the instrument
a student used for an astronomy experiment.
Which of the following was the student using?
A
reflecting telescope
B
radio telescope
C
refracting telescope
D
spectroscope
3
4
Which of the following best describes an impact
basin?
A
the white glow around the edges of the
Moon
B
a round, three-dimensional object
C
the hollow left behind by an object striking
the Moon
D
an elongated, closed curve
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
Which of the following does NOT explain why
Earth’s moon is unique among all the moons of
the solar system?
A
it is a solid, rocky body
B
its orbit is relatively far from Earth
C
it is large
D
it has many impact craters
Which theory do scientists think best accounts
for the similarity of age and composition
between the Moon and Earth?
A
Earth formed before the Moon.
B
The Moon formed before Earth.
C
Earth and the Moon formed at about the
same time from dust and gas.
D
The Moon was once part of Earth and broke
away as a result of a large impact.
Which of the following is caused by Earth’s
rotation?
A
the year
B
day and night
C
the seasons
D
Earth’s tilt
Standardized Test Practice
53
CHAPTER 27
The Sun-Earth-Moon System, continued
Name:
Which graph best represents the relative periods
of rotation of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars?
8
Which of the following diagrams depicts a lunar
eclipse?
A
Period of Rotation
Planet
(1)
Mars
Earth
Venus
B
Mercury
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Period of Rotation
6
Date:
Planet
(3)
Period of Rotation
Planet
(2)
54
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
D
Planet
(4)
9
What causes tides?
A
gravitational attraction of the Moon and the
Sun
B
rotation of the Moon on its axis
C
movement of the tectonic plates
D
Coriolis effect
Which factor is one cause of the difference in
the noontime altitude of the Sun on June 21 and
December 21?
A
the tilt of Earth’s axis
B
the Sun’s apparent diameter
C
Earth’s changing distance from the Sun
D
The Sun’s period of rotation
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7
A
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Period of Rotation
C
CHAPTER 28
Our Solar System
Name:
1
Date:
Our solar system formed about 5 billion years
ago when
.
A
a large planet broke into many pieces
B
a cloud of interstellar dust and gas began to
condense
C
stars collided with one another
D
Jupiter formed as the largest planet
3
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4
2
Johannes Kepler discovered three laws about the
motion of the planets in our solar system. Which
is one of Kepler’s laws?
A
All planets orbit the Sun at the same speed.
B
All planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical path.
C
The Sun is at the exact center of every
planet’s orbit.
D
The Sun’s magnetic force determines the
shape of a planet’s orbit.
Because Earth’s orbit around the sun is an
ellipse
.
A
nights are longer than days in the summer in
the northern hemisphere
B
Earth is closest to the Sun around July 4 and
farthest from the Sun on January 3 of each
year.
C
the sun is always at the center of the orbit.
D
the distance between Earth and the Sun
varies throughout the year.
Which of the following is NOT true about the
diagram shown above?
A
It can help explain retrograde motion of
other planets.
B
It is a geocentric model of the universe.
C
It is a heliocentric model of the universe.
A
the magnetic force of the planets on the Sun
D
It is a model described by Copernicus.
B
the rotation of the planets on their axes
C
the Sun’s gravitational pull on the planets
D
the tilt of the planets on their axes
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
Which explains why the planets orbit the Sun?
Standardized Test Practice
55
CHAPTER 28
Our Solar System, continued
Name:
6
The planet Mars has seasons similar to those
on Earth. The most likely reason for this
is
.
56
Which of these planets is the densest?
Earth
Mars is the same distance from the Sun as
the Earth
B
Jupiter
C
Saturn
B
Mars is tilted on its axis in the same way as
Earth
D
Uranus
C
Mars is traveling at the same speed as Earth
D
Mars is the same size as Earth
Which is NOT a characteristic of a dwarf planet?
A
exists in the Kuiper Belt
B
has enough gravity to be spherical in shape
C
is not a satellite to another body
D
has cleared its orbit of debris
10
A comet’s tail always points away from the Sun
because
.
A
the tail is farmed by solar winds
B
of condensing particles of dust, rock, ice,
methane, and ammonia
Meteoroids that enter and completely burn up in
Earth’s atmosphere
.
C
of the gravitational pull from the large outer
planets
A
become stars
D
B
are called meteors
of the elliptical orbit it makes around the
Sun
C
are called meteorites
D
become asteroids
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8
9
A
A
7
Date:
CHAPTER 29
Stars
Name:
Date:
Use the graphic below to answer questions 1 and 2.
3
In stars, what happens during nuclear fusion?
A
Large amounts of energy are depleted.
B
Large amounts of mass are formed.
C
Helium atoms combine to form hydrogen
atoms.
D
Hydrogen atoms combine to form helium
atoms.
Corona
Radiative zone
Convective zone
Photosphere
Solar
flare
Chromosphere
Core
Sunspot
Prominences
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
In which region is the Sun’s energy created?
A
photosphere
B
chromosphere
C
core
D
radiative zone
5
2
What will happen to Earth when the Sun
becomes a red giant?
A
Earth will be pushed into a more distant
orbit.
B
Earth will already be gone.
C
Earth will have a significant increase in
volcanic activity.
D
Earth will get too hot to support life.
Hydrostatic equilibrium within a star refers to a
balance between
.
A
gravitational collapse and nuclear fission
Areas of cooler temperature on the Sun’s surface
appear as
.
B
gravitational collapse and nuclear fusion
A
solar flares
C
nuclear fission and a supernova explosion
B
sunspots
D
nuclear fusion and a supernova explosion
C
solar winds
D
prominences
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
57
CHAPTER 29
Stars, continued
Name:
Date:
Use the graphic below to answer questions 6 and 7.
8
9
6
58
A
mass and volume
B
temperature and origin
C
luminosity and color
D
luminosity and structure
.
A
black hole
B
neutron star
C
supernova
D
white dwarf
All of the universe’s original supply of hydrogen
came from
.
A
a parallel universe
B
the space-time continuum
C
black holes
D
the Big Bang
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7
The life-cycle path followed by a star is
determined by the star’s initial
Which will take the longest to evolve?
Stars like the Sun most likely formed directly
from a
.
A
nebula
B
supernova
C
red giant
D
black dwarf
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER 30
Galaxies and the Universe
Name:
1
Date:
Which of the following drawings most accurately
represents the shape of the Milky Way?
(1)
3
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
(4)
5
2
What do scientists theorize is at the center of a
galaxy?
A
dark energy
B
a supernova
C
the sun
D
black hole
A
nuclear bulge and halo
B
galactic disk
C
major spiral arms
D
minor spiral arms
(3)
4
(2)
The oldest stars in the Milky Way are located in
the
.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Which group orders the objects in the universe
from largest to smallest?
A
superclusters, stars, galaxies, groups
B
superclusters, galaxies, solar systems, planets
C
groups, clusters, superclusters, asteroids
D
galaxies, planets, stars, asteroids
What evidence is there that the universe is
expanding?
A
New matter has been created as a result of
other universal matter expanding outward.
B
The results of the big bang explosion have
expanded space and matter.
C
The Hubble red shift shows that light waves
traveling through space lengthen as space
expands.
D
the gravitational forces of dark mater have
been reduced.
Standardized Test Practice
59
CHAPTER TK
30
Chapter Title
Galaxies
and TK,
the continued
Universe, continued
Name:
6
Date:
The diagram below illustrates three stages of a
current theory of the formation of the universe.
A major piece of scientific evidence supporting
this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light
from galaxies moving away from Earth in Stage 3
are observed to be
.
8
9
60
A
Matter collected clumps to form galaxies.
B
Matter was originally formed from nitrogen
gas.
C
The universe began with an explosion of
matter.
D
The universe is expanding away from its
center.
In which list are celestial features correctly
shown in order of increasing size?
A
galaxy, solar system, universe, planet
A
shorter than normal (a redshift)
B
solar system, galaxy, planet, universe
B
shorter than normal (a blueshift)
C
planet, solar system, galaxy, universe
C
longer than normal (a redshift)
D
universe, galaxy, solar system, planet
D
longer than normal (a blueshift)
Approximately how long ago do scientists
theorize that the big bang took place?
A
14 million years ago
B
140 million years ago
C
14 billion years ago
D
140 billion years ago
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7
Which is NOT a part of the big bang theory?