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Standardized Test Practice STUDENT EDITION Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-879207-6 MHID: 0-07-879207-X Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 10 09 08 07 CONTENTS To the Student ................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1: The Nature of Science ................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Mapping Our World .................................................................... 3 Chapter 3: Matter and Change...................................................................... 5 Chapter 4: Minerals ....................................................................................... 7 Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks .............................................................................. 9 Chapter 6: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks ....................................... 11 Chapter 7: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil .................................................... 13 Chapter 8: Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers ....................................... 15 Chapter 9: Surface Water ............................................................................... 17 Chapter 10: Groundwater .............................................................................. 19 Chapter 11: Atmosphere ................................................................................ 21 Chapter 12: Meteorology ............................................................................... 23 Chapter 13: The Nature of Storms ................................................................ 25 Chapter 14: Climate ....................................................................................... 27 Chapter 15: Earth’s Oceans ........................................................................... 29 Chapter 16: The Marine Environment ......................................................... 31 Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics ........................................................................... 33 Chapter 18: Volcanism .................................................................................. 35 Chapter 19: Earthquakes ............................................................................... 37 Chapter 20: Mountain Building .................................................................... 39 Chapter 21: Fossils and the Rock Record ..................................................... 41 Chapter 22: The Precambrian Earth ............................................................. 43 Chapter 23: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras ........................... 45 Chapter 24: Earth Resources.......................................................................... 47 Chapter 25: Energy Resources ....................................................................... 49 Chapter 26: Human Impact on Resources .................................................... 51 Chapter 27: The Sun-Earth-Moon System .................................................... 53 Chapter 28: Our Solar System ....................................................................... 55 Chapter 29: Stars ............................................................................................ 57 Chapter 30: Galaxies and the Universe ........................................................ 59 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe iii To the Student Welcome to Earth Science Standardized Test Practice This workbook is designed to strengthen your knowledge of the NSCS (National Science Content Standards) and provide additional chapter review of your Glencoe textbook, Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe. For each chapter in the Glencoe textbook, Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe, two pages of chapter review questions have been provided. These questions are designed to test your comprehension of chapter content and provide you with practice in the related skills specified in the NSCS. All of the questions are in a multiple-choice format. Your teacher will provide you with copies of an answer sheet to use when answering the questions. To keep track of your answers, you should always fill in the chapter number for the set of review questions you are answering. Every chapter has between seven and ten review questions, so not every row of answer bubbles will always be used. Remember, this workbook should not be used as an alternative to reviewing the material in your textbook. This workbook will be of greatest advantage to you when used as a “refresher” after you have reviewed each chapter in the textbook. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. iv Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice CHAPTER 1 The Nature ofTK Science Chapter Title Name: 1 Date: Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a test tube. After a few minutes, she observed that the crystals had turned white and a film of water had formed on the inside of the test tube. Before Melissa conducted this experiment, she most likely . 4 Analyzing the results A developed a theory B developed a hypothesis C developed a bias Marco needed to complete an experiment for a science presentation. Which is the order of the steps, from the first to the last, in the scientific method that Marco used? Sharing the results Testing a hypothesis What my experience told me D developed a scientific law F G H A F, G, H 2 All of the following are standard components of the experimental process EXCEPT . Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A models B controls C variables B H, F, G C H, G, F D G, H, F D opinions 5 3 A scientist has discovered a reliable way to predict earthquakes. What step should the scientist take next? Jose is measuring the mass of an apple. Which SI unit of measure would he use? A Describe the evidence to other geologists to spread the news faster. A gram B Notify the media about the discovery so they can warn people. C Educate communities in earthquake-prone areas about preparedness. B kilogram C meter D liter Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe D Report to the scientific community so the results can be retested. Standardized Test Practice 1 CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Science, continued Name: 6 Date: Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a test tube. After a few minutes, she observed that the crystals had turned white and a film of water had formed on the inside of the test tube. What did Melissa most likely do before she conducted this experiment? 9 A a table A developed a theory B developed her procedure C developed her data Data that do not add up to 100% should NOT be represented by . B a bar graph C a line graph D a circle graph D developed a bias 10 In general, models benefit scientific investigation the most by . 20 A using derived units as measurements 18 representing ideas, events, and objects C changing experimental results Sample Mass v. Volume 16 14 D providing descriptions of patterns in nature 12 10 8 6 4 2 8 The theory of plate tectonics is supported as a valid theory because it . 0 0 1 2 3 Volume (cm3) 4 5 A is accepted by most geologists B can predict what has not yet been observed C will not be modified when new data are acquired D does not need to be tested by further experimentation She calculated the density using the formula D = M ÷ V. What is the density she recorded most likely measured in? A grams B cubic centimeters C pounds per square inch D grams per cubic centimeter 2 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B Mass (g) 7 A student plotted the mass and volume of five different samples of the sample mineral as shown on the graph. CHAPTER 2 Mapping Our World Chapter Title TK Name: 1 Date: Which of the following lines does not pass through the north and south poles? 4 A topographic map of Mount Rainier in Washington State is shown below. A prime meridian B equator C 90-degrees W longitude 0m 50 A 0m 40 B D International Date Line 500 m 400 m 6 33 Which of these statements is true? m 2 X C D Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A In a Mercator projection, lines of longitude are curved as they would be on a globe. B Mercator projections are used to produce maps of small areas. C A Mercator projection shows the changes in elevation of Earth’s surface. What is the contour interval of the map? A 20-ft D In a Mercator projection, areas near the poles are distorted. B 40-ft C 100-ft D 200-ft 3 What characteristics of Earth’s surface can be determined by using a topographic map? A hill slope and stream gradients B bedrock erosion and stream velocity C hilltop elevations and bedrock age D soil thickness and benchmark movement 5 As you move away from the equator, meridians . A remain seperated by the same distance B get closer together C get farther apart D gradually become parallel Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 3 CHAPTER 2 Mapping Our World, continued Name: 6 Date: The map below shows the location and diameter, in kilometers, of four meteorite impact craters, A, B, C, and D. 8 When you cross the International Date Line from west to east, you must set your calendar . A back two days 140° W 40 120° W 100° W A °N 6.0 km D 20° C 6.4 km United States 1.2 km °N 40 B 9.0 km Pacific Ocean 60° W 80° W N Atlantic Ocean B back one day C ahead two days D ahead one day 60° W r nce f Ca ic o Trop N 20° Mexico 120° W 100° W 80° W 9 What is the approximate latitude and longitude of the largest crater? The profile below was constructed from a line passing through five points, A, B, C, D, and E, on a topographic map. 39ºN, 83ºW C 44ºN, 90ºW D 47ºN, 104ºW 7 The width of each time zone is roughly A 15º of latitude A . B C D E B 24º of latitude Which portion of the profile represents the terrain that has the largest gradient? C 15º of longitude A between A and B D 24º of longitude B between B and C C between C and D D between D and E 4 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B Elevation A 35ºN, 111ºW CHAPTER 3 Matter and Change Name: 1 Date: Carbon-14 and carbon-12 have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. These different forms of the same element are called . 4 Which is a chemical formula? A C B CH4 A radioactive C C + H4 B isotopes D CH4 + H2 C nuclei D tracers 5 2 The picture below shows models of polar molecules. Which of these is the major characteristic of polar molecules? Which is the same for all atoms of an element? A isotope B mass number C number of neutrons H H O – Water D number of protons Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. + H + H Cl – + H S – Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen sulfide 3 A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons and 17 electrons. What is its mass number? A 17 B 18 C 34 D 35 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe A They contain at least two hydrogen atoms. B They contain a metal and a nonmetal. C They have a triangular shape created by the large size of negative oxygen molecules. D They have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. Standardized Test Practice 5 CHAPTER 3 Matter and Change, continued Name: 6 Date: Ionic compounds are usually formed by ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals. Which of the following is NOT an ionic compound? 9 A student measured the pH of four materials and obtained the following results. A NaBr Material pH B MgCl2 Baking soda 8.9 C H2O Black tea Lye D KI 5.0 13.8 Vinegar 3.0 Which material is the most acidic? A baking soda - Carbonate (CO32 ) ions react with potassium (K+) ions to form the ionic compound potassium carbonate. What is the correct chemical formula for potassium carbonate? 7 CO3K C K2CO3 8 Solids that lack a crystalline stracture are known as . C lye 10 Mrs. Allen and her eighth-grade class are studying chemistry, but they are talking about cooking. Mrs. Allen tells her class that there is a compound that can be found as a solid, a liquid, or a gas in any kitchen. What compound can Mrs. Allen be describing? A air A polycrystalline solids B metal B glasses C salt C hexagonal solids D water D plasmas 6 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. D KCO3 black tea D vinegar A CO3K2 B B CHAPTER 4 Minerals Name: 1 Date: Which of the following field tests can help identify a mineral? 4 Which mineral property is being tested in the diagram below? A the ability of its atoms to bond B its reflection of light C its crystalline structure D the pressure needed to form it 2 How does the rate of cooling affect the size of mineral crystals? A A slow rate of cooling results in the formation of very small crystals. B Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. C A cleavage Large, well-formed minerals are the result of a slow rate of cooling. A fast rate of cooling results in the formation of very large crystals. B hardness C luster D streak D The rate of cooling does not affect the size of mineral crystals. 5 3 Which of the flowing properties is NOT usually used to describe minerals? A luster B magnetism C streak A mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for profit is called an ore. Which of the following may be classified as an ore? A calcite (CaCO3) B halite (NaCl) C hematite (Fe2O3) D quartz (SiO2) D hardness Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 7 CHAPTER 4 Minerals, continued Name: 6 Date: Which of the following is a silicate mineral? 8 A halite B hematite C calcite Some fossils are preserved in limestone. Are these fossils minerals? A Yes, because they are preserved in rocks. D quartz B Yes, because they formed as the result of Earth processes. C No, because they were once living. D No, because limestone is a rock. Scale of Hardness 7 Softest Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond Hardest 9 Water, in its liquid form, is one of the most common substances on Earth, yet it is not a mineral. Why? A It is made of two gases: hydrogen and oxygen. B It is a liquid. C It covers nearly three-quarters of Earth. D It cannot be made in laboratories. A student plotted the mass and volume of five different samples of the same mineral as shown on the graph above. She calculated the density using the formula D = M/V. The density she recorded was most likely measured in . A grams B cubic centimeters C pounds per square inch D grams per cubic centimeter 8 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks Name: 1 Date: How are magma and lava related? 4 A magma is the surface form of lava What purpose does the Bowen’s Reaction Series serve? B lava is the surface form of magma A it predicts the water content of different granites C magma is lava that contains water B it predicts the order in which minerals crystallize rom cooling magma C it predicts the depth at which different minerals are found in Earth D lava is magma that contains water D it predicts at which temperatures different types of magma solidify 2 Magma contains many elements and comes in several different forms. Which element in magma do scientists use to classify the different forms of magma? A silica B granite 5 Which of the following is an intrusive igneous rock? C potassium A Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. D iron B 3 Which of the following is not a factor involved in the formation of magma? A water content B temperature C pressure C D mineral shape D Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 9 CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks, continued Name: 9 B has a glassy texture C contains pebbles Crystal size A has well-defined layers Which graph below best represents the relationship between the length of time molten material beneath Earth’s surface takes to cool and the size of the crystals in the rock formed by the molten material? 7 Gold and other elements are sometimes found in veins in igneous rocks. What best explains how the veins form? A They contain high levels of feldspar, which bonds with the leftover elements in magma. B They contain high levels of pegmatite, which does not mix with the magma. C They contain no water. Time A C 10 Time Time B D A student found a light-colored rock with many air holes. Which word best describes the texture of this rock? A felsic 8 B coarse Diamonds are found in only one type of igneous rock. What is it called? C vesicular A kimberlite D foliated B pegmatite C rhyolite D diorite 10 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. D They contain high levels of silica and water, which crystallize late in magma formation. Time Crystal size D is made of calcite Crystal size Which observation about a rock could lead you to identify it as igneous? The rock . Crystal size 6 Date: CHAPTER 6 Sedimentary and Chapter Title Metamorphic TK Rocks Name: 1 Date: Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist of particles that have diameters smaller than 0.006 centimeters? Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views of the rocks are shown in the circles. A conglomerate and sandstone B siltstone and shale C coal and breccia D fossilifereous limestone and coal 2 Which sedimentary rock can most likely form as a result of biological processes? A conglomerate B siltstone C limestone 4 (3) (2) (4) Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence of foliation? A 1 D breccia Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (1) B 2 C 3 D 4 3 Which of the following processes does NOT form metamorphic rocks? A heat B cementation C pressure D chemical activity 5 What do all four rock samples have in common? A They show cleavage. B They contain minerals. C They are organically formed. D They formed on the Earth’s surface. Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 11 CHAPTER TK 6 Sedimentary Metamorphic Rocks, continued Chapter Title and TK, continued Name: 6 Date: Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic based primarily upon differences in their . 8 Which sequence would be possible for a rock going through the rock cycle? A color A igneous→melting→sedimentary→erosion→ metamorphic B density B C origin metamorphic→erosion→igneous→ compaction→sedimentary C sedimentary→melting→metamorphic→ pressure→igneous D age D metamorphic→melting→igneous→erosion 7 According to the rock cycle below, melting and cooling would transform . 9 Which processes would form a sedimentary rock? A cooling of molten magma within Earth’s crust recrystallization of unmelted material within Earth’s crust C cooling of a lava flow on Earth’s surface D precipitation of minerals as seawater evaporates A igneous rock into metamorphic rock 10 Which of the following can change sediments into sedimentary rocks? B sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock A melting C metamorphic rock into igneous rock B extrusion and intrusion C compaction and cementation D sedimentary rock into igneous rock D recrystallization 12 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B CHAPTER 7 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Name: 1 Date: Which of the following is most likely to break apart a rock? 4 A valley with the shape shown below was most likely formed by . A oxidation B frost wedging C dissolving products D feldspar weathering 2 The rate of chemical weathering is less in Antarctica than in the rain forests of Brazil because of . Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A the high amount of air moisture B the low temperatures C the heavy winds A wind erosion D the greater amount of organic materials in the soil 3 Water flowing down the side of a slope that carries away plants and soil and creates a groove called a channel is an example of . A sheet erosion B rill erosion C gully erosion B running water C a glacier D wave action 5 In hot, wet climates, bedrock more rapidly weathers into soil because water . A dissolves many minerals B expands when it freezes C is part of most chemical compounds D cools the surroundings when it evaporates D sedimentary erosion Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 13 CHAPTER 7 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil, continued Name: 6 Date: Which layer of soil below has the greatest amount of organic matter? 7 Soil horizons develop as a result of . A evaporation and transpiration A Horizon B compacting and cementation C weathering and biological activity D faulting and folding B Horizon 8 The illustration below shows an arch of rock located in the western United States. C Horizon A A horizon B B horizon C C horizon D bedrock How did the arch most likely form? A The rock in the arch was more resistant to weathering and erosion than the surrounding rock that was eroded. B An earthquake forced bedrock upward into the shape of an arch. C Sand and gravel were deposited and compacted in the shape of an arch. D An underground glacier tunneled through the bedrock. 14 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Bedrock CHAPTER 8 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers Name: 1 Date: Which of these is characteristic of creep? 4 A a single, large rock that slips down a slope B loose materials that slip down slopes C leaning vegetation A valley glacier’s rate of movement is primarily controlled by the . A slope of the bedrock surface D a deposit of sediments B amount of sediment at the terminal moraine C length of the glacier D size of the sediment transported by the glacier CREEP SLUMP ROCKSLIDE 2 Which of these belongs with the group above? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Mudflow B Continental Glacier C Sandstorm 5 Wooden stakes were placed on a glacier in a straight line as represented by A-A’ in the diagram below. The same stakes were observed later in the positions represented by B-B’. The pattern of movement of the stakes provides evidence that . A B D Deflation Aⴕ Bⴕ 3 Under which heading in a table of contents would the most information about loess be found? A Erosion by Gravity A glacial ice does not move B Ice Depositing Sediment B glacial ice is moving faster than it accumulates C Erosion by Wind C the glacier is moving faster in the center than the sides D Deposition by Wind D friction is less along the sides of the glacier than in the center Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 15 CHAPTER 8 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers, continued Name: 6 Date: Thousands of years ago in the United States, which of these was LEAST likely to have occurred as a result of glaciation? 9 The diagram below shows the sequence of events leading to the deposition of landslide debris. Rain A sand dune formation B plucking C till area formation D moraine formation Shale 7 Sandstone A large, scratched boulder is found in a mixture of unsorted, smaller sediments forming a hill in central Massachusetts. Which agent of erosion most likely transported and then deposited this boulder? A wind ocean waves C a glacier Landslide D running water 8 A sediment deposition produced by wind is most likely composed of . A fine-grained particles B C a range of particle sizes from 1.0 to 10 cm in diameter flat, angular boulders D shells of varying size, shape and composition 16 Standardized Test Practice Landslide debris What primary force caused this landslide? A gravity B moving ice C prevailing winds D stream discharge Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B CHAPTER 9 Surface Water Name: 1 Date: Through which of the following loose soil materials does water infiltrate fastest? 3 Which graph shows how changes in stream discharge usually affect stream velocity? silt C sand Stream velocity B Stream velocity A clay D pebbles Stream discharge Stream discharge The profile below represents the slopes of the land surface in four areas, A, B, C, D. Vegetation, soil composition, and other factors are the same in the four areas. If precipitation falls at the same rate over all four areas, in which area will the amount of infiltration be greatest? Stream velocity 2 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Stream discharge B A C Stream velocity A Stream discharge D B C D 4 A A B B C C D D In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of . A precipitation B infiltration C runoff D snow melt Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 17 CHAPTER 9 Surface Water, continued Name: 5 Date: Which statement best describes a stream with a steep gradient? 7 Sediment is usually deposited by the stream at locations where the stream . A It flows slowly, producing a V-shaped valley. A decreases in velocity B It flows slowly, producing a wide valley. B decreases in width C It flows rapidly, producing a V-shaped valley. C increases in potential energy D increases in slope D It flows rapidly, producing a wide valley. 8 Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below. The diagram represents the landscape features associated with a meandering stream. Points W, X, Y, and Z are locations along the stream bank. Some questions might require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. The velocity of a stream is decreasing. As the velocity approaches zero, which size particle will most likely remain in suspension? A pebble B sand C clay D boulder Point bar Oxbow lake Natural levees Backswamp W X Y Z 9 Which material does a stream carry in solution? A sand 6 At which location is erosion greatest? B silt C boulders D ions A W B X C Y D Z 18 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Natural levees CHAPTER 10 Groundwater Name: 1 Date: The majority of Earth’s fresh water is held in . 3 A rivers, streams, and lakes B polar ice caps and glaciers C subsurface materials Which soil-property measure usually is greater when particles are fine than when particles are coarse? A infiltration D the atmosphere B capillarity C porosity D permeability rate 2 The diagram below is a cross-sectional view of rain falling on a farm field and then moving to the water table. Which word best describes the movement of the rainwater into zone A? CAREFUL: Hot Geysers in Area Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Michelene is on a class trip in Yellowstone National Park. She sees this warning on a sign. The warning means that there are . A areas of rock that are dissolved near the surface Zone A B hot springs that erupt periodically C rocks heated by magma D hot meandering streams Water table Zone B A runoff B saturation C infiltration D precipitation Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 19 CHAPTER 10 Groundwater, continued Name: 5 Date: Which of the following occurs when groundwater and molten rock are close to one another and to Earth’s surface? 8 A cave A recharge B hot spring B infiltration C cold spring C drawdown D sink hole 6 The difference between the original water-table level and the water level in the pumped well is called . The most likely cause of sinkholes in areas like Florida and Kentucky is . D aquifer 9 A the water table being so close to the Earth’s surface that water flows out heated groundwater expanding underground until it shoots up C groundwater dissolving limestone near Earth’s surface A artesian well or artesian spring B aquiclude C hotspring D cave or sinkhole D groundwater flowing into a well near Earth’s surface 10 7 A water well must extend far into the to ensure that plenty of water can be pumped to the surface. A saturated zone B unsaturated zone C porosity zone The greatest source of moisture entering the atmosphere is evaporation from the surface of . A the land B the oceans C lakes and streams D ice sheets and glaciers D water table 20 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science : Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B An aquifer that contains water under pressure may form a(n) . CHAPTER TK 11 Atmosphere Chapter Title TK Name: 1 Date: Which best describes the chemical composition of Earth’s atmosphere? 3 A 78% oxygen, 21% hydrogen, and 1% other gases B 87% oxygen, 12% nitrogen, and 1% other gases C 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth’s surface. Which of these would you expect to find in the troposphere? A a shooting star B extremely high temperatures C clouds and rain D the ionosphere D 87% nitrogen, 12% oxygen, and 1% other gases 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Which is NOT one of the four main layers of the atmosphere? How is human activity affecting the composition of Earth’s atmosphere? A troposphere B thermosphere A It appears to be increasing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide present today, due to the releasing of fossil fuels. C lithosphere B It appears to be increasing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout human existence, because overpopulation means more people are exhaling. C Scientists generally have no data indicating that human activity is affecting Earth’s atmosphere. D Human agriculture appears to be increasing oxygen and nitrogen levels in Earth’s atmosphere. D mesosphere 5 What is the transfer of heat by vertical movements of air masses called? A conduction B radiation C subduction D convection Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 21 CHAPTER TK 11 Atmosphere, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 6 Date: What is the primary source of energy that drives the water cycle? 8 Which graph represents the relationship between air pressure and air temperature? A carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere A 1 B Earth’s gravity B 2 C heat radiating from Earth’s interior C 3 D the Sun D 4 Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the graphs below. 9 What causes wind? A differences in humidity B differences in elevation C differences in rates of condensation D differences in air pressure 1 Temperature 2 7 Temperature Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Temperature 3 Temperature 4 Which graph represents the relationship between air density and air temperature? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 22 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER TK 12 Meteorology Name: 1 Date: Which pair of factors accounts for the differences in the amount of solar radiation from one area to another? Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagram of a weather front below. A prevailing winds and mountain areas B prevailing winds and ocean currents C prevailing winds and the tilt of Earth on its axis Cumulonimbus clouds Cool, dry air Warm, moist air D the tilt of Earth on its axis and the path Earth follows as it revolves around the Sun City A 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 City B Surface Which type of weather front is shown? What causes the Coriolis force? A warm front A Earth’s shape B cold front B Earth’s rotation C occluded front C Earth’s revolution around the Sun D stationary front D Earth’s energy flows from the equator to the poles 5 3 Which global wind pattern affects the weather in the United States? A westerlies B polar easterlies C northeast trade winds Which statement best describes the movement of warm air in the front? A It rises sharply above the cool air. B It rises slowly above the cool air. C It sinks under the cool air. D It stalls. D southeast trade winds Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 23 CHAPTER TK 12 Meteorology, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below, which shows Earth’s planetary wind belts and pressure belts. 8 In the diagram below, which type of air mass is cold and dry? 90° N Polar high Subpolar low pressure 60° N Subtropical high pressure 30° N cP 0° Equatorial low pressure mP 30° S Subtropical high pressure Subpolar low pressure 60° S Polar high 90° S 6 The best inference that can be made from this diagram is that winds blow from regions of . cT A high latitude to regions of low latitude high pressure to regions of low pressure C high elevation to regions of low elevation = = = = polar maritime polar continental tropical maritime tropical continental D high temperature to regions of low temperature A polar maritime 7 The surface winds shown in the diagram follow curving paths mainly due to Earth’s . B polar continental C tropical maritime D tropical continental A revolution B rotation C gravitational field D magnetic field 24 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B mP cP mT cT mT CHAPTER TK 13 The Nature of Storms Name: 1 Date: Whether or not thunderstorms develop on a particular day depends on . 4 A air pressure What weather conditions in the central United States are favorable to the development of tornadoes? B relative humidity A Cloudy air from Mexico meets clear air from the Great Lakes. C air temperature B Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico meets cold air from Canada. C Fast-moving air from the Rockies meets slow-moving air from the Appalachians. D both air temperature and relative humidity D High-pressure atmosphere meets lowpressure air from the surface of the land. 2 Which sentence below might explain how lightning occurs? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Oppositely charged air molecules attract and make light from electricity. B High winds make air move so fast that it turns into light. C Light from the Sun reflects from the rain in quick bursts down to Earth’s surface. Use the map below to answer question 5. D Lightning comes from any type of storm. 3 Which of the following weather systems always forms over the ocean? A blizzard B hurricane C thunderstorm D tornado 5 The map above shows the paths that Atlantic hurricanes took in 2004. Why do no hurricanes form in the northeastern Atlantic (off the coast of Europe)? A The water pressure is too low. B The water pressure is too high. C The water temperature is too low. D The water temperature is too high. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 25 CHAPTER TK 13 The Nature Storms, continued Chapter TitleofTK, continued Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the satellite image below. 8 A tornado has a wind speed of 290 km/h and a path of destruction 48 km wide. How would the tornado be classified according to the Fujita tornado intensity scale? A F0 or F1 B F1 or F2 C F2 or F3 D F4 or F5 9 6 Droughts are extended periods of A above-normal temperatures A a cold, dry air mass B below-normal temperatures B a warm, dry air mass C above-normal rainfall C an area of high pressure D below-normal rainfall . Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What would you expect to find in the center of this storm? D an area of low pressure 7 Over which area did the storm likely originate? A polar continental land B polar ocean C tropical continental land D tropical ocean 26 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER TK 14 Climate Name: 1 Date: The cross-section below shows how prevailing winds have caused different climates on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. 2 Which graph best shows the general effect that differences in elevation above sea level have on the average annual temperature? Wet (windward side) Dry (leeward side) Prevailing wind Mountain range Rain shadow Why does the windward side of this mountain range have a wet climate? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Rising air is compressed and cools, causing water droplets to evaporate. B Rising air is compressed and warms, causing water vapor to condense. C Rising air expands and cools, causing water vapor to condense. A 1 D Rising air expands and warms, causing water droplets to evaporate. B 2 C 3 D 4 3 What is the first stage in formation of El Nino? A Convection currents strengthen. B The jet stream shifts north. C Trade winds weaken. D Precipitation increases. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 27 CHAPTER TK 14 Climate, Title continued Chapter TK, continued Name: 4 Date: Why is Earth’s surface warmer at the equator than at the poles? 7 The diagram below shows the trends in the temperature of North America during the last 200,000 years, as estimated by scientists. What is the total number of major glacial periods that have occurred in North America in the last 200,000 years? A The Sun is closer to the equator than the poles. The equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles. C There is more water at the equator, which absorbs more heat. D Ice at the poles keeps the surface colder than the surface at the equator. 5 Which of the following climate effects does El Niño produce? Warmer A flooding and mudslides in California heavy rains in the Sahara Desert C cold, wet weather in the upper Midwest 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 A 2 D droughts in Florida B 3 C 4 D 5 6 Scientists theorize that changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis might be responsible for the cyclical reoccurrence of . A ice ages An increase in which gas would cause the most greenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere? B volcanic eruptions A nitrogen C El Niño B oxygen C carbon dioxide D High sea levels 8 D hydrogen 28 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B Cooler Today Time before present (yr) B CHAPTER TK 15 Earth’s Oceans Name: 1 Date: At which latitude region would ocean water have the lowest salinity? H Dry G Wet Dry F North pole Latitude 60° N 30° N Equator E Dry F G Wet H Dry Base your answers to questions 3, 4, and 5 on the diagram of a wave below. 8m 6m 4m 2m 0m 3 0m 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 35 m 40 m 45 m 50 m 55 m What is the wave height for this wave? A 2.0 meters 0° N 30° S B 5.3 meters C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters 60° S South pole Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A E B F C G 4 What is the wave base for this wave? A 2.0 meters D H B 5.3 meters C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters 2 What is the source of most of the sodium, magnesium, and calcium in seawater? A weathering of seafloor rocks 5 What is the wavelength for this wave? B weathering and erosion of continental rocks A 2.0 meters C deep-ocean organic-matter sediments B 5.3 meters D gases from underwater volcanic eruptions C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 29 CHAPTER TK 15 Earth’s Oceans, Chapter Title TK, continued continued Name: 6 Date: Seawater is densest when . 9 A salinity is high and its temperature is high In which direction is an ocean current’s path of motion deflected by the Coriolis effect? B salinity is low and its temperature is high A to the left in the northern hemisphere and to the right in the southern hemisphere C salinity is high and its temperature is low B to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere C to the left in both the northern and southern hemispheres D salinity is low and its temperature is low D to the right in both the northern and southern hemispheres 7 Which description of change is most closely associated with ocean tides and moon phases? A cyclic and predicable B cyclic and unpredictable C noncyclic and predictable D noncyclic and unpredictable 10 What is the most common cause of ocean waves? A variations in the salinity of seawater variations in the temperature of seawater C the gravitational effect of the Moon D winds at the ocean surface 8 Most surface ocean currents are caused by . A tides B evaporation C prevailing winds D salinity differences 30 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B CHAPTER 16 Chapter The Marine TitleEnvironment TK Name: The end of the last ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. What has happened to sea level since then? A 4 The profile below shows four regions of the ocean bottom. It has fallen about 10–15 cm. C It has risen about 130 m. D It has not changed. 1000 2000 e It has fallen about 130 m. Ocean basin Slop B Continental margin Shelf 0 Depth (m) 1 Date: 3000 Rise 4000 5000 Abyssal plain 6000 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 7000 In which of these areas of an ocean would you expect to find the greatest amount of nutrients and marine organisms? A a beach B the ocean bottom C the continental shelf D mid-ocean Under which heading in a table of contents would the most information about the deposits that fill in the valleys in the seafloor be found? 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Distance (km) In which list are these regions arranged in order of gradient from least steep to most steep? rise → abyssal plain → shelf → slope B slope → rise → shelf → abyssal plain C abyssal plain → shelf → rise → slope D shelf → abyssal plain → rise → slope A Continental Slope As waves approach an irregular shoreline with headlands and bays, the waves . B Abyssal Plains A bend toward the bays C Trenches B bend toward the headlands D Benthos C bend away from both the bays and the headlands D do not change direction Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 A Standardized Test Practice 31 CHAPTER TK 16 The Marine Environment, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: Date: Base your answer to questions 6–8 on the diagram below, which shows ocean waves approaching a shoreline. A groin and a breakwater have been constructed along the beach. Letters A–E represent locations in the area. 8 Land A Beach B C D Groin E ve Wa At which location will the beach begin to widen due to sand deposition? A B B C C D E 10 7 32 B The current is flowing southward at a right angle away from the shoreline. C The current is flowing eastward parallel to the shoreline. D The current is flowing westward parallel to the shoreline. The size of the bulge in the beach at position D will . A decrease gradually B increase gradually C increase during the day and decrease at night D remain the same Standardized Test Practice Which of the following coastal landforms is produced by sediment deposition? A wave-cut cliff B sea stack C sea arch D baymouth bar Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas shown is based on the . A distance from continental landmasses B topography of the ocean floor C age of ocean-bottom rocks D type of ocean-bottom sediments Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A The current is flowing northward at a right angle to the shoreline. ve Wa 9 6 A Breakwater ve Wa N Which statement best describes the longshore current that is modifying this coastline? CHAPTER 17 Plate Tectonics Name: 1 Date: Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift to explain which current theory? A Center of ridge All continents were once part of the same landmass. B Earth is many millions of years old. C Planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun. D Use the graphic below to answer questions 4 and 5. Oceanic crust Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B Similar geological features are found on widely separated continents. C The coastlines of some continents fit together like puzzle pieces. D Similar fossils are found on widely separated continents. 5 3 Where are the youngest rocks on the seafloor located? A at the mid-ocean ridges B along the continental shelves C in the Mariana Trench D near the Hawaiian Islands Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Youngest crust Crust Older crust Mantle (Not drawn to scale) Which of the following is NOT evidence used to support the theory that Earth’s continents were once connected? The continents can support animal life. Older crust Mantle The universe began as a result of an enormous explosion called the big bang. A Sediments Sediments 4 2 Key Ocean water If the crust symbol represents basalt with normal magnetic polarity, what does the crust symbol most likely represent? A igneous rock with normal magnetic polarity B igneous rock with reversed magnetic polarity C sedimentary rock with normal magnetic polarity D sedimentary rock with reversed magnetic polarity The geologic features on the ocean floor in this region resulted from . A colliding plates in the lithosphere B sinking iron and magnesium in the lithosphere C cooler temperatures in the mantle D rising convection currents in the magma Standardized Test Practice 33 CHAPTER TK 17 Plate Tectonics, Chapter Title TK, continued continued Name: 6 7 Date: A scientist measured the distance moved by a tectonic plate over the course of a year. The distance would best be recorded in what units? A kilometers B centimeters C liters D miles 9 Which diagram depicts what happens at divergent boundaries? A Plate Plate Asthenosphere (1) (3) Plate Plate Asthenosphere Plate Plate Asthenosphere (2) (4) Why does molten rock in Earth’s mantle rise to Earth’s lithosphere in a convection current? A Molten rock is less dense than the cooler, solid rock around it. B Molten rock is more dense than the cooler, solid rock around it. C Molten rock is magnetically attracted to the sold rock around it. D Molten rock is magnetically repelled by the solid rock around it. Standardized Test Practice A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Which are not caused by plate tectonics? A convection currents B earthquakes C fault-block mountains D volcanoes Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. D 10 34 Plate Plate Asthenosphere B C 8 Which diagram correctly shows how mantle convection currents are most likely moving beneath colliding lithospheric plates? CHAPTER 18 Volcanism Name: 1 Date: Why are most volcanoes located along the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean? 3 Which is the order of volcanoes, from the youngest to the oldest, that were formed by the motion of this tectonic plate? 2 3 .PUJPO tectonic PGtectonic 4 plate Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A It is an area noted by one main type of magma. A Q, R, S, T B There are few subduction zones in this area. B T, S, Q, R C It is an area with many zones of convergence. C Q, T, S, R D T, S, R, Q D It is an area with many zones of divergence. 4 2 What happens as a tectonic plate moves over a hot spot? A The plate descends into the mantle. B A chain of volcanoes form. C The pressure of the plate keeps magma below Earth’s surface. D The hot spot is pushed to the edge of the plate. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 What is the name for a large crater formed when a magma chamber collapses? A volcanic canyon B depression C caldera D sinkhole Standardized Test Practice 35 CHAPTER TK 18 Chapter Titlecontinued TK, continued Volcanism, Name: 5 6 A volcano in Hawaii erupted with a hightemperature abundant flow made of basaltic lava that traveled about 10 km before stopping. The structure of the volcano was broad and flat. What type of volcano was this? A cinder cone B shield C composite D dome Volcanoes fueled by rhyolitic magma are very explosive because rhyolitic magma has a . A high silica content and a high dissolved gas content B high silica content and a low dissolved gas content C low silica content and high dissolved gas content D low silica content and low dissolved gas content A violent eruptions producing gentle slopes B violent eruptions producing steep slopes C voluminous lava flows producing gentle slopes A pyroclastic flows B vent formation voluminous lava flows producing steep slopes C ash fallout D a mantle hot spot 9 What is most likely to harm people living near a volcano? Which statement about molten basaltic rock is false? A It forms when rocks in the upper mantle melt. B It contains small amounts of silica. C It has high viscosity. D It forms on oceanic and continental crust. Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 8 Which best characterizes a composite volcano? D 7 Date: CHAPTER 19 Earthquakes Name: 1 Date: Fractures in rock where sections of rock might suddenly move to create an earthquake are called . A rifts B faults C fissures D crevices 4 5 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 The most destructive waves produced by an earthquake are . A body waves B transverse waves C latitudinal waves D channel waves Which rope is moving most like seismic waves? The most likely cause of earthquake activity on the West Coast of the United States is . A landslides from coastal mountains B the slipping of tectonic plates C tidal effects from the Pacific Ocean D seasonal temperature changes A B C D 3 Which statement best describes the relationship between the travel times of seismic waves from as earthquake’s focus to a seismic station? A P-waves travel slower than S-waves and take less time to reach the station. B P-waves travel faster than S-waves and take less time to reach the station. C S-waves travel slower than P-waves and take less time to reach the station. D S-waves travel faster than P-waves and take less time to reach the station. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 37 CHAPTER TK 19 Earthquakes, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 6 7 The epicenter of an earthquake is . A the earthquake’s point of origin B the point where the strain in the ground is released C the place in the ground where a rift valley occurs D the point on Earth’s surface above the point where the strain is released 8 If a tsunami develops during an underwater earthquake, what will most likely occur? A Deep-ocean sediments will travel great distances. B No destruction will occur near the origin of the earthquake. C The magnitude of the earthquake will determine the direction of the tsunami. D Severe destruction will occur in some coastal areas. The study of how seismic waves change as they travel through Earth has revealed that . A P-waves travel more slowly than S-waves through Earth crust B Seismic waves travel more slowly through the mantle because it is very dense C Earth’s outer core is solid because P-waves are not transmitted through this layer D Earth’s outer core is liquid because S-waves are not transmitted through this layer Standardized Test Practice 9 The Northridge, California earthquake in 1994 caused this building to sink and then collapse. Which process was responsible for weakening the soil underneath the building? A sedimentation B weathering C liquefaction D seismosis Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 38 Date: CHAPTER 20 Mountain Building Name: 1 Date: Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagram below. The observed difference in density between continental crust and oceanic crust is most likely due to differences in their . A composition B thickness C porosity D rate of cooling Trench Ocean crust Subdu c ti n Mantle Island arc complex Basaltic and andesitic magmas Basin sediments g oc e an pl a Peridotite melt te Water and melted material rising from subducted plate Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 The placement of Earth’s mantle by the overlying crust is a condition of equilibrium known as . 4 A oceanic-oceanic convergence A isostasy B oceanic-continental convergence B convergence C continental-continental convergence C divergence D divergence D convection 5 3 What type of orogeny (mountain building) is shown? Earth’s tallest mountain ranges are formed at . What is the source of the magma that fuels the island arc complex? A continental crust A continental-continental plate boundaries B the subducted plate B oceanic-continental plate boundaries C the overriding plate C oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries D the volcanoes that make up the complex D divergent boundaries Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 39 CHAPTER TK 20 Mountain Building, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 6 7 40 Some mountains are not necessarily associated with plate tectonics. Among them are . 9 Which of the following is likely to have caused the continental crust to sink over a given area? A isostatic mountains A the erosion of mountains in that area B seamounts B C fault-block mountains the formation of a continental glacier in that area D convergent mountains C the melting of a continental glacier in that area D the development of hot mantle plumes beneath the crust in that area Which statement best describes Earth’s crust and mantle? A The crust is thicker and less dense than the mantle. B The crust is thicker and more dense than the mantle. C The crust is thinner and less dense than the mantle. D The crust is thinner and more dense than the mantle. 10 Where is Earth’s crust the thickest? A along ocean ridges B at transform faults C under continental mountain ranges D under volcanic islands How are the Black Hills in South Dakota similar to the mountains of the Hawaiian Islands? A Both were formed through tectonic convergence. B Both are examples of uplifted mountains. C Both occur at divergent boundaries. D Both occur far from plate boundaries. Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Date: CHAPTER 21 Fossils Chapter and Titlethe TK Rock Record Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 1, 2, and 3 on the geologic cross-section below, which shows a view of rock layers at Earth’s surface. The dashed lines connect points of the same age. Major fossils contained within each rock layer are shown. The valleys are labeled X, Y, and Z. Location 1 Location 2 3 Location 3 D An unconformity can be observed in this figure, represented by the question mark. Which rock layer was most probably removed by erosion during the time represented by the unconformity? A A layer B B layer C C layer D D layer C ? B A Valley X Valley Y Valley Z Metamorphic basement rocks 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 In which type of environment were the sediments that formed these sedimentary rock layers most likely deposited? A a rock from the Moon A glacial B a Native American fire pit B mountainous. C a jawbone from a triceratops C marine D a granite rock from the Canadian Shield D terrestrial plateau 5 2 Carbon-14 has a radioactive decay half-life of 5,730 years. Which of the following items would carbon-14 be most useful for dating? The sedimentary rock layers at the three locations can be most accurately correlated by comparing the . A thickness of the sedimentary rock layers B foliation bands in the metamorphic basement rocks C fossils in the sedimentary rocks D minerals in the igneous rocks Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Which of the following would NOT be called an original remains fossil? A a plant fossil caught in a tar pit B a fly caught in amber C a dinosaur tooth D a frozen wooly mammoth Standardized Test Practice 41 CHAPTER TK 21 Fossils and Record, continued Chapter Titlethe TK,Rock continued Name: 6 Date: The diagram below shows a sedimentary rock composed of pebbles and sand. Sand 7 Pebbles Cracks in rock 8 Which statement most accurately compares the ages of the cracks and pebbles to the age of the sedimentary rock in which they are found? A B The cracks and pebbles are both older than the sedimentary rock. C The cracks are younger and the pebbles are older than the sedimentary rock. D The cracks are older and the pebbles are younger than the sedimentary rock. Standardized Test Practice 9 A shale B sandstone C volcanic ash D limestone Which statement about the species of animals and plants that fixed on Earth in the past is best supported by the fossil record? A most became extinct. B most lived on land. C most were preserved in metamorphic rock. D most appeared during the Cambrian period. Layers of volcanic ash often serve as useful geologic time markers because ash layers . A deposit quickly over a wide area B are older than the surrounding rock C can be sampled easily D darken with age Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 42 The cracks and pebbles are both younger than the sedimentary rock. If the following rocks appeared as layers in an outcrop, which would be the most helpful in determining numeric age? CHAPTER 22 The Precambrian Earth Name: 1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 Date: Which of the following does NOT show evidence that Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old? A zircon crystals B Precambrian fossils C meteorites D moon rocks 4 Geological evidence suggests that early Earth was very different from Earth today in which way? A Earth’s oceans probably formed long before Earth’s atmosphere and covered most of Earth’s surface. B Earth’s earliest atmosphere was primarily composed of oxygen and contained very little water vapor, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen. C Earth’s earliest oceans were much deeper than today, and the continents rose much higher in elevation. D Earth’s earliest atmosphere probably contained large quantities of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, but contained very little oxygen gas. Heat caused by radioactivity has lessened since Earth’s formation because . A short-lived radioactive elements have decayed B Earth has grown significantly larger C gravitational contraction has destroyed some radioactive isotopes D there are fewer asteroid and meteorite bombardments A oxygen gas Stromatolites are colonies of photosynthetic cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) that live in warm, shallow seas. Although they are rare on Earth today, they are some of the most commonly recognized fossilized life forms from the Archean eon (3.8-2.5 billion years ago). Stromatolites and organisms like them are considered very important to the evolution of Earth’s . B sunlight A oceans C methane gas B atmosphere D water C water cycle D continental landmasses Scientists think the most important requirement for life is . Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 Standardized Test Practice 43 CHAPTER TK 22 The Precambrian Earth, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 6 7 Use the time line below to answer questions 8 and 9. Banded iron formation is a type of rock that contains layers of chert and layers of iron oxides such as magnetite and hematite. What does the presence of banded iron in Precambrian rocks suggest? A Methane seeps were common in the Precambrian. B The ocean was devoid of life during the Precambrian. C All of Earth’s landmasses were joined during the Precambrian. D There was some oxygen present in the atmosphere during the Precambrian. Because early Earth had no ozone layer in its upper atmosphere, the surface of the planet was constantly scoured by . A B 5 4 D E 3 2 1 F Present Billions of years ago 8 9 On the time line above, cells with a nucleus first appeared on Earth between . A B and C B C and D C D and E D E and F Complex plants and animals appeared on Earth between . A acid rain A B and C B ultraviolet radiation B C and D C tiny meteorites C D and E D tornadoes and hailstorms D E and E Standardized Test Practice C Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 44 Date: CHAPTER 23 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras Name: 1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 Date: The analysis of ancient passive margins helps scientists . A learn about fluctuating sea level over time B study the extent of volcanic ash deposits C understand how glaciers retreat D learn how Cambrian organisms evolved 4 Which evidence is often used to suggest that some mass extinctions of life on Earth were caused by asteroid impacts? A abundance of iridium found in most rocks and minerals on Earth B unusually high amounts of iridium found in clay layers that coincide with mass extinctions C consistent and frequent volcanic eruptions throughout geologic time D periodic episodes of intense volcanic activity on the surface of planets and moons similar to Earth A transgression in the rock record is evidence of . A a fall in sea level B a rise in sea level C the retreat of glaciers D the advance of glaciers Why is oil often associated with evaporite deposits? A Evaporites are impermeable and seal in oil. B Evaporites have large pore spaces that allow oil to seep to the surface. C Evaporites are evidence of ancient swamps. D Evaporites are easy to mine. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 During which geologic timespan below could an interaction between humans and mammoths have occurred? A Pleistocene Epoch B Pennsylvania Epoch C Precambrian Era D Paleozoic Era Standardized Test Practice 45 CHAPTER TK 23 The Paleozoic, Chapter Title TK,Mesozoic, continuedand Cenozoic Eras, continued Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the chart below. The thickness of the shaded areas shows the relative abundance of some animals and plants through geologic time. 7 Flowering plants Which life-form was most abundant 250 million years ago? A dinosaurs B reptiles C bony fishes D trilobites Mammals Birds 8 Reptiles (Dinosaurs) Amphibians Bony fishes According to fossil evidence in the geologic record, which of these life-forms appeared on Earth most recently? A fishes B reptiles C flowering plants D mammals Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Insects Ammonoids Ca m br ia Or n do vic ia n Si lu ria n De vo Ca ni an rb on ife ro us Pe rm ai n Tri as sic Ju ra ss Cr ic et ac eo us Ce no zo ic Trilobites 6 46 Which life-forms appear to be extinct? A sponges, insects, and flowering plants B bony fishes, dinosaurs, and mammals C sponges, insects, and reptiles D trilobites, ammonoids, and dinosaurs Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER 24 Earth Resources Name: 1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 Date: Which of the following natural resources is renewable? 4 Which of the following is NOT a source of natural air pollution? A coal A volcanoes B natural gas B radon C oil C coal plant D water D forest fires Movement of carbon from the geosphere to the atmosphere can be accomplished by . 5 Which of these is probably a current problem in Saudi Arabia, a country in the Middle East? A combustion A shortages of fresh water B photosynthesis B high costs of importing fossil fuels C respiration C clearing of forests to produce farmland D all of the above D air and water pollution due to mining ores Which is a possible path of the movements of nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? 6 Dams are built for all of the following reasons except . A soil → air → plants → air → animals → soil A recreational purposes B soil → animals → plants → air → soil B generating electricity C air → animals → soil → plants → air C controlling flooding D air → soil → plants → animals → soil → air D transporting water from one area to another Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 47 CHAPTER TK 24 Earth Resources, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 7 Date: The process of removing salt from seawater is called . 8 9 Which air pollutant is more harmful to human health inside a building than outside? A percolation A smog B desalination B radon gas C desertification C carbon dioxide D aggregation D nitrogen oxide Which action would be most likely to help reduce the desertification of an area? 10 Which action would be most likely to help reduce the desertification of an area? A reducing the amount of fossil fuels used A reduce the amount of fossil fuels used B replanting cleared land with native plants B replanting cleared land with native plants C increasing the amount of irrigation on fields C increasing the amount of irrigation on fields D drilling into aquifers to tap groundwater supplies D drilling into aquifers to tap groundwater supplies Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 48 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER 25 Energy Resources Name: 1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 Date: What is the primary source of most of Earth’s energy resources? 4 Crude oil is the source of all of the following except . A radioactive decay within the Earth’s interior A natural gas B convection currents in the Earth’s mantle B diesel oil C radiation received from the Sun C gasoline D earthquakes along fault zones D kerosene Burning renewable organic mater, such as sugarcane fibers, can produce electricity. Such renewable organic matter is called . A geothermal energy B biomass fuel C hydroelectric energy D fossil fuel 5 What characteristic do these structures have in common? Which fossil fuel is generally considered to be the most abundant on Earth? A use of renewable resources to produce electricity A oil shale B B coal use of nonrenewable resources to produce electricity C petroleum C major sources of energy used to produce electricity D natural gas D significant contribution to air pollution Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 49 CHAPTER TK 25 Chapter Title TK, continued Energy Resources, continued Name: 6 7 Date: Most reservoirs of geothermal energy are . A distributed fairly evenly around the world B located in the Middle East C located near waterfalls D located near the boundaries of lithospheric plates 8 Which statement best explains why a developing nation is more likely than an industrialized nation to use renewable energy resources? A Developing nations tend to be located in areas that receive large amounts of sunlight. B Developing nations are less likely to support the use of nuclear power as an energy resource. C The large number of rivers in developing nations encourages the use of hydroelectric power. D Biomass fuels are sometimes the only readity available energy resource in developing nations. Which of the following is NOT a problem usually associated with nuclear energy? A disposal of radioactive waste B thermal C environmental damage from mining and extraction of uranium emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere About how much does a consumer save over three years by using a fluorescent bulb in place of an incandescent bulb? Information About Some Bulbs Bulb Type 50 Standardized Test Practice 100W 23W Compact Incandescent Fluorescent Life of Bulb 750 hours 10,000 hours Number of Bulbs Needed About 6 over 3 years 1 over 6.8 years Total Cost of Electricity (8 cents/kilowatt-hour) $35.04 $8.06 Your Total Cost Over 3 Years $39.54 $19.06 A $10.50 B $19.00 C $20.50 D $30.50 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. D 9 CHAPTER 26 Human Impact on Chapter Title TK Resources Name: Date: Average Number of People per Square Kilometer of Land 1965 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 Which of the following is NOT an example of biological control of environmental problems? A the use of bacteria to infect and destroy the gypsy moth in its caterpillar stage B the spraying of pesticides over crops in order to destroy insect pests C the introduction of ladybugs to prey on aphids that are eating crops D the use of microorganisms that produce enzymes capable of digesting oil spills 2025 According to the diagram, which statement best describes population growth in the United States? A After an all-time high in the mid-1960s, the United States population has continued to drop. B The population of the United States is expected to drop in the future, in spite of recent rises. C The population of the United States has risen since the 1960s and is expected to continue to do so. D 2 1990 3 In spite of a drop from the years 1965 to 1990, the United States population is expected to rise in the future. 4 Many coastal areas have been severely polluted by oil leaked from tankers. How could the field of biotechnology be used to clean up the oil pollution from these spills? A Controlled fires could be set to burn the oil off of the contaminated rocks. B New detergents could be developed to wash the oil off of aquatic organisms. C Powerful vacuum devices could be constructed for pulling the oil off of the surface. D Bacteria could be genetically engineered go remove the oil efficiently by feeding on it. Which practice is most effective in maintaining fertile, productive farmland? A increasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides B planting cover crops on fields between growing seasons C clearing vegetation from the banks of rivers and streams D providing government subsidies for large corporate farms Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 51 CHAPTER 26 Human Impact on Resources, continued Name: 5 Date: Which of these pollutants is responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer in Earth’s atmosphere? A sulfur dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels B carbon monoxide from automobile exhaust C chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from air conditioners and refrigerators D photochemical smog from the reaction of nitrogen oxides with sunlight 8 The diagram below shows a coastal area with a variety of landforms. Glacier Lagoon Spits Stream Beach Deep-sea fan Acid rain, which is harming water quality in many lakes and streams, could be reduced by A Volcanic island Sea level The environment of the area shown above would be polluted least by . A building fossil-fuel power plants along the stream eliminating the catalytic converters currently required for automobiles. B C installing devices to remove sulfur from emissions of coal-fired power plants. constructing sewage-treatment plants and landfills on the edge of the lagoon C planting vegetation on hillsides to reduce runoff of sediments into bodies of water. developing vacation homes on the barrier islands D establishing a wildlife refuge around the lake The gasoline that leaks from an underground tank is considered a pollutant because the gasoline . A floats on the water table B destroys nonliving organic substances C reacts chemically with minerals in the soil D harm living things Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 52 Coral reef B D 7 increasing the efficiency of sewage treatment plants. Barrier islands Delta Continental shelf 6 Lake CHAPTER 27 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Chapter Title TK Name: Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 2 Date: The picture below illustrates the instrument a student used for an astronomy experiment. Which of the following was the student using? A reflecting telescope B radio telescope C refracting telescope D spectroscope 3 4 Which of the following best describes an impact basin? A the white glow around the edges of the Moon B a round, three-dimensional object C the hollow left behind by an object striking the Moon D an elongated, closed curve Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 Which of the following does NOT explain why Earth’s moon is unique among all the moons of the solar system? A it is a solid, rocky body B its orbit is relatively far from Earth C it is large D it has many impact craters Which theory do scientists think best accounts for the similarity of age and composition between the Moon and Earth? A Earth formed before the Moon. B The Moon formed before Earth. C Earth and the Moon formed at about the same time from dust and gas. D The Moon was once part of Earth and broke away as a result of a large impact. Which of the following is caused by Earth’s rotation? A the year B day and night C the seasons D Earth’s tilt Standardized Test Practice 53 CHAPTER 27 The Sun-Earth-Moon System, continued Name: Which graph best represents the relative periods of rotation of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars? 8 Which of the following diagrams depicts a lunar eclipse? A Period of Rotation Planet (1) Mars Earth Venus B Mercury Mars Earth Venus Mercury Period of Rotation 6 Date: Planet (3) Period of Rotation Planet (2) 54 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Mars Earth Venus Mercury D Planet (4) 9 What causes tides? A gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun B rotation of the Moon on its axis C movement of the tectonic plates D Coriolis effect Which factor is one cause of the difference in the noontime altitude of the Sun on June 21 and December 21? A the tilt of Earth’s axis B the Sun’s apparent diameter C Earth’s changing distance from the Sun D The Sun’s period of rotation Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 A Mars Earth Venus Mercury Period of Rotation C CHAPTER 28 Our Solar System Name: 1 Date: Our solar system formed about 5 billion years ago when . A a large planet broke into many pieces B a cloud of interstellar dust and gas began to condense C stars collided with one another D Jupiter formed as the largest planet 3 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 2 Johannes Kepler discovered three laws about the motion of the planets in our solar system. Which is one of Kepler’s laws? A All planets orbit the Sun at the same speed. B All planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical path. C The Sun is at the exact center of every planet’s orbit. D The Sun’s magnetic force determines the shape of a planet’s orbit. Because Earth’s orbit around the sun is an ellipse . A nights are longer than days in the summer in the northern hemisphere B Earth is closest to the Sun around July 4 and farthest from the Sun on January 3 of each year. C the sun is always at the center of the orbit. D the distance between Earth and the Sun varies throughout the year. Which of the following is NOT true about the diagram shown above? A It can help explain retrograde motion of other planets. B It is a geocentric model of the universe. C It is a heliocentric model of the universe. A the magnetic force of the planets on the Sun D It is a model described by Copernicus. B the rotation of the planets on their axes C the Sun’s gravitational pull on the planets D the tilt of the planets on their axes Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 Which explains why the planets orbit the Sun? Standardized Test Practice 55 CHAPTER 28 Our Solar System, continued Name: 6 The planet Mars has seasons similar to those on Earth. The most likely reason for this is . 56 Which of these planets is the densest? Earth Mars is the same distance from the Sun as the Earth B Jupiter C Saturn B Mars is tilted on its axis in the same way as Earth D Uranus C Mars is traveling at the same speed as Earth D Mars is the same size as Earth Which is NOT a characteristic of a dwarf planet? A exists in the Kuiper Belt B has enough gravity to be spherical in shape C is not a satellite to another body D has cleared its orbit of debris 10 A comet’s tail always points away from the Sun because . A the tail is farmed by solar winds B of condensing particles of dust, rock, ice, methane, and ammonia Meteoroids that enter and completely burn up in Earth’s atmosphere . C of the gravitational pull from the large outer planets A become stars D B are called meteors of the elliptical orbit it makes around the Sun C are called meteorites D become asteroids Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 9 A A 7 Date: CHAPTER 29 Stars Name: Date: Use the graphic below to answer questions 1 and 2. 3 In stars, what happens during nuclear fusion? A Large amounts of energy are depleted. B Large amounts of mass are formed. C Helium atoms combine to form hydrogen atoms. D Hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms. Corona Radiative zone Convective zone Photosphere Solar flare Chromosphere Core Sunspot Prominences 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 In which region is the Sun’s energy created? A photosphere B chromosphere C core D radiative zone 5 2 What will happen to Earth when the Sun becomes a red giant? A Earth will be pushed into a more distant orbit. B Earth will already be gone. C Earth will have a significant increase in volcanic activity. D Earth will get too hot to support life. Hydrostatic equilibrium within a star refers to a balance between . A gravitational collapse and nuclear fission Areas of cooler temperature on the Sun’s surface appear as . B gravitational collapse and nuclear fusion A solar flares C nuclear fission and a supernova explosion B sunspots D nuclear fusion and a supernova explosion C solar winds D prominences Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 57 CHAPTER 29 Stars, continued Name: Date: Use the graphic below to answer questions 6 and 7. 8 9 6 58 A mass and volume B temperature and origin C luminosity and color D luminosity and structure . A black hole B neutron star C supernova D white dwarf All of the universe’s original supply of hydrogen came from . A a parallel universe B the space-time continuum C black holes D the Big Bang Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 The life-cycle path followed by a star is determined by the star’s initial Which will take the longest to evolve? Stars like the Sun most likely formed directly from a . A nebula B supernova C red giant D black dwarf Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER 30 Galaxies and the Universe Name: 1 Date: Which of the following drawings most accurately represents the shape of the Milky Way? (1) 3 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 (4) 5 2 What do scientists theorize is at the center of a galaxy? A dark energy B a supernova C the sun D black hole A nuclear bulge and halo B galactic disk C major spiral arms D minor spiral arms (3) 4 (2) The oldest stars in the Milky Way are located in the . Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Which group orders the objects in the universe from largest to smallest? A superclusters, stars, galaxies, groups B superclusters, galaxies, solar systems, planets C groups, clusters, superclusters, asteroids D galaxies, planets, stars, asteroids What evidence is there that the universe is expanding? A New matter has been created as a result of other universal matter expanding outward. B The results of the big bang explosion have expanded space and matter. C The Hubble red shift shows that light waves traveling through space lengthen as space expands. D the gravitational forces of dark mater have been reduced. Standardized Test Practice 59 CHAPTER TK 30 Chapter Title Galaxies and TK, the continued Universe, continued Name: 6 Date: The diagram below illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe. A major piece of scientific evidence supporting this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from Earth in Stage 3 are observed to be . 8 9 60 A Matter collected clumps to form galaxies. B Matter was originally formed from nitrogen gas. C The universe began with an explosion of matter. D The universe is expanding away from its center. In which list are celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing size? A galaxy, solar system, universe, planet A shorter than normal (a redshift) B solar system, galaxy, planet, universe B shorter than normal (a blueshift) C planet, solar system, galaxy, universe C longer than normal (a redshift) D universe, galaxy, solar system, planet D longer than normal (a blueshift) Approximately how long ago do scientists theorize that the big bang took place? A 14 million years ago B 140 million years ago C 14 billion years ago D 140 billion years ago Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Which is NOT a part of the big bang theory?