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US History
Practice Test Booklet
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U.S. History
DIRECTIONS
Read each question and choose the correct answer.
SAMPLE A
Which of the following events was NOT associated with the Cold War Era?
A. Berlin Blockade
B. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
C. Vietnam War
D. Korean War
SAMPLE B
Why was the period that preceded World War I called the Progressive Era?
A. The United States implemented numerous reforms.
B. The United States became an industrial leader.
C. The United States emphasized educational reform.
D. The United States expanded its military capability.
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1.
The diagram describes some significant events in the relationship between
Japan and the United States.
1940
Japan Occupies
Indo-China
(Vietnam)
1941
United States Imposes
an Oil Embargo
on Japan
1941
?
Which event completes the diagram?
A. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
B. United States Attacks Nagasaki
C. United States Prohibits Asian Immigration
D. Japanese Internment Camps Are Constructed
2.
Use the list to answer the following question.
•
•
•
•
Increased coal mining
Increased petroleum refining
Development of the Bessemer process
Development of the incandescent light bulb
What do the events in the list have in common?
A. They are results of the policy of Dollar Diplomacy.
B. They are results of the policy of Manifest Destiny.
C. They are factors contributing to the rise of industrialization.
D. They are events contributing to the increase of agricultural production.
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The graphs show the percentage of people from different groups who
participate in the work force.
Percentage of Women
in the Work Force
Percentage of Men
in the Work Force
90
90
80
80
Percent
Percent
3.
70
60
50
40
70
60
50
1980
1990
40
2000
1980
1990
2000
Year
Year
Hispanic
African American
White
Hispanic
African American
White
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Which trend is illustrated by the graphs?
A. The diversity of men in the work force increased.
B. The number of women in the work force increased.
C. The number of Hispanic women in the work force remained the same.
D. The proportion of African American men in the work force remained
stable.
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4.
The excerpt is from a dissenting opinion on the Supreme Court ruling in
Plessy v. Ferguson.
If a State can prescribe, as a rule of civil conduct, that whites and blacks
shall not travel as passengers in the same railroad coach, why may it not
so regulate the use of the streets of its cities and towns as to compel
white citizens to keep on one side of a street and black citizens to keep on
the other? . . . Further, if this statute of Louisiana is consistent with the
personal liberty of citizens, why may not the State require the separation
in railroad coaches of native and naturalized citizens of the United States,
or of Protestants and Roman Catholics?
Which statement is consistent with this dissenting opinion?
A. Segregation is undesirable in a democratic society.
B. Implementation of this ruling would take many years.
C. Decisions on segregation are best decided by state governments.
D. Religious differences are more of a concern than racial differences.
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5.
In 1888 Ohio Senator John Sherman introduced an antitrust bill in Congress.
The following excerpt is from a speech he delivered on the floor of the
Senate.
The popular mind is agitated with problems that may disturb social
order . . . none is more threatening than . . . the concentration of capital
into vast combinations. . . . Congress alone can deal with them and if we
are unwilling or unable there will soon be a trust for every product and a
master to fix the price for every necessity of life.
What is Sherman’s analysis of the impact of trusts on the capitalist economy?
A. He suggested the law would help consumers by protecting unrestricted
competition among industries.
B. He proposed punishing monopolies by transferring ownership of
corporations to the government.
C. He proposed to protect economic growth by requiring that profits be
distributed to workers.
D. He suggested that the government was needed to balance the power of
concentrated wealth.
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6.
The picture shows the cover to sheet music from a 1914 song.
Which statement analyzes the context of this song?
A. It was inspired by events in Europe.
B. It reflected nostalgia for the Civil War era.
C. It was created to promote women’s suffrage.
D. It demonstrated the popularity of new fashions.
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7.
Railroads hired Chinese immigrants to build track on the transcontinental
railroad.
The rich valued them as employees because they were willing to work for
low wages . . . [and] were dependable. . . . The working class, however,
feared that they would take their jobs, thus making discrimination
rampant. Chinese immigrants could not become citizens or own property.
They were often relegated to live in lesser areas of town and work at
undesirable jobs.
Though the Chinese worked alongside white workers, they were not
treated as equals. White workers were paid $35 a month as well as
supplies and meals. In contrast, the Chinese made $25 per month and
paid for their own food, supplies, cook, and headman.
—National Park Service
Based on the excerpt, which statement explains the condition in which
Chinese immigrants worked?
A. They were invited to join railroad labor unions.
B. They were recruited to train new railroad workers.
C. They worked for low wages to qualify for citizenship.
D. They worked in harsh conditions because of prejudice.
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8.
The flowchart identifies some characteristics of the United States in the late
1800s.
Industrialization
Surplus of Goods
Search for
New Overseas Markets
Coaling Stations
Needed for Refueling
???
Which phrase completes the chart by analyzing how these characteristics
affected the foreign policy of the United States?
A. Imposition of Democratic Principles
B. Distribution of Humanitarian Aid
C. Restriction of Immigration
D. Acquisition of Territories
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9.
Which statement became a slogan for the Civil Rights Movement following the
March on Washington in 1963?
A. “I have a dream!”
B. “A Brave New World”
C. “Give Peace A Chance”
D. “Back to the drawing board”
10. Which analysis explains how deficit spending during the 1980s contributed to
economic growth?
A. Government debt limited imports.
B. Government debt reduced interest rates.
C. Government spending promoted investment.
D. Government spending encouraged individual savings.
11. This list describes three constitutional amendments of the twentieth century.
• 19th Amendment—Voting rights extended to women
• 23rd Amendment—Citizens of the District of Columbia permitted to vote
for President
• 26th Amendment—Voting age set at 18 years
What do these amendments reveal about the political system in the
United States?
A. The Constitution was written to define the established practices for
elections.
B. The Constitution was designed to meet the changing needs of society.
C. The Constitution encourages membership in political parties.
D. The Constitution requires changes of political leadership.
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12. This excerpt is from an FBI bulletin published in June 2006.
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects against unreasonable
searches and seizures. To be reasonable, a search generally must be
supported by a warrant issued upon probable cause. But, there are
exceptions to this general rule. One such exception applies when a search
serves “special government needs” beyond the normal needs of law
enforcement; in which case, the search may be reasonable despite the
absence of a warrant, probable cause, or even individualized suspicion.
What is a result of searches conducted because of “special government
needs”?
A. The practice of reasonable searches is further limited.
B. Probable cause is determined by local elected officials.
C. Personal liberties are limited by national security concerns.
D. The practice of issuing restraining orders becomes officially approved.
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13. This list describes some of the popular types of restaurants in
Atlanta, Georgia.
Types of Restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia
•
Chinese
•
French
•
Greek
•
Indian
•
Italian
•
Japanese
•
Mediterranean
•
Mexican
•
Thai
•
Vietnamese
Which statement explains the information in the list above?
A. The city of Atlanta reflects cultural diversity.
B. The city of Atlanta relies on the tourist industry.
C. Tax laws in Atlanta encourage restaurant development.
D. Working in Atlanta restaurants requires foreign language skills.
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14. Between 1930 and 1970, the population of Oklahoma changed dramatically.
Population
of Oklahoma
Population (thousands)
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Which factor accounts for the population trend between 1930 and 1950?
A. Low cost of living was a pull factor.
B. Crowded urban areas were a push factor.
C. High-tech job opportunities were a pull factor.
D. Poor environmental conditions were a push factor.
15. Why was post-World War II Berlin, Germany, different from other Cold War
areas of conflict?
A. East Berlin was founded on a free market economy.
B. West Berlin was located within a communist country.
C. West Germany was compelled to build a wall to deter the Soviet Union.
D. East Germany was obligated to send an ambassador to the United
Nations.
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16. This is a description of changes during the Civil Rights Movement.
In 1960 only 5% of Mississippi’s African American population was
registered to vote. By 1968, 60% of the African American population was
registered to vote. Other southern states showed similar change. Between
1965 and 1990, the number of African American state legislators and
members of Congress increased from 2 to 160.
Which factor increased African American political influence between 1960 and
1990?
A. Laws that forbade discriminatory hiring practices
B. Policies that ended discrimination in the workplace
C. Court cases that ended segregation in public schools
D. Legislation that removed unfair electoral requirements
17. This summary describes immigration trends between 1870 and 1916.
More than 25 million people migrated to the United States between 1870
and 1916. Immigration, along with natural increase, caused the U.S.
population to grow dramatically, rising from about 40 million to about 100
million during this time period.
Why was the population boom at the turn of the twentieth century important
to American industrialization?
A. It resulted in increased use of natural resources.
B. It provided a larger labor force and consumer market.
C. It increased jobs in the fields of marketing and advertisement.
D. It encouraged a variety of cultural influences in economic innovation.
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18. Many factors contributed to the United States annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
In the 1800s, Christian missionaries came to Hawaii. Many Hawaiian
rulers converted to Christianity. As a result, some traditional native
practices were banned, including hula, storytelling, and native dress.
Native Hawaiians who wanted to retain their cultural identity largely
influenced the anti-annexation movement of 1897–1898. Hawaiians who
had converted to Christianity supported the idea of becoming a territory
of the United States.
How did Christian missionaries influence Hawaii’s culture?
A. They altered the traditional beliefs and behaviors of the native people.
B. They blended old customs and folklore with new religious practices.
C. They strengthened the authority of the ruling aristocracy.
D. They promoted the preservation of native autonomy.
19. The United Farm Workers union is a civil rights organization.
In order to protect the rights of mostly immigrant workers, César Chávez
organized the United Farm Workers union. When the large companies that
employed the minority workers refused to sign contracts with the
organized workers, the workers went on strike. The workers then
organized a boycott of the products produced by the companies.
Which statement correctly evaluates the effectiveness of this strategy?
A. It led to government intervention to protect consumers.
B. It resulted in legislation regulating the use of the strike.
C. It promoted work stoppages by other labor organizations.
D. It created awareness of the plight of agricultural laborers.
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20. During the early 1900s, many people migrated to cities.
Greater cultural experiences and
entertainment
Reasons for
Movement to the
Cities in the
early 1900s
Easier travel due to transportation
advances
?
Which phrase completes the chart?
A. Fewer restrictions on immigrants
B. Fewer demands by political machines
C. Greater opportunities for employment
D. Greater opportunities for property ownership
21. During the Spanish-American War, the Anti-Imperialist League was founded to
oppose American imperial expansion. This excerpt is from its platform.
We earnestly condemn the policy of the present National Administration in
the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands.
We deplore the sacrifice of our soldiers and sailors, whose bravery
deserves admiration even in an unjust war. . . . We protest against the
extension of American sovereignty by Spanish methods.
How would a supporter of imperialism respond to this argument?
A. The Philippines might invade Hawaii.
B. The Philippines will attempt to seek statehood.
C. Annexing the Philippines will advance national sovereignty.
D. Annexing the Philippines will advance the interests of the United States.
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22. The list below includes selected New Deal programs.
• Social Security Act
• Works Progress Administration
• Civilian Conservation Corps
What did these programs have in common?
A. They targeted individuals affected by economic depression.
B. They favored organizations able to provide financial support.
C. They limited the role of the legislative branch in economic recovery.
D. They reduced the need for government intervention into the private
sector.
23. This statement was made in 1992 by United States presidential candidate
Ross Perot in response to a question about the proposed North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
[T]here will be a [job-]sucking sound going south.
Which factor explains why Ross Perot made this prediction about NAFTA?
A. Mexico had lower labor costs.
B. Mexico had better job benefits.
C. Mexico had fewer factory jobs.
D. Mexico had stronger labor unions.
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24. Which statement evaluates the impact of the Selma to Montgomery marches
on the expansion of voting rights?
A. The marches aided the movement by promoting reform at the state level.
B. The marches hindered the movement by provoking backlash at the local
level.
C. The marches aided the movement by rallying support among national
politicians.
D. The marches hindered the movement by interfering with reform measures
in progress.
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25. This timeline shows events at the start of the Cold War.
Origins of the Cold War
March 12, 1947
The “Truman Doctrine” makes it United States
policy to protect nations threatened by communism.
June 5, 1947
Secretary of State George C. Marshall calls for a
United States plan to help Europe recover from
World War II.
June 24, 1948
The “Berlin Airlift” begins as the United States
Air Force flies supplies to West Berlin following a
Soviet blockade.
April 4, 1949
?
Which event completes this timeline?
A. The United States offers military aid to South Vietnam under the Domino
Theory.
B. The United States stops the Soviet Union’s effort to build a missile base in
Cuba.
C. The United States forms a military alliance with the countries of Western
Europe.
D. The United States establishes a space agency to compete with the Soviet
launch of satellites.
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26. Why has the power of the federal government steadily grown since the
writing of the United States Constitution?
A. Many politicians in local elections have required federal supervision.
B. Many complex developments in society have prompted federal action.
C. The United States’ Congress has passed legislation removing power from
other branches.
D. The United States’ Supreme Court has made decisions adding power to
executive directives.
27. This newspaper headline was published in 1964.
Daily News
January 24, 1964
24th Amendment Passes –
Poll Taxes Prohibited in
Federal Elections
Which obstacle to voting was addressed by the 24th Amendment?
A. Poverty
B. Literacy
C. Geography
D. Citizenship
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28. Why did critics of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff claim it hurt U.S. interests?
A. The tariff damaged economic relations with other countries.
B. The tariff did not focus on a broad spectrum of the economy.
C. The domestic economy suffered as international trade expanded.
D. The farm sector was not protected under the original goal of the bill.
29. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union was established in 1874.
The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was organized in the
late 1800s by women concerned about the negative impact of alcohol on
family and society. The women met in churches and then marched to
saloons to ask owners to close their businesses. They would often kneel in
prayer in the saloons or outside on the sidewalks. The WCTU gained
support for the 18th Amendment prohibiting the sale and manufacture of
alcohol in the United States.
Which evaluation of the WCTU can be drawn from this summary?
A. Women considered temperance as important as suffrage.
B. Social organizations preserved the traditions of elite society.
C. Religion has played a major role in promoting social reform.
D. Women’s reform organizations had concerns about business practices.
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30. In 1968 Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act.
Bilingual Education Act, 1968 — school districts are required to offer
classes for immigrants in their own language while they are learning
English
The legislation described above supports which conclusion?
A. Congress attempted to make school attendance mandatory.
B. Federal policy attempted to expand access to public education.
C. Immigrants lobbied for preferential treatment in public schools.
D. Immigrant groups lobbied for traditional educational approaches.
31. Between 1880 and 1920, new categories of jobs were created.
This era also saw the development of department stores and retail jobs in
urban areas. Industrial capitalism had succeeded in producing more
goods for the consumer to buy, which led to the increased need for sales
people. Retail jobs were seen by many as more respectable than factory
work. . . .
— America at Work, Library of Congress
How did the creation of more retail sales jobs affect the labor force in the
United States?
A. African American men held most of these jobs.
B. Women with some education moved to fill these jobs.
C. Migrant workers with farm experience filled these jobs.
D. Unskilled immigrant laborers fought to unionize these jobs.
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32. This excerpt is from a speech by Senator Orville Platt in October 1899.
When the Stars and Stripes float over the court houses and school houses
of the Philippine Islands, they will not signify despotism [tyranny], but
justice, security, and the rights of man. Our flag floating there will
symbolize liberty, regulated and governed by law, and the largest
measure of self-government consistent with the welfare of its people.
Which statement explains why Senator Platt’s justification of the Philippine
occupation helped the imperialists prevail?
A. The cost of withdrawing United States occupation forces was too high.
B. Opponents of United States imperialism understood benefits of new
markets.
C. Imperialists claimed United States rule would result in an expansion of
democracy.
D. The natural resources in the region would be threatened if the United
States withdrew.
33. How did President Harry Truman’s decision to desegregate the military affect
African Americans?
A. It highlighted racial discrimination outside the military.
B. It highlighted affirmative action plans outside the military.
C. It affirmed the practice of race-based promotions in the military.
D. It encouraged the prosecution of race-based discrimination in the military.
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34. This table shows changes in union membership from 1930 to 1940.
Percentage of Workers
in Unions, 1930–1940
Year
Percentage
1930
1935
1940
12.3%
13.8%
27.6%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
What was a cause of the change shown in this table?
A. A drop in job security
B. The passage of the Wagner Act
C. A decline in industrial productivity
D. The creation of the Social Security Administration
35. In 1906 Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle described the meatpacking
industry.
There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage;
there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had
been rejected, and that was moldy and white—it would be dosed with
borax and glycerine, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again
for home consumption.
— The Jungle, Chapter 14
Which statement explains how Upton Sinclair contributed to shaping
perceptions about federal government power?
A. He called for national training standards for workers.
B. He encouraged farmers to form a government agency.
C. He demonstrated the need for a national food supplier.
D. He influenced public demand for government regulation of food.
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36. The diagram describes some events of the late 1800s.
European powers
established spheres of
influence in China,
giving them control
of Chinese trade.
The United States
advocated the
Open Door Policy,
allowing the United
States to trade
with China.
?
Which sentence completes the diagram by analyzing how this interest in
international affairs affected United States foreign policy?
A. The United States applied political pressure to impose democratic
traditions.
B. The United States utilized military force to protect business investments.
C. The United States sought to secure dominance in the hemisphere.
D. The United States fought to protect freedom of the seas.
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37. In 1957 President Dwight Eisenhower issued an executive order.
WHEREAS certain persons in the state of Arkansas . . . have willfully
obstructed the enforcement of orders of the United States District
Court . . . [T]he Secretary of Defense is authorized to use such of the
armed forces of the United States as he may deem necessary.
—Executive Order 10730, President Dwight Eisenhower (1957)
Which statement evaluates the impact of President Eisenhower’s action in
advancing the goals of the Civil Rights Movement?
A. The Executive Order allowed states to determine the pace of school
integration.
B. The Executive Order encouraged states to coordinate with federal law
enforcement.
C. The Executive Order was an example of Eisenhower’s opposition to radical
change.
D. The Executive Order was evidence of Eisenhower’s willingness to uphold
the authority of a court order.
38. In the 1880s, Samuel Gompers helped found the American Federation of
Labor, which focused on the interests of skilled workers.
Which statement describes an early success of the American Federation of
Labor?
A. It forced business owners to improve working conditions.
B. It negotiated with business owners to provide health benefits.
C. It gained federal government protection for striking workers.
D. It convinced the federal government to establish social programs.
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39. What did President Franklin Roosevelt wish to achieve through deficit
spending?
A. Trade agreements with foreign countries
B. Job creation for the unemployed workers
C. Government control of industrial production
D. Government ownership of the financial sector
40. This excerpt is from a 2008 report by the Department of Labor.
The largest percentage of employed women (39 percent) worked in
management, professional, and related occupations; 33 percent worked in
sales and office occupations; 21 percent in service occupations; 6 percent
in production, transportation, and material moving occupations; and 1
percent in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.
Which statement evaluates the significance of this report?
A. It shows the effect of discrimination in professional positions.
B. It demonstrates the need for increased regulation of the workplace.
C. It demonstrates a contrast with traditional patterns of female
employment.
D. It compares the degree of education with the level of female
employment.
41. How did the Treaty of Versailles address President Woodrow Wilson’s concern
about making the world safe for democracy?
A. It established the principle of freedom of the seas.
B. It divided former German colonies among the victors.
C. It created an international organization to maintain the peace.
D. It required Germany to pay reparations for the conflict damages.
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42. The timeline shows major events in the history of the conservation movement
in the United States.
1872
Congress establishes first national park at Yellowstone
in Wyoming
1890
Congress establishes Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Grant
National Parks in California
President Benjamin Harrison sets aside Wyoming land as first
national forest reserve
Naturalist John Muir and others in San Francisco form
Sierra Club to preserve wilderness
1891
1892
1896
Bostonian Harriet Hemenway and others form Massachusetts
Audubon Society to protect birds
1903
President Theodore Roosevelt establishes a federally protected
wildlife refuge in Florida
Based on the timeline, which phrase summarizes the change in the
conservation movement during this era?
A. From federal laws and regulations to state actions
B. From preserving western lands to concerns nationwide
C. From action by rural outdoorsmen to action by city dwellers
D. From prevention of air pollution to protection of natural resources
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43. This paragraph describes an important event in the women’s movement.
In the early 1960s, working men regularly received higher wages than
women who held the same job. Women began organizing and advocating
for action. In 1963 Congress passed the Equal Pay Act prohibiting
discrimination with regards to wages on the basis of sex.
Which statement accurately compares a civil rights group with the women’s
movement described above?
A. The Congress of Racial Equality shared the goal of achieving higher pay
for women in various professions.
B. The United Farm Workers protested against paying immigrant workers
less than other workers performing the same work.
C. The American Indian Movement petitioned the federal government to
pass legislation to create a federal minimum wage.
D. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference used the same tactic to
secure equal opportunities for employment in high-paying positions.
44. The United States created Radio Free Europe during the Cold War. One of its
missions was to play popular music that had been banned by the
communists.
Which statement summarizes the goal of establishing Radio Free Europe?
A. Broadcasting United States propaganda to Eastern Europe
B. Advertising United States products in the European Union
C. Reporting on United States business activities in the European Union
D. Providing information to United States citizens living in Western Europe
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45. The 5th Amendment describes the principle of eminent domain.
. . . nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.
Which trend traces a long-term application of this principle?
A. Barbed-wire fences ended the era of the open range for cattle.
B. Schools were established to educate children of immigrants.
C. Western land was made available to farming homesteaders.
D. Highways were built on land purchased from landowners.
46. The graphs provide information about working conditions in 1890 and 1915.
Weekly Wages in Selected
Manufacturing Industries
Average Work Week in Selected
Manufacturing Industries
$21.34
$17.63
54.4 hrs.
48.6 hrs.
1890
1915
1890
1915
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States
What does this information indicate about the workplace?
A. Immigrant hiring restrictions were enforced.
B. Business monopolies extended their power.
C. Labor unions expanded their influence.
D. Child labor laws were enacted.
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47. Which statement describes a cause for United States military involvement in
the Persian Gulf in 1990–1991?
A. A chemical weapons program had been established in Kuwait.
B. The Iraqi dictator was wanted for international war crimes.
C. A military coup had toppled the Iraqi government.
D. The Iraqi military had seized control of Kuwait.
48. Which event has caused the United States government to restrict freedom of
speech?
A. An era of population growth
B. Participation in a foreign war
C. A period of economic difficulty
D. Controversy over a presidential election
49. In 1913 President Woodrow Wilson made the following statement in a speech
before Congress.
The control of the system of banking . . . must be vested in the
Government itself, so that the banks may be the instruments, not the
masters, of business and of individual enterprise and initiative.
According to President Wilson’s address, which statement justifies the
establishment of the Federal Reserve?
A. New regulations were needed to ensure workplace protections.
B. New regulations were needed to limit the power of labor unions.
C. New regulations were needed to protect stock investors from losses.
D. New regulations were needed to establish control over monetary policy.
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50. The volume of oil imports to the United States changed in the late
twentieth century.
Thousand Barrels per Day
Annual U.S. Imports of Crude Oil
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
How did these changes affect American foreign policy?
A. The United States promoted democracy in Latin America.
B. The United States expanded its influence in the Middle East.
C. The United States looked for ways to control illegal immigration.
D. The United States helped former enemies to adopt a market economy.
51. President Lyndon Johnson made this statement in 1964.
We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the
powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.
How did this policy differ from the New Deal?
A. It attempted to address the underlying causes of poverty.
B. It attempted to conserve the nation’s natural resources.
C. It promoted economic opportunities for women.
D. It promoted cultural programs in rural areas.
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52. In 1910 Theodore Roosevelt laid out his philosophy of “the new nationalism”
in a speech.
Every dollar received should represent a dollar’s worth of service
rendered. . . . The really big fortune, . . . acquires qualities which
differentiate it [set it apart] . . . from what is possessed by men of
relatively small means.
Which domestic reform was passed by Congress in response to the philosophy
outlined in Roosevelt’s speech?
A. Direct election of senators
B. Initiative and referendum
C. Prohibition of poll taxes
D. Graduated income tax
53. In 1963 Governor George Wallace made this statement while opposing
integration at the University of Alabama.
I claim today for all the people of the State of Alabama those rights
reserved to them under the Constitution of the United States. Among
those powers so reserved and claimed is the right of state authority in the
operation of . . . colleges and Universities.
What was Governor Wallace’s justification for attempting to block racial
integration at the University of Alabama?
A. The school was unwilling to accept federal funds for state colleges.
B. The federal government had illegally taken a power reserved to the
states.
C. National Guard capability was too small to control violent actions by angry
crowds.
D. African American students had been given preferential treatment in
selecting schools.
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54. The National Labor Relations Act was passed in 1935.
Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist
labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of
their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose
of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.
—Section 7, National Labor Relations Act
Based on the excerpt, which strategy did organized labor use to achieve its
goals?
A. Calling for an executive order requiring membership in closed shops
B. Seeking legislation to protect union activities and negotiating rights
C. Negotiating differential pay rates for union and nonunion workers
D. Using union activity to cripple major manufacturing industries
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55. The photograph shows a common form of entertainment in the 1920s.
Source: Courtesy of Library of Congress #LC-USZ62-108097
The photograph could be used in a museum exhibit about which trend in
American history?
A. Rise of a mass culture
B. Rise of a youth-based counterculture
C. Role of urbanization in preserving traditional culture
D. Role of immigrants in the formation of urban culture
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56. Supreme Court decisions were instrumental in achieving the goals of the
Civil Rights Movement.
• 1896— Plessy v. Ferguson upheld a law allowing “separate but equal”
public facilities.
• 1917— Buchanan v. Warley overturned a law requiring segregated
residential areas.
According to the information above, which issues were in conflict in these
Supreme Court decisions?
A. States’ rights and the 10th Amendment
B. Judicial review and the 5th Amendment
C. Individual rights and the 13th Amendment
D. Legalized discrimination and the 14th Amendment
57. In 2009 the U.S. Department of the Interior cancelled contracts with private
companies to drill for oil on federal lands in Utah.
Why would some public interest groups oppose this federal government
decision?
A. It discouraged some types of economic development.
B. It seized private property for government use.
C. It protected public recreational opportunities.
D. It supported the doctrine of states’ rights.
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58. This excerpt is from a 1947 speech by Secretary of State General George C.
Marshall.
The truth of the matter is that Europe’s requirements for the next three or
four years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from
America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she
must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and
political deterioration of a very grave character.
What plan of action did General Marshall recommend for the United States in
the post-World War II period?
A. Raise prices on goods sold in Europe to increase profits
B. Provide financial support to Europe to limit the appeal of communism
C. Train European workers in manufacturing methods to increase efficiency
D. Restore power to pre-war communist governments in Europe to maintain
peace
59. Which statement describes a common pattern in the immigrant experience?
A. Immigrants desired work in professional careers.
B. Immigrants purchased land in plantation regions.
C. Immigrants saved their earnings in order to invest in stocks.
D. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods.
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60. This table shows the median weekly earnings of men and women with college
degrees in 1979 and 2002.
Median Weekly Earnings
for College Graduates
Year
Men
Women
1979
$908
$605
2002
$1089
$809
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
An analysis of the evidence on women’s earnings leads to which conclusion?
A. Earnings for women decreased since 1979.
B. Job opportunities for men decreased since 1979.
C. Technological advances resulted in equal pay rates.
D. Women made limited gains in closing the wage gap.
61. Which idea formed the basis of the debate in the 1925 Scopes Trial?
A. The traditionalist belief that science was superior to religion
B. The fundamentalist belief that science could co-exist with religion
C. The modernist view that academics should be free of religious influence
D. The socialist philosophy that students should abandon religious teachings
62. Why did the Populist Party of the late 1800s want the United States
government to adopt a bi-metallic standard?
A. Gold coins were in greater supply than silver coins.
B. Gold coins were more expensive to produce than silver coins.
C. Increased circulation of silver coins would reduce freight costs.
D. Increased circulation of silver coins would stabilize the agricultural sector.
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63. In 1961 activists challenged segregation by taking integrated bus trips. A few
of these trips are listed on the timeline below.
May 4, 1961
Washington, D.C., to Birmingham, AL
May 17, 1961
Nashville, TN, to Jackson, MS
June 13, 1961
Washington, D.C., to Tallahassee, FL
July 8, 1961
August 2, 1961
St. Louis, MO, to Shreveport, LA
Newark, NJ, to Little Rock, AR
Which statement evaluates the impact of the strategy illustrated on the
timeline?
A. Media coverage of the activists discouraged confrontations.
B. Radical activists joined the movement to provoke an aggressive response.
C. Support for activists increased as protesters repeatedly encountered
violence.
D. Southern activists opposed the journeys because of the defiant stance of
the protesters.
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64. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
is often described as “welfare reform.” The excerpt below explains the
purpose of grants to states for temporary assistance for needy families.
(a) IN GENERAL — The purpose . . . is to increase the flexibility of States
in operating a program designed to —
(1) provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared
for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives;
(2) end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by
promoting job preparation, [and] work. . . .
Which rationale for the 1996 legislation was intended to address a cause of
the persistence of poverty?
A. The need to involve states in federal programs
B. The need to reduce dependence of families on relatives
C. The need to decrease reliance on government entitlements
D. The need to improve child-care access for families in rural areas
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65. This graph shows voter turnouts for selected minority groups.
Minority Voters in Presidential
Elections, 1992 to 2008
Voters (in percent)
14
12
10
Asian
Hispanic
Black
8
6
4
2
0
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
Year
Source: Pew Research Center
Which statement explains the significance of the data shown in this graph?
A. Immigration rates have reduced the influence of Hispanic Americans.
B. Immigration rates have reduced the political influence of Asian
Americans.
C. Increasing diversity in the United States has expanded opposition to
political incumbents.
D. Increasing diversity in the United States has expanded the political
influence of minority groups.
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66. During World War I, a man was arrested for distributing pamphlets
encouraging men to resist the draft. The United States Supreme Court ruled
on the legality of the arrest.
The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in
falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. It does not even
protect a man from an injunction [ban] against uttering words that may
have all the effect of force.
—Schenck v. United States, 1919
Over thirty years later, the Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of a
law making it a crime to advocate a forcible overthrow of the United States
government.
Speech is not an absolute, above and beyond control by the legislature
when its judgment, subject to review here, is that certain kinds of speech
are so undesirable as to warrant criminal sanction. Nothing is more
certain in modern society than the principle that there are no
absolutes. . . .
—Dennis et al. v. United States, 1951
How do the Schenck and Dennis cases illustrate that the United States
Constitution is a living document?
A. The Supreme Court ensured that due process rights of accused criminals
were protected.
B. The Congress did not have the power to take action beyond the specific
powers listed in Article I.
C. The Supreme Court interpreted the provisions of the 1st Amendment
based on contemporary circumstances.
D. The president as commander in chief failed to exercise his responsibility
to protect the government against rebellion.
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67. The timeline describes some events in United States world affairs.
1914
1920
United States United States
maintains a refuses to join
policy of
the League of
neutrality
Nations
1945
1995
United States
joins the
United Nations
United States joins
the World Trade
Organization
What does this timeline illustrate about the United States’ involvement in
world affairs during the twentieth century?
A. The United States was resistant to changes in foreign policy.
B. The United States was the leader in shaping international policy.
C. The United States evolved from a supporter of militarism to a supporter
of imperialism.
D. The United States evolved from a supporter of isolationism to a supporter
of internationalism.
68. In a 1967 speech, Stokely Carmichael defined the term “Black Power.”
Black Power is the coming together of black people to fight for their
liberation by any means necessary.
Which group shared a comparable approach with Stokely Carmichael?
A. The United Farm Workers
B. The American Indian Movement
C. The National Organization for Women
D. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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69. In 1932, why was the song “Happy Days Are Here Again” associated with the
election of President Franklin Roosevelt?
A. Roosevelt promised to ease economic hardships through work programs.
B. Roosevelt vowed to block isolationist policies and strengthen the military
forces.
C. Roosevelt promised to limit business monopolies through government
regulations.
D. Roosevelt vowed to end government corruption and dismantle the
political machines.
70. The following information was released by the Census Bureau in 2009.
Percent
Poverty Rates by Age: 1970 to 2000
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Under
18 years
18 to
64 years
65 years
and older
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
What information does the data in the graph provide for politicians attempting
to address social policy?
A. Children continue to be most in need of public assistance.
B. Anti-poverty programs aiding children were most effective in the 1980s.
C. Anti-poverty programs aiding the elderly were least effective in the
1970s.
D. Elderly citizens receive few benefits from government assistance
programs.
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