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Name: ________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period: ________ Human Body Unit Study Guide Questions Answer the questions below in complete sentences. 1. Describe the path food goes through the digestive system. Mechanical and chemical digestion start in the mouth. Food travels down the esophagus to the stomach where hydrochloric acid and other digestive juices help break it down more. The food moves from the stomach to the small intestine where the villi absorb nutrients and water from the food, finally to the large intestine where more water is absorbed and out the rectum. 2. Compare and contrast the small and large intestines. Similarities: The small and large intestine both absorb water and are part of the digestive system. They are tube-like smooth muscle organs. Both push food using peristalsis. Differences: The small intestine is much longer than the large intestine and absorbs nutrients with villi. The large intestine is shorter in length, has a bigger diameter, and forms the feces by absorbing excess water. 3. Compare and contrast the three main types of muscles. The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Compare: All muscles are tissues that perform functions which cause movement to take place. All muscles rely on the circulatory system for oxygen and nutrients. Cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary. Differences: Cardiac muscles are located in the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Skeletal - voluntary; striated; e.g. biceps, triceps. Smooth - involuntary; non-striated; found along the gastrointestinal track (i.e. wall of intestine). 4. Describe real life examples of voluntary and involuntary muscles. Your digestive organs are involuntary muscles; they help you move food through the digestive track without conscience effort (thinking about it). Voluntary muscles are controlled by will and are usually skeletal muscles. Throwing a dodgeball is an example of using voluntary muscles. You will your arm to move. 5. What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons? The axial skeleton makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the arms, legs, other bones that allow movement, and girdles. 6. Describe five types of joints by name, give an example of each and explain the movement for each type of joint. Gliding or Sliding Joint: allows the wrist and spine to twist and bend. Hinge Joint: allows the knee, knuckle, ankle, finger, & toe to bend. Ball & Socket Joint: allows the hip & shoulder to swivel. Pivot Joint: allows the elbow and neck to twist. Immoveable: he skull is composed of distinct bony plates that come together at joints called sutures that allow little or no movement, especially in adults. 7. Describe the movement of the diaphragm when you breathe. Why is this important? The diaphragm moves down when you breathe in and pushes up when you exhale. The movement is important because it allows your lungs to expand and contract. The lungs fill with fresh air which takes oxygen into your blood stream and removes the waste gas called carbon dioxide. 8. What is the function of the alveoli? Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. 9. Describe the path air goes through the respiratory system. Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs. 10. Compare and contrast plasma and platelets. Why do humans need both? Blood contains several components, including red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and plasma. Both are found in your blood. Both are necessary for a health immune system. plasma – A fluid that contains proteins, glucose, hormones, gases and other substances dissolved in water. Platelets – large, solid cell fragments, help form blood clots. Clotting keeps us from losing too much blood from a cut. 11. Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the rest of the body– strong, thick walls. Veins – carry blood back to the heart, thinner; have a oneway valve. Capillaries – narrow, smallest blood vessels, they connect arteries with veins. 12. Why do humans need both red and white blood cells? Humans need red blood cells and white blood cells because they do different jobs. While both are necessary for the body's proper functioning, they each have singular roles. Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white cells do not, for example. Red blood cells in humans do not have nuclei, while white cells do. 13. How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to keep you alive? When you breathe, your respiratory system receives fresh oxygen. The oxygen goes into your lungs and into your blood stream with the help of the alveoli and capillaries. The oxygen rich blood goes into VEINS on the left side of your heart. Then it is then pumped by the hearts ARTERIES into your blood stream. Blood travels throughout your body. Blood delivers vital nutrients, oxygen, and other chemicals to every cell in your body. A waste gas called carbon dioxide is produced during this process. The blood carries carbon dioxide into the right side of your heart, from which it is pumped to the lungs. When you breathe out, the carbon dioxide leaves your body through the lungs. 14. How do the skeletal and muscular systems work together to keep you alive? Your skeletal system (bones) provide structure, support and protection your organs, and muscles. Muscles are connected to your bones by joints. These systems work together through a series of impulses and signals communicated between the brain and skeletal muscles. In order to move, the nervous system signals a skeletal muscle to contract. When the muscle contracts, this movement causes the attached bone (or bones) to follow. 15. How do the digestive and muscular systems work together to keep you alive? The digestive system helps turn food into a form that the body can absorb nutrients from. The nutrients absorbed through the digestive system are carried throughout the body with the circulatory system. The food that is eaten is broken down into particles and passed through the digestive tract using a series of smooth muscles in your digestive organs. The organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the colon and the rectum. All of these parts work together to pass food through the body while absorbing the nutrients the body needs to live.