Download Appendix A: Articles used in Meta-analysis

Appendix A: Articles used in Meta-analysis
1. Alogna M. Perception of severity of disease and health locus of control in compliant and noncompliant diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1980;3:533-534.
2. Anson O, Weizman Z, Zeevi N. Celiac disease: parental knowledge and attitudes of dietary compliance. Pediatrics. 1990;85:98-103.
3. Apter AJ, Boston RC, George M, et al. Modifiable barriers to adherence to inhaled steroids among adults with asthma: it's not just black and white. J Allergy
Clin Immunol. 2003;111:1219-1226.
4. Apter AJ, Reisine ST, Affleck G, et al. Adherence with twice-daily dosing of inhaled steroids. Socioeconomic and health-belief differences. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 1998;157:1810-1817.
5. Ascione L, Accietto C, Acanfora D, et al. [Prognostic value of systolic time intervals in patients with ischemic cardiopathy]. Minerva Cardioangiol.
1985;33:425-430.
6. Avorn J, Monette J, Lacour A, et al. Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: a cross-national study. JAMA. 1998;279:1458-1462.
7. Baines CJ, To T, Wall C. Women's attitudes to screening after participation in the National Breast Screening Study. A questionnaire survey. Cancer.
1990;65:1663-1669.
8. Balkrishnan R, Christensen DB, Bowton DL. Self-reported health status, prophylactic medication use, and healthcare costs in older adults with asthma. J Am
Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:924-929.
9. Barr RG, Somers SC, Speizer FE, et al. Patient factors and medication guideline adherence among older women with asthma. Arch Intern Med.
2002;162:1761-1768.
10. Bauman LJ, Wright E, Leickly FE, et al. Relationship of adherence to pediatric asthma morbidity among inner-city children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e6.
11. Becker MH, Drachman RH, Kirscht JP. Predicting mothers' compliance with pediatric medical regimens. J Pediatr. 1972;81:843-854.
12. Becker MH, Radius SM, Rosenstock IM, et al. Compliance with a medical regimen for asthma: a test of the health belief model. Public Health Rep.
1978;93:268-277.
13. Bigby JA, Pappius E, Cook EF, et al. Medical consequences of missed appointments. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1163-1166.
14. Borowitz D, Wegman T, Harris M. Preventive care for patients with chronic illness. Multivitamin use in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Pediatr (Phila).
1994;33:720-725.
15. Brand FN, Smith RT, Brand PA. Effect of economic barriers to medical care on patients' noncompliance. Public Health Rep. 1977;92:72-78.
16. Brownbridge B, Fielding D. An investigation of psychological factors influencing adherence to medical regime in children and adolescents undergoing
haemodialysis and capd. Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 1989;4:7-18.
17. Buchwald D, Sheffield J, Furman R, et al. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among Native American elders in a primary care practice. Arch Intern
Med. 2000;160:1443-1448.
18. Cardin VA, Grimes RM, Jiang ZD, et al. Low-income minority women at risk for cervical cancer: a process to improve adherence to follow-up
recommendations. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:608-616.
19. Carney PA, Harwood BG, Weiss JE, et al. Factors associated with interval adherence to mammography screening in a population-based sample of New
Hampshire women. Cancer. 2002;95:219-227.
20. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, et al. Adherence to a prophylactic medication regimen in patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic ischemic
heart disease. Behav Med. 1998;24:35-39.
21. Carpenter JO, Davis LJ. Medical recommendations--followed or ignored? Factors influencing compliance in arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976;57:241246.
22. Castellano PZ, Wenger NK, Graves WL. Adherence to screening guidelines for breast and cervical cancer in postmenopausal women with coronary heart
disease: an ancillary study of volunteers for hers. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:451-461.
23. Catz SL, Heckman TG, Kochman A, et al. Rates and correlates of HIV treatment adherence among late middle-aged and older adults living with HIV
disease. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2001;6:47-58.
24. Catz SL, Kelly JA, Bogart LM, et al. Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease.
Health Psychol. 2000;19:124-133.
25. Cerkoney KA, Hart LK. The relationship between the health belief model and compliance of persons with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1980;3:594-598.
26. Chambers CV, Markson L, Diamond JJ, et al. Health beliefs and compliance with inhaled corticosteroids by asthmatic patients in primary care practices.
Respir Med. 1999;93:88-94.
27. Charney E, Bynum R, Eldredge D, et al. How well do patients take oral penicillin? A collaborative study in private practice. Pediatrics. 1967;40:188-195.
28. Cheng NG, Browne GJ, Lam LT, et al. Spacer compliance after discharge following a mild to moderate asthma attack. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:302-5.
29. Christiaanse ME, Lavigne JV, Lerner CV. Psychosocial aspects of compliance in children and adolescents with asthma. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1989;10:7580.
30. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE. Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med.
2000;160:3278-3285.
31. Cockburn J, Gibberd RW, Reid AL, et al. Determinants of non-compliance with short term antibiotic regimens. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:814-818.
32. Cole RP, Palushock S, Haboubi A. Osteoporosis management: physicians' recommendations and womens' compliance following osteoporosis testing.
Women Health. 1999;29:101-115.
33. Conway SP, Pond MN, Hamnett T, et al. Compliance with treatment in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1996;51:29-33.
34. Cummings KM, Kirscht JP, Binder LR, et al. Determinants of drug treatment maintenance among hypertensive persons in inner city Detroit. Public Health
Rep. 1982;97:99-106.
35. DiMatteo MR, Sherbourne CD, Hays RD, et al. Physicians' characteristics influence patients' adherence to medical treatment: results from the Medical
Outcomes Study. Health Psychol. 1993;12:93-102.
36. Evangelista LS, Berg J, Dracup K. Relationship between psychosocial variables and compliance in patients with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2001;30:294-301.
37. Fink AK, Gurwitz J, Rakowski W, et al. Patient beliefs and tamoxifen discontinuance in older women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin
Oncol. 2004;22:3309-3315.
38. Frank JC, Hirsch SH, Chernoff J et al. Determinants of patient adherence to consultative comprehensive geriatric assessment recommendations. J Gerontol A
Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52:M44-51.
39. Friend R, Hatchett L, Schneider MS, et al. A comparison of attributions, health beliefs, and negative emotions as predictors of fluid adherence in renal
dialysis patients: a prospective analysis. Ann Behav Med. 1997;19:344-347.
40. Gillum RF, Neutra RR, Stason WB, et al. Determinants of dropout rate among hypertensive patients in an urban clinic. J Community Health. 1979;5:94-100.
41. Gordillo V, del Amo J, Soriano V, et al. Sociodemographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:17631769.
42. Grady KL, Jalowiec A. Predictors of compliance with diet 6 months after heart transplantation. Heart Lung. 1995;24:359-368.
43. Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, et al. Polypharmacy and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1408-1412.
44. Greene JY, Weinberger M, Jerin MJ, et al. Compliance with medication regimens among chronically ill, inner city patients. J Community Health.
1982;7:183-193.
45. Gudas LJ, Koocher GP, Wypij D. Perceptions of medical compliance in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1991;12:236242.
46. Hand CH, Bradley C. Health beliefs of adults with asthma: toward an understanding of the difference between symptomatic and preventive use of inhaler
treatment. J Asthma. 1996;33:331-338.
47. Harris R, Linn MW. Health beliefs, compliance, and control of diabetes mellitus. South Med J. 1985;78:162-166.
48. Hershey JC, Morton BG, Davis JB, et al. Patient compliance with antihypertensive medication. Am J Public Health. 1980;70:1081-1089.
49. Horne R, Weinman J. Patients’ beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. J Psychosom Res.
1999;47:555-567.
50. Hulka BS, Cassel JC, Kupper LL, et al. Communication, compliance, and concordance between physicians and patients with prescribed medications. Am J
Public Health. 1976;66:847-853.
51. Irwin CE, Jr., Millstein SG, Ellen JM. Appointment-keeping behavior in adolescents: factors associated with follow-up appointment-keeping. Pediatrics.
1993;92:20-23.
52. Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Wolfsdorf JI, et al. Psychologic predictors of compliance in children with recent onset of diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 1987;110:
805-811.
53. Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med.
1999;14:267-73.
54. Kavanagh DJ, Gooley S, Wilson PH. Prediction of adherence and control in diabetes. J Behav Med. 1993;16:509-522.
55. Kirscht JP, Rosenstock IM. Patient adherence to antihypertensive medical regimens. J Community Health. 1977;3:115-124.
56. Kouris A, Wahlqvist ML, Worsley A. Characteristics that enhance adherence to high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diets by persons with diabetes. J Am Diet
Assoc. 1988;88:1422-1425.
57. Kremers SP, Mesters I, Pladdet IE, et al. Participation in a sigmoidoscopic colorectal cancer screening program: a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2000;9:1127-1130.
58. Kyngas H. Compliance with health regimens of adolescents with epilepsy. Seizure. 2000;9:598-604.
59. Lahdenpera TS, Wright CC, Kyngas HA. Development of a scale to assess the compliance of hypertensive patients. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40:677-684.
60. Laine C, Newschaffer CJ, Zhang D, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy by pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a pharmacy
claims-based analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:167-173.
61. Lane DS. Compliance with referrals from a cancer-screening project. J Fam Pract. 1983;17:811-817.
62. Lannon CM, Earp J. Parents' behavior and attitudes toward screening children for high serum cholesterol levels. Pediatrics. 1992;89:1159-1163.
63. Lee P, Tan LJ. Drug compliance in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aust N Z J Med. 1979;9:274-277.
64. Lynch DJ, Birk TJ, Weaver MT, et al. Adherence to exercise interventions in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. J Behav Med. 1992;15:365-377.
65. MacDonald ME, Hagberg KL, Grossman BJ. Social factors in relation to participation in follow-up care of rheumatic fever. The Journal of Pediatrics.
1963;62:503-513.
66. Manzella BA, Brooks CM, Richards JM, Jr. et al. Assessing the use of metered dose inhalers by adults with asthma. J Asthma. 1989;26:223-230.
67. Martinez J, Bell D, Camacho R,et al. Adherence to antiviral drug regimens in HIV-infected adolescent patients engaged in care in a comprehensive
adolescent and young adult clinic. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000;92:55-61.
68. Massad LS, Meyer PM. Predicting compliance with follow-up recommendations after colposcopy among indigent urban women. Obstet Gynecol.
1999;94:371-376.
69. McArdle N, Devereux G, Heidarnejad H, et al. Long-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;159:1108-1114.
70. McCarthy BD, Yood MU, Janz NK, et al. Evaluation of factors potentially associated with inadequate follow-up of mammographic abnormalities. Cancer.
1996;77:2070-2076.
71. McClellan WM, Hall WD, Brogan D, et al. Continuity of care in hypertension. An important correlate of blood pressure control among aware hypertensives.
Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:525-528.
72. McCrindle BW, O'Neill MB, Cullen-Dean G, et al. Acceptability and compliance with two forms of cholestyramine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
in children: a randomized, crossover trial. J Pediatr. 1997;130:266-273.
73. McHutchison JG, Manns M, Patel K, et al. Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic
hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1061-1069.
74. McPherson ML, Lairson DR, Smith EO, et al. Noncompliance with medical follow-up after pediatric intensive care. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e94.
75. McQuaid EL, Kopel SJ, Klein RB, et al. Medication adherence in pediatric asthma: reasoning, responsibility, and behavior. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003;28:323333.
76. Meurice JC, Dore P, Paquereau J, et al. Predictive factors of long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment in sleep apnea
syndrome. Chest. 1994;105:429-433.
77. Meyers A, Dolan TF, Jr., Mueller D. Compliance and self-medication in cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child. 1975;129:1011-1013.
78. Miller LG, Liu H, Hays RD, et al. How well do clinicians estimate patients' adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy? J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:111.
79. Moloney FJ, Almarzouqi E, O'Kelly P, et al. Sunscreen use before and after transplantation and assessment of risk factors associated with skin cancer
development in renal transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:978-982.
80. Munneke M, de Jong Z, Zwinderman AH, et al. Adherence and satisfaction of rheumatoid arthritis patients with a long-term intensive dynamic exercise
program (RAPIT program). Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:665-672.
81. Murphy DA, Belzer M, Durako SJ, et al. Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence among adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:764-770.
82. Myers RE, Ross E, Jepson C, et al. Modeling adherence to colorectal cancer screening. Prev Med. 1994;23:142-151.
83. Natchiar GN, Thulasiraj RD, Negrel AD, et al. The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study. I: A randomized clinical trial comparing complications and vision
outcomes of intracapsular cataract extraction and extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:1-13.
84. Nelson EC, Stason WB, Neutra RR, et al. Impact of patient perceptions on compliance with treatment for hypertension. Med Care. 1978;16:893-906.
85. Nino-Murcia G, McCann CC, Bliwise DL, et al. Compliance and side effects in sleep apnea patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
West J Med. 1989;150:165-169.
86. Nordstrom BL, Friedman DS, Mozaffari E, et al. Persistence and adherence with topical glaucoma therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:598-606.
87. Opstelten W, Hak E, Verheij TJ, et al. Introducing a pneumococcal vaccine to an existing influenze immunization program: vaccination rates and predictors
of noncompliance. Am J Med. 2001;111:474-479.
88. Owen SG, Friesen WT, Roberts MS, et al. Determinants of compliance in rheumatoid arthritic patients assessed in their home environment. Br J Rheumatol.
1985;24:313-320.
89. Palardy N, Greening L, Ott J, et al. Adolescents' health attitudes and adherence to treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Dev Behav Pediatr.
1998;19:31-37.
90. Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, et al. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:2130.
91. Podell RN, Kent D, Keller K. Patient psychological defenses and physician response in the long-term treatment of hypertension. J Fam Pract. 1976;3:145149.
92. Proctor TJ, Mayer TG, Theodore B, et al. Failure to complete a functional restoration program for chronic musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective 1-year
outcome study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1509-1515.
93. Put C, Van den Bergh O, Demedts M, et al. A study of the relationship among self-reported noncompliance, symptomatology, and psychological variables in
patients with asthma. J Asthma. 2000;37:503-510.
94. Rapoff MA, Belmont JM, Lindsley CB, et al. Electronically monitored adherence to medication by newly diagnosed patients with juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:905-910.
95. Rauscher H, Formanek D, Popp W, et al. Self-reported vs measured compliance with nasal CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1993;103:1675-1680.
96. Reeves-Hoche MK, Meck R, Zwillich CW. Nasal CPAP: an objective evaluation of patient compliance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:149-154.
97. Renzi C, Picardi A, Abeni D, et al. Association of dissatisfaction with care and psychiatric morbidity with poor treatment compliance. Arch Dermatol.
2002;138:337-342.
98. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Nichol-Seamons M, et al. Comprehensive health screening of well elderly adults: an analysis of a community program. J
Gerontol. 1986;41:342-352.
99. Samet JH, Libman H, Steger KA, et al. Compliance with zidovudine therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1: a crosssectional study in a municipal hospital clinic. Am J Med. 1992;92:495-502.
100. Scarfone RJ, Joffe MD, Wiley JF, 2nd, et al. Noncompliance with scheduled revisits to a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
1996;150:948-953.
101. Schneider J, Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, et al. Better physician-patient relationships are associated with higher reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy in
patients with HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:1096-1103.
102. Schneider MS, Friend R, Whitaker P, et al. Fluid noncompliance and symptomatology in end-stage renal disease: cognitive and emotional variables. Health
Psychol. 1991;10:209-215.
103. Schwartz D, Wang M, Zeitz L, et al. Medication errors made by elderly, chronically ill patients. Am J Public Health. 1962;52:2018-2029.
104. Sears CL, Charlson ME. The effectiveness of a consultation. Compliance with initial recommendations. Am J Med. 1983;74:870-876.
105. Sharkness CM, Snow DA. The patient's view of hypertension and compliance. Am J Prev Med. 1992;8:141-146.
106. Sherbourne CD, Hays RD, Ordway L, et al. Antecedents of adherence to medical recommendations: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. J Behav
Med. 1992;15:447-468.
107. Sketris I, Waite N, Grobler K, et al. Factors affecting compliance with cyclosporine in adult renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 1994;26:2538-2541.
108. Smart N, Haluska B, Jeffriess L, et al. Predictors of a sustained response to exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: a telemonitoring study.
Am Heart J. 2005;150:1240-1247.
109. Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, et al. Compliance with osteoporosis medications. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2414-2419.
110. Spire B, Duran S, Souville M, et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) in HIV-infected patients: from a predictive to a dynamic
approach. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54:1481-1496.
111. Spurrier NJ, Sawyer MG, Staugas R, et al. Association between parental perception of children’s vulnerability to illness and management of children’s
asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;29:88-93.
112. Thomas EJ, Burstin HR, O’Neil AC, et al. Patient noncompliance with medical advice after the emergency department visit. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:4955.
113. Tirrell BE, Hart LK. The relationship of health beliefs and knowledge to exercise compliance in patients after coronary bypass. Heart Lung. 1980;9:487493.
114. Turner J, Wright E, Mendella L, et al. Predictors of patient adherence to long-term home nebulizer therapy for COPD. The IPPB Study Group. Intermittent
Positive Pressure Breathing. Chest. 1995;108:394-400.
115. Van Dyke RB, Lee S, Johnson GM, et al. Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have
human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e61.
116. Visco AG, Weidner AC, Cundiff GW, et al. Observed patient compliance with a structured outpatient bladder retraining program. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1999;181:1392-1394.
Appendix B: Details of studies used in Meta-analysis
Reference
Disease
Adherence Measure/Regimen
Perceptions of Disease
Severity Threat
N.
R Effect
adult Size and
(a)
direction
or
peds
(p)
Alogna, 1980
Diabetes
Weight loss; blood glucose test/ Adherence
to diet
Perception of the severity of diabetes
50a
+.25
Apter et al., 1998
Asthma
Electronic-Chronolog measure/
Adherence to medication (inhaled steroid
metered dose )
Belief that asthma is severe and
needs treatment
50a
+.22
Ascione et al., 1985
Cardio-vascular
disease
Self-report of doses missed each month;
physician's assessment/
Adherence to medication for various
cardiovascular diseases
Belief that cardiovascular disease
needs treatment with drug therapy
181a
+.27
Becker et al., 1972
Otitis Media
Appointment record/
Adherence to medical appointments
Belief that illness is a threat to
children
116p
+.30
Becker et al., 1978
Asthma
Blood levels of thophylline; mothers' report
(n's averaged)/
Adherence to medication for asthma
Mothers belief that asthma is serious
and harmful
109p
+.17
I. Perceptions
of Disease
Severity
Threat
Cerkoney & Hart,
1980
Diabetes
Self-report; direct observation/
Adherence to insulin, urine testing, diet,
hypoglycemia management, foot care
Perceived severity of Diabetes
30a
+.42
Chambers et al.,
1999
Asthma
Self-report/
Adherence to medication (inhaled
corticosteroids)
Belief that Asthma is a serious health
problem
394a
+.08
Cummings et al.,
1982
Hypertension
Self-report/
Adherence to medication for hypertension
Belief that Hypertension is serious
206a
+.13
DiMatteo et al.,
1993
Cancer control
regimens
Self-report; serum cotinine/
Adherence to diet, appointments, smoking
cessation
Belief disease needs treatment
115a
+.54
Frank et al., 1997
Various
Diagnoses
Self-report/
Adherence to recommendations for
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment;
beginning self -care recommendations.
Belief that medical problem targeted
by Comprehensive Geriatric
Assessment is serious
139a
+.27
Friend et al., 1997
End Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD)
Weight measurement (interdialytic weight
gain)/
Adherence to fluid restriction diet
Belief that excess fluid is hazardous
for health
39a
+.53
Grant et al., 2003
Diabetes
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Belief that diabetes needs treatment
to prevent future health
problems/consequences
128a
+.27
Harris & Linn, 1985
Diabetes
Self-report; nurse evaluation/
Adherence to diabetes care
Diabetes health belief scale:
Perceived severity of diabetes
93a
+.28
Hershey et al., 1980
Hypertension
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Perceived severity of Hypertension
126a
+.03
Horne & Weinman,
1999
Asthma, Renal
disease, Cardiac
disease, Cancer
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Belief that illness is serious enough
to need treatment.
324a
+.21
Irwin et al., 1993
Various
diagnoses
Medical record/
Adherence to follow up appointment in
general adolescent clinic
Belief in potentially negative
consequences of noncompliance
75p
+.30
Kirscht &
Rosenstock, 1977
Hypertension
Self-report; Pharmacy records/ Adherence
to medication and diet (n's averaged)
Belief in negative impact of
hypertension or sequelae on patient's
life.
86a
+.18
Kouris et al., 1988
Diabetes
Self-report/
Adherence to diet
Perceived severity/threat of diabetes
40a
+.26
Kremers et al., 2000
Colorectal
cancerendoscopic
screening
Appointment records/
Adherence to appointment for screening
Belief in severity of colorectal cancer
in comparison with other diseases.
131a
+.13
Lynch et al., 1992
Hypercholesterolemia
Medical record/
Adherence to exercise
Perceived seriousness of
hypercholesterolemia
31a
+.50
McCrindle et al.,
1997
Familial
Hypercholesterolemia
Pill Count/
Adherence to Medication
Belief in seriousness of hypercholesterolemia
38p
+.00
Myers et al., 1994
Prevention of
Colorectal
Cancer
Medical record/
Adherence to FOBT test for colorectal
cancer (completed and returned)
Belief in the severity of colorectal
cancer
501a
+.08
Opstelten et al.,
2001.
Vaccination for
Influenza and
Pneumococal
pneumonia
Medical record/
Adherence to vaccination recommended by
physician
Belief that influenza is dangerous
972a
+.10
Palardy et al., 1998
Diabetes
Self-report; family member report/
Adherence to diabetes self-care
Adolescent belief in the severity of
not adhering to diabetes care
101p
+.21
Samet et al., 1992
HIV
Serum and urine levels/
Adherence to medication (zidovudine)
Belief that HIV threatens life if not
treated
83a
+.26
Sharkness et al.,
1992
Hypertension
Prescription records/
Adherence to medication
Belief that hypertension is serious
enough to always need treatment
125a
+.20
Tirrell & Hart, 1980
Post bypass
surgery
Self-report/
Adherence to exercise (walking with pulse
monitoring)
Health belief Model measure- rated
severity of disease
30a
+.19
Disease
Adherence Measure/Regimen
Rating Measure of
Illness Severity (poor
health status)
N,
adult
(a) or
peds
(p)
R Effect
Size and
directio
n
Various
diagnosis general
medical clinic
Rheumatoid
arthritis
Medical record/
Adherence to appointment
130a
+.20
54a
+.08
Manzella et al.,
1989
Asthma
238a
+.09
Renzi et al., 2002
Dermatologic
problems
Health professional report/
Correct use of medication, metered dose
inhaler
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Physician rating of patient having an
unresolved medical problem needing
medication
Clinical severity rating by examining
physician based on disease
progression, functional status,
prognosis for symptomatic and
functional improvement
Severity of patient’s asthma rated by
MD
Dermatologist rated severity of skin
lesion
305a
+.08
Reference
II. Physician
Rated
Severity
(poor health
status)
Bigby et al., 1984
Carpenter & Davis,
1976
Self-report; report of home health visitor,
social worker/
Adherence to exercise
Sears & Charlson,
1983
Various
Diagnoses
Medical record/
Adherence to general medical consultation
service recommendations
MD (not own physician) rating of
severity of the medical condition to
be followed up
202a
+.26
Carney et al., 1998
Angina
Electronic Pill Monitor/
Adherence to medication (low dose aspirin)
62a
-.24
Carpenter & Davis,
1976
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Self-report; report of home health visitor,
social worker/
Adherence to exercise
52a
+.14
Catz et al., 2001
HIV
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
84a
-.25
Cockburn et al.,
1987
Various
Infections –on
treatment with
antibiotic
Hypertension
Pill count/
Adherence to medication
Patient report of having angina
symptoms, versus silent ischemia
with no symptoms
Patient assessment of severity of own
arthritis based on self evaluation of
physical condition, and social and
physical limitations due to illness
Self reported health, symptoms,
fatigue and nausea- on Functional
Assessment of HIV Infection Scale
Health state index-self report
perception of health
195a
+.16
Self-rating of own health status
206a
+.12
Self-rated seriousness of Illness from
medical history questionnaire and
self-rated health distress from general
health perceptions
Self-rated physical functioning and
health status---SF-36
Self -rated functional status, degree
of difficulty in intermediate activities
of daily living
186a
-.12
82a
-.39
139a
-.21
III. Selfrated illness
severity (poor
health status)
Cummings et al.,
1982
DiMatteo et al.,
1993
Evangelista et al.,
2001
Frank et al., 1997
Hypertension,
diabetes, heart
disease
Heart Failure
Various
Diagnoses
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence (general and specific) to exercise
and diet
Self-report; family member report/
Adherence to medication, diet, exercise
Self-report/
Adherence to recommendations for
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment;
beginning self -care recommendations.
Self-report/
Adherence to diet (low fat)
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Grady & Jalowiec,
1995
Greene at al., 1982
Heart transplant
Hand & Bradley,
1996
Asthma
Medical Record/
Adherence to medication (use of asthma
inhaler)
Hershey et al.,
1985
Jacobson et al.,
1987
Kyngäs, 2000
Hypertension
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Physician report/
Adherence to diabetes management
Self-report/
Adherence to medication, appointments,
and management
McArdle et al.,
1999
Sleep apnea/
hypopnea
syndrome
Breast Cancer
Electronic record/
Adherence to use of CPAP device (hours
per night)
Medical record/
Adherence to follow-up appointment for
abnormal mammogram
McClellan et al.,
1988
Hypertension
Nelson et al., 1978
Opstelten et al.,
2001.
McCarthy et al.,
1996
Self-rating of present health on
health perception-rating form
Self-report of perceived severity of
own illness, rating of own health
status
Self rated-subjective severity of own
asthma
94a
-.02
190a
-.17
40a
+.25
Self rated personal vulnerability to
illness
Child’s self reported symptoms
128a
-.10
50p
-.20
Adolescent rates own disease as
threatening his/her social and
emotional well being, fears
complications and seizures of own
epilepsy
Self-rated sleepiness on Epworth
Sleepiness scale
232p
-.23
1,103a
+.05
Self-report of own general health
status
399a
-.08
Self-report/
Adherence to appointments
Self-report of health status compared
with others of the same age
907a
+.08
Hypertension
Self-report/
Adherence to medication and appointments
Self-rated perceived severity of own
hypertension
112a
+ .24
Vaccination for
Influenza and
Pneumococal
Medical record/
Adherence to vaccination advised by
physician
Self- rated health status
151a
-.09
Various chonic
illnesses
Diabetes
Epilepsy
pneumonia
Renzi et al., 2002 b
Rubenstein et al.,
1986
Schneider et al.,
2004
Sharkness et al.,
1992
Sherbourne et al.,
1992
Dermatologicpro
blems
Positive result on
compre-hensive
health screening
for elderly
HIV
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to referral appointment
Self-rated symptoms/quality of life
because of physical symptoms
Self-rated seriousness of own
medical problem identified as
needing follow-up
403a
-.16
113a
+.33
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
552a
-.12
Hypertension
Pharmacy record/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-rated physical health status of
HIV including costs, services, and
utilization
Self reported symptoms of
hypertension
Self rated physical role functioning
125a
+.13
1198a
-.19
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self rated health status; perception of
own health
Self rated health status at baseline
353a
.00
445a
-.05
Parent-rated severity of child's
disease, and celiac disease seen as
source of difficulty in child’s future
Mother’s rating of severity of child's
present illness
43p
+.29
116 p
+.38
Perceived seriousness of child’s
asthma condition
109 p
+.24
Sketris et al., 1994
Hypertension,
diabetes, heart
disease
Renal transplant
Spire et al., 2002
HIV
IV. Parent
Rated Illness
Severity
(poor health
status)
Anson et al., 1990
Celiac disease
Physician report based on tests/
Adherence to diet
Becker et al., 1972
Otitis Media
Becker et al., 1978
Asthma
Urine assay; appt. records/
Medication (antibiotic) and follow-up
appointment
Blood test; mother's report/
Adherence to medication for asthma (n's
Charney et al.,
1967
Pharyngitis and
otitis media
Christiaanse et al.,
1989
Gudas et al., 1991
Asthma
Jacobson et al.,
1987
Lannon & Earp,
1992
Diabetes
Elevated
Cholesterol first
screening
averaged)
Urine assay/
Adherence to medication (full course of
antibiotic)
Blood test/
Adherence to medication
Self-report; other report, physician report/
Adherence to medication (antibiotics),
vitamins, enzymes, diet, chest therapy
Physician-rating/
Adherence to diabetes management
Medical record/
Adherence to follow-up appointment for
confirmatory lipid panel
Scarfone et al.,
1996
Various
Diagnoses
Medical record/
Adherence to appointment
Schneider et al.,
1991
End Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD)
Spurrier et al.,
2000
Asthma
Reference
IV. Objective
Measure of
Disease
Severity
Cystic fibrosis
Disease
Mother's estimate of severity of
child’s disease
459p
+.10
Parent-rated seriousness of child’s
asthma
Parent-rated severity of child’s
illness
38p
.00
100p
-.15
Parent rating of child‘s symptoms
50p
-.44
Parent rating of child’s health status,
poor resistance to illness, past history
of serious illness, likelihood of high
cholesterol
Parent-rated seriousness of child’s
illness
134p
+.17
174p
+.26
Weight measurement (interdialytic weight
gain)/
Adherence to fluid restriction, diet
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Parent-rated somatic symptoms
distress and discomfort.
50p
-.18
Parent-rated vulnerability of child to
medical illness
101 p
+.20
Adherence Measure/Regimen
Objective Measure of
Disease Severity
N.
adult
(a) or
peds
(p)
R
Effect
Size
and
directio
n
Apter et al., 1998
Asthma
Chronolog electronic monitor/
Adherence to medication (inhaled steroids)
50a
+.33
85a
-.10
Self-rating; Physician assessment/
Adherence to medication
Severity of asthma: hospitalizations,
ICU visits, fluctuations in the
disease, FEV 1
Baseline symptoms, hospitalization,
intubation, emergency room visits,
disease activity, and functional
ability
Total number of cardiovascular
disease conditions suffered
Apter et al., 2003
Asthma
Chronolog electronic monitor/
Adherence to medication (inhaled steroids)
Ascione et al., 1985
Cariovascular
disease
181a
-.18
Avorn et al., 1998
Hypertension,
Coronary Artery
Disease,
Diabetes
Pharmacy records/
Adherence to medication
Markers for coronary artery disease:
co-morbid hypertension, diabetes
7,287a
+.03
Baines et al., 1990
Breast Cancer
Screening
Self report/
Breast cancer screening
64,619a
+.02
Balkrishnan et al.,
2002
Asthma
Pharmacy records/
Medication (inhaled steroids)
129a
-.14
Barr et al., 2002
Asthma
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
5107a
-.02
Bauman et al., 2002
Asthma
1,199p
-.09
Borowitz et al., 1994
Cystic fibrosis
-.43
Cardio-vascular,
diabetes, stroke,
rheumatoid
arthritis
Severity of disease measured by
FVC.
Severity of present illness:
Cardiovascular- NY Heart
association classification; stroke
severity determined by monoparesis
or monoplegia; rheumatoid arthritis
severity determined by criteria of
80p
Brand et al., 1977
Self-report (parents)/
Adherence to medication and prevention of
allergen exposure
Self-report/
Adherence to vitamins
Self-report/
Adherence to medication and health
behavior change
Family history of breast cancer;
number of first degree relatives
with breast cancer
Severity of Co-Morbidity:
Modification of Charlson severityof-comorbidity index based on ICD9 codes
Severity of Asthma according to
NAEPP guidelines, and presence of
co-morbid conditions
Severity of morbidity from asthma
score
225a
-.21
Brownbridge &
Fielding, 1989
End Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD)
Self-report/
Adherence to diet, fluid restriction,
peritoneal dialysis
Buchwald et al.,
2000
Medical record/
Adherence to immunizations
Cardin et al., 2001
Influenza and
Pneumococcal
Vaccination-elders
Cervical cancer
Carney et al., 2002
Breast Cancer
Castellano et al.,
2001
Sample has
Coronary Heart
Disease -screening for
gynecologic
cancer
HIV
Catz et al., 2000
Chambers et al.,
1999
Asthma
Cheng et al., 2002
Asthma
Ciechanowski et al.,
2000
Diabetes
Arthritis and Rheumatism
foundation; cancer severity based
on type; diabetes severity
determined by insulin dose.
Co-morbid conditions, in addition to
ESRD.
32p
-.46
Co-morbid conditions: Existing
health problems, chart review for
cardiovascular disease, pulmonary
disease, diabetes mellitus.
Severity of abnormality of cervical
cytology; measure of atypical nature
of cervical cells.
Severity of risk: family history of
breast cancer first degree relatives
Presence of a serious gynecologic
abnormality
550a
+.10
1,216a
+.15
323a
+.07
116a
-.09
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication (inhaled
corticosteroids)
Viral load
72a
-.27
Hospitalization for asthma in the
past 12 months
394a
+.08
Self-report (parent)/
Adherence to medication (metered dose
inhaler)
Self-report/
Adherence to diet, exercise, diabetes selfcare
Asthma severity according to
National Asthma Campaign
guidelines (Sydney)
Diabetes severity and medical
comorbidity
73p
+.16
359a
-.12
Medical record/
Adherence to appointment for further
screening, treatment
Medical record/
Adherence to mammogram
Self-report/
Adherence to yearly gynecology
examination and mammogram
Cole et al., 1999
Osteoporosis
Conway et al., 1996
Cystic fibrosis
Cummings et al.,
1982
Fink et al., 2004
Hypertension
Gillum et al., 1979
Hypertension
Gordillo et al., 1999
AIDS
Grady & Jalowiec,
1995
Heart transplant
Hand & Bradley,
1996
Asthma
Medical Record/
Adherence to medication (inhaler)
Hulka et al, 1976
Diabetes and
Congestive Heart
Failure
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Kalichman et al.,
1999
AIDS
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
(triple retroviral therapy)
Kavanagh et al.,
1993
Kyngäs, 2000
Diabetes
Lahdenperä et al.,
Hypertension
Self-report/
Adherence to diet, exercise, glucose testing
Self-report/
Adherence to medication, appointments,
health behavior
Self-report/
Breast cancer
Epilepsy
Self-report/
Adherence to medication, vitamin-mineral
supplements
Self-report; health professional assessment/
Adherence to medication
Severity of Bone Marrow Density
measurements-risk of fracture
308a
+.04
Severity of disease rated according
to medical record parameters
80a
.00
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication (tamoxifen)
Co-morbid heart conditions
205a
+.12
Severity of cancer stage -positive
lymph nodes
516a
-.07
Medical records/ Adherence to
appointments
Self-report, pill count/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to low fat diet
Number of co-morbid chronic
diagnoses
CD4 cell count (200 and over,
versus under 200)
Severity, number of symptoms
(gastrointestinal, neuromuscular,
dermatologic).
Severity of asthma based on
medication and severity-related
asthma incidents
Duration of disease, number of
concurrent medications, and
classification of functional
impairment
CD4 cell count/Viral load
Higher cd4 cell counts, more
healthy =better adherence, and
undetectable viral load more
adherent
Number of diabetes complications at
pre-test
Frequency of seizures (daily,
weekly, less)
249a
+.20
346a
-.22
94a
-.27
40a
.37
357a
.00
184a
-.12
63a
+.08
232p
-.23
Blood pressure- systolic, diastolic
96a
+.10
2003
Laine et al., 2000
AIDS
Lane, 1983
Abnormal Pap
and
Mammogram
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Rheumatic fever
Lee & Tan, 1979
Macdonald et al.,
1963.
Martinez et al., 2000
HIV
Massad & Meyer,
1999
Cervical Cancer
McArdle et al., 1999
Sleep apnea/
hypopnea
syndrome
Hypertension
McClellan et al.,
1988
McHutchison et al.,
2002
McPherson et al.,
2002
Hepatitis C
McQuaid et al, 2003
Pediatric
Intensive Care,
various
conditions
Asthma
Meurice et al., 1994
Sleep Apnea
Meyers et al, 1975
Cystic Fibrosis
Adherence to medication, exercise,
appointments
Pharmacy prescription records/
Adherence to medication (antiretroviral)
Medical Record/
Adherence to follow-up appointment for
abnormal Pap, mammogram
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Physician, staff assessment/
Adherence to medication and appointments
Medical record; physician assessment/
Adherence to medication, appointments.
Medical record/
Adherence to appointment for follow-up
after colposcopy
Electronic record/
Adherence to use of CPAP device (hours
per night)
Self-report/
Adherence to appointments
Co-morbid chronic medical diseases
549a
-.08
Presence of malignancy or premalignancy
612a
+.12
Active joint count and pain severity
108a
+.19
Comorbid heart disease and
rheumatic fever history
CD4 cell count and Viral load
123p
+.06
23ap
-.10
Cytology, colposcopic biopsy
results
448a
+.11
Apnea-hypopnea index
1,103a
+.08
907a
-.03
Pharmacy records; patient diary self-report/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to appointments (follow-up after
hospitalization)
History of comorbid conditions
(diabetes, heart disease, stroke,
cancer, arthritis, mobility
limitations); diastolic blood pressure
Degree of advancement of liver
fibrosis
Peak Risk-of-Mortality Score,
length of PICU stay, length of
hospital stay.
1,180a
-.05
105p
-.22
Electronic medication monitor; Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Asthma morbidity and functional
impairment in asthma
106a
.00
Electronic record/
Adherence to use of CPAP device (hours
per night)
Urine assay/
Initial Apnea-Hypopnea Index score
41a
+.37
Shwachman Score of severity of
61a
-.17
Miller et al., 2002
HIV
Moloney et al., 2005
Skin Cancer
Prevention -in
renal transplant
patients pretransplant
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Munneke et al.,
2003
Adherence to medication (antibiotic)
Self-report; Pill count; Electronic
medication monitor/
Adherence to medication (antiretroviral)
Cystic Fibrosis
Boston Opportunistic Disease
Survival score, CD4 cell count; viral
load
Self-report/
Adherence to sunscreen use
464a
+.06
Previous skin cancer diagnosis
270a
-.11
Chart record/
Adherence to exercise sessions for strength,
endurance
Self-report/
Adherence to regimen described in medical
record
Medical record/
Adherence to appointment (follow-up)
Self Report/
Adherence to medication and appointments
Self-report/
Adherence to continued use of CPAP
Health claims data/
Adherence to continuous medical treatment
Medical record/
Adherence to vaccination recommended by
physician
Radiographic evidence of severity
of joint damage at study baseline
146a
-.11
CD4 cell count; Viral load
231p
-.11
Visual acuity (in non-surgical eye)
2874 a
-.06
Presence of chronic co-morbid
conditions requiring medication
Respiratory disturbance index and
time with low oxygen saturation
Diagnosed (confirmed) versus
suspected, unconfirmed glaucoma
Presence of additional comorbid
conditions
142a
+.28
139a
+.21
5300a
+.02
972a
.05
RA symptoms: duration of morning
stiffness; erythrocyte sedimentation
rate measure of inflammation
Severity of present illness: number
of hospitalizations, emergency room
visits for diabetes related
158a
+.19
101p
-.22
Murphy et al., 2005
HIV infected
adolescents
Natchiar et al., 1998
Cataracts
Nelson et al., 1978
Hypertension
Nino-Murcia et al.,
1989
Nordstrom et al.,
2005
Opstelten et al.,
2001
Sleep Apnea
Owen et al., 1985
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Palardy et al., 1998
Diabetes
Self-report, parent-report/ Adherence to
diabetes care activities
Glaucoma
Vaccination for
Influenza and
Pneumococal
pneumonia
Paterson et al., 2000
AIDS
Podell et al., 1976
Hypertension
Proctor et al., 2005
Musculo-skeletal
disorders
Put et al., 2000
Asthma
Rapoff et al., 2005
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Rauscher et al., 1993
complications in past year
CD4 cell count and Viral load at
baseline.
Blood pressure -initial
81a
+.01
23a
+.08
Pain intensity: Millon Scale
1440a
-.08
Asthma Quality of Life
Questionnaire: asthma symptoms
85 a
.24
Electronic Measurement/
Adherence to Medication
Active joints and morning stiffness
48p
.31
Sleep Apnea
Electronic record/
Adherence to CPAP use
52a
+.24
Reeves-Hoche et al.,
1994
Sleep apnea
44a
+.14
Schwartz et al., 1962
Various chronic
illnesses of the
elderly
Hypertension
Electronic record/
Adherence to CPAP device (hours/night;
effective mask pressure)
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Initial severity of sleep apnea:
Apnea-Hypopnea index, and
Oxygen saturation
Apnea-Hypopnea index
Number of co-morbid diagnoses
78a
-.15
Number of co-morbid diagnoses;
additional medications taken:
diabetes, heart failure, angina, TIA,
CVA, renal insufficiency.
Number of prior rejection episodes.
125a
-.09
353a
-.12
Ejection Fraction; Bodily Pain
30 a
-.15
History of osteoporosis fracture;
number of co-morbid conditions
40,002a
+.02
CD4 cell count and Viral load
445a
+.01
Sharkness & Snow,
1992
Sketris et al., 1994
Renal transplant
Smart et al., 2005
Heart failure
Solomon et al., 2005
Osteoporosis
Spire et al., 2002
HIV
Electronic medication monitor/
Adherence to medication
Prescription records/
Adherence to medication
Medical record/
Adherence to functional restoration
treatment program (successful completion)
Self-report/
Adherence to medication
Pharmacy records/
Adherence to medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication (cyclosporin)
Self-report diary; electronic monitor/
Adherence to exercise at appropriate heart
rate
Pharmacy claims data/
Adherence to medication (filled
prescriptions for osteoporosis medication
Self-report (general and specific)/
Spurrier et al., 2000
Asthma
Thomas et al., 1996
Various
Emergency
Department
visits
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
HIV
Turner et al., 1995
Van Dyke et al.,
2002
Visco et al., 1999
Urinary
Incontinence
Adherence to medication
Self (parent)-report/
Adherence to regular use of prevention
medication
Self-report/
Adherence to medication and appointments
Electronic record/
Adherence to Intermittent Positive Pressure
Breathing (minutes per day of nebulizer
use)
Health professional assessment; blood
assay/
Adherence to medication (antiretroviral)
Self-report (diary)/
Adherence to bladder retraining
Severity of asthma symptoms
101 p
+.17
Urgency score when admitted to the
Emergency Room
2315a
+.03
Shortness of breath; FEV 1
983a
+.14
Viral load -initial
125p
-.19
Number of weekly incontinent
episodes
123a
-.16
Stem and Leaf Displays of Effect Sizes:
I. Perceptions of Disease Severity Threat:
R Effect Sizes showing Association between Beliefs in Disease Severity Threat
and Patient Adherence
.5 .4 .3 .2 .1 .0 -
59
4
11
01125667778
033789
00388
II. Physician Rated Disease Severity (poor health status):
R Effect Sizes showing Association between Physician Rated Severity (poor health status) and Patient Adherence
.2 - 06
.1 .0 - 889
III. Self-rated Disease Severity (poor health status):
R Effect Sizes showing Association between Self Rated Severity (poor health status) and Patient Adherence
.3 - 4
.2 - 45
.1 .0 -.0 -.1 -.2 -.3 -.4 -
2346
0258
589
022679
01345
1
IV. Parent Rated Disease Severity (poor health status):
R Effect Sizes showing Association between Parent Rated Severity (poor health status) and Patient Adherence:
.0 - 01122224
-.0 - 114
V. Objective Measure of Disease Severity (poor health status):
R Effect Sizes showing Association between Objective Disease Severity (poor health status) and Patient Adherence:
.3 .2 .1 .0 -.0 -.1 -.2 -.3 -
2488
01448
001224456799
0001112233456678888
2356788999
001112224556789
1222377
-.4 - 6
-.5 - 0
---------------------------------------------------