Download Chapter 1, Section 1: What is a Mineral? Pages 4 to 7

Chapter 1, Section 1:
What is a Mineral?
Pages 4 to 7
1. What is a mineral? ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What four questions are asked to in order to determine if a substance is considered to be a mineral?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
3. ______ The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element
a. crystal
4. ______ A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means
b. atom
5. ______ A substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded
c. element
6. ______ A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
d. compound
7. ______ A mineral that is composed of only one element
e. native element
TWO GROUPS OF MINERALS
8. Minerals are divided into two groups based on their chemical composition. What are the two groups?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called ______________________.
10. Thinking Time! Based on what you have read about silicon minerals; Why do you think so many minerals contain
oxygen and silicon? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Which silicate minerals are the main component of most of Earth’s rocks? _______________________________
12. Which silicate minerals separate easily into sheets when they break? ___________________________________
13. What silicate mineral is the basic building block of many rocks? ________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
14. ______ minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen
a. native elements
15. ______ copper, gold, and silver
b. carbonates
16. ______ minerals that contain one or more elements like lead or iron combined with sulfur
c. halides
17. ______ minerals that contain carbon and oxygen
d. oxides
18. ______ minerals that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combine with oxygen
e. sulfates
19. ______ minerals that are compounds containing fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine
f.
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sulfides
Chapter 1, Section 2:
Identifying Minerals
Pages 8 to 11
COLOR
1. What factors can change the color of a mineral? ____________________________________________________
LUSTER
2. Define luster: ________________________________________________________________________________
3. List and define the three main types of mineral luster.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
STREAK
4. Define streak: _______________________________________________________________________________
5. Why is using a mineral’s streak more reliable than using color to identify a mineral?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
6. Define cleavage: _____________________________________________________________________________
7. List the two the minerals, from figure 3, that have cleavage. Describe the difference in cleavage pattern.
a.
b.
8. Define fracture: ______________________________________________________________________________
HARDNESS
9. Define hardness: ____________________________________________________________________________
10. How do scientists use the Mohs scale to determine hardness? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL!
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
DENSITY
11. Define density: _______________________________________________________________________________
12. What substance is the usual reference point for the density of other substances? _________________________
13. The ratio of an object’s density to the density of water is called the object’s ______________________________
SPECIAL PROPERTIES
14. Calcite and fluorite special property that causes them to glow under ultraviolet light is called _______________.
15. How does calcite react when put into contact with a weak acid? _______________________________________
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Chapter 2, Section 1:
The Rock Cycle
Pages 28 to 35
1. Define rock. _________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the continual process by which new rocks forms from old rock called? ____________________________
3. How have human used rocks throughout history? ___________________________________________________
PROCESSSES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH
4. Define weathering. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. One reason that weathering is so important is because it breaks rock down into fragments or,
______________________________, from which sedimentary rocks are made.
6. Define erosion. _______________________________________________________________________________
7. Define deposition. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. Sedimentary rock can be made when sediment is presses and cemented together by ______________________
dissolved in water.
9. How can buried sediment turn into sedimentary rock? _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What two different scenarios can occur if the temperature and pressure surrounding sediment are high enough?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Define uplift. ________________________________________________________________________________
ILLUSTRATING THE ROCK CYCLE
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
12. Magma in the Earth’s crust that has risen to the surface and cools and solidifies
a. magma
13. Rock that is forced downward and is exposed to heat and pressure
b. sediment
14. Rocks that are partially or completely melted
c. igneous rock
15. Igneous rock at the Earth’s surface that is weathered and wears away
d. sedimentary rock
16. Sediment that washes down into rivers and oceans and is pressed and cemented together e. metamorphic rock
ROUND AND ROUND IT GOES
17. Use the space below to recreate figure 3 on page 32.
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18. What forces affect rock deep beneath the earth’s surface? ___________________ and _____________________
19. A rock at the earth’s surface is primarily affected by forces of __________________ and ___________________
ROCK CLASSIFICATION
20. Beyond the three basic types of rock, rocks can be based into subcategories based on what two other
characteristics. _____________________________ and _______________________________.
21. What determines the composition of a rock? ______________________________________________________.
22. A rock that consists mostly of the mineral quartz will have a composition very similar to ___________________.
23. What characteristics is a rock’s texture based on?
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
24. What factors can affect the texture of a sedimentary rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
25. What factors can affect the texture of an igneous rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
26. What factors can affect the texture of a metamorphic rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Chapter 2, Section 2:
Igneous Rock
Pages 36 to 39
1. How does igneous rock form? __________________________________________________________________.
2. What is the Latin meaning for igneous? _______________________________
3. What two factors affect the type of igneous rock that can be formed?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
ORGINS OF IGNEOUS ROCK
4. The material that igneous rock is made of is called ________________________________________.
5. What are the three ways magma can form?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Name and describe the three factors affect the formation of magma. Figure 1
a. _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________________________
7. How does the composition of the magma affect the temperature at which it solidifies? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE OF IGNEOUS ROCK
8. Explain how density and color relate to one another. ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is a light colored rock called? ______________________________________
10. What minerals are the light colored rocks composed of? ___________________________________________
11. What is a dark colored rock called? ______________________________________
12. What minerals are the dark colored rocks composed of? ___________________________________________
13. The longer it takes for a rock to cool and solidify, the more time ______________________ have to grow, giving
the rock a(n) __________________________ grain.
14. The more quickly an igneous rock cools and solidifies the _____________________________ the grain.
15. Where will igneous rock that has cooled most quickly be found? ______________________________________
IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATIONS
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
16. _____ rock that forms below the earth’s surface
a. pluton
17. _____ a large, irregular-shaped intrusive body
b. dikes
18. _____ the largest intrusive bodies
c. batholiths
19. _____ sheet like intrusions that lie parallel to previous rock units
d. intrusive igneous rock
20. _____ sheet like intrusions that cut across previous rock units
e. sills
21. Magma ______________________________, or pushes, into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface to
create such formations as batholiths and sills.
22. Intrusive igneous rock usually has a(n) ______________________________ texture.
23. Igneous rock that forms from lava, or magma that erupts onto the Earth’s surface, is called _________________
24. Lava can either erupt or flow from long cracks in the Earth’s crust called ________________________
25. When lava flows from fissures on the ocean floor at places where tension is causing the ocean floor to be pulled
apart, new ______________________________ is formed.
26. When a large amount of lava forms out of fissures onto land, the lava can cover a large area and form a plain
called a(n) ______________________________________.
Chapter 2, Section 3:
Sedimentary Rock
Pages 40 to 43
1. Explain how the rock sandstone is created.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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ORGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
2. Define sediment AND explain how it is formed. ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. When sediment is deposited in layers and compacted, ______________________________________ is formed.
4. Dissolved minerals spate from water and become a natural _____________________ that binds sedimentary
rock together.
5. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth’s _________________________.
6. Define strata_________________________________________________________________________________
COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
7. Rock or mineral fragments are called _________________________________
8. Sedimentary rock that forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented together is called
_______________________ sedimentary rock.
9. Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize out of solution, such as sea water, to become rock is
called _______________________ sedimentary rock.
10. Sedimentary rock that forms from the remains, or fossils, of plant and animals is called
_______________________________ sedimentary rock.
11. Some limestone is made from the skeletons of tiny _________________________________.
12. Limestone made from the calcium carbonate from skeletons and shells of sea creatures is called
__________________________ limestone.
13. Explain how coal is formed. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRUCTURES
14. What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? _________________________________
Chapter 2, Section 4:
Metamorphic Rock
Pages 44 to 49
1. What is the Greek meaning of “metamorphism”? _____________________________________________
2. What characterizes a metamorphic rock? Meaning what is true of all metamorphic rocks?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What forces are involved in creating metamorphic rocks? ____________________________________________
ORGINS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
4. The heat and pressure at which some metamorphic rocks originally form allow them to sometimes remain
_____________________________ at pressures and temperatures that would melt other rock.
5. Pressure caused by large movements within the crust sometimes cause the ______________________________
in metamorphic rocks to align themselves in parallel bands.
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6. During __________________________________, rock is heated by nearby magma.
7. The effect of heat on rock decreases as the rock’s _________________________________ from the magma
increases and its ____________________________ decrease.
8. When pressure builds up in rock which is located under the rock formations, _______________________ occurs.
9. Regional metamorphism occurs deep in the Earth’s ______________________________.
COMPOSITION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
10. What happens to unstable minerals when exposed to new temperatures and pressure? ____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are index minerals and what can they be used for? _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Give an example of three index minerals. _________________________________________________________
TEXTURES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
13. What are the names of the two different types of textures for metamorphic rocks?
________________________________
_________________________________
14. What is the process called, in which a mineral changes composition during metamorphism? _________________
15. After quartz limestone has recrystallized, what new rock is formed? __________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
16. A rock in which coarse-grained minerals separate into distinct bands
a. foliated
17. A foliated metamorphic rock made from shale
b. shale
18. A metamorphic rock with minerals grains in planes or bands
c. slate
19. A metamorphic rock made from phylite that has been exposed to heat and pressure
d. phyllite
20. A sedimentary rock made of layers of clay
e. schist
21. A metamorphic rock made from slate that has been subjected to heat and pressure
f.
gneiss
METAMORPHIC ROCK STRCTURES
22. What is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it called? ____________________________
Use the space below for any additional notes!
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Chapter 4, Section 1:
Inside the Earth
Pages 96 to 103
1. How do scientists think about the physical layers of the Earth? ________________________________________
2. Define compound. ____________________________________________________________________________
THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
3. Why do less dense compounds make up the Earth’s crust while densest compounds make up the core?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. List the three layers of the Earth based on their composition. Label the letters of each layer on the circle below.
a.
b.
c.
5. What three elements make up most of the Earth’s crust? ____________________________________________
6. Which crust is denser, oceanic or continental? What three elements make one of the types of crust denser?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The mantle is composed of more of the element __________________________ than the crust.
8. Why do scientists look at the ocean floor to research the mantle?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Explain why the mantle is denser than the crust. ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What element makes up most of the Earth’s core? __________________________________________________
11. How much of the Earth’s mass is made up by the core? ______________________________________________
THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Match the correct definition with the correct term from the list below. Write the letter in the space provided
12. The outermost, rigid layer of the earth
13. A layer of slowly flowing rock in the mantle
14. The liquid layer of the core
15. The solid layer of the core
16. The strong, lower part of the mantle
17. Use the letters to label the picture!
a. asthenosphere
b. lithosphere
c. mesosphere
d. outer core
e. inner core
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TECTONIC PLATES
18. What are tectonic plates? ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Why are tectonic plates like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
20. What are the two kinds of crust that a tectonic plate may contain?
__________________________________ AND _____________________________________
21. List three ways in which tectonic plates floating on the asthenosphere are similar to ice cubes filling a punch
bowl. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
22. What do scientists use to study the earth’s interior? ________________________________________________
23. What are seismic waves? ______________________________________________________________________
24. Will a seismic wave traveling through a solid go faster or slower than a seismic wave traveling through liquid?
WHY OR WHY NOT? __________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 4, Section 2:
Restless Continents
Pages 104 to 107
WEGENER’S CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
1. In the early 1900s Alfred Wegener wrote about his hypothesis of continental drift. According to Wegener, how
many landmasses did all continents once form? ____________________________ What did Wegener
hypothesize happened to these continents? _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Does fossil evidence support Wegener’s theory? Explain. _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List three kinds of evidence found on both sides of the ocean that support Wegener’s theory. _______________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
THE BREAKUP OF PANGAEA
3. Wegener thought that all the present continents were once joined 245 million years ago in a landmass he called
___________________________________.
4. 180 million years ago Pangaea split into two huge land masses called ______________________________ AND
__________________________________.
5. When those two continents split 65 million years ago, what were formed?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
6. Why did so many scientists reject Wegener’s hypothesis? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
7. In the process of sea-floor spreading, what happens when magma rises to the Earth’s surface and solidifies?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
Process of forming new oceanic lithosphere as magma rises to the surface
a. continental drift
8. Areas where sea-floor spreading takes places
b. mid-ocean ridges
9. Process that happens when Earth’s magnetic poles change place
c. sea-floor spreading
10. Theory that explains how continents reached their current locations.
d. magnetic reversal
11. State the final proof found that shows that sea-floor spreading does occur. Explain how this final piece of
evidence is proof of sea-floor spreading. __________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 4, Section 3:
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Pages 108 to 111
1. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDRIESBefore answering questions 2 to, read all of page 108 and 109, including the picture and descriptions.
2. What is a tectonic boundary? ___________________________________________________________________
3. What are the three ways tectonic plates can move relative to each other?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
4. _____ boundary formed when tectonic plates collide
a. transform boundary
5. _____ boundary formed when tectonic plates separate
b. convergent boundary
6. _____ boundary formed when tectonic plates slide past horizontally
c. divergent boundary
7. Label the boundaries pictures below using the letters from questions 4. through 7.
http://geology.csupomona.edu
___________________
__________________
__________________
8. When two plates with continental crust collide, what happens to the continental crust?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What happens when continental crust collides with oceanic crust? What is the special name of this boundary?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What happens when two plates with oceanic crust collide?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Which type of boundary produces strike-slip faults? _________________________________________________
12. Which type of boundary produces earthquakes? ____________________________________________________
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF TECTONIC PLATE MOTION
13. When rock is heated, it becomes less dense and tends to ____________________________.
14. When rock cools, it becomes more dense and tend to ______________________________________________.
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15. Density changes in the asthenosphere are caused by the flow of ________________________________ energy
from deep within the earth.
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
16. _____ plate motion due to higher densities
a. ridge push
17. _____ plate motion due to gravity
b. convection
18. _____ plate motion due to heating and cooling of rocks
c. slab pull
19. How fast due tectonic plates move? ____________________________
20. What do scientists use to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement? ________________________________
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Chapter 5, Section 1:
Earthquakes
Pages 130 to 135
1. What is seismology? __________________________________________________________________________
2. The scientists who study earthquakes are called __________________________________.
WHERE DO EARHTQUAKES OCCUR?
3. Where do most earthquakes take place? __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Giant pieces of Earth’s thin, outermost layer are called ______________________________________________.
5. When tectonic plates move and slip past each other, they cause ________________________ in Earth’s crust.
6. Why do earthquakes occur along faults? __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES?
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. Some terms will not be
used.
a. deformation
7. _____ rock deformation that is like a stretched rubber band and leads to earthquakes
b. plastic deformation
8. _____ change in the shape of rocks in response to stress
c. elastic deformation
9. _____ sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape
d. plastic rebound
10. _____ Rock deformation, like a piece of molded clay, that does not lead to earthquakes
e. elastic rebound
11. What causes rock deformation? _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What occurs when more pressure is applied to a rock than it can withstand?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. During elastic rebound, energy is released that travels as seismic waves. What do seismic waves cause?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
FAULTS AT TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES
14. What type of zone has a large number of faults? ____________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
15. _____ occurs where two plates slip past each other
a. divergent motion
16. _____ occurs where two plates push together
b. convergent motion
17. _____ occurs where two plates pull away from each other
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c. transform motion
18. Where do most earthquakes happen? ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
HOW DO EARTHQUAKES TRAVEL?
19. What types of waves travel through the Earth’s Interior? _____________________________________________
20. What types of waves travel along the Earth’s surface? _______________________________________________
21. What are the two different types of body waves?
___________________________________
____________________________________
22. Which type of seismic wave is the fastest? ____________________________________
23. Which type wave travels through solids, liquids, and gases? ___________________________________
24. What is another name for a pressure wave? ________________________________
25. What is another name for a S wave? _______________________
26. An S wave is unable to travel through _____________________________
27. How many different types of surface waves are there? ______________________________
28. What does the speed of a seismic wave depend on? _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
29. Which are always the first waves of an earthquake to be detected? _____________________________________
30. Which type of wave always arrives second? ________________________________________
31. How are surface waves different from body waves? _________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
32. _____ wave of energy that travels through the Earth, away from an earthquake in all directions a. S wave
33. _____ seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth direction
b. seismic wave
c. P wave
34. _____ seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side-to-side direction
Use the space below to summarize the characteristics of P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves
P-waves
S-waves
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Surface waves
Chapter 5, Section 2:
Earthquake Measurement
Pages 136 to 139
LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
1. Define seismograph ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Define seismogram ___________________________________________________________________________
3. How do seismologists find an earthquakes start time?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Recreate figure 1 in the space below. Label and Define the epicenter and focus in the boxes provided.
Answer the following questions very carefully. Your first District Performance Assessment will assess your
ability to locate an earthquake using the S-P time method. Your understanding of the nature of seismic waves
(previous section Pages 13 and 14 in this packet) will also be evaluated.
Use figure 2 from page 137 to answer questions 5 through 10.
5. What does the red line in the graph represent? _________________________________________
6. What does the purple line represent? _________________________________________
7. Which location (A, B, or C) is the farthest away from the source of the earthquake? _____________
8. What is the S-P time interval for the location of the seismograph from question 7? ________________
9. Which location (A, B, or C) is the closet to the source of the earthquake? _____________
10. How far is the seismograph from question 9 from the source of the earthquake? ___ ________________
11. List the steps for finding an Earthquake’s epicenter from figure 3 on page 137
Step 1Step 2 Step3 -
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MEASURING EARTHQUAKE STRENGH AND INTENSITY
12. What is the measure of the strength of an earthquake called? _________________________
13. What does the Richter scale measure?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Each time the magnitude of an earthquake increase by one unit, the measured ground motion becomes
___________________________________________.
15. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 on the Richter scale will produce 10 times more ground motion as an
earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0. How much more ground motion would an earthquake with a magnitude
of 7.0 produce compared to an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0? YOU MUST SHOW YOUR WORK
16. What does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMIS) measure?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Which earthquake scale (Richter or MMIS) do you think is a more useful? Explain
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 6, Section 1:
Volcanic Eruptions
Pages 156 to 161
1. Volcanic Eruptions can be _____________ times stronger than the explosion produced by the first atomic bomb.
2. Define magma. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. Define lava. _________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a volcano? ____________________________________________________________________________
NONEXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
5. Explain what can happen during nonexplosive eruptions. _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The most common type of volcanic eruption is _____________________________________________________
7. Large areas of the Earth are covered with _________________________________ from nonexplosive eruptions.
8. Volcanic eruptions occur on land and on the _____________________________ floor.
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
9. What would you expect to see during a explosive volcanic eruption. ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. In a volcanic eruption, molten rocks blown into dust-sized particles called _______________________________
11. How quickly can an explosive eruption demolish a mountainside? ______________________________________
12. During an explosive eruption, where do larger pieces of debris fall? ____________________________________
WHAT IS INSIDE A VOLCANO?
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
13. _____ hot liquid material below the Earth’s surface
14. _____ an opening in the Earth’s crust
15. _____ molten material flowing on the Earth’s surface
a. vent
b. magma
c. lava
WHAT MAKES UP MAGMA?
16. Explain what (AND why) happens when the water content of magma is high. _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Explain what (AND why) happens when the silica content of magma is high. ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHAT ERUPTS FROM A VOLCANO?
18. The main product of a nonexplosive eruption is ____________________________________________________.
19. The main product of an explosive eruption is ______________________________________________________.
20. Pyroclastic material forms when ____________________________________ is blasted into the air and hardens.
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Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
21. _____ forms underwater in rounded lumps
a. aa lava
22. _____ flows slowly, like dripping wax
b. pillow lava
23. _____ has a brittle, jagged crust
c. pahoehoe lava
d. blocky lava
24. _____ cool, stiff lava that forms jumbled heaps
25. Define viscosity. ______________________________________________________________________________
26. Lava that pours out quickly and forms brittle crust is called ___________________________________________
27. Lava that flows slowly and has rounded wrinkles on its glassy surface is called ________________________ lava.
28. Define pyroclastic flow. ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
29. How fast can pryoclastic materials travel downhill? __________________________________________________
Chapter 6, Section 2:
Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Pages 162 to 165
VOLCANIC ERUTPIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Place the following events in order to show how a single volcano can cause starvation and disease worldwide. Write
the appropriate number in each space provided.
1. _____ Less sunlight reaches the Earth.
2. _____ There is a large-scale volcanic eruption.
3. _____ The Earth experiences longer, harsher winters and wetter, milder summers.
4. _____ The average global temperature drops.
5. _____ Worlwide food shortages occur because of widespread crop failures.
6. _____ Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread through the atmosphere.
DIIFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Match each volcano type listed on the right with the correct description listed on the left.
7. _____ the largest mountain on Earth
a. shield volcano
b. cinder volcano
c. composite volcano
8. _____ forms from lava; not steep
9. _____ often occurs in clusters
10. _____ forms from alternating layers of pyroclastic material and lava
11. _____ made entirely of pyroclastic materials
12. _____ sometimes called a stratovolcano
OTHER TYPES OF VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
13. A funnel-shaped pit around a volcano’s central vent is called a(n) _______________________________.
14. What forms when the roof over a magma chamber collapses? _________________________________.
15. Craters, calderas, and lava plateau are volcanic ________________________________________.
16. A caldera is _____________________________ than a crater.
17. A long crack in the Earth’s crust is called a(n) ____________________________________.
18. After repeated eruptions of lava spread over a large area, __________________________________ is formed.
19. Lava plateaus are created by ______________________________________ eruptions.
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Chapter 6, Section 3:
Causes of Volcanic Eruptions
Pages 166 to 171
THE FORMATION OF MAGMA
1. Where does magma form? _____________________________________________________________________
2. What levels of pressure and temperature allow magma to form in the upper layers of the mantle? ___________
WHERE VOLCANOES FORM
3. Where do a large number of volcanoes form? ______________________________________________________
4. Why are the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean called the “Ring of Fire”?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What types of plate boundaries have the greatest percentage (80%) of volcanoes? ________________________
WHEN TECTONIC PLATES SEPARATE
6. What structure forms as tectonic plates separate? _____________________________________
7. How do mid-ocean ridges form? _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WHEN TECTONIC PLATES COLLIDE
8. When a continental and oceanic plate collides, which plate will slide under the other? _____________________
9. Define subduction. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. Look at the picture below. What structure forms on continental crust as the oceanic and continental plates
collide? __________________________________________
http://geology.csupomona.edu
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