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Systematic Anatomy
Department of Anatomy,Histology & Embryology
Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University
Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)
Email: [email protected]
Office: Building 9,Room308，
54237151－9308
Mobile:13761809799
1
Composition of reproductive
system
t
off both
b th sexs
Internal genital organs
Gonads
Genital ducts
Accessory glands
External genital organs
Male genital organ
Female genital organ
Composition of reproductive system
Internal genital organs
 Gonads－testis
G
d
t ti
 Genital ducts:
Epididymis
Deferent ductus
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
 Accessory glands
 Prostate
P t t
 Seminal vesicle
 Bulbourethral glane
External genital organs
Scrotum and penis
Ureter
Bladder
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
Penis
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Testis
The position and shape of the testis
A pair
i off oval-shaped
l h
d organs.They
Th are suspended
d d on th
the
scrotum by the supermatic cord.Each testis have two
extremities;two surfaces and two borders
borders.The
The function of
testis is to produces sperm and secret androgens.
Two extremity
Two surfaces
T
Two
borders
b d
Sup.extremity
Inf.extremity
Lat.surface
Med.surface
Ant.border
Epidydimis
Sup.extremity
Post.
border
Post.border
Lat.surface
Ant.
border
Inf.extremity
The structures of the testis
Testis sends numerous fibrous septules into the gland,
dividing it into 100～200 testicular lobules that contain 2～
4 contorted seminiferous tubules → traight seminiferous
tubules →rete testis
Shape of the testis
Sup.
Sup
extremity
Post
Post.
border
Inf extremity
Inf.extremity
Ant.border
Testicle of a cat:
1 Extremitas capitata,
2 Extremitas caudata,
3 Margo epididymalis,
4 Margo liber,
5 Mesorchium
Mesorchium,
6 Epididymis,
tetibular
bu a a
a.&
& v.
7 tet
8 Ductus deferens
The descend of testis
Testes follow the "path of descent" from high in the posterior fetal abdomen
to the inguinal ring and beyond to the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. In
most cases ((97% full-term, 70% p
preterm),
) both testes have descended by
y
birth. In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend (cryptorchidism)
and that will probably express itself within a year.
Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism)
( yp
)
- a testis that did not descend all the
way into the scrotum
Between the seventh week and birth
birth, the testes descend into the scrotum due to shortening of the
gubernaculum. The testes pass through the inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall. After the
8th week, a peritoneal evagination, the processus vaginalis, forms just anterior to the gubernaculum.
It forms the inguinal canal by pushing out sock-like extensions of the transversalis fascia, the
internal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle,
muscle The inguinal canal extends from the base of
the inverted transversalis fascia (the deep ring) to the base of the everted external oblique muscle
(the superficial ring). After the processus vaginalis has evaginated into the scrotum, the
gubernaculum shortens and pulls the gonads through the canal. The gonads always remain within
the plane of the subserous fascia associated with the posterior wall of the processus vaginalis
vaginalis. By
the end of the pregnancy the testes have completely entered the scrotal sac. The gubernaculum is
reduced to a ligamentous band attaching the inferior pole of the testis to the scrotal floor. Within the
first year after birth the superior part of the processus vaginalis is usually obliterated leaving a distal
remnant sac,
sac the tunica vaginalis
vaginalis, which lies anterior to the testis
testis. Its lumen is normally collapsed
but sometimes it may fill with serous secretions forming a testicular hydrocele[1].
THE NORMAL MIGRATION OF THE TESTICLE: The testes develop
in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of
intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as
the inguinal canal
canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by
35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.
Undescended
U
d
d d testes
t t . Undescended
U d
d d
testes are a common problem. At birth 3.5%
of boys will have an undescended testes.
Approximately 30% will have both testes
involved. A large proportion of these testes
will have descended by 3 months after birth
with just 1% of boys still having an
undescended testes by 1 year of age.
Premature infants have a much higher
chance of having an undescended testes.
Testicular descent is a complex process
and not yet fully understood. It is known that
the p
process depends
p
on adequate
q
hormone
levels as well as mechanical and
neurological factors.
Diagram of an adult human testicle:
A.) Blood vessels;
B)H
B.)
Head
d off epididymus;
idid
C.) Efferent ductiles;
D.)) Seminiferous tubules;;
E.) Parietal lamina of tunica vaginalis;
F.) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis;
G.) Cavity of tunica vaginalis;
H.) Tunica albuginea;
I ) Lobule
I.)
L b l off testis;
t ti
J.) Tail of epididymus;
y of epididymus;
p
y
;
K.)) Body
L.) Mediastinum;
M.) Vas deferens.
Genital ducts
Epididymis
Deferencs ductus
Djaculatory ducts
urethra
Genital ducts- epididymis
p
y
Shape：oval shaped
shaped,
Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Position
Located on sup.extremity
& post.
post border of testis
Function
Th site
The
it off accumulation
l ti
& storage of sperm
Efferent ductules connect between testis and epididymis.
Genital ducts- ductus deferens
Muscular tube that transports sperm form epididymis
to ejaculatory duct,about 50cm in length. four divisions

1-Testicular part- extends from
the tail of epididymis to the
sup. extremity
i off testis
i
2 - Spermatic part- － from sup.
extremity of testis to the sup
sup.
3
inguinal ring,----- where the 3 –
performed
vasectomyy is p
3 -Inguinal part- extends from
sup. to deep inguinal rings
4 - Pelvic
P l i partt - crosses the
th
ureter to reach the base of
bladder terminal part dilates
bladder,
dilates, -ampulla ductus deferentis
3
4
2
1
Vasectomy
V
Vasectomy
t
Important concept-Spermatic cord
 Position Extends from the sup. extremity of testis to deep inguinal ring
 Contents: Ductus deferens;Testicular artery;Pampiniform plexus;
N
Nerves & llymphatic
h ti vessels;
l 3 llayers off ttunic
i enwrap th
the spermatic
ti
cord.there are internal spermatic fascia;cremaster; Ext. spermatic fascia
Ext.spermati
c fascia
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
Genitofemoral n.
penis
Pampiniform plexus
Testibular a.
Cremaster
Scrotum
wall
Skin
testis
Epididymis
Pariatal layer
Vesceral layer
Dartos coat
The covering of testis and spermatic cord
Perididymis
Genital ducts- ejaculatory duct
 Formed by union of distal
portion ductus deferens &
excretory duct of seminal
vesicle
 Passes through the upper
part of p
p
prostate and opens
p
into the prostatic part of
urethra
Ejaculatory
duct
Posterior surface of bladder
Lat.view of bladder and prostate
Accessory glands
Seminal vesicle (paired)
Prostate (five lobes)
Bulbourethral gland (paired)
Accessory glands- seminal vesicle
 Paired sacculated,coiled
glands
l d
 Secrete part of seminal
fluid
 Located on post. surface of
bladder lateral to ampulla
bladder,lateral
ductus deferens
 Ejaculatory duct is formed
by union of distal portion
ductus deferense and
excretory duct of seminal
vesicle
Seminal vesicles
Post.view of bladder
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Ductus deferens
Ampulla of ductus
deferens
Beginning of
ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Ischiopubic ramus
Deep transverse
perineal m.and fascia
Bulbourethral glands
Prostate and seminal vesicles (post.view)
Accessory glands- prostate
Position Lies in the lesser pelvic
cavity below the bladder,above the
urogenital diaphragm.
Shape Chestnut-shaped organ
Post.view
P t t
Prostate
Division - Three portions
Base of prostate
Apex of prostate
Body of peostate
Prostate
Prostatic sulcus(post
sulcus(post. surfaces)
Five lobes
Sagittal
view
Accessory glands- prostate
Contains of five lobes
Ant. lobe
Mid. lobe
Post.lobe
Left lobe
Ri ht llobe
Right
b
Ant.lobe
U th
Urethra
Right.lobe
g
L ft l b
Left.lobe
Capsule of protate
Sheath of protate formed by
pelvic fascia
p
Mid.lobe
Post.lobe
Transverse section of prostate
Accessory glands - Bulbourethral gland
Two small pea-shaped glands,located in the deep transverse
muscle of perineum,opens into bulb of urethra.
Bulbourethral
gland
Prostate cancer
External genital organs
Scrotum
Penis
External g
genital organs
g
- scrotum
 Pouch of thin skin lying below the root of the penis
 Divided into two haves by septum of scrotum, contains testis
and epididymis
External g
genital organs
g
- scrotum
 The wall of the testis consist of skin and dartos coat, a
connective tissue layer
y that contains manyy smooth muscle
fibers which is continus anteriorly to the scarpa’s fascia of
abdomen and posteriorly with Colles fascia of perineum
Ext.spermati
c fascia
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
Genitofemoral n.
n
penis
Pampiniform plexus
Testibular a.
Cremaster
Scrotum
wall
Skin
Dartos coat
testis
Epididymis
Pariatal layer
Vesceral layer
Perididymis
The regulation of testis temperature
The testes work best at temperatures slightly less than core body
temperature. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher
temperatures.
p
This is p
presumably
y why
y the testes are located outside the
body. There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the
optimum temperature.
While hot- cremaster dilate –
the wall thinned- Decreased T
While cool- cremaster contract –
the wall thickened- keep warm
The descend of testis
The coverings
g of testis and spermatic
p
cord
Parietal peritoneum
Transvers fascia
Trasversus abdominis
Obliquus internus
abdominis
Aponeurosis of obliquus
externus abdominis
External spermatic fascia
Cremastter
Parietal layer
Visceral
layer
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis of testis
Vaginal
cavity
External genital organs - penis
Division Root ；Body；Glans
Cavernous body（3）Cavernous body of penis(2); Cavernous body of urethra(1)
Head of penis
Ext. orifice
of urethra
Head of penis
Prepuce of penis
Frenulum of prepuce
Body of penis
Cavernous
body of penis
Cavernouis
body of urethra
Sup.fascia of penis
Prepuce of penis
Frenulum of prepuce
Crus
of penis
Bulb of
urethra
Crus
of penis
Bulbourethral
gland
The transverse section of penis
p
Dorsal n.of
n of penis
Dorsal sup. a.of penis
Dorsal deep a.of penis
skin
Dorsal a.of penis
Sup fascia of penis
Sup.fascia
Lat.v.of penis
Deep.fascia of penis
Deep a.of penis
Cavernouis body
of penis
Albuginea of cavernouis
body of penis
cavernouis body of urethra
Albuginea of cavernouis
body of urethra
urethra
The masterpiece of great univers
Penis
P
i like
Stone
St
Penis sheath in new Guinea
“Yang
g yyuan stone” situated in Danxia Mountain of Guangdong
g
g Province. It
is called the first strange (wonder) stone on the world which are 28 meters
in height and 7meters in diameter.
Male urethra
It have a length about 16-20cm and pass through the prostate,
the uregental diaphragm and the cavernous body of the urethra.
Function:voiding the urine and ejaculating the seminal fluid.
Three portions
Three strictures
Three dilations
Two curvatures
Ant.and post urethra
Ureter
bladder
Ductus deferens
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Urethra
Penis
epididymis
scrotum
Male urethra -Three portions
2
1 - Prostatic part
3cm;
2 - Membranous
part
1 5cm;
1.5cm;
3 - Cavernous part
15cm
15
3
1
2
Male urethra -Three strictures
1 - Internal orifice of urethra
2 - Membranous part
3 - External orifice of urethra
1
2
3
Male urethra –Two curvatures
1 - Subpubic curvaturen(can not be changed)
2 - Prepubic curvature (can be changed)
2
1
Anterior urethra and posterior urethra
1 – Anterior urethra (prostatic part + membranous part)
2 – Posteror urethra (cavenous part only)
2
1
Male urethra –three dilations
1 - Prostatic part
2 - Bulb of urethra
3 - Nnavicular fossa of urethra
1
2
3
Local enlargement
See you next time!