Download System - Kean University

System
System is an aggregate of two or more
physical components and a set of
disciplines or procedures by means of
which they interact.
A set of elements or components that are
formed and interact to accomplish goals
or objective.
A subsystem is system component that is
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a system in its own right.
Basic System Elements
Input
Output
Process
Feedback
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System Block Diagram
Input
Process
Output
Feedback
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Input
Productive resources that can be defined
as natural resources.
Input can be inform of raw materials,
labor, capital, information, data, or any
other phenomenon that carries some form
of content.
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Output
The result of the production process.
It is the goal that the system has as its
purpose for existing.
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Process/Transformation
Process is the method by which the goal
of the system is achieved.
Steps or operations the system goes
through to converts inputs into outputs.
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Feedback
Information returned to an instigator of
change that reflects the result of that
change, allowing the originator to correct
for undesired results.
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System Boundary
A system boundary defines what is inside
and what is outside of the system.
The boundary separate the system from
its environment.
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Environment of System
The environment is everything outside of
a system’s boundaries that is pertinent to
the system.
It contains the sources of inputs into the
system and the recipients of outputs from
the system.
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Boundary and Environment
Customer
Order
Confirmation
Process Order
Availability
Receive Mail
Computer
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Boundary and Environment
System receives inputs from its
environment.
System returns output to its environment.
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Connections in a System
The connection in a system transmit the
flows of material and information that
coordinate the system’s components.
Connections are essential to all systems.
Without connections, the system would
be a set of independent components that
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ignore each other.
Control Mechanisms
The control mechanisms in a system are
the rules and logic that govern the
individual subsystems and the interactions
among them.
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Example
Supplier
Parts
Design
Produce
Preferences
Deliver
Sell
Order
Service
Service
request
Customer
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Systems Classification
Open or Closed
Simple or Complex
Stable or Dynamic
Permanent or Temporary
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Open System
Open system means they receive input
from the environment and return output
to the environment.
There is a flow of inputs and outputs
across the system boundary.
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Closed System
There is no interaction with the
environment within a closed system.
A closed system have sealed boundaries
and neither receive inputs nor produce
outputs
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Simple Systems
A simple system is one in which there are
few elements or components and the
relationship or interaction between
elements is uncomplicated and
straightforward.
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Complex System
A complex system is one in which there
are many elements that are highly related
and interconnected.
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Stable or Dynamic
Stable is one in which changes in the
environment result in no change or little
change in the system.
Dynamic system is one that undergoes
rapid and constant change due to changes
in its environment.
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Adaptive or Nonadaptive
An adaptive system is one that responds
to a changing environment.
A nonadaptive system is one that does
not change with a changing environment.
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Describing and Evaluating
Systems
Cost of ownership
The cost of implementing, operating, and
maintaining a system.
Efficiency
The ratio between outputs and inputs for a
particular task.
Delays
Time lags between different things that
happen in a system.
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Describing and Evaluating
Systems
Capacity
The amount of work a system can do.
Reliability
The extent to which a system can
dependably remain in service.
Complexity
How complicated a system is, based on the
number of differentiated components, the
number of interacting components, and the
nature of interactions between components.
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Describing and Evaluating
Systems
Compatibility
The extent to which the standards and logic
of one system is consistent with the
standards and logic of another system.
Controllability
The user’s ability to immediately influence or
change what a system does.
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Describing and Evaluating
Systems
Adaptability
The user’s ability to modify a system over
time as business conditions or other
requirements change.
Likelihood of operator error
the likelihood of mistaken or incorrect action
by people who operate equipment or system.
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Types of Tasks
Structured
So well understood that is possible to specify
exactly how to perform the task.
Semi-structured
less well understood; information
requirements and procedures are generally
known, but some aspects of the task still rely
on the performer’s judgment.
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Types of Tasks
unstructured
poorly understood; can not specify
information to be used, the method of using
the information, nor the criteria for judging
performance of the task; relies heavily on the
performer’s judgment.
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Information System (IS)
An information system is combination of
work practices, information, people, and
information technologies organized to
accomplish goals in an organization.
An airline reservation system travel agents use
to book flights for their customers.
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
CBIS is an information system that uses
computer systems, devices, and
technology.
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
CBIS consists of:
hardware
software
database
telecommunication
people
procedures
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
hardware
keyboard
scanner
magnetic ink characters reader
central processing unit
memory
storage
printer
monitor
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
Software
programs and instruction given to the
computer
Database
organized collection of facts and information
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
Telecommunication
link computer systems together into effective
networks.
Local-area Network (LANs)
Wide-area Network (WANs)
People
people who enter, process, and use data
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Computer Based IS (CBIS)
Procedures
strategies
policies
methods
etc
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Benefit of IS
Better service
Less errors
Higher quality products
Less expensive
Less labor
More control over operations
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Modeling
Model is a copy of a physical structure or
a concept that is designed to demonstrate
certain characteristics of that physical
structure or concept in accordance with
the purposes of modeler.
Model is an abstraction or an
approximation of reality.
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Types of Model
Narrative
Verbal
Physical
Schematic
Mathematical
Analog
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Types of Model
Narrative
verbal and written descriptions of reality
Verbal
designed to convert thoughts and concepts
into language, to establish relationship and
restrictions of real-world systems, and then to
organize them.
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Types of Model
Physical
a tangible representation of reality.
a model designed to resemble a physical
reality, though not to behave in an analogous
manner.
Schematic
graphical representation of reality
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Types of Model
Mathematical
arithmetic representation of reality.
a symbolic manipulative representation of
reality designed to describe relationships
among certain factor of the reality that it is
designed to represent.
uses numerical representation to describe
the reality in question.
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Types of Model
Analog
a model that behaves in some manner
similar to the reality that it is designed to
represent.
These type of model are useful in
investigating and understanding physical
phenomena. They often produce large
amount of information.
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Modeling Process
Gather information.
Based on this information, reach conclusions
about the nature, characteristics, and
behavior of the reality to be modeled.
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Modeling Process
Determine an appropriate form of model;
what elements are important
degree of detail required
Build the model
Compare the model with reality to determine
the degree to which the model actually
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approximate the reality.
Modeling Process
Adjust the model as necessary to achieve
the desired “fit”
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Exercise
Using the modeling process outlined
develop a model for some real-world
phenomenon in which you are interested.
Go through the process and document
your choices of form, method, and so
forth.
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Problem Solving
Process of using information, knowledge,
and intuition to solve a problem that has
been defined previously.
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Problem Solving Process
Decision making
intelligence
design
choice
Implementation
Monitoring
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Problem Solving Factors
Complexity
Competition
Social and political actions
Technology
Time compression
Decision objective
International aspects
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Characteristics of Data,
Information, Knowledge
Distinguishing factors
Types of data
Accuracy and precision
Age, timeliness, and time horizon
completeness and level of summarization
Accessibility
Source
Value and relevance
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Data, Information,
Knowledge
Data
data are facts, images, or sounds that may
or may not be to pertinent or useful for a
particular task.
Information
information is useful data whose form and
content are relevant and appropriate for a
particular use.
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Data, Information,
Knowledge
Knowledge
knowledge is a combination of instincts,
ideas, rules, and procedures that guide
actions and decisions.
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Relationship between Data,
Information, Knowledge
Accumulate
knowledge
knowledge
Data
Format,
Filter,
Summarize
Interpret,
Decide,
Act
Results
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Type of Data
Formatted
Text
Images
Audio
Video
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Type of Data
Formatted Data
formatted data include numerical or
alphabetical items arranged in a prespecified
format in which the meaning of each item is
defined in advance.
Text
text is a series of letters, numbers, and other
characters whose combined meaning does
not depend on a prespecified format or
definition of individual items.
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Type of Data
Images
images are data in the form of pictures,
which may be graphs generated from
formatted data, photographs, or hand-draw
pictures.
Audio
audio is data in form of sounds.
Video
video data combine pictures and sounds that
are displayed over time to portray action.
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Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy
accuracy is the degree to which the data
portray what is supposed to be portrayed.
Precision
precision is the fineness of detail in the
portrayal
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Age, Timeliness, and Time
Horizon
Age
the age of data is the amount of time that
has passed since the data were produced.
Timeliness
timeliness is the extent to which the age of
the data is appropriate for the task and user.
Time horizon
the time horizon of data is the interval of time
that data cover.
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Completeness and Level of
Summarization
Completeness
completeness is the extent to which the
available information seems adequate for the
task.
Level of summarization
Level of summarization is comparison
between the number of individual items upon
which data are based and the number of
items in the data presented.
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Accessibility, and Source
Accessibility
accessibility is the extent to which the user
can obtain the information in time to use it
effectively and in a format that makes it
useful.
Source
source of data is the person or organization
that produced the data.
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Value and Relevance
Relevance
relevance is the extent to which data can be
converted into information that helps a
person do a job or make decisions.
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What Is a Computer?
Computer is a system.
The computer, also called a processor, is
an electronic device that can interpret and
execute programmed commands for input,
output, computation, and logic operations.
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Computer System Components
Input devices
Output devices
CPU- Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control unit
Registers
Storage
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Computer System Components
Input devices
keyboard
microphone
mouse
scanner
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Computer System Components
Output devices
monitor
printer
audio speakers
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Computer System Components
CPU-the portion of the computer system
that controls execution of program
instructions and the processing of data
items.
Elements of CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control unit
Registers
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Computer System Components
Storage-retention of programs or data on
media such as:
hard disks
floppy disks
compact disks
tapes
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Types of Computers
Microcomputers
personal computers
workstations
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
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Types of Computers
Microcomputers
PC-Personal Computer
Laptop/ Notebook -a portable microcomputer
that weighs less than 12 pounds and can be
fit into briefcase.
Palmtop- a pocket microcomputer that
weighs less than 1 pounds and has limited
function.
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Types of Computers
Minicomputers
a computer that is smaller in capacity and
price than a mainframe but that delivers fullsystem capabilities.
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Types of Computers
Mainframe computers
a large computer, so named because in the
past the main processing unit of this
computer consisted of a series of circuit
boards mounted within a frame structure.
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Types of Computers
Supercomputers
the most expensive, largest computer; can
process over 1 billion instructions per second.
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Execution of an
Instruction
Instruction Phase
Fetch instruction
Decode instruction
Execution Phase
Execute the instruction
Store result
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Primary Storage
Random access memory (RAM)
Read only memory (ROM)
Programmable ROM (PROM)
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
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Data Manipulation
Representing and type of data
bits and bytes
standardized codes
ASCII-American Standard Coded for Information
interchange
EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange
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Storage Capacity
Storage capacity is measured in bytes
A bit is a binary digit (0 or 1).
Byte = 8 bit
Word = 2 bytes = 16 bits
Double word = 2 words = 4 bytes = 32 bits
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Boost speed
Miniaturization
vacuum to transistors to integrated circuit to
microprocessors
Reduce instruction set computing (RISC)
Parallel processing
Optical processing
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Software
Software consists of computer programs
that control the workings of the computer
hardware, along with the program
documentation used to explain the
programs.
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Programs
Program
Programs are set of instructions or
statements to the computer.
Program documentation
Program documentation is the collection of
narrative descriptions designed to assist in
the program’s use, implementation, and
operation.
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Program
Program code
Program code is the set of instructions that
signal the CPU to perform circuit switching
operations.
Programming
Writing or coding instruction.
Programmer
individual doing the writing or coding.
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Programming:
a Translation Process
User
Idea of what
the system
should do
Write
programs
Computer
Instruction
the computer
can execute
Translate
Rules and limitation of programming language
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Types of Software
Application software
tells the computer how to perform tasks that
structure or automate specific work practices.
billing systems
inventory systems
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Types of Software
End-user software
tells the computer how to perform tasks that
support general work practices such as
writing memos and performing calculations.
word processors
spreadsheet programs
database systems
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Types of Software
System development software
helps analysts and programmers build
information system.
compilers
database management system
CASE system (computer-aided software
engineering)
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Types of Software
System software
controls or supports the operation of the
computer system so it can execute
application software or end-user software.
operating system
utility programs
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Testing Programs
Syntax errors
incorrect use of the programming language .
Logical errors
bugs that cause a program to perform
incorrect processing.
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Generation of
programming languages
First
Machine language
Second
Assembly language
Third
High-level language
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Generation of
programming languages
Fourth
Query and database languages
Fifth
Object oriented language
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Operating System
Operating systems are complex programs
that control the execution of other
programs and use of computer system
resources.
Operating system runs or control the
computer hardware and acts as an
interface with application programs.
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Operating Systems
Allocating resources and running jobs
Controlling jobs in progress
Controlling access to data
Interfacing with the user
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Criteria for Selecting
Software
Fit to the business situation
Ease of use
Compatibility
Conversion requirement
Long term direction
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Signals
Period (T)
Frequency (f)
Bandwidth (BW)
Spectrum
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Periodic signal
A signal is periodic if and only if
s(t + T) = s(t)
for all values of t
T is the period of the signal.
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Analog signal
An analog signal is a continuously varying
electromagnetic wave that may be
propagated over a variety of media,
depending on spectrum.
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Digital signal
A digital signal is a sequence of voltage
pulses that may be transmitted over a
wire medium.
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Characteristics of a
periodic signal
Amplitude
instantaneous value of a signal at any time.
Frequency
the inverse of the period (1/T), or the
number of repetition of the period per
second; it is expressed in cycles per second,
or hertz (Hz).
Phase
measure of the relative position in time
within a single period of a signal.
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Spectrum and bandwidth
Spectrum of a signal is the range of
frequencies that it contains.
Bandwidth of a signal is the width of the
spectrum in which most of the energy in
the signal is contained.
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Transmission
Data transmission occurs between
transmitter and receiver over some
transmission medium.
Transmission media may be classified as
guided or unguided.
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Guided media
With guided media, the wave are guided
along a physical path; example of guided
media are:
twisted pair
coaxial cable
optical fiber
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Unguided media
Unguided media provide a means for
transmitting electromagnetic waves but do
not guide them; examples are
propagation through:
air
vacuum
seawater
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Direct link
The term direct link is used to refer to the
transmission path between two devices in
which signals propagate directly from
transmitter to receiver with no
intermediate devices, other than amplifier
or repeaters used to increase signal
strength.
100
Point-to-Point
A guided transmission medium is point-topoint if it provides a direct link between
two devices and those are the only two
devices sharing the medium.
101
Point-to-Point
Transmitter/
receiver
Medium
Amplifier
or repeater
0 or
more
Transmitter/
receiver
Medium
102
Multipoint
In a multipoint guided configuration, more
than two devices share the same medium.
103
Multipoint
Transmitter/ …. Transmitter/
receiver
receiver
Medium
Transmitter/
receiver
Amplifier
or repeater
Transmitter/
receiver
Medium
0 or more
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Simplex transmission
In simplex transmission, signals are
transmitted in only one direction; one
station is transmitter and the other is
receiver.
105
Half-duplex transmission
In half-duplex transmission, both station
may transmit, but only one at a time.
106
Full-duplex transmission
In full-duplex transmission, both station
may transmit simultaneously. In this case
the medium is carrying signals in both
direction.
107
Telecommunication
Devices
Modems
Fax modems
Special purpose modems
Multiplexers
TDM
FDM
Communication processors
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Telecommunication
Carriers & Services
Common carriers
AT&T
MCI
Sprint
Value added carriers
Telnet
SprintNet
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Switched Lines
Switched line is a standard telephone line
that uses switching equipment to allow
one transmission device to be connected
to other transmission devices.
110
Dedicated Line
Dedicated line is a line that provides a
constant connection between two points.
111
Private Branch Exchange
PBX is a communications system that can
manage both voice and data transfer
within a building and to outside lines.
PBX can store calls
PBX can transfer calls
PBX can serve as a connection between
different office devices
112
Wide Area
Telecommunication Service
WATs is a billing method for heavy users
of voice band media.
113
Integrated Services Digital
Network
ISDN is a technology that uses existing
common carrier lines to simultaneously
transmit voice, video, and image data in
digital form.
114
Network Topology
Ring
Bus
Star
Hybrid
Hierarchical
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Type of Networks
LAN
WAN
116
Communication Protocol
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
System Network Architecture (SNA)
Ethernet
X.400
X.500
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SOI
Physical layer
transmits the data from one node to another.
Data link layer
format the data into a record called a frame
and performs error detection.
Network layer
causes the physical layer to transfer the
frames from node to node.
118
OSI
Transport layer
enable the user and host nodes to
communicate with each other.
Session layer
initiate, maintains, and end each session.
Presentation layer
formats the data so that it can be presented
to the user or the host.
119
OSI
Application layer
controls user input from the terminal and
executes the user’s application program in the
host computer.
120
Data Transfer Modes
Packet switching
Frame relay
Voice over frame relay
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
121
Internet
The internet is the world’s largest
computer network.
It is a collection of interconnected
networks, all freely exchanging
information.
122
Internet Protocol
The set of conventions used to pass
packets from one host to another is
known as the internet protocol (IP)
TCP (transport control protocol is widely
used.
123
Ways to connect to
internet
LAN
SLIP ( serial line internet protocol) or PPP
(point to point protocol)
On-line service
124
World Wide Web (www)
WWW is a collection of over 30,000
independently owned computer that
together as one in an internet service.
125
Web Browser
Web browser creates a unique,
hypermedia based menu on your
computer screen that provide a graphical
interface to the the Web.
126
Hypermedia
Connects the data on pages, allowing
users to access topics in whatever order
they wish.
Allows you to bring up pictures, graphs
and other displays with sound and
motion.
127
Web Search Engine
Web search engines take the place of the
card catalog.
They are software programs that allow
you to search for information on the Web.
128
Intranet
An intranet is an internal corporate
network built using internet and Web
standards.
129
Cryptography
Cryptography is the process of converting
a message into a secret code and
changing the encoded message back to
regular text. (digital signature)
130
Firewalls
The most popular method of preventing
unauthorized access to corporate
computer data to construct is known as a
firewall.
Firewalls can be a set of filtering rules or
specially configured hardware.
131
Zone
edu = educational sites
mil = military
gov = government
net = networking organizations
nom = individuals
org = organization
com = commercial
132
Telnet and FTP
Logon to another computer and access its
public files.
Copy a file from another computer to your
computer.
133
E-mail (store and forward)
To send text, binary files, sound, and
images to others.
134
Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)
To encode binary data by varying the
amplitude of signal.
135
Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)
To encode binary data by varying the
frequency of signal.
136
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
To encode binary data by transition or
shift from one phase to another.
137
Bit Synchronization
Coordination of signal measurement
timing is called bit synchronization.
There are two methods of bit
synchronization:
Asynchronous
Synchronous
138
Asynchronous Bit
Synchronization
Massages begin with a start bit so that
the receiving device can synchronize its
internal clock with the timing of the
massage.
Asynchronous transmissions are normally
short, and the end of message is signaled
by a stop bit.
Media is idle and the sender’s and
receiver’s clocks are not synchronized 139
Synchronous Bit
Synchronization
Clocks of the sender and receiver are
synchronized by one of the following
methods:
guaranteed state change
separate clock signal
oversampling
140
Baseband & Broadband
Transmissions
Baseband: these transmission use the
entire media bandwidth for a single
channel. Most LAN use baseband
signaling.
Broadband: these transmission provide
the ability to divide the entire media
bandwidth into multiple channels.
141
Selecting NIC
Type of network
Token Ring, Ethernet, ATM,…etc
Type of media
coaxial cable, STP, UTP, fiber,…etc
Type of bus
ISA, EISA, VESA,…etc
142
Bus Architectures
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
8 bit and 16 bit bus (10MHz)
PCI (Peripheral Computer Interconnect)
32 bit or 64 bit bus
EISA (Extended Industry Standard
Architecture)
32 bit bus built on the ISA architecture (33
MHz)
143
Bus Architectures
MCA (Micro Channel Architecture)
32 bit bus. MCA can work in 16 or 32 bit
mode. (66MHz)
144
Memory Requirement
Minimum RAM recommended for Windows
NT Server is 16 MB.
145
Memory Allocation
Operating system.
Services.
Processes.
Programs.
CPU functions.
146
Estimating Memory
Requirement
Minimum amount needed for Server
operating system (16 MB) plus
Number of people who will be accessing
the system at the same time plus
Average software requests per user.
147
Hard Disk Capacity
Operating system files.
Software files.
Data and database files.
User files.
General public files.
Utility files.
Server management files.
148
Fault Tolerance
Fault -tolerance options
disk mirroring
disk duplexing
redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
there are eight levels of RAID.
149
Disk Mirroring
Secondary
drive
Controller
server
Primary
drive
150
Disk Duplexing
Secondary
drive
Primary
drive
server
Controller
151
Project
Set up a NIC in windows NT Server, once
the NIC operating system are installed.
Click Start button
select Settings
select Control Panel
double click Network icon
click Adapters tab
click Add button
152
Project
Notice the list of adapters that can be install
click Cancel
click Cancel
close the control Panel
153
Windows NT networking
Models
Workgroup.
Client-server.
Domain.
154
Windows NT networking
Models
Workgroup model is a decentralized
networking model.
All account administration is local to each
machine.
Each machine maintains its own account
database
155
Windows NT networking
Models
Client-server model is a centralized
networking model.
All administration is centralized at server.
Clients can log on to a server via the server’s
account database and access resources
associated with that server.
156
Windows NT networking
Models
NT domain model
Allows administrators to group users.
All administration is centralized to an NT
Server that has been designated as he
primary domain controller (PDC).
157
Windows NT networking
Models
In NT domain model the account
database that resides on the PDC is called
Security Account Manager (SAM)
SAM database is copied to server that has
been designated as Backup Domain
Controllers (BDC)
Each domain need al least one server
158
Windows NT networking
Models
PDC contains the master copy of SAM for
the entire domain and is the only server
that can make changes to the database.
If there is more than one server in a
domain, selected servers can be
designated to keep a backup copy of the
SAM.
PDC’s SAM database is read-write.
159
Windows NT networking
Models
Domain models:
single domain
single master domain
multiple master domain
complete trust domain
160
Windows NT networking
Models
Criteria for choosing Domain models:
# of accounts (windows NT can support up
to 40,000 account).
The geographic scope of your domain.
How users ant resources will be defined
within the domain.
161
Domain Trust Relationship
In situation where there are two or more
domains, users can access domains other
than their own through trust relationships
set up by the network administrator.
Each trust relationship has two parties:
trusted domain
granted access to resources
trusting domain
granting the access
162
Example
A n organization has a main office and ten
branches, each with its own file server
and domain. Main office domain needs
access to all branches, which is granted.
Main office is trusted domain, and
branches are the trusting domains
163
Trust Relationships
One-way trust
the trust relationship is not reciprocated. One
domain is trusted party, and the other is
trusting
Two-way trust
the trust relationship is reciprocated.
Universal trust
two-way trust are set up among more than
two domain.
164
Single Domain
Consists of a single domain.
Easy to manage.
Centralized administration.
Good for small networks.
Slow when supporting large # of
accounts.
165
Single Domain
BDC
PDC
User
User
User
Accounts and resources
166
Single Master Domain
Several domain are controlled by master
domain.
All account are in the master domain.
Other domains containing only resources,
such as servers.
167
Single Master Domain
All resources are located at resource
domains and can be available to all users.
Resources are decentralized.
Administrators in the resource domain
have control over their resources.
All user account are centralized in a
master domain.
168
Single Master Domain
Master domain
Resource
domain
Resource
domain
Resource
domain
169
Multiple Master Domain
Consists of multiple single master domain
connected through two-way trust
relationships.
Administration can be centralized or
decentralized.
170
Multiple Master Domain
Number of trusts (n) can be determined
as follow:
n=M(M-1)+(R+M)
M=# of master or accounts domains
R=# of resource domains
171
Multiple Master Domain
Master
domain
Resource
domain
Master
domain
Resource
domain
Resource
domain
172
Complete Trust Domain
Accounts and resources are located in
each domain.
Allows decentralized account
management.
Each account can implement policies
specific to their domain.
N(N-1)=n
where N represents # of domain
173
Complete Trust Domain
Account
resources
Account
resources
Account
resources
Account
resources
174