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The Respiratory System Functions The major function: Supply the body with Oxygen Dispose of Carbon dioxide 4 distinct events Pulmonary ventilation: air is moved in and out of the lungs External respiration: gas exchange between blood and alveoli Respiratory gas transport: CV system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs & tissues Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood & tissue cells Cellular respiration: actual use of oxygen & production of carbon dioxide in the cells Pulmonary Ventilation External Respiration Internal Respiration Cellular Respiration Functional Anatomy – 2 zones Respiratory zone: Actual site of gas exchange Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli Conducting zone: conduits – purify, humidify, and warm incoming air Include all other respiratory passageways Nose – 5 functions Provide airway for respiration Moisten & warm air Filter air Resonating chamber Site of smell receptors Cold day = Runny nose The cilia in your nose become sluggish & slow when they are cold & does not move the mucus down your throat Mucus in the nasal cavity accumulates & dribbles out Paranasal sinuses functions Lighten skull Act a resonance chamber Produce mucus Imbalances – add to back of notes Rhinitis: inflammation of nasal mucosa Excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, postnasal drip Sinusitis: inflamed sinuses Difficult to treat due to location Marked changes in voice quality Sinus headache: Caused by blocked passageways from nasal cavity to sinuses, air in sinuses is absorbed, creates partial vacuum, change in pressure causes headache over inflamed areas. Chronic Sinusitis Pharynx – 3 basic parts Pharynx serves as common passageway for food (& fluids) and air. Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Serves only as an air passageway During swallowing Soft palate & uvula reflect upward Close off nasopharynx which prevents food from entering Pharyngeal Tonsils AKA: Adenoids Function: trap & dispose of pathogens that enter the nasopharynx All tonsils are lymph nodes Disorder When pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed Obstruct the air passage Must mouth breath Air is not filtered, warmed, etc. correctly in this case Eustachian tubes Auditory or eustachian tubes provide an avenue for equalizing middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure via the flow of gases Air will either move in or out of your ears to cause this equalization This is the cause of your ears “popping” Eustachian tubes Middle ear infections The nasal mucosa is continuous throughout your respiratory system so infections can travel Pharyngeal infections can move into the middle ear causing Otitis Media Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx Serves both respiratory & digestive systems Oropharynx Food, fluid, & air passage Laryngopharynx Food, fluid, & air passage Becomes continuous with esophagus During swallowing, food/fluids have the “right of way” Larynx – 3 Functions Provides patent (open) airway Act as a switching mechanism (between respiratory & digestive systems) Voice production (location of vocal cords) Adam’s apple Laryngeal prominence on the thyroid cartilage Seen externally as Adam’s apple Epiglottis 9th cartilage When air is flowing into the larynx – free edge projects upward During swallowing: Larynx is pulled upward Epiglottis is tipped to cover laryngeal inlet Routes food/fluid into esophagus Epiglottis Cough Reflex Initiated if anything other than air enters the larynx Pressure from air moves object upward out of the larynx Heimlich manuver is the same principle Used to press air out of lungs in case someone cannot inhale to initiate a cough Reflex does not work when unconscious so not a good idea: To give fluids to an unconscious person Also a reason why people in an alcoholic coma often die from aspirating their own vomit. Cilia Our entire upper respiratory tract is lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium The power stroke motion of the cilia move upward toward our nose & mouth so that mucus is moved away from the lungs Cilia & Goblet Cells Take Quiz #1 Voice Production Sound involves: Intermittant release of air Opening & closing of true vocal cords The length & tension of the cords changes the pitch while the loudness depends on the force of air The vocal cords do not move at all when we whisper Laryngitis Results in hoarseness Cause: Overuse of voice Infections Inhalation of irritating chemicals Laryngitis on your left Trachea (Windpipe) The mucociliary escalator continuously propels the mucus which contains dust particles and debris to the throat so it can be expelled or swallowed. Smoking Diminishes ciliary activity Coughing is ONLY method of preventing mucus accumulation in the lungs Smokers should never be given medications that INHIBIT the cough reflex. Effects of Smoking Reinforcement Trachea is reinforced internally by 16-20 C shaped rings Outer portion of C – causes trachea to stay patent (open) and not collapse Inner portion (open part) of C – allow trachea to be flexible and gives esophagus a place to expand into upon swallowing. Tracheostomy -ostomy = cut a hole into Used in cases of: Abnormalities Cancers Obstructions Injuries to area Etc. Bronchial Tree Trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of the sternal angle. Inhaled objects usually lodge in the right primary bronchus since it is wider, shorter, and at a more vertical angle Respiratory Zone Structures Begins as the terminal bronchioles which feed into the respiratory bronchioles which end in the alveoli chambers where gas exchange (external respiration) takes place. Alveoli Account for the largest portion of lung volume and provide a tremendous surface area for gas exchange Composed of simple squamous – much thinner than a sheet of paper Membrane has gas on one side and blood on the other. Alveoli Gas exchanges occur through simple diffusion A moist membrane is required so the TYPE II cells secrete a substance called surfactant that coats the membrane & interferes with surface tension. Lungs Left lung is smaller, consisting of 2 lobes and contains a cardiac notch Right lung has 3 lobes Bronchopulmonary segments Served by own artery, vein, and individual segmental bronchus Left lung has 8 segments while right lung has 10. Important Info Respiratory therapists and surgeons use this info about the different bronchopulmonary segments so they can treat the patient as needed Even to the point of removing the diseased segment and leaving the good tissue The lungs weigh approximately 2.5 pounds Pleurae Parietal vs. visceral Function of pleural fluid Lubricate layers so they can slide across each other Cause them to cling tightly to each other through surface tension (helps maintain pressure differences necessary for inhaling/exhaling) Pleurisy Wet pleurisy: excessive fluid production puts pressure on lungs Dry pleurisy: fluid decrease causes membranes to rub against each other – causes pain and adhesions to form Take Quiz #2 Remember – it includes the diagrams!!