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Back Print Name Class Date Skills Worksheet Critical Thinking ANALOGIES Mark the letter of the pair of terms that best completes the each of the analogies shown. An analogy is a relationship between two pairs of words or phrases written as a : b :: c : d. The symbol : is read “is to,” and the symbol :: is read “as.” ______ 1. understory : light :: a. canopy : epiphytes b. desert : water c. emergent layer : snakes d. grassland : antelopes ______ 7. rain forest : vegetation :: a. taiga : altitude b. desert : animals c. savanna : bison d. grassland : topsoil ______ 2. cold : migration :: a. trees : deforestation b. heat : estivation c. water : vegetation d. temperature : elevation ______ 8. high latitude : poles :: a. high altitude : cold b. low latitude : tropics c. low altitude : warmth d. equator : humidity ______ 3. savanna : tropical :: a. desert : dry b. grassland : fertile c. taiga : temperate d. tundra : arctic ______ 9. deforestation : flooding :: a. trading : habitat destruction b. transpiration : water vapor c. precipitation : rainfall d. adaptation : predators ______ 4. conifers : taiga :: a. sand : desert b. permafrost : tundra c. shrubs : chaparral d. trees : savanna ______10. tundra plants : wide, shallow roots :: a. tropical rain forest trees : buttresses b. chaparral plants : fires c. conifers : acidic soil d. savanna plants : deep root systems ______ 5. logging : forest :: a. farming : desert b. flooding : chaparral c. overgrazing : grassland d. hunting : tundra ______ 6. spines : cactus :: a. leaves : succulents b. lichens : moss c. scaly skin : reptiles d. camouflage : animals Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 3 Biomes Back Print Name Class Date Critical Thinking continued INTERPRETING OBSERVATIONS Examine the following descriptions, and answer the questions that follow. Plant #1 is tall, with broad leaves that turn color in autumn. Plant #2 has a waxy coating, spines, and a long and shallow root system. Plant #3 has needle-like leaves and a pyramid shape, and is able grow in acidic soil. 11. What is the common name of plant #1 and what biome would it most likely grow in? Name one adaptation that helps it survive in its biome. 12. What is the common name of plant #2 and what biome would it most likely grow in? Name one adaptation that helps it survive in its biome. 13. What is the common name of plant #3 and what biome would it most likely grow in? Name one adaptation that helps it survive in its biome. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 4 Biomes Back Print Name Class Date Critical Thinking continued AGREE OR DISAGREE Agree or disagree with the following statements, and support your answer. 14. Many types of ecosystems can exist within a given biome. 15. The conversion of grasslands to croplands was necessary. 16. Our ability to fight certain diseases is threatened by habitat destruction. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 5 Biomes Back Print Name Class Date Critical Thinking continued REFINING CONCEPTS The statements below challenge you to refine your understanding of concepts covered in the chapter. Think carefully, and answer the questions that follow. 17. Recommend a strategy for incorporating sustainable human activity into a tropical rain forest biome. 18. Brush fires are common in dry biomes, such as temperate grasslands, chaparral, and the taiga. Is fire beneficial or harmful to biomes? Defend your answer. 19. How does plant height affect the behavior of animals in a savanna? Describe how some animals have adapted. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 6 Biomes Back Print TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE Answer Key Concept Review MATCHING 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. conifer’s ability to affect the soil through its needles. When its needles drop, they acidify the soil surrounding the tree, making the soil inhospitable for plants that might otherwise grow near the conifer and compete with it for water, nutrients, and sunlight. MULTIPLE CHOICE 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. g j e d h c b a i f a b c c c b a b AGREE OR DISAGREE 14. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree; biome describes the general plant and animal community that dominates a given region. Example: different types of deciduous forest are all considered temperate deciduous forest. Also, biomes contain ecosystems that are not included in the overall biome profile. For example, temperate forests and taiga contain fields (grasslands). 15. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree; while many of the native grasslands of our planet have been destroyed with the introduction of farmland, this change was crucial to the success of humans as a species. To support the agriculture of our growing populations, we needed to use the most fertile land. The United States has been particularly successful at grassland agriculture. 16. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Agree; many medicines come from plants that grow only in the tropical rain forests, which are being cleared rapidly for activities such as logging and agriculture. Tropical rain forests once covered about 20 percent of Earth’s surface but now cover only about 7 percent. If the clearing of rain forests continues at its present rate, many rain forest species are likely to become extinct. Many of these species are plants that could be useful for fighting diseases. Critical Thinking ANALOGIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b b d c c 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. d d b a a INTERPRETING OBSERVATIONS 11. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Plant 1 is a deciduous tree found in a temperate forest. Its broad leaves help it absorb energy in the summer while its height shades out competition. The leaves drop in autumn so that the tree can better survive long winters when water is scarce or frozen. 12. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Plant 2 is a cactus. Its succulent flesh stores water, allowing it to weather the hot, dry desert climate. Its stems have a waxy coating to preserve water and spines to protect it from predators. The cactus’s long, shallow root system helps it collect as much water as possible during the desert’s infrequent rains. 13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Plant 3 is a coniferous tree found in the taiga. Its needle-like leaves help it to preserve water which is scarce or frozen during the winter, and its pyramidal shape helps it shed heavy snow. Another adaptation is the REFINING CONCEPTS 17. Accept any reasonable answer. Sample answer: An example of a sustainable Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 98 Biomes Back Print TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 6. latitude 7. altitude 8. Near the poles, the tundra supports strategy for tropical rain forests is to allow agriculture on land already cleared for that purpose but to discourage the clearing of additional land. Methods used to sustain agriculture in other regions of the world could be employed. Money from tourism could help to support the local economy. 18. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Huge fires that burn for long periods of time over large areas can destroy thousands of acres of grassland or trees and kill thousands of animals. However, fire can also restore nutrients to the soil from burned plant matter. Natural fires destroy trees that compete with other plants for light and space, such as in the chaparral. Thus, chaparral plants, which are welladapted to fire, are able to thrive. Controlled fires help to clear underbrush and thus prevent rapid spread of wildfires in the taiga. 19. Answers may vary. Sample answer: In order to reduce competition for food, different herbivore species feed at different heights. Small gazelles graze on grasses, rhinos browse on shrubs, and giraffes feed on tree leaves. Many animals give birth only during the rainy season when food is abundant. Other grazing herbivores, such as elephants, follow the rains and migrate to areas of watering holes and newly-sprouted grass. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. SECTION: FOREST BIOMES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 100 acres animals, plants, and humans 50 million nearby cities habitat destruction a place that is suitable for living 4 1 2 3 20 percent; 7 percent They all lose the habitat they were dependent upon. 13. for logging operations, agriculture, or oil exploration 14. Its habitat may be destroyed or altered. SECTION: GRASSLAND, DESERT, AND TUNDRA BIOMES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. c a b less than 50 to 75 percent of its mass less than 30 percent of their mass The roots spread out instead of growing down to absorb as much rain as possible. Because it rains so rarely in the desert, rainfall rarely penetrates the soil deeply. 7. thick stems and leaves that store water, waxy coating on leaves 8. sharp spines 9. When the plant dies, it drops dormant seeds in the soil. With the next rainfall, the seeds germinate, grow, and bloom quickly while the soil is still wet. Active Reading SECTION: WHAT IS A BIOME? 1. The author points out that climate 2. 3. 4. 5. mosses and lichens. Near the equator, the tropical rain forests support certain trees. Compare: Both are units of measure; contrast: latitude is the distance north or south of the equator that is measured in degrees, while altitude is the height of an object above sea level. changes in latitude and altitude changes in latitude and altitude It includes biomes with moderate temperatures and fertile soil. The climate gets colder. becomes colder as latitude and altitude increase. The author notes that the trees of tropical rain forests grow closer to the equator while mosses and lichens of the tundra grow closer to the poles. The introductory phrase “For example” is used. between 30° and 60° north latitude and 30° and 60° south latitude temperate forests and temperate grasslands Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Environmental Science 99 Biomes