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IES LAURETUM (ESPARTINAS) BIOLOGY 3ºESO C A S A BIOLOGY 3ºESO INDEX LIVING MATTER: -LEVELS OF ORGANISATION 3 -WHAT ARE CELLS? 4 THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION: -A BALANCE DIET AND NUTRITION 8 -THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 14 -THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 20 -ABOUT SMOKING 24 -THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 29 -THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 33 INTERACTION AND COORDINATION: -THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 37 -THE EYES 41 HUMAN REPRODUCTION: -HIV AND AIDS 46 HEALTH AND ILLNESS: -CAUSES OF DISEASE 50 -CONTEST: JEOPARDY 55 REVIEW: 2 C A S A LIVING MATTER LEVELS OF ORGANISATION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Level of organisation FROM THE SMALLEST TO THE BIGGEST Science which studies the Subatomic level. This is made up of the smallest particles of level matter, such as neutrons, protons, electrons, etc. Molecular level Biochemistry Atomic level. This is made up of atoms, which are the small- Cellular level Cytology and microbio- est portions of a chemical element which keeps its properties. Molecular level. This is made up of molecules or compounds Tissue level Histology which are the result of the union of two or more atoms by Organ level Genetic, physiology and means of chemical links, such as, for example, a molecule of Organism level Botany, zoology, ethology Ecosystem level Ecology oxygen (O2) and a molecule of water (H2O). BIOTIC LEVELS OF ORGANISATION Cellular level. This consists of cells. These are the smallest units of living matter that can exist freely in a me- dium, as they can carry out all the functions of living beings (interaction, nutrition and reproduction). If a living being is made up of only one cell it is called a unicellular organism. Multicellular level. This consists of living beings which have more than one cell. These are multicellular organ- ism. But within this level various levels of complexity or sublevels can be differentiated. From the smallest to the biggest, these are as follows. 1-Tissues. These are sets of specialised cells which have the same function and the same origin. For example, the muscular tissue, formed by packets of muscular cells. 2-Organs. These are the structural and functional units of superior living beings. They are made up of various different tissues which are joined together to carry out a specific function known as an act. For example, the heart, which beats to pomp the blood, consists of muscular, nervous and conjunctive tissues. 3-Systems or apparatus. These are sets of different or gans which carry out actions which are independent from each other but whose acts are coordinated. For ex ample, the digestive apparatus which is made up of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc. 4– Organism. The complete unit of the living being. Population level. This includes all populations, the set of indi- viduals of the same species which live in the same zone at the same time. For example, a swarm of bees. Ecosystem level. This consists of all the sets of different popu- lations of different beings related together and the place where they live, and their physical and chemical conditions. The set of ecosystems which exist in the world is known as the biosphere, which is the largest level of organisation. 3 C A S A LIVING MATTER WHAT ARE CELLS? Cells are the structural and functional units of all living beings. They have three basics structures: The cell membrane is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment. Cytoplasm is the gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid which fills most cells. It contains structures called organelles, which are responsible for cells functions. The nucleus carries the genetic (hereditary) information of living things which is passed from one generation to the next. Genetic material can refer to anything from a small fragment of DNA to the entire genome. A genome is the total set of genes, in other words, the chemical units of hereditary information carried by a cell. PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS Prokaryotic cells. The genetic material is loose in the cytoplasm. Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic organism. Eukaryotic cells. The genetic material is enclosed in a structure called the nucleus. Animals and plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organism. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS These are cells organelles: Cell membrane. Encloses the cell and regulates the substances exchanged between the inside and the outside of the cell. Cytoplasm. The inside of the cell which contains the nucleus and the organelles. Nucleus. Contains the genetic material of the cell. Ribosomes. Where proteins are made. Rough ER (Endoplasmic reticulum). Where proteins formed in the ribosomes are stored and processed. Vacuoles. Sacs which contain storage or waste sub- stances. They are much larger in plant cells. Vesicles. Transport substances. Mitochondrion. Responsible for cell respiration. Golgi body. Where substances produced in the ER are processed. Cell wall. Only in plant cells. A thik, rigid layer which provides support and protection Chloroplast. Only in plant cells. Where photosynthesis takes place. 4 C A S A LIVING MATTER ACTIVITIES 1-Put in the right order the following terms: ATOMS SYSTEMS TISSUES ORGANS MOLECULES CELLS LIVING BEINGS 2-Complete the following sentences using 5 of the terms of exercise 1: A-The result of the union of two or more atoms are............................................. B-Tissues come together to make............................................. C-The smallest unit of living matter are ............................... D-Organs are grouped together to form.................................... E-Groups of cells form......................................... 3-Use the information bellow to explain in complete sentences the structure and function of the following cells. CELL FUNCTION STRUCTURE Nerve Carries messages around the Long, thin fibres Red blood Absorbs and carries O2 around Large cell membrane surface area Sperm Fertilises egg Has a long tail, allowing it move Root hair Absorbs water Large cell membrane surface area Egg Develops into an embryo when Contains a great deal of cytoplasm Leaf Site of photosynthesis Contains many chloroplasts NERVE CELL Nerve cells have long, thin fibres to carry messages around the body. RED BLOOD CELLS 5 C A S A LIVING MATTER SPERM CELL ROOT HAIR CELL EGG CELL LEAF CELL 4-Complete using sentences: STRUCTURE Cell wall PLANT ANIMAL X FUNCTION The cell wall provides support and protection Cell Cytoplasm Chloroplast Golgi body Endoplasmic Nucleus Mitochondrion Ribosome 5-Work in pairs: a) What is a ribosome? b) The part of a cell where... 6– In this web page you can see the names of the different cell structures. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/WESTMIN/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm Click on QUIZ and try to answer the questions. 7-You can try “matching”, “concentration” an “Word search”. Good luck! http://www.quia.com/mc/65947.html 6 C A S A LIVING MATTER GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 7 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION A BALANCED DIET AND NUTRITION The seven nutrition groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins and mineral, fibre and water. A balanced diet is made up of all of these nutrients. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates consist of starch and types of sugar, e.g. Glucose (the sugar our body use for respiration) and lactose (the sugar in milk). We need carbohydrates to give us energy. Starch is made up if smaller glucose molecules joined together. Plants store glucose as starch. Glycogen is also a carbohydrate. Animals store glucose as glycogen. These foods contain a lot of carbohydrates: A BALANCED DIET The amount of energy a person needs in their diet depends on age, gender and their level of activity. If a person takes in a larger amount of energy than they use up exercising, the excess is stored as fat. If a person becomes overweight, they are more likely to suffer health problems such as arthritis, diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. PROTEINS Your body cells are mostly made up of protein. Proteins are made up of lots of amino acids. We need protein to repair and replace damaged cells or to make new cells during growth. Many diets in the world are deficient in protein, but children in particular need a lot of protein in their diets for growth. Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disorder that is common in developing countries because people’s diets consist of mainly starchy vegetables. In particular, they do not get enough animal protein, which contains all the essential amino acids not made within the body. FATS Fats are made from fatty acids and glycerol. We need fats for a store of energy, to make cell membranes and to warmth (insulation). Fat can also be bad for us. Cholesterol is a fatty deposit that can narrow arteries and contribute to heart disease. Cholesterol is made in the liver and is found in the blood. The level of cholesterol in the blood is influenced by the amount and type of fat in the diet. Saturated fats increase blood cholesterol. Monounsaturated fats have little effect and polyunsaturated fats may help reduce blood cholesterol. Genetic factors, smoking and alcohol can also contribute to the effects of cholesterol and FIBRE Fibre, or roughage, comes from plants. Fibre is not actually digested, but it keeps food moving smoothly through your system. It prevents constipation. 8 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION A BALANCED DIET AND NUTRITION WATER Water makes up approximately 65% of your body weight. Water is important because: Our blood plasma is mainly water Water is in sweat that cools us down Chemical reactions in our cells take place in water Waste products are removed from our bodies in water. The food and drink we consume contains water. VITAMINS AND MINERAL We only need these in small amounts, but they are essential for good health. Vitamins and minerals are found in fruit, vegetables and cereals. Salt is needed in small amounts in our diets. An adult needs, on average, about 6 grams per day, but many are actually consuming 60% more. Salt contains sodium, which is linked to heart disease, high blood pressure and strokes. It is found in high quantities in processed food from cereals to biscuits and soups. 0.5 g of sodium in foods is considered to be a lot, whereas 0.1 g is a little, so remember to read the food nutrition labels. THE ATKINS DIET The Atkins diet is a slimming diet which suggests that eating a lot of protein suppresses the appetite. It believes that you burn more calories when your body uses fat and proteins as fuel, rather than carbohydrates, and that the body also undergoes a process called “ketosis” where calories are removed in the urine. The BBC 2 programme “Horizon” used pairs of twins to study the Atkins diet. They found that the twin put on the diet lost only 22 calories more than the other twin. The programme concluded that there was little to suggest anything significant other than the fact that, without trying, the person on the diet consumed fewer calories. They also said that there was something about the diet that controls hunger. SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT Many health scared have been associated with the Atkins diet, such as kidney problems, increased cholesterol, and an increased risk of diabetes. It was a very popular diet, but it is gradually being replaced by healthy eating plans as many people found it only to be a quick fix that did not lead to long-term weight loss. QUICK TEST (ORAL) 1-What do we use carbohydrates for?. 2-Name the two main carbohydrates. 3-What do our bodies need fat for?. 4-Why is protein important to our cells?. 5-Why is fibre important?. 6-Which type of fat increases cholesterol levels in the blood?. 7-What type of fat could lower cholesterol?. 8-In cold countries, what food group is particularly important?. 9 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 1)Which carbohydrate is found in milk? A) glucose B) lactose C) maltose D) starch 2)A diet deficient in protein can lead to the disease A) influenza B) kwashiorkor C) measles D) pneumonia 3)Cholesterol is a type of A) carbohydrate B) fat C) protein D) vitamin 4)Which substance helps prevent constipation? A) fibre B) minerals C) vitamins D) water 5)What percentage of our body weight is water?. A) B) C) D) 55% 65% 75% 85% 6)Complete the table by filling in the empty boxes: NUTRIENT carbohydrate FOUND IN cereals fibre Moving food in gut All food and drink protein USED FOR Cools us down Lean meat salt Nervous impulses 7) a) The Atkins diet is a slimming diet which suggest that eating a lot of protein helps you to lose weight. How is the Atkins diet thought to work?. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. b) What problems have been associated with the Atkins diet?. ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 8) Food manufacturers are required to label their prod- 9)The table shows the energy needs of females of at ucts with nutritional information. different times in her life. Look at the two labels and answer the questions: ENERGY NEEDS IN A LIFE STAGE Brenda’s Beans TOM’s TOMATOES Typical values per 100 g Typical values per 100 g Energy 400 kJ Energy 70 kJ Protein 7.0g Protein 1.0g Carbohydrates 20.0g Carbohydrates 3.0g Fats of which saturated 1.0g 0.5g Fats of which saturated Fibre 6.5g Fibre Salt 1.0g Salt 0.1g trace 0.5g trace A) How much energy per 100 g do you get from Brenda’s beans?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... B) Explain which food is better for those trying to lose weight?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... C) Which food is better for a person suffering from risk of strokes and why?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... D) Brenda’s beans contain more energy. Explain one other reason why they are better for a teenager. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... DAY IN KJ At infant school 8.500 At secondary school 9.500 Adult 10.000 Pregnant adult 11.500 A) Calculate the difference in her energy needs at infant and secondary school. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... B) Her activity is similar so why is there a difference. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... C) Why does a pregnant female need more energy than a non pregnant one?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... D) What happens to energy rich foods that are not used during respiration?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... E) Name the disease commonly called “the slimming disease”?. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... F) List two symptoms of the disease named in E). ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... 11 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 8 TIPS FOR EATING WELL These practical tips can help you make healthier choices. The two keys to a healthy diet are eating the right amount of food for how active you are and eating a range of fo o d s to m ak e s u re y o u 're ge t ti n g a b al an ce d d ie t A healthy balanced diet contains a variety of types of food, including lots of fruit, vegetables and starchy foods such as wholegrain bread and wholegrain cereals; some protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs and lentils; and some milk and dairy foods. 1. Base your meals on starchy foods Starchy foods such as bread, cereals, rice, pasta and potatoes are a really important part of a healthy diet. Try to choose wholegrain varieties of starchy foods whenever you can. 2. Eat lots of fruit and veg Most people know we should be eating more fruit and veg. But most of us still aren't eating enough. Try to eat at least 5 portions of a variety of fruit and veg every day. It might be easier than you think. 3. Eat more fish Most of us should be eating more fish - including a portion of oily fish each week. It's an excellent source of protein and contains many vitamins and minerals. 4. Cut down on saturated fat and sugar To stay healthy we need some fat in our diets. What is important is the kind of fat we are eating. 5. Try to eat less salt - no more than 6g a day Lots of people think they don't eat much salt, especially if they don't add it to their food. But don't be so sure! 6. Get active and try to be a healthy weight It's not a good idea to be either underweight or overweight. Being overweight can lead to health conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure or diabetes. Being underweight could also affect your health. 7. Drink plenty of water We should be drinking about 6 to 8 glasses (1.2 liters) of water, or other fluids, every day to stop us getting dehydrated. 8. Don't skip breakfast Breakfast can help give us the energy we need to face the day, as well as some of the vitamins and minerals we need for good health. ACTIVITY Write a paragraph of about 50 words explaining how it should be a healthy diet. More information: http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/eighttipssection/8tips/ 12 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 13 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TONGUE MIXES THE FOOD WITH THE SALIVA SALIVARY GLANDS MAKE SALIVA SALIVA CHANGES STARCH TO SUGAR, ADDS LIQUID TO THE FOOD TEETH CHOP AND GRIND ESOPHAGUS FOOD TUBE, PUSHES FOOD DOWN STOMACH BLENDS, CHURNS, MIXES FOOD, DIGESTIVE JUICES ENTER HERE TO BREAK FOOD DOWN DIGESTIVE JUICES ACIDS AND ENZYMES IN THE STOMACH THAT BREAK DOWN FOOD DUODENUM FIRST PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WHERE FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN FURTHER BY DIGESTIVE JUICES GLAND FACTORY LIVER MAKES BILE, STORES NUTRIENTS THAT THE BODY DOES NOT NEED RIGHT AWAY GALL BLADDER STORES BILE AND SENDS IT TO THE SMALL INTESTINE BILE YELLOW-GREEN FLUID THAT BREAKS DOWN FAT PANCREAS MAKES CHEMICALS NEEDED TO BREAK DOWN FOOD, MAKES INSULINE LARGE INTESTINE BACTERIA REMOVE NUTRIENTS FROM WASTE, WATER IS REMOVED FROM WASTE RECTUM STORES SOLID WASTE Use the cards in groups of 4 students: 1-Match the parts of the digestive system with their functions and try to remember them. 2-Two members of the group ask the others. 3-Every group chooses a representative, and now the other groups ask them. The winner group will have 0.5 points. 14 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive process begins in the mouth. Food is partly broken down by the process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes (these enzymes are produced by the salivary glands and break down starches into smaller molecules). On the way to the stomach: the esophagus - After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. It uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. This muscle movement gives us the ability to eat or drink even when we're upside-down. In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very strong acid (gastric acid). Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids is called chyme. In the small intestine - After being in the stomach, food enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. In the duodenum, bile (produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder), pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small intestine help in the breakdown of food. It then enters the jejunum and then the ileum (the final part of the small intestine). Most digested molecules of food, as well as water and minerals, are absorbed through the small intestine. In the large intestine - After passing through the small intestine, food passes into the large intestine. In the large intestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like sodium) are removed from the food. Many microbes in the large intestine help in the digestion process. The first part of the large intestine is called the cecum (the appendix is connected to the cecum). Food then travels upward in the ascending colon. The food travels across the abdomen in the transverse colon, and goes back down the other side of the body in the descending colon. The end of the process - Solid waste is then stored in the rectum until it is excreted via the anus. 15 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES NAME: A-…………………………………………….. B-…………………………………………….. C-…………………………………………….. D-…………………………………………….. E-…………………………………………….. F-…………………………………………….. G-…………………………………………….. H-…………………………………………….. 1-¿What are the organs which form the digestive tube? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 2-¿Which are the associated glands? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 3-Write down the parts of the small intestine and those of the large intestine SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE 4-¿What are the openings to the stomach? Which organs do they join with? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5-Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 6-Show where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and both of these occur: MECHANICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION MOUTH ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE 16 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION 7-Why do the inner walls of the jejunum and the ileum have so many folds? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 8-What happens when, during the forming of faeces, less water than normal is recovered?. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... And what happens when more than usual is recovered?........................................................................................ http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp (You can see the video : DIGESTIVE TRAC) Chain of Events The burger contains a buttered bread bun, a meat patty and some cheese. Write a paragraph using the chain words in order to describe what occurs at each step. Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum 17 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION Find the digestive system words below in the grid to the left. 1 2 3 6 8 4 5 7 9 10 11 12 14 13 15 Across Down 2. A long folded tube inside the body attached to the stomach where nutrients in the food are absorbed. 1. After being swallowed, food goes to this place where it is mixed with acid. 6. A part of your throat that acts like a gateway sending air into the lungs and food down into the stomach. 7. The place where waste is stored before it leaves the body. 8. The part of the food that is not digested. 11. The tube that connects the stomach to the mouth. 12. A verb that means to push food through your pharynx. 3. The tube after the small intestine where liquid is absorbed. 4. These are used to chew food. 5. The good things in food. 9. A slippery liquid that makes food easy to swallow and helps to break the food down. 10. The process of breaking down food for use as energy and building materials for your body. 13. This produces juices (called bile) that go into the small intestine and help digest the food. 14. Crush food with your teeth. 15. Muscle in your mouth that is used for pushing food around. 18 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 19 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM This chart of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM shows the apparatus for breathing. Breathing is the process by which oxygen in the air is brought into the lungs and into close contact with the blood, which absorbs it and carries it to all parts of the body. At the same time the blood gives up waste matter (carbon dioxide), which is carried out of the lungs with the air breathed out. The NASAL CAVITY (nose) is the preferred entrance for outside air into the Respiratory System. The hairs that line the inside wall are part of the air-cleansing system. Air also enters through the ORAL CAVITY (mouth), especially in people who have a mouth-breathing habit or whose nasal passages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold. The PHARYNX (throat) collects incoming air from the nose and passes it downward to the trachea (windpipe). The EPIGLOTTIS is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea, closing when anything is swallowed that should go into the esophagus and stomach. The LARYNX (voice box) contains the vocal cords. It is the place where moving air being breathed in and out creates voice sounds. The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from the pharynx to the lungs. The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity. They move to a limited degree, helping the lungs to expand and contract. The trachea divides into the two main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung. These, in turn, subdivide further into bronchioles. The RIGHT LUNG is divided into three LOBES, or sections. The left lung is divided into two LOBES. The PLEURA are the two membranes that surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the chest wall. The bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very small hairs) that have a wave-like motion. This motion carries MUCUS (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into the throat, where it is either coughed up or swallowed. The mucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has invaded the lungs and thus gets rid of it. The DIAPHRAGM is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. By moving downward, it creates suction to draw in air and expand the lungs. The smallest subdivisions of the bronchi are called BRONCHIOLES, at the end of which are the alveoli (plural of alveolus). The ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air breathed in. The CAPILLARIES are blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by the PULMONARY ARTERY and taken away by the PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries the blood discharges carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli. Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer: What causes cold? http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/colds_and_flu/colds.html# 20 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 1-Why do we need to breathe? ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-What role does your diaphragm play in breathing? ................................................................................................................................................................. 3-What keeps food from going down our windpipe? ................................................................................................................................................................. 4-What role do red blood cells play in respiration? ................................................................................................................................................................. 5-What is inspiration? ................................................................................................................................................................. 6-What is expiration? ................................................................................................................................................................. 7-Where are your vocal chords? ................................................................................................................................................................. 8-What is the purpose of the mucus in your nose? ................................................................................................................................................................. 9-Which lung is bigger, your right or your left? ................................................................................................................................................................. 10-Name the parts of the respiratory system. 21 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks. air oxygen inhale exhale lungs trachea respiratory cough carbon dioxide yawn bronchi pharynx hiccup diaphragm water vapor nose mouth sneeze blood All animals need ________________ to make energy from food. We get this oxygen from the _____________ that we breathe. In order to get the oxygen into the blood where it can be transported to the rest of the body, the air travels through a system of organs called the _______________ system. When you ________________, air enters the body through the _______________ or the ____________. From there it passes through the ______________, which forces air into the _______________ and food into the esophagus. The air travels down the trachea into two branching tubes called ________________ and then on into the ________________. In the lungs oxygen from the air enters the _______________. At the same time, the waste gas ____________________ leaves the blood and then leaves the body when you ___________________. Some __________________ also leaves the body when you exhale, which is why mirrors get foggy when you breathe on them. The ______________ is the muscle that controls the lungs. It is important to keep the respiratory system clear so oxygen can keep flowing into your body. If something gets in your nose and irritates it, you ___________________. If something gets in your trachea or bronchi and irritates it, you _________________. If something irritates your diaphragm, you _________________. Finally, if the brain thinks you are not getting enough oxygen, then it forces you to _________________. 22 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 23 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION About Smoking Health Effects Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Smoking -related diseases claim over 393,000 American lives each year. Smoking cost the United States over $193 billion in 2004, including $97 billion in lost productivity and $96 billion in direct health care expenditures, or an average of $4,260 per adult smoker. Key Facts About Smoking Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer. Smoking is directly responsible for approximately 90 percent of lung cancer deaths and approximately 80-90 percent of COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) deaths. Among adults who have ever smoked, 70% started smoking regularly at age 18 or younger, and 86% at age 21 or younger. Among current smokers, chronic lung disease accounts for 73 percent of smoking-related conditions. Even among smokers who have quit chronic lung disease accounts for 50 percent of smoking-related conditions. Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, and is a main cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema). It is also a cause of coronary heart disease, stroke and a host of other cancers and diseases. Smoking in pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 percent of low-birth weight babies, up to 14 percent of preterm deliveries, and some 10 percent of all infant deaths. Even apparently healthy, full-term babies of smokers have been found to be born with narrowed airways and reduced lung function. Nicotine is the ingredient in cigarettes that causes addiction. Smokers not only become physically addicted to nicotine; they also link smoking with many social activities, making smoking an extremely difficult addiction to break. Quitting smoking often requires multiple attempts. Using counseling or medication alone increases the chance of a quit attempt being successful; the combination of both is even more effective. Secondhand Smoke Secondhand smoke is a serious health hazard causing close to 50,000 deaths per year. It can cause or exacerbate a wide range of adverse health effects, including lung cancer, respiratory infections, and asthma.1 There is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Short-term exposure can potentially increase the risk of heart attacks. Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke. Secondhand smoke contains hundreds of chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic. A 2009 report by the Institute of Medicine confirmed that secondhand smoke is a cause of heart attacks, and concluded that relatively brief exposure could trigger a heart attack. Secondhand smoke is especially harmful to young children. Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year, and causes 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths in the U.S. annually. Preventing Smoking The majority of today's daily smokers began smoking before they were 18 years old. But youth smoking can be prevented with the combined efforts of families, schools, communities and policy makers. 24 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION About Smoking Parents can set a positive example for their children by not smoking themselves, and keeping their homes smoke-free. Schools can provide tobacco prevention programs to educate students about the dangers of smoking. States can pass legislation to increase taxes on tobacco products, pass and implement comprehensive smokefree indoor air laws, and limit minors' access to tobacco Why do kids start smoking in the first place? Their parents are smokers. Peer pressure – their friends encourage them to try cigarettes, and to keep smoking. They see smoking as a way of rebelling and showing independence. They think that everyone else is smoking, and that they should, too. Tobacco advertising targets teenagers. The majority of children in elementary school and the early part of middle school have never tried a cigarette. Most will tell you that they will never smoke cigarettes. But as they get older, some will become more open to the idea of smoking. Cigarette companies shape their advertising campaigns to portray smokers as cool, sexy, independent, fun, attractive, and living on the edge – images that are appealing to many teens. As a result, they try smoking and many get hooked. Only 5% of high-school-age smokers believe they'll still be smoking 5 years after graduation but they don't understand how difficult quitting can be. Research shows that after 8 years, 75% of those smokers will still be usHow To Quit Most smokers today know that smoking is bad for their health and harmful to people around them.They know they should quit but they also know it's going to be hard. Fortunately, there's lots of help available. Why Quit Why should you quit smoking? Every smoker has his or her own personal reasons for quitting. Here are some common reasons. Think about what is most important to you. 1-For your health! According to the Surgeon General, quitting smoking is the single most important step a smoker can take to improve the length and quality of his or her life. As soon as you quit, your body begins to repair the damage caused by smoking. Of course it's best to quit early in life but even someone who quits later in life will improve their health. 2-To save money! It's getting more expensive to smoke cigarettes. State and federal cigarette taxes continue to go up and in some places. To save the aggravation! It's getting less convenient to smoke. More and more states and cities are passing clean indoor air laws that make it illegal to smoke in bars, restaurants, and other public places. Are you tired of having to go outside many times a day to have a cigarette? Is standing in the cold and the rain really worth having that cigarette? Wouldn't it be easier if you had the choice to go outside only when you want to and not when you need to? 3-It's good for the people around you! Cigarette smoke is harmful to everyone who inhales it, not just the smoker. Whether you're young or old and in good health or bad, secondhand smoke is dangerous and can make you sick. 25 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION About Smoking Benefits of Quitting 20 Minutes After Quitting: -Your heart rate drops to a normal level. 12 Hours After Quitting: -The carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. 2 Weeks to 3 Months After Quitting: -Your risk of having a heart attack begins to drop. -Your lung function begins to improve. 1 to 9 Months After Quitting: -Your coughing and shortness of breath decrease. 1 Year After Quitting: -Your added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker's. 5 to 15 Years After Quitting: -Your risk of having a stroke is reduced to that of a nonsmoker's. -Your risk of getting cancer of the mouth, throat, or esophagus is half that of a smoker's. 10 Years After Quitting: -Your risk of dying from lung cancer is about half that of a smoker's. -Your risk of getting bladder cancer is half that of a smoker's. -Your risk of getting cervical cancer or cancer of the larynx, kidney or pancreas decreases. 15 Years After Quitting: -Your risk of coronary heart disease is the same as that of a nonsmoker. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. You can visit this webpage and write three tips for quitting. http://www.msps.es/ciudadanos/proteccionSalud/tabaco/guiaTabaco.htm 26 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION About Smoking 27 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 28 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce. The heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to service the cells of the body. RED BLOOD CELLS The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen to all the cells of the body. They have no nucleus, meaning that there is more room for haemoglobin. They are small and flexible, in order to pass through small blood vessels. They are shaped as small biconcave discs, providing maximun surface area to volume ratio for absorbing oxygen. They contain a substance called haemoglobin. In the lungs this substance combines with oxigen to form oxyhaemoglobin. In the tissues it gives up the oxygen to form haemoglobin again. O2 + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin WHITE BLOOD CELLS The main function of white blood cells is defence against disease. They have a large nucleus. They are larger than red blood cells and their shape varies. They have a flexible shape, in order to engulf microorganisms. There are two main types of white blood cells that can multiply if needed. Macrophage: this type of white blood cell kills microbes by ingesting them. Lymphocytes: this type of white blood cell sends out antibodies which kill microbes. PLATELETS Platelets are fragments of cells. Their function is to clot the blood so you do not bleed to death if you cut yourself. PLASMA Plasma is a yellow fluid. It consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it. These substances include soluble food, salts, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, antibodies and plasma proteins. Its function is to transport these substances around the body. 29 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 1)Which fluid transports food to cells? A) bile B) blood C) saliva D) urine 2)Wich cell has a variable shape? A) all of them B) platelet C) red blood cell D) White blood cell 3)Which structure is only a cell fragment? A) plasma B) platelet C) red blood cell D) white blood cell 4)What colour is plasma? A) blue B) green C) red D) yellow 5)The diagram shows some of the components of blood. A B C A) Name the labelled structures A............................ B............................ C............................. B) What are the jobs of these structures?. A.............................................................................................................................................................. B.............................................................................................................................................................. C.............................................................................................................................................................. C) Which part of the blood is not shown in the diagram?........................................................................ 6) A) Which cellular structure is missing from a red blood cell and how does this help in carrying oxygen? ................................................................................................................................................................. B) Explain how red blood cells are adapted to carry out their function. 7) ................................................................................................................................................................... A) What is the main component of plasma? ................................................................................................................................................................... B) List four other components of plasma. 8) ................................................................................................................................................................... A) Name two types of white blood cell. ................................................................................................................................................................... B) How are the white blood cells different from the red blood cells?. ................................................................................................................................................................... 30 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS VEINS: Veins carry mainly deoxygenated blood, blood that has given up its oxygen to the body tissues. They carry the blood back to the heart from the body at low pressure. They have valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards. Veins have a large lumen, or hole, in the middle. ARTERIES: Arteries carry mainly oxygenated blood. They carry blood away from the heart, towards the body, at high pressure. They have very thick, muscular, elastic walls to withstand the high pressure. The high pressure in the arteries causes a pulse that can be felt in the wrist and neck. CAPILLARIES: Capillaries are only one cell thick and have very thin, permeable walls, to allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out of them. When something is permeable, it has tiny holes in it that allow small substances to flow through. These capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and the cells of the body. Fluid leaks out of the capillaries and bathes the surrounding cells. This is called tissue fluid. The tissue fluid delivers the food and oxygen to the cells and receives waste products, which are reabsorbed back into the capillaries. THE HEART The heart consists of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle. It contracts continuously without getting tired. The heart is a double pump. The left side pumps oxygenated blood out of the aorta at high pressure to other arteries, to deliver substances around the body. The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left side of the heart has much thicker walls, as it has to pump blood at high pressure all the way around the body. The top two chambers of the heart are called atria (the singular of which is atrium). They receive blood from the body and the lungs. The bottom two chambers of the heart are called ventricles. They pump the blood out of the heart. QUICK TEST (ORAL) 1-Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?. 2-Name two blood vessels that enter the heart: 3-Name two blood vessels that leave the heart. 4-What are aortic and pulmonary valves for?. 5-Why do arteries have elastic, muscular walls?. 6-Which blood vessel contains valves?. 7-Which blood vessels are the site of exchange of substances between the blood and the body?. 31 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 1)What type of muscle is the heart made of? A) cardiac B) coronary C) circulatory D) capillary 2) A) The capillaries in the body go to all organs. Suggest an organ they might go to. ................................................................................................................................................................. B) What type of blood is in the vein coming from the lungs?. ................................................................................................................................................................. C) What substance is passed out of the blood in the capillaries in the body?. ................................................................................................................................................................. 3)Each statement refers to a blood vessel. Put a tick in the correct box to show which blood vessel the statement refers to. Statement Artery Vein Capillary Takes blood away from the heart Carries mainly oxygenated blood Blood is under high pressure Where an exchange of substances takes place Carries blood to the heart Contains valves Has walls one cell thick Carries deoxygenated blood Has thick muscular walls 4) A) What type of blood vessel is the aorta?. ................................................................................................................................................................. B) The blood returns from the lungs. Describe the route it takes through the heart on its way to the body cells. ................................................................................................................................................................. C) What type of blood returns to the heart from the body? ................................................................................................................................................................. Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer: What is anemia? http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/anemia.html 32 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM Urine is more than just that drink you had a few hours ago. The body produces urine as a way to get rid of waste and extra water that it doesn't need. Before leaving your body, urine travels through the urinary tract. The urinary tract is a pathway that includes the: Kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that filter waste from the blood and produce urine Ureters: two thin tubes that take urine from the kidney to the bladder Bladder: a sac that holds urine until it's time to go to the bathroom Urethra: the tube that carries urines from the bladder out of the body. The kidneys are key players in the urinary tract. They do two important jobs — filter waste from the blood and produce urine to get rid of it. If they didn't do this, toxins (bad stuff) would quickly build up in your body and make you sick. That's why you hear about people getting kidney transplants sometimes. You need at least one working kidney to be healthy. The production of urine Kidneys normally come in pairs. Each kidney is about 13 centimeters long and about 8 centimeters wide — about the size of a computer mouse. How does the waste get in your blood? Well, your blood delivers nutrients to your body. Chemical reactions occur in the cells of your body to break down the nutrients. Some of the waste is the result of these chemical reactions. Some is just stuff your body doesn't need because it already has enough. The waste has to go somewhere; this is where the kidneys come in. First, blood is carried into the kidneys by the renal artery. The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400 times a day! More than 1 million tiny filters inside the kidneys remove the waste. These filters, called nephrons. URINE The kidneys remove waste from the blood and make urine, also called pee. Urine is mostly water so if you don't take in a lot of fluids (or if you sweat a lot), your urine has less water in it and it appears darker. If you drink lots of fluids, the extra fluid comes out in your urine, and it will be lighter. Urine is stored in the bladder until it's peed out. The Path of Urine The waste that is collected combines with water (which is also filtered out of the kidneys) to make urine. The urine slides down a long tube called the ureter and collects in the bladder, a storage sac that holds the urine. When the bladder is about halfway full, your body tells you to go to the bathroom. 33 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION The urine goes from the bladder down another tube called the urethra and out of your body. The kidneys, the bladder, and their tubes are called the urinary system. Here's a list of all of the parts of the urinary system: the kidneys: filters that take the waste out of the blood and make urine the ureters: tubes that carry the urine to the bladder the bladder: a bag that collects the urine The urethra: a tube that carries the urine out of the body Keeping a Balance The kidneys also balance the volume of fluids and minerals in the body. This balance in the body is called homeostasis If you put all of the water that you take in on one side of a scale and all of the water your body gets rid of on the other side of a scale, the sides of the scale would balance. Your body gets water when you drink it or other liquids. You also get water from some foods, like fruits and vegetables. Water leaves your body in several ways. It comes out of your skin when you sweat, out of your mouth when you breathe, and out of your urethra in urine when you go to the bathroom. Urinary Tract Health You might not think much about your urinary tract, but here's how you can help keep everything flowing as it should: .Drink enough fluids. There's no magic amount, but be sure to drink plenty of water, especially when it's warm out or you're exercising and playing. .Go to the bathroom when you need to go. Holding too long isn't good for your urinary tract. .If some bacteria end up in the urinary tract, you could get an infection known as a UTI (urinary tract infection). E coli is responsible for 80% of urinary tract infections. DRINK WATER Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer: What is a Urinary Tract Infection? http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/urinary/uti.html# 34 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION ACTIVITIES 1-Label the following diagram of the urinary system: 2-Where is urine produced?......................................................................................................................................... 3-What other organs of the body are responsible for excretion? ............................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-What is urine?.......................................................................................................................................................... 5-In which organ is the blood filtered? A) B) C) D) heart liver kidney bladder 6-What is the main component of urine? A) waste B) water C) mineral salts D) pee 7-What tubes take urine from the kidney to the bladder? A) urethra B) renal artery C) nephrons D) ureters 8-What is a UTI? A) an infection B) bacteria C) urine with blood D) urinary tubes 9-What can you do to keep your urinary tract in good health conditions?. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10-What is homeostasis?. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 C A S A THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 36 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is in charge. It controls and coordinates the parts of your body so that they work together at the right time. The nervous system coordinates things you don't even think about, like breathing and blinking. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord connected to different parts of the body by nerves. Your body’s sense organs contain receptors. Receptors detect changes in the environment called stimuli. Nose –sensitive to chemicals in the air. Mouth –sensitive to chemicals in food. Ears –sensitive to sound and balance. Skin –sensitive to touch, pressure and temperature. Eyes –sensitive to light The receptors send messages along nerves to the brain and spinal cord in response to stimuli from the environment. The messages are called nerve impulses. The CNS sends nerve impulses back along nerves to effectors, which bring about movement, or glands that secrete hormones. The central nervous system is divided into two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. Brain Strutures Functions: Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Brain stem Thought Movement Breathing Voluntary movement Balance Heart Rate Language Posture Blood Pressure Reasoning Perception The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. NERVES Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones. There are three types of neurones: sensory, relay and motor neurones. Neurones have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, but they have changed their shape and become specialised. 37 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION The sensory neurones receive messages from the receptors and send them to the CNS. The motor neurones send messages from the CNS to effectors telling them what to do. Nerve impulses travel in one direction only. The fatty sheath is for insulation and for speeding up nerve impulses. A relay neurone connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the CNS. SYNAPSES In between the neurones there is a gap called a synapse. When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, a chemical is released. This chemical diffuses across the gap. This starts an impulse in the next neurone. Drugs and alcohol can affect synapses, slowing down or even stopping them from functioning properly. THE REFLEX ARC The reflex response to your CNS and back again can be shown in a diagram called the reflex arc. 1.The stimulus in this example is a sharp object. 2.The receptor is the pain sensor in the skin. 3.The nerve impulse travels along the sensory neurone. 4.The impulse is passed across a synapse to the relay neurone. 5.The impulse is passed across a synapse to the motor neurone. 6.The impulse is passed along a synapse to the muscle effector in the arm. 7.You move your hand away. The reflex arc can be shown in a block diagram below: stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY ACTIONS Voluntary actions are things you have to think about, they are under conscious control. They have to be learned, like talking or writing. Reflex actions produce rapid involuntary responses and often protect us and other animals from harm. Examples include reflex actions in a new born baby, the pupils’ response to light, the knee-jerk reflex and blinking. Simple reflex actions help animals survive - as they respond to a stimulus, such as smelling and finding food or avoidance of predators. In certain circumstances, the brain can override a reflex response. For example, when holding a hot plate, the brain sends a message to the motor neurone in the reflex arc to keep hold of the plate and not to drop it. 38 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION CONTEST -Make groups of 4-5 students. -One board for group, choose a name for your group and write it on your board. -You will listen to the questions and write your answers quietly for the entire round. -When finished, pass the board to another group to correct. -There will be as many rounds as possible giving the time. NAME OF THE GROUP POINTS ANSWERS: 1-……………………………………………………….. 2-……………………………………………………….. 3-……………………………………………………….. 4-……………………………………………………….. -There will be extra points in your exam for the winner group. GOOD LUCK! WEBPAGE: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/works.html You can find extra information , puzzles, worksheets,.... 39 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 40 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION THE EYE The eye is one of the human sense organs. Parts of the eye can control the amount of light entering it and other parts control focusing on near and distance objects. INSIDE THE EYE Cornea– a transparent window in the front of the eye. Sclera-the protective, white outer layer of the eye. Muscular iris-controls how much light enters the eye and alters the shape of the pupil. Pupil-a hole that allows light through (in front of the lens). Lens-helps focus a picture. It is held in place by the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles. It can change shape. Retina-contains light-sensitive cells: rods for dim light, cones for colour. The retina sends nerve impulses to the brain. Optic nerve-receives nerve impulses from the retina and sends them to the brain. Ciliary muscles-change the thickness of the lens when focusing. Suspensory ligaments-hold the lens in place. SEEING THINGS Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea. The curved cornea and lens produce an image on the retina that is upside down. The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain along sensory neurones in the optic nerve. The brain interprets the image and you see the object the right way up. ADJUSTING TO LIGHT AN DARK Bright light -Circular muscles contract. -Radial muscles relax. -The iris closes and makethe pupil smaller. -Less light enters the eye. Dim light -Radial muscles contract. -Circular muscles relax. -The iris open and makes the pupil bigger. -More light enters the eye. VISION Humans and many hunting animals have binocular vision. This means that our eyes are facing forward. Each eye has a slightly different perspective on a scene and enables us to judge distances and depth effectively. Cows, horses and other pray animals have monocular vision—their eyes are on the side of their heads. This allows them to have a wider field of view and be aware of predators sneaking up on them. PROBLEMS WITH VISION Short-sightedness results when the eyeball is too long. This means that light is focused too far in front of the retina. Sufferers can see near objects but not distant ones. Long-sightedness is when the eyeball is too short and 41 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION distant objects can been seen but not those close up. Treatment involves contact lenses, concave for shortsightedness and convex for long-sightedness. Cornea surgery is also an option, changing the shape of the cornea to focus light correctly. Red-green colour blindness is an inherited condition that affects more males than females. It is caused by special- FOCUSING ON NEAR OBJECTS FOCUSING ON DISTANT OBJECTS The ciliary muscles contract The ciliary muscles relax. This causes the suspensory ligaments to slacken. This causes the suspensory ligaments to pull tight. The lens gets fatter and rounder, which bends light a The lens gets pulled thin and flat and only bends light lot. The near object is focused on the retina. a little. The distant object is focused on the retina. CARING FOR YOUR EYES Just as you wear a seat belt to protect yourself when you're in a car, it's wise to protect your eyes before something happens to them. Wearing sunglasses is high on the list of ways you can care for your vision. Buy a pair of sunglasses with ultraviolet (UV) protection to use whenever you're in the sun. UV light causes long-term damage to the inner structures of the eye, but wearing sunglasses whenever you're in the sun can help prevent conditions such as cataracts and macular degeneration. A cataract is an eye condition in which the lens of the eye becomes clouded, impairing vision. Macular degeneration is an eye disease in which the macula, a structure within the eye that allows you to see, gradually deteriorates, leading to decreased vision or blindness. You can also protect your eyes by preventing infections that could harm them. Conjunctivitis, which is also sometimes called pinkeye, is an eye infection that can be caused by a virus, bacteria, an allergic reaction, a chemical, or an irritant (something that gets in the eye). Conjunctivitis that is caused by germs like viruses and bacteria can easily pass from person to person. After you shake hands with someone who has a bad cold and pinkeye, for instance, you could spread the infection to your own eye by touching it with your hand. QUICK TEST (ORAL) 1-Name the part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering it. 2-What is the name of the hole in the middle of the iris?. 3-Wich part of the eye contains the light-sensitive cells?. 4-What happens to the size of the pupil in bright light?. 5-What happens to the size of the pupil in dim light?. 6-Name the muscles that control the size of the lens. 7-What is the difference between binocular vision and monocular vision?. 8-What shape is the lens when focusing on near objects?. 9-What shape is the lens when focusing on distant objects?. 10-Which part of the eye does light enter through?. 42 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION ACTIVITIES 1)Binocular vision means A) one eye B) one eye on each side C) two eyes facing forward D) two eyes facing backward 2)Which two structures produce an image on the retina? A) conjunctiva and pupil B) cornea and lens C) iris and optic nerve D) sclera and brain 3)Which defect is inherited? A) blindness B) red-green colour blindness C) long sight D) cataracts 4)In red-green blindness, which cells do not function correctly? A) blood B) cones C) nerve D) rods 5)In dim light, the pupil A) B) C) D) closes gets bigger gets smaller stays the same 6)Draw straight lines from the part of the eye to its description. -cornea -lens -muscular iris -optic nerve -pupil -retina -sclera 7) True or false A) Predators usually have monocular vision B) Suspensory ligaments hold the lens in place C) The eye is a sense organ -helps focus the image -a hole that allows light through (in front of the lens) -the protective, white outer layer of the eye -contains light sensitive cells -controls how much light enters the eye -transparent window in the front of the eye -receives nerve impulses from the retina and sends them to the brain true ∆ ∆ ∆ false ∆ ∆ ∆ 8)Complete the sentences using words from the list. circular radial smaller When a person moves from dim light into bright light, the iris react. The ........................................ muscles contract, the ............................................ muscles relax. The pupil gets ....................................... Less light enters the eye. 43 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION 9) a) The diagram shows an eyeball and light rays from an object. Name the structures labelled A, B and C b) What defect does this eyeball show?. Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................... c) Complete the table to show what happens to the structures when focussing on near and far objects. Structure Focussing on near objects Focussing on far objects Ciliary muscles Suspensory ligament Lens Pulled tight Fatter and rounder 10) The sentences describe how the eye sees things but they are in the wrong order. Fill the boxes bellow to show the right order. A The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain. B Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea. C The brain interprets the image and you see the object the right way up. D The curved cornea and lens produce an image on the retina. E The image is upside down. Games and Activities Welcome to the interactive area of our page. Try out the following links to have fun and learn more about the eye. You can also test your knowledge at the quiz page below. Blind spot test Vision simulation Quiz Stereograms Optical Illusions Eye Stories http://library.thinkquest.org/J002330/games.htm 44 C A S A INTERACTION AND COORDINATION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 45 C A S A HUMAN REPRODUCTION What Is It? AIDS is one of the most serious, deadly diseases in human history. More than 20 years ago, doctors in the United States identified the first cases of AIDS in San Francisco and New York. Now there are an estimated 42 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide, and more than 3 million die every year from AIDS-related illnesses. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV destroys a type of defense cell in the body called a CD4 helper lymphocyte .These lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system, the defense system that fights infectious diseases. But as HIV destroys these lymphocytes, people with the virus begin to get serious infections that they normally wouldn't — that is, they become immune deficient. The name for this condition is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). As the medical community learns more about how HIV works, they've been able to develop drugs to inhibit it (meaning they interfere with its growth). These drugs have been successful in slowing the progress of the disease, and people with the disease now live much longer. But there is still no cure for HIV and AIDS. Hundreds of U.S. teens become infected with HIV each year. HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another person through blood, semen , vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The virus is spread through high-risk behaviors including: -unprotected oral, vaginal, or anal sexual intercourse -sharing needles, such as needles used to inject drugs (including needles used for injecting steroids) and those used for tattooing People who have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis are at greater risk for getting HIV during sex with infected partners. If a woman with HIV is pregnant, her newborn baby can catch the virus from her before birth, during the birthing process, or from breastfeeding. If doctors know an expectant mother has HIV, they can usually prevent the spread of the virus from mother to baby. All pregnant teens and women should be tested for HIV so they can begin treatment if necessary. How Does HIV Affect the Body? A healthy body is equipped with CD4 helper lymphocyte cells (CD4 cells). These cells help the immune system function normally and fight off certain kinds of infections. They do this by acting as messengers to other types of immune system cells, telling them to become active and fight against an invading germ. HIV attaches to these CD4 cells, infects them, and uses them as a place to multiply. In doing so, the virus destroys the ability of the infected cells to do their job in the immune system. The body then loses the ability to fight many infections. Because their immune systems are weakened, people who have AIDS are unable to fight off many infections, particularly tuberculosis and other kinds of otherwise rare infections of the lung (such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), the surface covering of the brain (meningitis), or the brain itself (encephalitis). People who have AIDS tend to keep getting sicker, especially if they are not taking antiviral medications properly. 46 C A S A HUMAN REPRODUCTION AIDS can affect every body system. The immune defect caused by having too few CD4 cells also permits some cancers that are stimulated by viral illness to occur — some people with AIDS get forms of lymphoma and a rare tumor of blood vessels in the skin called Kaposi's sarcoma. Because AIDS is fatal, it's important that doctors detect HIV infection as early as possible so a person can take medication to delay the onset of AIDS. How Do People Know They Have HIV? Once a person's blood lacks the number of CD4 cells required to fight infections, or the person has signs of specific illnesses or diseases that occur in people with HIV infection, doctors make a diagnosis of AIDS. Severe symptoms of HIV infection and AIDS may not appear for 10 years. And for years leading up to that, a person may not have symptoms of AIDS. The amount of time it takes for symptoms of AIDS to appear varies from person to person. Some people may feel and look healthy for years while they are infected with HIV. It is still possible to infect others with HIV, even if the person with the virus has absolutely no symptoms. You cannot tell simply by looking at someone whether he or she is infected. When a person's immune system is overwhelmed by AIDS, the symptoms can include: extreme weakness or fatigue rapid weight loss frequent fevers that last for several weeks with no explanation heavy sweating at night swollen lymph glands minor infections that cause skin rashes and mouth, genital, and anal sores white spots in the mouth or throat chronic diarrhea a cough that won't go away trouble remembering things Girls may also experience severe vaginal yeast infections that don't respond to usual treatment, as well as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). How Can It Be Prevented? One of the reasons that HIV is so dangerous is that a person can have the virus for a long time without knowing it. That person can then spread the virus to others through high-risk behaviors. HIV transmission can be prevented by: abstaining from sex (not having oral, vaginal, or anal sex) always using latex condoms for all types of sexual intercourse avoiding contact with the bodily fluids through which HIV is transmitted never sharing needles How Do Doctors Test for and Treat HIV? If you think that you may have HIV or AIDS or if you have had a partner who may have HIV or AIDS, see your family doctor, adolescent doctor, or gynecologist. He or she will talk with you and perform tests. The doctor may do a blood test or a swab of the inside of your cheek. Depending on what type of test is done, results may take from a few hours to several days. Let the doctor know the best way to reach you confidentially with any test results. Date reviewed: August 2009 47 C A S A HUMAN REPRODUCTION ACTIVITIES 1-What does HIV mean?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-What does AIDS mean?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-Which system does the virus attack?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-What does the HIV virus do to the immune system?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-Can a person have HIV, but not AIDS?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7-Can a person have AIDS, but not HIV?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8-How is HIV transmitted?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9-What does it mean to practice safe sex?. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10-Name five ways in which the virus cannot be transmitted. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................... http://www.msc.es/campannas/campanas09/nobajeslaguardia.htm http://www.msc.es/campannas/campanas09/home.htm 48 C A S A HUMAN REPRODUCTION GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 49 C A S A HEALTH AND ILLNESS CAUSES OF DISEASE Microbes are bacteria, fungi and viruses. Not all microbes cause disease: some are useful. Microbes that get inside you and make you feel ill are called pathogens or germs. Pathogens rapidly reproduce in warm conditions when there is plenty of food. HOW ARE DISEASES SPREAD? Diseases are spread by: Contact with infected people, animals or objects used by infected people, e.g. athlete’s foot, chickenpox and measles are spread through contact in this way. Through the air, e.g. flu, colds and pneumonia. Through infected food and drink, e.g. cholera from infected drinking water and salmonella poisoning from infected food. Diseases can be non-infectious and caused by vitamin deficiencies such as scurvy (lack of vitamin C), mineral deficiencies such as anaemia (lack of iron), or body disorders like cancer or diabetes. Other disorders can be inherited, like red-green colour blindness or diabetes. FOOD TOUCH AIR DRINK SOURCES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CANCER Cancer occurs when body cells that are normally under control, grow out of control and become a mass of cells known as a tumour. If the tumour stops growing it is known as “benign”, and is not usually dangerous. However, some tumours continue to grow and invade the surrounding tissues and organs. This is called a malignant tumour and is dangerous. The most common cancer in men is prostate cancer. In most cases, if it is caught early enough it can be cured. There is some evidence that eating a low fat diet and taking the supplement selenium reduces the risk. Breast cancer may affect one in nine women in their life and 1% of males. It often runs in families. Taking contraceptive pills, obesity and heavy drinking may increase the risk. Skin cancer is caused by the overexposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight or sun beds. The risk is increased for people with fair skin and a lot of moles. TUBERCULOSIS AND FUNGI Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease affecting the lungs, which results in bacteria destroying the lung tissue. It is spread when sufferers of the disease cough and sneeze, causing other people to breathe in the bacterial TB. TB was a major problem in the early 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1940s, improvements to public health and the discovery of an antibiotic to treat it , led to a decline of the infection. For a while, however, the guard was let down and incidences of the disease increased again in the 1980s, particularly as drug-resistant strains began to emerge. There are about 7000 cases reported in the UK at present. Treatment involves a course of antibiotics. Various antibiotics are used to prevent the bacteria from becoming resistant to one type. Schools have a vaccine called the BCG to prevent TB. Fungi cause diseases such as athlete’s foot and ringworm. Fungi reproduce by making spores that can be carried from person to person. Most fungi are useful as decomposers. Yeast is a fungus that is used when making bread, beer and wine. 50 C A S A HEALTH AND ILLNESS BACTERIA VIRUSES Bacteria are living organisms that feed, move and carry out Viruses consist of a protein coat surrounding a few respiration. genes. It’s not a cell. How bacteria cause disease Bacteria destroy living tissue. For example, tuberculosis destroys lung tissue. Bacteria can produce poisons, called toxins. For example, food poisoning is caused by bacteria releasing toxins. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They don’t feed, move, respire or grow: they just reproduce. Viruses can only survive inside the cells of a living organism. They reproduce inside the cells and release thousands of new viruses to infect new cells. They kill the cell in the process. Examples of diseases caused by viruses are HIV, flu, chickenpox and measles. SYMPTOMS OF INFECTION HOW DO PATHOGENS GET IN? Symptoms are the effects diseases have on the body: Pathogens have to enter our body before they can do any They are usually caused by the toxins released by the pathogens. harm. Digestive systemMicrobes get in via Symptoms include a high temperaRespiratory sysfood and drink. temture, headache, loss of appetite E.g. food poison- and sickness. Droplets of moisture containing ing VECTORS viruses are breathed in. E.g. flu, tuberculosis Skin- if the skin is damaged, microbes can get in. E.g. tetnus Reproductive system- diseases can be passed on through sexual intercourse. E.g. AIDS/HIV, hepatitis ROUTES FOR MICROBES TO ENTER THE BODY Some pathogens rely on vectors to transfer them from one organism to another. A vector is an organism that transports a pathogen. An example would be a mosquito. A mosquito carrying the parasite that causes malaria may infect another person by injecting the parasite into the person’s bloodstream when it bites them. A parasite is an organism that lives off another without any benefit to the host. QUICK TEST (ORAL) 1-Name the three types of microbes. 2-What do we call microbes that cause disease?. 3-How do bacteria cause disease?. 4-How do viruses cause disease?5-Give two examples of diseases caused by fungi. 6-How are infections spread?. 7-What is a vector? Give an example. 8-Name three ways in which pathogens can enter the body. 51 C A S A HEALTH AND ILLNESS ACTIVITIES 1)Which type of microbe reproduces by producing spores? A) all of them B) bacteria C) fungi D) viruses 2)What is the name of an organism that transports a pathogen? A) animal B) messenger C) plant D) vector 3)Which disease is caused by a virus? A) common cold B) food poisoning C) whooping cough D) ringworm 4)Which type of microbe is used in bread making? A) all of them B) bacteria C) fungi D) viruses 5)Which type of microbe is found when decomposition occurs? A) all of them B) insects C) fungi D) viruses 6)The table shows features of bacteria and viruses. Place a tick (if feature present) or a cross (if feature absent) in each box. FEATURE BACTERIA VIRUSES Cell wall Protein coat Respire, feed and move Reproduce inside living cells 7) a) List three symptoms of infection. .................................................................................................................................................................. b) What name is given to microbes that get inside you and make you feel ill?. ................................................................................................................................................................... 8)What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 52 C A S A HEALTH AND ILLNESS ACTIVITIES 9) a) Tuberculosis destroys lung tissue. How is it spread? 12) a) What happens to the cells in a cancer? ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... b) What is a mass of cancer cells called? ........................................................................................... b) List three things that helped to reduce tuberculosis. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... c) What is the most common cancer in men? ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... 10) Some diseases are not caused by microbes. Complete the table to show what causes the diseases listed. DISEASE CAUSE d) How can men reduce the risk of getting this cancer? ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... Anaemia Cancer Red-green color blidScurvy 11) Write about three ways in which microbes can enter the body. For each give an example of a disease spread in this way. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... Web pages http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/ http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/ 53 C A S A HEALTH AND ILLNESS GLOSSARY ENGLISH SPANISH 54 C A S A REVIEW Divide the class into groups of 5 or 6. Have each group choose a team name. The board looks similar to the following: POINTS NUTRITION DIGESTIVE CIRCULATORY NERVOUS HEALTH TEAM A 100 100 100 100 100 TEAM B 200 200 200 200 200 TEAM C 300 300 300 300 300 TEAM D 400 400 400 400 400 TEAM E 500 500 500 500 500 TEAM F 600 600 600 600 600 Each category has 6 questions. Questions for 100 points are the easiest and 600 points are the most difficult. Choose a team to choose the first question. Only one player from each team can compete to answer the same question. The first person to raise their hand gets to answer. If they answer correctly, they earn the points. And the question is removed from the board. If they answer incorrectly, the question is open to be answered (stolen) by another team. The team that answers incorrectly cannot try again and loses points (the number corresponding to the question). If no one answers correctly, the question disappears and the points too. The winning team chooses the next question. The players change. This continues until all the points have been taken and all questions answered. Final Jeopardy Round This is the opportunity for teams with positive points to bet on the final question. The team must make their bests before they answer the final question. The winner finishes with the most points after final Jeopardy. 55
