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Art & Architecture of Pompeii and Herculanium House of Pansa House of the Vettii Villa of the mysteries House of the Faun “Harbour Scene from Stabiae “the Lost Ram “Perseus and Andromeda “Death of Penthius “The Trojan horse Portrait of Terentius neo & wife Dionysiac frieze villa of the Mysteries Wall from Villa Publius Fannius Sinistor Portrait of a Woman Alexander Mosaic Nilotic scene “Sorceress & client 79AD DESTRUCTION buried under 10m of ash and remained so for 1700 yrs. A time capsule into the life of 1st century Romans in a holiday area of Campania. Pompeians didn’t become Roman citizens until 89BC and by 79AD Roman culture overlay the earlier culture of the Osci and Samnite tribes. Greeks had occupied the southern part of Italy since 5th century BC so there was an influence of Hellenism in Pompeii and Herculanium. PUBLIC BUILDINGS: Temples, Basilicas (palaces). Fine decoration and architecture PRIVATE BUILDINGS: As today, homes reflected socio-economic status: Poor lived in high rise apartments (Insulae) in 4th century Rome there were 46000 of them housing more than ¾ of a million people. In Pompei (pop 20,000) the poor lived in flats above shops and richer houses. Wealthy lived in Domus (stand alone houses built around an open atrium – inward looking) or luxurious villae (grand with seaviews, terrace, porticoes, large windows) on the outskirts of town or surrounding countryside overlooking the bay of Naples. The Elite Domus • Typical elite houses evolved from Etruscan atrium-style houses, with the addition of Greek style peristyle (colonnaded) gardens. • Usually were one floor, with a main reception room (atrium) surrounded by bedrooms (cubicula), dining room (triclinium), record room/office (tablinum). Palatine Hill, 6th c. BCE House Upper rooms, often sublet to tenants. Impluvium - pool directly below roof opening Triclinium – summer dining room. Exedra–outdoor or eating Peristylium –sitting courtyard Roof opening – letting in light (and rain) with trees, fountains, statues, Horta surrounded – garden by columns (colonnade) Oecus–spare room. Culina – Kitchens Tablinum – Study. The Roman domus Atrium – visitors room Fauces – or vestibulum Triclinium – dining room. Cubiculum – bedrooms Taberna – rented out shop or workplace. Outer Wall – Domus was inward facing. DOMUS Sample Plan of a Roman House (Domus) L V C A Ta Tri E vestibulum cubiculum/cubicula atrium tablinum triclinium exedra T L Al Cu P taberna latrina alae culina peristylium The Faucis (entrance way) Pompeii, House Entrance Entrance, House of Menander House of Menander, View from Fauces to Peristyle Garden The Atrium • Reception room, often with an opening in the ceiling with an impluvium below. • Contained the family gods (Lares and Penates), imagines (masks of the ancestors), symbolic marriage bed. • Women of the house (or their slaves) may have wool-worked there. Atrium, House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii The Lararium Lararium Bronze Lar, found in a SW corner of an atrium, Pompeii Herculaneum Lararium contained lars (symbols or masks of ancestors), & penates (gods of the household Loom Reconstruction The Tablinum The Master’s Study containing the family records wax tablets (Tabulae) the Household Safe (Arca) Scrolls House of the Faun Tablinum Detail of the Mosaic Floor Tabula and Writing Materials Lucernae, Oil Lamps Scrolls in Capsa A tablinum wall-painting The Culina Roman Kitchen, Reconstruction View of an Ancient Kitchen Ancient Glassware Roman Cooking Utensils in Bronze The Latrina (Ancient Roman Toilet) Fun on a cold morning! Latrina Closeup Cubicula (Bedrooms) Roman Beds Pompeii, House of the Centaur, Cubiculum Reconstruction Triclinium (Dining Room) Pompeii, Triclinium Dining Room - Summer Pompeii, Candelabrum Triclinium, The Dining Room Triclinium Roman Seating Roman Marble Table Pompeii, Bronze Table Pompeii, Roman Glass Roman Lamps Roman Couches Peristyle Court Peristylium with Birdbath and Hortus Peristylium with Piscina (Fish Pond) Walled Peristylium Outdoor Fountain Frontal View of the Fountain and Statue. Note the Intricate Mosaic Work O D u o t o r L a r a r i u m Tintinnabulum, Pompeii Villa at Boscoreale, Reconstruction Cubiculum, Boscoreale Herculaneum 3 Storey House Pompeii Street Plan Pompeii Houses with Vesuvius View http://pompeya.desdeinter.net/pompeya.htm Villa at Settefinestre Settefinestre House Plan Houses of the Poor Poorer working people lived in rooms behind or above their places of work. The elite often rented out the front rooms of their houses, on either side of the entrances, for use as shops, workrooms, or restaurants, often with living space included. The lower classes also lived in apartment buildings (insulae). Insulae Domus Romana