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American History
Unit 13:
American Civil War 1861-1865
Prelude to the American Civil War
I. Lincoln won the Election of 1860.
A. Lincoln did not plan to free slaves.
1. Only opposed to the spread of slavery.
a. Slavery would die if not allowed to spread.
2. The South feared him.
3. Southern states feared their voice in governmental
decisions would be lost.
4. South Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln won
the election.
II. South Carolina made good its threat.
1. Seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860.
2. Quickly followed by:
a. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana,
Georgia, and Texas.
What was Secession?
Southern View
Northern View
The Confederate States of America was Organized
I. Montgomery, Alabama selected as the first Confederate Capitol.
II. Jefferson Davis elected as the Confederate President.
III. A new constitution was written for the Confederate states.
A. Slavery would be allowed forever.
B. No tariffs.
Confederate President
Jefferson Davis
The Secession of Southern States
State
Date Seceded
South Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Dec. 20, 1860
Jan. 09, 1861
Jan. 10, 1861
Jan. 11, 1861
Jan. 19, 1861
Jan. 26, 1861
Feb. 01, 1861
S.C.
M.S.
Fl.
Ga.
Al.
La.
Tx.
Union and the Confederacy on the Eve of the
Civil War
I. Population
A. The population of the North was 22 million
B. The population of the South was 9.5 million, of which 3.5 million
individuals were slaves.
II. Manufacturing
A. The North contained 80% of the nation's manufacturing plants.
B. The South contained 20% of the nation's manufacturing plants.
III. Railroads
A. The North had 2.5 times the railroad mileage of the South.
IV. Military Skills
A. The South had a strong military tradition.
1. Academies like V.M.I. (Virginia Military Institute) provided a source of
trained officers at the start of the war.
B. The Northern armies had to contend with "political generals," who were
appointed because of their influence and connections.
1. Political generals acquired a reputation for military incompetence.
Billy Yank vs. Johnny Reb
I. The North:
A. People and the area north of the Mason-Dixon Line.
1. Nicknames: Yankee (s), Yank (s), Northerners,
Billy Yank, Federals, the Bluecoats, and the Union.
B. The North named battles after the nearest stream or river.
1. Bull Run, Stones River, Pittsburgh Landing, Antietam.
C. The North named their armies after rivers.
1. The Army of the Potomac (River).
II. The South:
A. People and area south of the Mason-Dixon Line.
1. Nicknames: Rebel (s), Reb (s), Southerners, Johnny Reb,
Confederates, and the Gray.
B. The South named battles after the nearest town or city.
1. Manassas, Murfreesboro, Shiloh, and Sharpsburg.
C. The South named their armies after geographic areas.
1. Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of Tennessee.
What Motivated Them to Fight
Confederate Military
Leadership
With a wealth of officers who had
been trained at West Point - Lee
himself had been superintendent along with those who had come
from prestigious academies such as
the Virginia Military Institute and
The Citadel, the Confederacy had a
distinct advantage in the depth of its
officer corps.
Areas Where the American Civil War was Fought.
I. Eastern Theater: Area from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains.
II. Western Theater: Area from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.
III. Trans-Mississippi Theater: All areas west of the Mississippi River.
What was the Civil War Called?
The war in American history lasting from April 1861 to April 1865 was the most
destructive of American lives in history. People have often referred to this war by
various names. Below are some of the names given to that terrible conflict:
Civil War
War for Southern Independence
War for States’ Rights
Southern Rebellion
War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance
Great Rebellion
War Against Northern Aggression
War for Abolition
Confederate War
War for Southern Freedom
Lost Cause
War Between the States
Second American Revolution
Mr. Lincoln’s War
War for Southern Rights
War of Succession
War Against Slavery
Yankee Invasion
War for the Union
War of the Southerners
War of the North and the South
Fort Sumter
I. The southern states began to take over Federal property.
A. Buildings, arsenals, forts, and equipment confiscated.
II. Fort Sumter
a. Federal fort located 3 miles offshore from Charleston, S.C.
1. Rebels wanted it in order to control Charleston Harbor.
a. Lincoln refused to give the fort to the Confederates.
2. The Rebels fired on the fort April 12, 1861.
a. Union commander, Major Anderson surrendered two days later.
b. P.T.G Beauregard (CSA Commander) was considered a hero.
3. The American Civil War began on April 14, 1861.
Maj. Robert Anderson:
Commander of Ft. Sumter
was from the South, but
fought for the Union Army.
P.T.G Beauregard:
He began the Civil
War by having his
men fire on Ft.
Sumter. He was a
former student of
Major Anderson at
West Point.
Fort Sumter
HISTORY FUN FACT:
The only casualty during
the bombing of Ft. Sumter
was a horse.
Actions Taken After the Surrender of Fort Sumter
I. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a 3-month duty.
A. Three month duty was considered enough needed to crush rebellion.
B. Lincoln's call for troops angered the southern states.
1. Virginia, N. Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded and joined the
Confederacy.
2. Made a total of 11 Confederate states that had seceded.
C. Confederate Capitol was moved from Montgomery, Ala. to Richmond, Va.
Va.
N.C.
Ark.
Tenn.
Secession Map
Union Strategy for Victory
I. Anaconda Plan
A. Involved three major areas: the East, West and at sea
1. First, the Union planned to blockade southern ports in order to cut the
Confederacy off from foreign trade.
2. Second, the Union planned to seize control of the Mississippi River to
cut the Confederacy in two and stop the flow of supplies to rebel troops.
3. Third, the Union planned to quickly capture the Confederate government
headquarters located in Richmond, Virginia
Anaconda Plan Map
The Union Plan
for victory was
called the
Anaconda Plan.
Its goal was to
blockade the
Southern ports
and strangle the
life out of the
Confederacy like
a huge snake.
Confederate Strategy for Victory
I. The Confederacy's Plan
A. Stand on the defensive and prevent the Federal army from destroying its
Southern armies.
a. Knew the terrain and was fighting to protect their homes.
B. Southerners looked for inspiration from the American Revolution, when
England's material superiority was even greater than what the U.S. Federal
forces had in 1861.
C. Southerners were confident that European countries would quickly recognize
the newly formed Confederacy as an independent nation and intervene on her
behalf.
The Confederate “Star and Bars” were
developed after the First Battle of Bull Run in
July 1861 because Southern soldiers
accidentally fired on other Southern troops.
Its purpose was to distinguish Southern from
federal troops.
*Only eleven southern states seceded from
the Union, but the Confederacy counted
Kentucky and Missouri… that is why there
were thirteen stars on the flag.
The Civil War
1861: The First Year
The First Casualties of the Civil War
I. Major Elmer Ellsworth.
A. He was shot and killed by a hotel manager after he tried to remove a
Confederate "Bonnie Blue" flag from the rooftop of a hotel.
1. The flag was visible to Washington D.C. residents.
II. On April 19, 1861, the Massachusetts Sixth Regiment was attacked by a mob
of 10,000 Confederate sympathizers in Baltimore as it was marching toward
Washington D.C.
1. Four soldiers and ten Southerners were killed in the skirmish.
Major Elmer Ellsworth:
Was a personal friend of
Abraham Lincoln. His
death was devastating to
the President and at
Ellsworth’s funeral was
one of the few times
people saw Lincoln weep
in public.
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
I. The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861.
A. The first major battle of the Civil War.
1. The Union forces were led by General McDowell.
2. The Confederate forces were led by General P.T.G. Beauregard.
B. The Confederates won
1. The legacy of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.
a. "There stands Jackson like a stonewall... rally around the Virginians."
C. Why did the Union forces lost their first battle
1. Poor leadership.
2. Union troops were not properly trained.
“Stonewall”
Jackson
First Bull Run:
Confederate Victory
The Civil War
1862: The Second Year
General McClellan Assumed Command
I. President Lincoln set up a committee to study the conduct of the war.
A. The investigation wanted to find out why the Union was losing so badly.
B. Lincoln appoints General McClellan to command the Union army.
1. McClellan turned the Union army into a disciplined fighting force.
2. General McClellan was so afraid of losing a battle he couldn't win.
General McClellan: Nicknamed
“Little Napoleon” was so afraid
of losing a battle he couldn't win.
McClellan turned the Union army
into a disciplined fighting force
Peninsula Campaign
II. Peninsula Campaign (Spring 1862) “The Seven Day’s Battles"
A. Union forces were led by General McClellan.
1. The goal was to capture the Confederate Capitol of Richmond, Va.
B. Confederate forces were commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston.
1. General Johnston was severely wounded outside of Richmond, Va. May 1862
2. The main Confederate goal was to protect Richmond from the Union army.
C. General Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate Army in Virginia.
1. Seven Days Battles... series of battles fought within a week's time.
a. Malvern's Hill, Gaines Mill, Mechanicsville, 2nd Manassas
b. Union forces won numerous battles, but retreated from peninsula?
1b. President Lincoln spoke harshly of General McClellan.
1b. Lincoln said , "McClellan was only good at retreating."
2. Robert E. Lee saved Richmond and became a Confederate hero.
The Peninsula Campaign- "The Seven Day’s Battles”
Confederate Victory
Robert E. Lee: Comes to the Rescue
Robert E. Lee: Originally was offered the opportunity to command the entire
federal army at the beginning of the Civil War. He declined the offer because his
home state of Virginia seceded from the Union. He resigned his commission in the
federal army and in the spring of 1862 began command of the Army of Northern
Virginia. Viewed as a traitor, his home was confiscated and used as a federal
cemetery. Today, we all know this estate as Arlington National Cemetery.
Robert E. Lee
Peninsula Campaign
Spring 1862 Map
Peninsula Campaign Highlights
Confederate legend
JEB Stuart rode
circles and
dumbfounded the
Union army.
Masterful Deceptions:
Quaker Gun
To conceal the fact that the Confederate army
was outnumbered 3-to-1, the Confederate army
used Quaker Guns, fake cannons made of logs
and painted black, it order to fool the Union.
They also marched their troops in circles
around the camp to make the Union think they
had more men than they really had during the
campaign.
Fort Donelson, Tennessee
III. Fort Donelson, Tennessee (February 1862)
A. Union victory
Union Victory
U.S. Grant earned the nickname,
“Unconditional Surrender” at Ft. Donelson.
He won a series of victories in the West, thus
catching the eye of President Lincoln.
Confederate Cavalry commander,
Nathan Bedford Forrest
disobeyed orders and he and his
men left Ft. Donelson in the middle
of the night to escape.
After the war, he helped to organize
the infamous KKK.
Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing”
IV. Shiloh, Tennessee “Pittsburgh Landing” (April 6-7, 1862.)
A. Union forces were commanded by General Grant and General Sherman.
B. Confederate forces were commanded by Albert Sidney Johnston
C. Highlights of the battle:
1. The peach orchard, the bloody pond, and the hornets nest.
2. Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston killed.
D. Union victory.
Confederate general,
Albert Sidney Johnston
ordered doctors to treat
wounded Union soldiers instead
of treating his own wounds. He
bleed to death. He most likely
would have survived had he
received immediate medical
attention.
Union Victory
Shiloh “Pittsburgh Landing” Cont.’
Union Casualties:
1,754 killed
8,408 wounded
2,885 captured/missing
The "Hornet's Nest" at Shiloh was named by Southern
troops because so many bullets were buzzing in the air.
Confederate Casualties:
1,723 killed
8,012 wounded
959 captured/missing
Union counterattack on the 2nd day repulsed the Confederate army.
The Capture of New Orleans
V. New Orleans, Louisiana was captured by the Union.
A. Admiral Farragut captured the city in Spring of 1862.
1. Cut off supplies to the Confederate army fighting in the west.
B. General Benjamin Butler (Union) occupied and ruled New Orleans with
an iron fist.
1. Enforced harsh occupation laws.
a. Hanged a man for removing a U.S. flag from a flagpole.
b. Proclaimed orders that any disobedient woman would be treated like a
women of ill-repute if caught displaying disrespect toward Union officials.
General Butler was appointed military commander of New Orleans
after it was captured by the Union in 1862. He ruled with an iron
fist and was eventually relieved of command. He earned the
nickname, “Spoons” because it was report that he liked to steal
silverware while dining.
Union Victory
Hampton Roads
VI. Hampton Roads (off the coast of Norfolk, Va.) March 1862.
A. Famous naval battle between ironclad ships.
1. The Monitor (Federal ironclad)
2. The Merrimac (CSA ironclad) formally the U.S.S. Virginia.
a. Both vessels withdrew and the battle was considered a draw.
b. Confederates intentionally scuttled the Merrimac to avoid its capture.
Hampton Roads: Draw
Lee’s First Invasion of the North
Special Order 191
VII. Lee plans to invade the North (Fall 1862)
A. Special Order 191.
1. The battle plans for Lee's invasion of the North.
a. The battle plans were wrapped around some cigars and dropped by one of
General Lee's aides.
1a. Plans were found by an Indiana private (Union).
2a. Considered the greatest military leak up until that time.
1aa. The Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate) was split into three
separate units and vulnerable.
b. General McClellan had all of Lee's battle plans for his northern invasion of
Maryland during the Fall of 1862.
1b. McClellan hesitated two days before deciding to attack.
2b. Allowed Lee to regroup.
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
VIII. The Battle of Antietam, Maryland (Sharpsburg) Sept. 17, 1862.
A. Single bloodiest day of the Civil War.
1. Union forces led by General McClellan
2. Confederate commanders were Lee and Jackson.
B. Highlights of the battle.
1. Dunker Church and the cornfield .
(Draw)
2. Bloody Lane (the sunken road)
(Draw)
3. Burnside Bridge
(Draw)
C. Both sides called it a stalemate (draw) and both armies withdrew.
1. Lee gave up his northern invasion.
*McClellan kept 35,000 men in reserve instead of using them during the battle. Many
historians agree that this would have altered the battle, if not the war.
Antietam: Draw
*Many historians
claim it as a Union
victory
Battle of Antietam Highlights
Union Casualties:
2,108 killed
9,540 wounded
753 captured/missing
The Corn Field
Confederate Casualties:
1,546 killed
7,752 wounded
1,018 captured/missing
Confederate Defense of the Burnside
Bridge
Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography
Matthew Brady took these photographs of
Confederate dead at the Antietam
Battlefield shortly after the infamous battle.
Antietam was the single bloodiest battle of
the Civil War.
Sunken Road
Burnside Bridge
Dunker Church
Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography
Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862:
These Confederates died in the early
morning of the battle while defending the
Confederate position along the
Hagerstown Turnpike. More Americans
died or received mortal wounds on
September 17, 1862 than any other day in
American military history.
A Federal shell appears to have
disemboweled this Confederate soldier
near where heavy fighting occurred
outside the Dunker Church.
Matthew Brady and Civil War Photography
A Southern soldier who died attempting to hold the Confederate line.
Note the rifle across the soldier's body. Photographers loved to place weapons on
bodies to add drama to the image.
Civil War Medicine
It is a soft lead slug tended to expand
when it came into contact with bone,
causing horrific injuries and
destroying bone and tissue beyond
any hope of repair.
Head wounds were
certain death.
Most operations
resulted in amputations.
A surgeon’s Medical Kit
consisted mostly of saws,
knives, and picking
instruments.
Before all-porcelain false teeth were perfected in the mid-19th century, dentures were
commonly made with teeth pulled from the mouths of dead soldiers following a battle. Teeth
extracted from U.S. Civil War soldier cadavers were shipped by the barrel to dentists in
England.
Battle of Fredericksburg
VI. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Dec. 13, 1862.
A. Union forces commanded by General Ambrose Burnside .
1. Ordered the bloody assault on Mayre’s Heights during the Battle of
Fredericksburg.
B. Confederate forces commanded by Robert E. Lee.
C. Highlight of the battle:
1. "Angel of Mayre's Heights."
a. Richard Kirkland, Confederate soldier gave water to dying and wounded
Union soldiers below the brick wall.
D. Another stunning Confederate victory.
1. General Burnside was replaced with General Hooker.
Confederate Victory
General Burnside:
The term sideburns come from
his name and style of
muttonchops.
Battle of Fredericksburg
The Confederate army was
entrenched behind a shoulderhigh stone wall called, “Mayre’s
Heights.”
General Burnside ordered wave after
wave of Union troops to assault
Mayre’s Heights, but only to suffer
heavy casualties.
Angel of Mayre’s Heights
Union Casualties:
1,284 killed
9,600 wounded
1,769 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
608 killed
4,116 wounded
653 captured/missing
The “Angel of Mayre’s Heights” was a Confederate soldier who gave water to wounded
and dying Union soldiers below Mayre’s Heights at Fredericksburg.
This heroic soldier was later killed at the Battle of Chattanooga the following year.
The Civil War
1863: The Third Year
Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863)
I. Freed slaves in the states that were in rebellion (CSA), but not the border states.
A. Lincoln didn't free any slaves in Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware,
or West Virginia. (feared they would join the Confederacy).
B. The proclamation made it look like the southern states were fighting the war for
slavery and not for their independence.
C. Designed to keep the European nations out of the war.
1. Europe had already abolished slavery and therefore would not aid the
Confederacy.
"Our fathers brought forth
on this continent a new
nation, conceived in liberty,
and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are
created equal."
Abraham Lincoln
Vicksburg
I. Vicksburg, Mississippi (1862-1863.)
A. The Union commander was General Grant.
B. The Confederate commander was General Pemberton.
C. Vicksburg was besieged in the Fall of 1862.
D. Trench warfare was first introduced.
Union Victory
E. Union victory.
1. Vicksburg surrendered July 4, 1863, the same day that General Lee began his
retreat from Gettysburg.
Vicksburg
After Grant’s capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln appointed Grant as General of the Army
and decided to bring him East to confront Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia.
When Lincoln selected Grant, one of the President's advisors was overheard telling
the President that Grant was only a boozer and a compulsive cigar smoker. The
President replied that if he knew the brand of whiskey and cigars Grant enjoyed, he
would send all his generals that brand so they would start winning battles as well.
Lee’s Second Invasion of the North
I. Robert E. Lee decided to invade the north again. (Spring and Summer 1863.)
A. Reasons for invasion.
1. Opportunity never looked better for the south.
a. South was winning the war.
2. Gain European recognition, especially England.
3. Needed food and supplies.
a. Wanted to take the war out of Virginia.
Battle of Chancellorsville
II. The Battle of Chancellorsville. (May 2-6, 1863.)
A. Union forces were commanded by General Hooker.
B. Confederate forces were commanded by both Lee and
Stonewall Jackson.
Confederate Victory
C. Union army caught napping and defeated.
1. Confederate victory.
2. Battle was considered Lee's master plan.
D. Stonewall Jackson accidentally killed by his own men.
1. Considered as Lee's greatest personal loss during the war.
Outnumbered 3-to-1,
Lee divided his forces
and sent Jackson to
outflank the Union
army under the
command of Thomas
Hooker. The result
was a total rout of the
Union army.
"May God have mercy on
General Lee... for I will
have none."
General Joseph Hooker
Battle of Chancellorsville Map
Battle of Chancellorsville Highlights
Union Casualties:
1,574 killed
9,554 wounded
5,711 captured/missing
Lee and Jackson’s Last Meeting
Confederate Casualties:
1,683 killed
9,277 wounded
2,196 captured/missing
Jackson’s Flanking Movement Caught the
Union by Complete Surprise.
The Death of Stonewall Jackson
“He lost his left arm… I have
lost my right.”
Robert E. Lee Upon hearing of
Stonewall’s accidental shooting.
The legendary Confederate general “Stonewall” Jackson” was accidentally shot by
his own troops at Chancellorsville. He died a week later from pneumonia while
recuperating after his left arm was amputated.
He is buried at Lexington, Va., but his amputated arm was given a separate burial.
It is at the Chancellorsville National Battlefield.
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1, 1863
I. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863: DAY ONE)
A. Union forces were commanded by General Meade.
B. Confederate army was commanded by Robert. E. Lee and James Longstreet.
C. Highlights of the battle:
1. Gettysburg was not the chosen spot for the battle.
a. Battle began by mistake.
2. Confederates captured Gettysburg, but Union forces still occupied Cemetery
Ridge outside of Gettysburg.
3. Inspired by victory of DAY ONE, Lee wanted to destroy Union Army and end
the war.
General George Meade,
commanded the Union
Army at Gettysburg.
Nickname, “Gaggled-eyed
Snapping Turtle” by his
men behind his back.
Confederate prisoners, taken after
the first days of fighting at
Gettysburg.
Battle of Gettysburg
(Day One) Map
Gettysburg Day One July 1, 1863
Day One: The Confederates
captured Gettysburg, but Union
forces still occupied Cemetery
Ridge outside of Gettysburg.
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 2, 1863
I. Lee didn't have J.E.B Stuart available to scout region.
A. Stuart was the Confederate cavalry commander that acted as Lee's eyes and ears.
1. Stuart was off joyriding instead of scouting.
2. Lee wanted to finish the Union army and end the war, but didn’t know many
Union soldiers he was facing or their whereabouts.
B. The miracle of the Union cavalry led by General George Custer.
1. "The Boy General," Custer was a general at the age of 23.
a. Prevented the Confederate Cavalry led by J.E.B. Stuart from joining the battle.
C. Highlights of the 2nd day of fighting at Gettysburg.
1. The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and Little Round Top.
a. Confederate advances were halted. CSA lost 1/3-1/2 men in fighting.
2. The second day’s fighting ended as a draw or stalemate.
Chamberlain and the defense of
Little round Top.
Custer
Battle of Gettysburg
(Day Two) Map
Confederates captured the
peach orchard and the wheat
field after stubborn fighting.
Col. Chamberlain and the
Union army’s defense of Little
Round Top helped turn the tide
of the battle.
Gettysburg: Day Two Highlights
Union general Dan Sickles lost his leg on
the 2nd day. His leg was put on display at a
museum and after the war he would often
take guests to visit it.
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 3, 1863
I. Pickett's Charge (Most remembered event of the war.)
A. Last hurrah of battle for the Confederate Army.
1. An all-out Confederate assault on the Union center which still occupied Cemetery
Ridge.
a. CSA Gen. Longstreet advised against the charge.
1a. Thought that the Union forces were dug in too well.
2a. His argument was overruled by General Lee.
b. General Pickett almost lost his entire division.
1b. He never forgave General Lee.
B. Confederate army defeated and forced to retreat July 4, 1863.
1. Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War.
Union Victory
Pickett’s Charge is the most memorable event of the Gettysburg Campaign, if not
the entire war.
Battle of Gettysburg
(Day Three) Map
The highlight of the Battle of
Gettysburg came on the third
and final day of the battle with
an event known as “Pickett’s
Charge.”
The Battlefield of Gettysburg
marked the high tide of the Civil
War and the turning point in the
eastern theater.
Gettysburg Highlights
Union Casualties:
3,155 killed
14,531 wounded
5,369 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
4,708 killed
12,693 wounded
5,830 captured/missing
Confederate Retreat from Gettysburg
Robert E. Lee accepted full blame for
the failure of Pickett’s Charge.
Why the Union was More Successful in the
Western Theater
The Confederate army lacked men to fight on both fronts.
Defending Virginia was considered more important. (Richmond)
The Union army used the river system to transport supplies.
Poor Confederate leadership in the west.
Strong departmental system- belief to protect your own state first.
Battle of Chickamauga "River of Death.”
I. Chickamauga, Georgia Sept 18-20, 1863
A. Commanders:
1. Union forces led by General Rosecrans.
2. Confederate forces were led by General Bragg.
B. General Bragg was criticized for allowing the Union army commanded by
General Rosecrans to retreat safely back to Chattanooga, Tenn. with most of
the Union army intact.
Confederate Victory
Battle of Chattanooga "Battle Above the Clouds"
II. Chattanooga, Tennessee Nov 23-25, 1863
A. Commanders:
1. Union forces led by General Grant and General Sherman.
2. Confederate forces were led by General Bragg.
B. Highlights of the battle:
1. Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.
a. After the Union victory at Chattanooga, President Lincoln selected General
Grant to become the Union commander of the Army of the Potomac.
1a. Lincoln finally found a general that wasn't afraid to win or lose a battle.
Union Victory
Battle of Chattanooga
Map
Union Casualties:
753 killed
4,722 wounded
349 captured/missing
Confederate Casualties:
361 killed
2,160 wounded
4,146 missing/captured
The Civil War
1864: The Fourth Year
Battle of the Wilderness
I. Grant takes command in the East.
A. Battle of the Wilderness. May 5-7, 1864
1. Union commanded by General Grant
2. Confederate forces commanded by Robert E. Lee
Grant surprised Lee by not
doing things his predecessors
always did… RETREAT after
being defeated.
Confederate Victory
General Grant knew the strategy for victory by bleeding the Confederate army white.
Grant realized that despite losing battles, he could afford to lose men and have them
replaced, while the Confederate army could not replace the men it lost.
Spotsylvania / Yellow Tavern
II. Spotsylvania May 8-21, 1863
A. Union commanded by General George Custer
B. Confederate forces led by JEB Stuart
1. J.E.B Stuart was killed (Yellow Tavern)
The flamboyant
Confederate cavalry
commander J.E.B. Stuart
was killed at the Battle of
Yellow Tavern in May
1864.
When General Lee heard
the news of his death he
began to cry, something
he had never done before
in front of his
subordinates.
Union Victory
Colds Harbor
III. Colds Harbor May 31- June 12, 1864
1. Union commanded by General Grant.
a. The Union lost almost 10,000 men in one hour.
2. Confederate forces commanded by Robert E. Lee
Confederate Victory
Atlanta Campaign
II. The Atlanta Campaign
A. General Sherman's march to the sea.
1. Sixty mile wide path through Georgia.
a. Burnt everything in sight.
2aa. General Sherman is still hated by Georgians to this day.
b. "War is hell," William T. Sherman
2. General Sherman presented President Lincoln the city of Savannah, Ga. as a
Christmas present in December 1864.
Union Victory
Sherman’s March to the Sea Map
In some parts of Georgia there
are still burnt out chimneys that
mark the path of destruction of
Sherman’s March to the Sea.
William T. Sherman
“War is Hell”
The Civil War
1865: The Fifth Year
Petersburg
I. Petersburg, Va.
A. Siege warfare outside of Richmond, Va.
1. Trenches, bombardments, etc..
Union Victory
2. The Battle of the Crater
a. Foolish plan by General Burnside (Union)
1a. Tunnel beneath Confederate lines and ignite tons of TNT.
b. Explosion was massive, but tunnel was short of Confederate lines.
c. Union charge after explosion resulted in disaster.
1c. Thousands of Unions soldiers ran into the crater and were massacred
trying the climb out.
d. Burnside was court-martial and removed from the army.
The crater massacre
of Union soldiers in
the aftermath of the
explosion. >
Appomattox Campaign
II. Appomattox Campaign of April 1865.
A. Union leaders were General Sheridan and General Custer.
1. General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to
General Grant on April 9, 1865.
2. The last Confederate soldiers surrendered in North Carolina in June 1865.
3. The last Confederate naval vessel surrendered in England in August 1865.
B. The American Civil War was officially over.
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union commander General U.S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
on April 9, 1865. The Civil War is officially recognized as over. However, a few small groups of
Confederate holdouts will continue fighting for a few more months.
Appomattox Campaign Map
The Death of President Lincoln
I. Assassinated April 14, 1865 (Good Friday).
A. The assassin was John Wilkes Booth, a famous
American stage actor shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.
B. Lincoln officially pronounced dead April 15, 1865.
C. John Wilkes Booth and the plotters were hunted
down and killed.
John Wilkes Booth: A famous actor and Southern
sympathizer assassinated President Lincoln.
Booth broke his leg while jumping onto the
stage after shooting President Lincoln.
The Death of President Lincoln
A wanted
Poster for the
Conspirators.
John Wilkes Booth’s Escape Route
Within six weeks, the conspirators were found guilty
and hanged.
What Were the Odds Something Might
Happen to You During the Civil War:
*These were Union statistics only. Confederate records were destroyed during the
war and unavailable.
Fate
Odds
Died of wounds days after battle
1 out of 56
Died from diseases
1 out of 13
Wounded at least once
1 out of 10
Killed in battle
1 out of 65
Captured by enemy
1 out of 15
Died while in prison camp
1 out of 7
Significant "Firsts" of the American Civil War, 1861-1865
The American Civil War marked the introduction of many types of warfare, new
weapons, and techniques. Below are just a few of these "firsts."
Aerial reconnaissance (hot-air balloons)
An American President assassinated
Blackouts
Anesthetics used on the wounded
Anti-aircraft fire (hot-air balloons)
Camouflage
Army ambulance corps
Cigarette tax
Commissioned army
Chaplains in military service
Conscription (the draft)
Ironclad navies
Dept. of Justice (Confederate)
Double-barreled cannon
Land mines
Electrically exploded bombs / torpedoes
First steel ship
Flame throwers
Hospital ships
Legal voting for soldiers
Long range rifles
Medal of Honor
Military press coverage
Machine guns
Military railroad system
Military telegraph
Naval torpedoes
Negro officers
Organized medical corps
Repeating rifles
Organized nursing corps
Periscope in trench warfare
Photography of battle
Railroad artillery
Revolving gun turret
Tobacco tax
Snorkel breathing devices
Steam powered cannon
Successful submarine
Telescopic sights
Trench warfare used on a large scale
U.S. Navy Admiral
U.S. Secret Service
Wigwag signal for battle
Wire entanglements
Terms to Know
Election of 1860
South Carolina
Secession
Montgomery, Alabama
Jefferson Davis
Fort Sumter
Major Anderson
P.T.G Beauregard
Anaconda Plan
Richmond, Va.
Major Elmer Ellsworth
Bull Run (Manassas)
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
General McClellan
Peninsula Campaign (Seven Days Battle)
General Joseph E. Johnston
Robert E. Lee
JEB Stuart
Quaker Guns
Fort Donelson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Shiloh (Pittsburgh Landing)
Albert Sidney Johnston
New Orleans
Admiral Farragut
Benjamin Butler
Hampton Roads
Merrimac
Monitor
Special Order 191
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Matthew Brady
Fredericksburg
Ambrose Burnside
Angel of Mayre's Heights
Emancipation Proclamation
Vicksburg
Chancellorsville
Thomas Hooker
Gettysburg
General Meade
George Custer
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
Pickett's Charge
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Yellow Tavern
Colds Harbor
Atlanta
Sherman's March
To the Sea
Petersburg
Crater
Appomattox
John Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theater
Concepts to Know #1
Describe the Election of 1860, secession, and the organization of the Confederacy.
Describe the Union and the Confederacy on the Eve of the Civil War.
Compare and contrast the Union and Confederacy's plans for victory.
What happened at Ft. Sumter and what was Lincoln's reaction?
Describe the First Battle of Bull Run.
Describe the Peninsula Campaign and the birth of Robert E. Lee's legend.
Describe the Battle of Shiloh.
How did ironclad ships revolutionize naval warfare?
Describe the Battle of Antietam and why it was the bloodiest day of the Civil War?
How did Matthew Brady's photography change the way people viewed the Civil War?
Describe the horrors of Civil War medicine.
Describe the Battle of Fredericksburg.
Why was the Emancipation Proclamation so important for the Union's plan for victory?
Concepts to Know #2
How did Grant's capture of Vicksburg change the war and make Grant a national hero?
Why did Robert E. Lee want to invade the North?
Describe the Battle of Chancellorsville and what great loss to the Confederacy occurred?
Describe the Battle of Gettysburg in detail and why it so important?
Why was the Union army more successful in the Western Theater?
Explain the many battles that were fought in the Eastern Theater between 1864-1865 and
why Grant was a great match against Robert E. Lee?
Describe the Appomattox campaign and the surrender of Robert E. Lee.
Describe the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
What were some of the many "firsts" that occurred during the Civil War?