Download Elements Start Up Activities

Elements
Start Up Activities
Session 1 – Calcium
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Calcium is a metallic element, ___________ in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it
forms more than 3%.
3. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells.
4. Calcium is found mostly as limestone, gypsum and fluorite.
5. It forms part of cell walls and bones. It is important for _______________________.
• Name: Calcium
• Symbol: Ca
• Atomic number: 20
Atomic weight: 40.078 (4)
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Standard state: solid at 298 K
Color: silvery white
Classification: Metallic
Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms
more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. The
metal is a silvery color and is rather hard. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth
elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns
with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the nitride. Calcium does not occur free in
nature. Calcium is found mostly as limestone, gypsum and fluorite. Stalagmites and
stalactites contain calcium carbonate. Calcium is essential for all life. It forms part of
cell walls and bones. It is important for blood clotting.
Session 2 – Oxygen
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Oxygen is _________ color when it is a liquid.
3. About _______________ of the human body, and ______________ of water, is oxygen.
4. Ozone (______) is another allotrope of oxygen.
5. Copy: allotropy - the existence of a substance and especially an element in two or more
different forms (as of crystals) usually in the same phase
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Name: oxygen
Symbol: O
Atomic number: 8
Atomic weight: 15.9994 (3) g r
CAS Registry ID: 7782-44-7
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Standard state: gas at 298 K
Color: colorless as a gas, liquid is pale blue
Classification: Non-metallic
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Group number: 16
Group name: Chalcogen
Period number: 2
Block: p-block
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Oxygen is a Group 16 element. While about one fifth of the atmosphere is oxygen gas,
the atmosphere of Mars contains only about 0.15% oxygen. Oxygen is the third most
abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle,
one process responsible for stellar energy production. Oxygen in excited states is
responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. About two thirds
of the human body, and nine tenths of water, is oxygen. The gas is colorless, odorless,
and tasteless. Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue (see picture above) and strongly
paramagnetic (contains unpaired electrons).Ozone (O3) is another allotrope of oxygen.
It is formed from electrical discharges or ultraviolet light acting on O2. It is an
important component of the atmosphere (in total amounting to the equivalent of a
layer about 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) which is vital in
preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth's surface.
Aerosols in the atmosphere have a detrimental effect on the ozone layer. Large holes
in the ozone layer are forming over the Polar Regions and these are increasing in size
annually. Paradoxically, ozone is toxic! Undiluted ozone is bluish in color. Liquid ozone
is bluish-black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and oxides of
most elements are known. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and
for most types of combustion.
Session 3 – Phosphorus
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Phosphorus is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell ________________.
3. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white ______________.
4. It catches ___________ spontaneously in air.
5. Copy: spontaneous - developing without apparent external influence, force, cause, or
treatment
• Symbol: P
• Atomic number: 15
• Atomic weight: 30.973762 (2) Standard state: solid at 298 K
Color: colorless/red/silvery white
Classification: Non-metallic
Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of
living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus
exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet).
White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid.
When pure, it is colorless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in
carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often
misnamed as phosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its
own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite
spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red
modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere at
417°C.
Session 4 – Titanium
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Titanium minerals are quite ________________.
3. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. It is marvelous in
_______________.
4. Titanium is as strong as ___________, but much lighter.
5. Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including ___________ and
__________.
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Name: titanium
Symbol: Ti
Atomic number: 22
Atomic weight: 47.867 (1)
CAS Registry ID: 7440-32-6
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Group number: 4
Group name: (none)
Period number: 4
Block: d-block
Titanium is available in many forms including foil, sheet, wire, granules, sponge,
nanosized activated powder, powder, mesh and rod. Titanium, when pure, is a
lustrous, white metal. Titanium minerals are quite common. The metal has a low
density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. The
metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. It is marvelous in
fireworks. Titanium is used for alloys with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron,
and other metals. These alloys of titanium are used principally in the aerospace
industry, for both airframes and engines, where lightweight strength and ability to
withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but
much lighter. It is twice as strong as aluminum. It is nearly as resistant to corrosion as
platinum. Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including hip ball and
sockets.
Session 5 – Krypton
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Krypton is present in the air at about ____________.
3. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, _____________,
should be defined as 1 m = 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line of
_______________.
4. Krypton is used with argon as a low-pressure filling gas for __________________ lights.
5. Copy: ppm - parts per million
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Name: krypton
Symbol: Kr
Atomic number: 36
Atomic weight: 83.798 (2) g m
CAS Registry ID: 7439-90-9
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Group number: 18
Group name: Noble gas
Period number: 4
Block: p-block
Krypton is present in the air at about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars contains a little
(about 0.3 ppm) of krypton. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange
spectral lines. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very
sharp. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the
meter, should be defined as 1 m = 1,650,763.73 wavelengths (in vacuo) of the
orange-red line of Kr-33. Under normal conditions krypton is colorless, odorless, fairly
expensive gas. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic
structure which is common to all the "rare gases". Krypton is present to a small extent
(about 1 ppm by volume) in the atmosphere and is obtained as a byproduct from the
liquefaction and separation of air. This would not normally be carried out in the
laboratory and krypton is available commercially in cylinders at high pressure. Krypton
is used with argon as a low-pressure filling gas for fluorescent lights. It is used in
some photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography, lamps, UV-laser spectral
line used for international measurement of a meter
Session 6 – Hydrogen
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the universe and
makes up about 90% of the universe by weight.
3. The lifting agent for the ill fated Hindenburg balloon was hydrogen rather than the safer
helium.
4. Hydrogen’s atomic number is ____________.
5. Hydrogen is present in all ______________ compounds.
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Name: hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic number: 1
Atomic weight:
1.00794 (7) g m r
CAS Registry ID:
1333-74-0
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Group number: 1
Group name: (none). While normally shown at the top of the Group 1
elements in the periodic table, the term "alkaline metal" refers only to
Group 1 elements from lithium onwards.
Period number: 1
Block: s-block
Standard state: gas at 298 K (the lightest gas known)
Color: colorless
Classification: Non-metallic
Availability: Hydrogen is available commercially in pressurized tanks.
Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the
universe and makes up about 90% of the universe by weight. Hydrogen as water (H2O)
is absolutely essential to life and it is present in all organic compounds. Hydrogen gas
was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because of
the fire risk (Hindenburg). The lifting agent for the ill fated Hindenburg balloon was
hydrogen rather than the safer helium. The image above is the scene probably in a
way you have not seen it before. This is a "ray-traced" image reproduced with the
permission of Johannes Ewers, the artist, who won first place with this image in the
March/April 1999 Internet Raytracing Competition. Hydrogen makes up two of the
three atoms in water and water is absolutely essential to life. Hydrogen is present in all
organic compounds. A form of water in which both hydrogen atoms are replaced by
deuterium (2H, or D) is called "heavy water" (D2O) and is toxic to mammals. Some
bacteria are known to metabolize molecular hydrogen (H2).
Session 7 – Aluminum
1. Copy the name and symbol.
2. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks ____________.
3. Aluminum is an abundant element in the earth's crust, but it is not
__________________________________________.
4. Aluminum compounds are toxic to most _____________ and somewhat toxic to
_____________.
5. Aluminum has been linked to ___________________ disease (senile dementia).
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Color: silvery
Classification: Metallic
Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal with many desirable characteristics. It is light,
nontoxic (as the metal), nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It is somewhat decorative. It is
easily formed, machined, and cast. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloys
with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements
have very useful properties. Aluminum is an abundant element in the earth's crust, but
it is not found free in nature. The Bayer process is used to refine aluminum from
bauxite, an aluminum ore. Biological role of aluminium: aluminium may be involved in
the action of enzymes such a succinic dehydrogenase and δ-aminolevulinate dehydrase
(involved in porphyrin synthesis. Aluminium compounds are toxic to most plants and
somewhat toxic to mammals. Aluminium has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (senile
dementia). Aluminium metal is not found as the free element, however, aluminium is
an abundant element in the earth's crust. The most important ore is bauxite.