Download US HISTORY Colonization through Reconstruction KEY

U. S. HISTORY
Colonization through Reconstruction
KEY PEOPLE – cont.
KEY PEOPLE
William Penn – early colonist;
came to America for religious
freedom; established Pennsylvania
in 1682.
Benjamin Franklin – important
colonial leader; enlightenment
thinker and inventor. Signed
Declaration of Independence and
oldest member of Constitutional
Convention
Samuel Adams – leader and
organizer of colonial protests
against British rule
George Washington – commander
of Continental Army in
Revolutionary War; 1st U. S.
President
Thomas Jefferson – imp. colonial
leader; penned Declaration of
Independence. 3rd U. S. President
Thomas Paine – colonial leader;
wrote pamphlet Common Sense
Marquis de Lafayette – French
nobleman who became military
leader for colonists in
Revolutionary War against British
rule
Patrick Henry – colonial orator;
famous for saying “…give me
liberty or give me death!”
Antifederalist
James Madison – delegate to
Constitutional Convention. Kept
records for future generations
John Paul Jones – American naval
hero of Revolutionary War.
John Marshall – early Chief
Justice of Supreme Court; under his
leadership the court gained prestige
and power
George Mason – a framer of the
Constitution. Anti-Federalist who
opposed its adoption.
Francis Scott Key – American
patriot who wrote “The StarSpangled Banner,” describing the
survival of the American flag
during the British bombardment of
Fort McHenry in the War of 1812
Andrew Jackson – general in War
of 1812; U.S. President during
Nullification Crisis and “Trail of
Tears’’
John Calhoun – Vice President under Andrew Jackson; strong supporter of states’ rights.
From South Carolina; important spokesman in conflicts before Civil War.
Henry Clay – Congressional leader prior to Civil War. Senator from Kentucky; proposed
compromise efforts.
Jefferson Davis – named President of the Confederacy; from Mississippi.
Frederick Douglass – self-educated black abolitionist. Powerful speaker for abolitionist
cause.
Ulysses S. Grant – Chosen by Lincoln to lead Union troops in Civil War. Elected 18th
president in 1868.
Robert E. Lee – Commander of Confederate troops. Surrendered at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia to end Civil War. Admired by Northerners and Southerners.
Abraham Lincoln – 1st elected as senator from Illinois. Believed in a strong union; “A
house divided against itself cannot stand.” Elected President in 1861. Assassinated April
14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender.
Daniel Webster – Congressional leader for a strong union. From Massachusetts. Famous
for saying, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
SUPREME COURT
Judicial Review – principle established in early 1800s. Strengthened federal authority
when the issue threatened rights established in the Constitution.
Marbury v. Madison – 1st judgment by Supreme Court to strengthen principle of judicial
review, the power of judiciary to declare a law unconstitutional. (1803)
McCullough v. Maryland – ruled power of federal government supreme over states.
Supported Constitution as supreme law of the land. (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden – gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress; curbed
acceptance of a monopoly by the state of New York. (1824)
Dred Scott v. Sandford – denied slaves the right of citizenship. (1857)
REFORM MOVEMENTS AND REFORMERS
Movement
ABOLITIONISTS
Time Period
1830s-1840s
Accomplishment
Generally an anti-slavery movement
William Lloyd
Garrison
1831
white publisher of anti-slavery newspaper
Frederick Douglass
1847
black orator, abolitionist
1830s
ensure education was widely available
EDUCATION
TEMPERANCE
early 1800s
campaign against abuse of alcohol
PRISON REFORM
Dorothea Dix
1840-1860
humane care of mentally ill and prisoners
SUFFRAGISTS
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Stanton
1848
organizer-Seneca Falls Convention,
women’s rights
LITERATURE
INVENTIONS
AUTHOR
TITLE(S)
THEMES
GENRE
Bifocals – Ben Franklin
Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney (1793)
Steamboat – Robert Fulton (1807)
Bessemer Steel Process- removing
impurities from iron for making steel.
Henry Bessemer (1860s)
James Fenimore
Cooper
Leatherstocking
Tales, Last of
the Mohicans,
Deer Slayer
Reflected life in French and
Indian War and American
Frontier. Adventure stories
of trapping, trading, exploring
Novels
Stephen Crane
Red Badge of
Courage
Dealt with reality of war (Civil
War setting)
Novel
Nathaniel
Hawthorne
Scarlet Letter
Depicted Puritan past, explored
concepts of good and evil
Novel
Washington
Irving
Rip Van Winkle,
Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
Used New England settings;
gave Americans pride of past
Tales
1607
1st permanent English
settlement in North
America, Jamestown
Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow
Paul Revere’s
Ride
Based poems on nation’s past
Poetry
1776
Declaration of Independence
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
1787
U.S. Constitution drafted
Harriet Beecher
Stowe
Depicted evils of slavery. Made
slavery a moral issue, not political
Novel
1803
Louisiana Purchase
Henry David
Thoreau
Essay on Civil
Disobedience
Emphasized contemplation.
Believed each person should
decide right and wrong. He once
refused to pay a tax.
Essays
IMPORTANT DATES
1861-1865 Civil War
1863
Emancipation Proclamation
COLONIAL DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS
YEAR
DOCUMENT
EXPLANATION
1215
Magna Carta
Limited the power of the King of England, emphasized that people had rights
1619
House of Burgesses
In Virginia; marked beginning of representative government in English
colonies
1620
Mayflower Compact
Rules established for self-government by Pilgrims at Plymouth
1639
Fundamental Orders
of Connecticut
Expanded idea of representative government in colonies
1689
English Bill of Rights
Provided for rights of the individuals; provided right to trial by jury
1776
Declaration of Independence
Document notifying Britain that the 13 colonies were free and independent
1777
Articles of Confederation
1st American constitution; limited power of Congress; gave states final
authority
1783
Treaty of Paris
Ended American Revolution; Britain recognized the U.S. as independent
nation
1787
Northwest Ordinance
Set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided way for a state to be admitted
to the United States
U. S. DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS
DATE
DOCUMENT
EXPLANATION
1787
Constitution drafted
Took place in Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia
1788
Federalists
papers
Defined those who supported ratification of the Constitution as Federalists;
those who opposed ratification, Anti-Federalists
1791
Bill of Rights
1st 10 Amendments to Constitution; guarantee individual rights
1803
Marbury v. Madison
Strengthened concept of judicial review; Supreme Court could declare a
law to be unconstitutional
1819
McCullough v.
Maryland
Ruled power of federal government as supreme over states
1823
Monroe Doctrine
Warned European nations not to interfere with the newly independent nations
in Latin America
1824
Gibbons v. Ogden
Gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress
1848
Seneca Falls
Convention
Declared women’s rights
1857
Dred Scott Decision
Denied slaves right of citizenship
1863
Emancipation
Proclamation
Freed slaves in the states that had seceded from the Union; delivered by President
Lincoln officially on Jan. 1st
1865
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery throughout nation
1866
14th Amendment
Gave rights of citizenship to all persons born in the U. S.
1869
15th Amendment
Forbade states from denying African-American males the right to vote
William Penn
QUOTES
QUOTES – cont.
Colonial Era
Early Republic
Preamble to the
Constitution
“We, the people of the United States,
in order to form a more
perfect Union,…”
George Washington
Farewell address – “…steer clear of
permanent alliances…”
Abraham Lincoln
Nomination speech “A house
divided against itself cannot
stand.”
“We hold these truths to be self
evident, that all men are
created equal,…”
Abraham Lincoln
2nd Inauguration “With malice
toward none; with charity for
all;…”
“We, the people of the United States,
in order to form a more
perfect Union,…”
Abraham Lincoln
Gettysburg Address “…government
of the people, by the people,
and for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.”
Pennsylvania… “a holy experiment”
Revolutionary Period
Patrick Henry
Thomas Paine
Declaration of
Independence
Preamble to the
Constitution
“Give me liberty or give me death.”
Common Sense
The American Crisis Number 1
“These are the times that try men’s
souls.”
U. S. HISTORY TO 1877
Date
1607
1619
Jamestown
Event
Significance
1st permanent English settlement
Beginning of representative government in colonies
1624
Virginia House of
Burgesses
New Netherland
1620
Mayflower Compact
Beginning of self-government by colonists
Dutch buy Manhattan Island from the Indians
17301740
1st Great
Awakening
17541763
French and Indian
War
Removes French from North America; begins problems
between England and the colonies
1775
Shot Heard Round
the World
Lexington/Concord; beginning of American Revolution
1776
Declaration of
Independence
Colonies declare intent to separate from England
17811783
American
Revolution
War between Great Britain and its 13 colonies; led to
founding of United States of America. Imp. battles:
Lexington, Concord, Saratoga.
1781
Battle of
Yorktown
Fighting ends in American Revolution; British general,
Charles Cornwallis, surrenders
Renewal of faith; affected people of all backgrounds
1783
Treaty of Paris
England recognizes the United States as a nation
1787
Constitutional
Convention
Meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation;
resulted in new form of govt. (Constitutional)
1787
Northwest
Ordinance
Law that set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided
way for new states to be admitted
1790s
Industrial
Revolution
Beginning of mass production, interchangeable parts;
lower costs of goods. Led to urbanization and
Poor working conditions
1791
Bill of Rights
1st ten amendments; guarantee individual freedoms
18001804
2nd Great
Awakening
Religious movement; led to condemnation of slavery
1812
War of 1812
War with England over impressments of sailors.
Francis Scott Key – “Star Spangled Banner”
Andrew Jackson gained fame at the Battle of New
Orleans.
1823
Monroe Doctrine
Policy statement by Pres. James Monroe warning European
countries not to interfere with newly independent countries
in Latin America
U. S. HISTORY TO 1877 – cont.
Date
Event
Significance
18351838
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians to west of
the Mississippi; Pres. Andrew Jackson
1840s
Manifest Destiny
Phrase coined by a newspaper; referred to belief that
the U. S. was meant to expand to the Pacific Ocean
1846
War with Mexico
U. S. gained states of California, New Mexico, Nevada,
Arizona, Colorado. Under Pres. James K. Polk
18611865
Civil War
Union (North) v. Confederacy (South). Imp. battles:
Ft. Sumner, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Appomattox, Saratoga
1863
Emancipation
Proclamation
Lincoln freed slaves in states of rebellion; changed character
of war to include ending slavery as well as preserving
the Union
1865
Lincoln’s
Death
Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford Theater.
Radical Republicans gained power; military reconstruction
followed.
1877
End of
Reconstruction
Troops removed from the South; Pres. Hayes
TAKS Review Glossary
1. 10% plan: Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction that was very lenient. It stated
when 10% of the population of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union
they could adopt a new constitution abolishing slavery and rejoin the Union.
2. 10th Amendment: established the principle of federalism. Power will be
divided between the state and the federal government. Any powers not
specifically given to the federal government will belong to the states.
3. 13th amendment: abolished slavery.
4. 14th amendment: granted African Americans their citizenship.
5. 15th Amendment: gave Blacks the right to vote. Together these 3
amendments are called the Civil War amendments.
6. 17th amendment: allowed for the direct election of the Senators by the people
with the popular vote. Prior to 17th the state legislatures chose the Senators.
7. 18th amendment: Prohibition or it outlawed the sale and manufacturing of any
alcoholic beverages.
8. 19th amendment: gave women the right to vote.
9. 1st and 2nd Great Awakenings: Religious movements that swept the country.
10. 21st amendment: cancelled the 18th or ended Prohibition.
11. 22nd amendment: limited the president to 2 terms or no more than 10 years in
office.
12. 26th amendment: gave 18 years old the right to vote.
13. Abigail Adams: former 1st Lady and spoke for women’s rights and abolition
of slavery.
14. Abolitionists: those opposed to the existence of slavery.
15. John Quincy Adams: was the sixth President of the US and the first President
whose father was also President. He helped negotiate the Adams Onis Treaty
where the US gained Florida. He defeated Andrew Jackson for the Presidency
in the House of Representatives through what many called a Corrupt Bargain
with Henry Clay. He is the only President to serve in the House of
Representatives after his Presidency.
16. Samuel Adams: born in Massachusetts in 1722. He was founder of the Sons
of Liberty and responsible for the Boston Tea party. He organized the
Committees of Correspondence to help bring unity to the colonies and spread
the news of the British war plans.
17. Adams Onis Treaty: 1819-treaty where US obtained Florida.
18. Albany Plan Of Union: proposal to unite all the colonies under one rule to
fight the French in the French and Indian war. Proposed by Ben Franklin and
it failed because the states did not want to give up their power.
19. Alexander Hamilton: leader of the Federalist Party and created the Bank of the
US. His political career was cut short due to his death in a duel with Aaron
Burr.
20. Alien Act: allowed the President to deport or kick out any person who he
deemed dangerous to our country.
21. Amendment Process: amendments can be proposed by a 2/3 vote in the
House and the Senate or if 2/3 of the state legislatures asked for a national
convention to propose an amendment. All proposed amendments had to be
ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures.
22. American Party: the political party called the Know Nothings that was against
immigration into the US.
23. Susan B. Anthony: worked for women’s rights , the abolitionists movement
and the temperance movement. She started the Daughters of Temperance and
has been honored by the US with a $1 coin. She worked alongside Elizabeth
Cady Stanton is the women’s rights movement.
24. Anti-Federalists: those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution unless it
contained a Bill of Rights. Eventually they became the Democratic Party in
1828.
25. Appalachian Mountains: mountain range in the eastern US.
26. Appomattox Court House: site where the Confederates under Robert E. Lee
surrendered to the Union army under US Grant.
27. James Armistead: African American slave who joined George Washington
and the continental Army and served as a double agent or spy during the war.
He infiltrated the British army and acquired numerous British secrets that
helped turn the tide of the war. Marquis de Lafayette helped him gain his
freedom in 1787 and he adopted Lafayette’s surname in gratitude.
28. Articles of Confederation: the first constitution for the Unites States that gave
the states all the power and the federal government little power.
29. Astrolabe: allowed early Portuguese sailors to tell their latitude and longitude
by the position of the stars.
30. Crispus Attucks: African American and former slave was the first of 5
unarmed citizens killed at the Boston Massacre. He was a former dock
worker and a member of the Sons of Liberty.
31. John James Audubon: member of the Hudson River School and was a
naturalists who specializes in the painting of the birds of America. The
Audubon Society was named in his honor and today protects birds and their
habitats.
32. Bacon’s Rebellion: led by Nathaniel Bacon as a protest against the Virginia
government when it refused to protect western farmers against the Indians.
He attacked Indian villages as well as Jamestown (he set fire to Jamestown).
The rebellion ended when Bacon got sick and died suddenly.
33. Battle of Antietam: Civil War battle that Lincoln claimed as an Union victory
and led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
34. Battle of Vicksburg: Civil War battle that gave the North control of the
Mississippi river.
35. Phillip Bazaar: a Chilean immigrant and resident of Massachusetts . He was
a member of the US navy during the Civil War and was awarded the
Congressional Medal of Honor in 1865 for his bravery. He participated in an
assault on Fort Fisher, a Confederate fort, and carried dispatches.
36. Benedict Arnold: The first American traitor who switched sides during the
Revolutionary war.
37. Bering Strait: narrow waterway separating Asia and North America. The
land under the Bering Strait was called Beringia and for future migration into
North America.
38. Bessemer Steel Process: the purification of iron by heating it to high
temperatures and pouring off the impurities that rise to the top.
39. Betsy Ross: sewed flags for Washington army during the Revolutionary war.
40. Bicameral: 2 houses in the legislature which makes the laws.
41. Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the Constitution that guarantee
individual liberties.
42. Black Codes: laws passed after the Civil War to discriminate against the free
blacks.
43. William Blackstone: A British jurist or attorney. He wrote Commentaries on
the Laws of England and his work influenced the Founding Fathers of the US
such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
44. Blackwell, Elizabeth: first woman in America to earn a medical degree. She
graduated first in her class from Geneva College.
45. Blanche K. Bruce: first Black Senator from Mississippi.
46. Border States: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and Delaware. These were
states that allowed slavery but were not ready to secede from the Union.
47. Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770: 5 citizens were killed while harassing
British soldiers including Crispus Attucks.
48. Boston Tea Party: 1773: a group of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk
Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.
49. Boycott: the refusal to buy products.
50. Bull Run: site of the first official battle of the Civil war won by the
Confederates.
51. Burgoyne, John: commander of the British army during the Revolutionary
War that bet he could defeat the Americans in less than one year. He was
defeated and surrendered his army at The Battle of Saratoga.
52. Burr, Aaron: American politician that challenged and killed Alexander
Hamilton in a duel.
53. John C. Calhoun: was born in south Carolina and became spokeman for the
South against the tariff. He served as vice president for both Johjn Quincy
Adams and Andrew Jackson. He believed in states’ rights and nullification.
54. Capital intensive: requires a large amount of capital or money such as
industry and their machines.
55. Capitalism: an economic system based on private property and free
enterprise.
56. Caravel: Portuguese ship that could sail into the wind with the use of
triangular sails and the stern rudder.
57. William Carney: a slave from Virginia who escaped and joined the 54th
Massachusetts (an all black regiment during the Civil War). Carney fought at
the Battle of Fort Wagner and was shot 4 times and survived and continued to
fight. He is the first African American to receive the Congressional Medal of
Honor.
58. Cartographers: mapmakers
59. Cash crop: crops grown in large quantities to sale on the open market.
60. Caucus: meeting of political party leaders to choose their candidate for the
Presidency. Replaced by the nominating Convention.
61. Census: the official count of the population of the US done every 10 years.
62. Checks and balances: the method used to make sure each of the 3 branches of
government remain equal. Examples include the veto, overriding the veto,
presidential appointments etc.
63. Wentworth Cheswell: a founding father of the US and grandson to the first
African American land owner in New Hampshire. Cheswell’s life revolved
around freedom, justice and the betterment of American citizens. He fought in
the American Revolution including the Battle of Saratoga. He was very
involved in the politics of New Hampshire.
64. Civic Virtue: duties expected of all citizens such as voting and jury duty.
65. Civil Disobedience: essay written by Henry David Thoreau on why some
laws are unjust and citizens should not obey. He refused to pay a $1 tax to
support a war he did not believe in.
66. Clara Barton: founded the American Red Cross.
67. Henry Clay: a War Hawk, US senator, US representative, and Speaker of the
House. He was called the Great Compromiser for his work in settling
conflicts between the North and the South. Made a “corrupt bargain” with
John Quincy Adams to become Secretary of State and defeat Jackson for the
Presidency. He ran for president 3 times and was never elected.
68. Columbian exchange: exchange of trade and anything else between the
Americas and Europe. EX- diseases, chocolate etc.
69. Committee of Correspondence: system of communication throughout the
colonies to spread information about British activities.
70. Communism: political system where the means of production is owned by the
government.
71. Compromise of 1850: 5 part plan that allowed California into the Union as a
free state and enacted a tough Fugitive slave law that required all citizens to
capture and return runaway slaves to the South.
72. Compromise: two or more sides agree to a proposal.
73. Concurrent Powers: powers shared by the states and federal government.
74. Conquistador: Spanish explorer in the Americas.
75. Continental Divide: geographical formation in the Rocky Mountains which
divides river flow. East of the divide the rivers flow to the Gulf of Mexico
and west the rivers flow to the Pacific.
76. Cotton Gin: a machine invented by Eli Whitney that separated the cotton seed
from the cotton fiber. It could do the work of 50 men.
77. Copperheads: Peace Democrats that wanted the North to negotiate with the
South to end the Civil War.
78. Coureur de Bois: French fur trapper.
79. Cultural borrowing: things accepted from other cultures.
80. Cultural diversity: a wide variety or different ways of life.
81. Custom duties: taxes on foreign imported goods.
82. Daughters of Liberty: women of the colonists who led protest against the
British. They were famous for brewing tea from raspberry leaves.
83. Jefferson Davis: served in the US Senate from Mississippi and when the
Confederacy was formed became the President for the Confederate States of
America. After the war he was charged with treason but never tried in a court
of law. He was stripped of his eligibility to run for public office.
84. Democratic Republicans: see Anti-Federalists
85. Baron de Charles de Montesquieu: famous French nobleman who wrote the
Spirit of Laws which proposed separating the government into separate
branches so any individual could not gain absolute power. He is responsible
for the Checks and balances system and separation of powers in our
government today.
86. Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who fought with the Americans during
the Revolutionary War. He joined Washington at Brandywine and became
like a son to him. His influence was instrumenbtal in getting the French to
join the war.
87. Depression: a period of slow economic activity and widespread
unemployment.
88. Dolley Madison: famous first lady who saved an oil painting of Washington
before the British burned Washington DC during the War of 1812.
89. Benjamin Franklin: an inventor, writer, printer, diplomat, scientist, humorist,
and statesman. He published Poor Richard’s Almanac He was author of the
Albany Plan of Union during the French and Indian War and was responsible
for negotiating with the French to persuade them to enter the Revolutionary
War.
90. Frederick Douglass: African American who escaped from slavery in
Maryland and later returned and purchased his freedom. He founded a an
anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star and served as an advisor to
president Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.
91. Dred Scot vs. Sandford: SC case that said slaves were property, not citizens,
and as such they could be taken anywhere making slavery legal everywhere.
92. Due Process of Law: idea that government must follow procedures
established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution.
93. Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8 Clause 18 of the constitution that stretches
the power of Congress. Allows Congress to pass any laws necessary to better
run the country.
94. Electoral College: a special group of voters selected by their states voters to
vote for the president and vice-president. If a person does not receive a
majority in the Electoral College, the House of Representatives chooses the
President.
95. Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin and the concept of interchangeable
parts.(led to Mass Production)
96. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony: fought for
women’s rights and organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women.
97. Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln’s declaration freeing all slaves in areas
of rebellion. No slaves were actually freed because the South sill controlled
the area.
98. Embargo: to prohibit or not allow trade with a country.
99. Emigrants: people who move within the boundaries of a country. EX Gold
Rush
100. Empresario: a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas
(Stephen F. Austin).
101. English Bill of Rights: signed in 1689 when William and Mary became
the new King and Queen during the Glorious Revolution. This gave more
power to the Parliament and limited the power of the monarch.
102. Enlightenment: Movement stressing the importance of science and
reasoning and the importance of education.
103. Era Good Feelings: time period when there was only one political party
(Dem. Rep.). This was during the term of James Monroe.
104. Erie Canal: artificial waterway connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson
River in Albany, New York. 385 miles long.
105. Ethnic groups: other races of people.
106. Executive Branch: a branch of government headed by the President that
enforces the laws.
107. Export: Goods sent out of the country for sale.
108. Farewell Address: Washington’s farewell to the nation where he warned
the US to stay out of foreign alliances and avoid political parties.
109. Federalism: the division of power between the federal and state
government.
110. Federalists Papers: 85 essays written in favor of the ratification of the
Constitution. Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
111. Federalists: the first political party in favor of the ratification of the
Constitution.
112. Fort Sumter: Union fort in Charleston Harbor S C. and site of the first
military engagement of the Civil War.
113. Francis Marion: known as the Swamp Fox during the Revolutionary War
and was skilled in hit and run fighting called Guerilla Warfare.
114. Frederick Douglas: African American who purchased his freedom and
became an outspoken abolitionists and trusted aid to Lincoln.
115. Free enterprise: the economy of the US where everyone has the right to
own their business.
116. Robert Fulton: built the first steamboat in America (Clermont). The
steamboat was prone to accidents but made the shipping of goods faster and
cheaper.
117. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: the first written constitution in
America
118. Gadsden Purchase: 1853-narrow strip of land below New Mexico and
Arizona purchases for $10 million for the purpose of the transcontinental RR.
It completed the land area for the US 48 continental states.
119. Bernardo De Galvez: the acting governor of the Louisiana Territory
during the Revolutionary War. He sided with Americans during the war and
sent Texas Longhorns to Valley Forge to feed Washington’s army. He also
bought gunpowder, weapons, clothing, and many other vital supplies for the
Colonial army. Galveston, Texas is named in his honor.
120. George III: King of England prior to and during the Revolutionary War.
121. Georgia: colony originally organized by James Oglethorpe in 1733 as a
haven for debtors.
122. Gettysburg: 3 day battle that essentially crippled the Confederate army and
is known as the turning point of the Civil War.
123. Grandfather Clause: a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass
the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before
Reconstruction.
124. Ulysses S. Grant: graduate of West Point military academy. He became
famous by leading the North to a victory in the Civil War. He later became the
18th President of the US and his presidency was plagued by corruption.
125. Glorious Revolution: The time period in English History when King
James was overthrown by Parliament and William and Mary of the
Netherlands were put in power. They were forced to sign the English Bill of
Rights.
126. Great Compromise: plan of government that established the house base
upon population and the Senate with equal representation.
127. Grievances: Complaints- most famous is the Declaration of
Independence.
128. Guerilla Warfare: a hit and run technique used in fighting a war where
you ambush the enemy and then escape.
129. Habeas Corpus: legal order meaning you must be charged with a crime
within 72 hours or released.
130. Alexander Hamilton: was a proponent of a strong central government. He
served with Washington in the Revolutionary War and later became his
Secretary of the Treasury. He was the founder of the Bank of the United
States and became a lifelong enemy of Thomas Jefferson. He was killed in a
duel with Aaron Burr in 1804.
131. Harpers Ferry: site of an attempted slave uprising led by John Brown in
Virginia. He was captured and hanged.
132. Harriet Tubman: the most famous conductor of the Underground RR that
helped slaves escape from the South.
133. Patrick Henry: became a symbol of America’s struggle for independence
and self-government. He was a lawyer, patriot, orator, and his most famous
words were “Give me liberty or give me death”.
134. Hessians: German soldiers hired by the British during the Revolutionary
War.
135. Thomas Hooker: a preacher who originally settled in Massachusetts but
could not agree with puritan ways and moved and established the colony of
Connecticut. He adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which
was the first written constitution in the America.
136. Horace Mann: known as the Father of Education and President of the
Massachusetts School Board. Believed in free public education.
137. House of Burgesses: the first democratic elected assembly in the colonies
in 1619.
138. House of Representatives: the part of the legislative branch that makes the
laws and membership is based upon the population of the state.
139. Immigrants: people who move across international boundaries to settle in
a new country. The Irish(potato famine) had the largest number of
immigrants to the US in the 1800’s and the Germans were the second largest.
140. Impeach: bring charges against a government official.
141. Imports: goods brought into the country for sale.
142. Impressment: forcing Americans to serve in the British Navy.
143. Indentured Servant: laborer who agreed to work for a person for 4-7 years
in exchange for passage to the New World.
144. Indian Removal Act: passed in 1832 ordered the Indians of the Southeast
to move to the Indian territory of Oklahoma.
145. Industrial Revolution: the change from making things by hand to making
things by machine. Involved use of resources, improved transportation, and
technological breakthroughs.
146. Interchangeable Parts: (1798) idea created by Eli Whitney to make parts of
machines or other items uniform in order to produce them in mass quantities.
147. Intolerable Acts: passed because of the Boston Tea Party. The port of
Boston was closed until the tea was paid for, no town meetings; citizens were
required to house and feed British soldiers (Quartering Act). Also called the
Coercive Acts.
148. Isabella Baumfree: or Sojourner Truth was an African American woman
who was a leading abolitionist and women’s rights supporter that spoke with
wit and wisdom.
149. Andrew Jackson: was a war hero and Indian fighter during the War of
1812. He became the first official Democratic president in 1828 and his
nickname was “Old Hickory”. As President he promoted the spoils system
and started mudslinging in his presidential campaigns. He is also famous for
the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia.
150. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: one of the most figures in the Civil War.
He was a confederate leader and was famous for his ability to face his
opponents like a stonewall without backing down. He was killed by friendly
fire in the Battle of Chancellorsville when he had complications from his
wounds and pneumonia.
151. Jamestown (Virginia): site of first permanent English colony in America
in 1607.
152. James Oglethorpe: founder of Georgia in 1733.
153. Thomas Jefferson: was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and
the 1st and 2nd continental congress. He wrote the Declaration of
Independence and served as Secretary of State under Washington. He was
leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and in 1801 became the third
President of the US. He was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
and the Embargo Act in 1807. He died on the same day as John Adams on
July 4th, 1826.
154. Jim Crow Laws: laws creating segregation and allowing for separate but
equal facilities.
155. John Brown: violent abolitionist in Kansas and at Harper’s Ferry.
156. John Cabot: English explorer who sailed along the coast of America in
1497 and landed in Newfoundland.
157. John Jay: the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
158. John Paul Jones: American naval hero during the Revolutionary. In 1776
with his ship the Bonhomme Richard, he defeated the British battleship the
Serapis. Jones famous quote: “I have not yet begun to fight” .
159. John Marshall: the most famous Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He
served for 34 years and his most important ruling created Judicial Review.
His most famous cases were Marbury vs. Madison , McCullough vs.
Maryland and gibbons vs. Ogden.
160. Judicial Branch: the branch of government that interprets the law and
consists of the court system and the Supreme Court.
161. Judicial Review: established by Marbury vs. Madison in 1803 and gives
courts the right to rule on the constitutionality of law.
162. Kansas Nebraska Act: Popular Sovereignty decides slavery in Kansas and
Nebraska.
163. King George III: King of England during the Revolutionary war.
164. Know Nothing Party: see American Party
165. Labor intensive- means something that requires a large amount of laborers
such as the production of cotton.
166. Laissez Faire: French term meaning to let alone and let the economy
develop without government interference.
167. Landmark Case: Supreme Court case that greatly changes law.
168. Legislative Branch: the branch of government that makes the laws.
169. Latitude: measurement of location north or south of the equator.
170. Robert E. Lee: Commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil
War. He turned the same job for the Union army. He was from Virginia. He
surrendered to US Grant at Appomattox Court House to end the Civil War.
171. Abraham Lincoln: the first Republican President elected to the office in
1860. He became famous for his debates against Stephen Douglas while
running for the Illinois Senate. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation
which declared freedom for the slaves within the Confederacy. He delivered
his famous Gettysburg Address and on April 14, 1865 he was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth.
172. Lewis and Clark: explorers hired by Jefferson to map and keep records all
about the Louisiana Territory. Along the way, Sacagawea served as their
Indian guide on their route to the Pacific.
173. Limited Government: the government is not all powerful.
174. Line of Demarcation: line created by the Pope that divided the world
between Spain and Portugal. Spain could colonize west of the line and
Portugal to the east. This was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
175. Literacy: the ability to read or write.
176. John Locke: English philosopher that believed in the protection of
individual rights such as life, liberty, and property. He believed people
created government. He wrote The First and Second Treatises on Civil
Government.
177. Longitude: Parallel measurements of location east and west of the Prime
Meridian.
178. Louisiana Purchase: area of land west of the Mississippi River bought
from France and Napoleon that doubled the size of the US in 1803.
179. Loyalists: American colonists who sided with the British and King
George during the Revolutionary War.
180. James Madison: known as the Father of the Constitution because he wrote
the large state plan known as the Virginia Plan. He believed in Separation of
Powers and Checks and Balances. He supported ratification of the
Constitution and wrote over a third of the Federalists Papers. He was the 4th
President of the US and involved the US in the War of 1812.
181. Majority: more than half the votes—50% + 1.
182. Manifest Destiny: The right for the US to expand it boundaries from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
183. Martin Luther: posted the 95 Thesis or complaints against the Catholic
Church on a church door in Whittenburg, Germany and started the Protestant
Reformation.
184. Maryland: original colony founded by Cecil Calvert or Lord Baltimore as
a haven or safe area for Catholics.
185. George Mason: a Virginian who influenced Thomas Jefferson when he
wrote the Declaration of Independence and James Madison when he wrote US
Bill of Rights. He was an Anti-Federalist and was at the constitutional
convention but refused to sign the constitution and worked against its
ratification.
186. Mayflower Compact: agreement signed in 1620 that allowed for self
government in the Plymouth colony. 41 Pilgrims signed the document and
agreed to work together to help the colony succeed.
187. Mercantilism: the theory that a nation’s power depended upon its wealth.
Britain believed you had to build up gold reserves and expand trade as part of
mercantilism.
188. Mexican Cession: the area that consists of New Mexico, Arizona,
California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado that the US obtained from Mexico
after the war in 1848.
189. Middle Colonies: central Atlantic colonies whose economy was bases on
the production of grains and the mining of iron ore.
190. Missouri Compromise: 1820- Missouri admitted as a slave state and
Maine admitted as a free state.
191. Monarchy: rule by a King or Queen.
192. James Monroe: the 5th President of the US during a time period called the
Era of Good Feelings. He was an Anti-Federalist and was opposed to the
ratification of the Constitution. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine.
193. Monroe Doctrine: warned European nations to stay out of the affairs of
the Americas and no longer try to colonize the Americas.
194. Montezuma: leader of the Aztecs who was conquered by Cortes.
195. Mormons: religious group that escaped persecution by moving to Utah.
Led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.
196. Mount Holyoke: the first college for women.
197. Mudslinging: name calling in political elections.
198. Nationalism: love for one’s own country
199. Nativist: a person who favor those born in a country. They are against
immigration.
200. Nat Turner: led a slave revolt in the south and killed 55 whites before he
was killed.
201. Naturalized Citizen: an immigrant who becomes a citizen.
202. Navigation Acts: restrictions of colonial trade such as all ships had to be
built in England or the colonies, enumerated articles (cotton, tobacco and
sugar) could only be sold to England.
203. New Amsterdam: Dutch controlled area of Manhattan Island that became
New York City.
204. New England Colonies: Northeastern colonies along the Atlantic seaboard
whose economy was based on shipbuilding, trade, forestry, and fishing.
205. New Jersey Plan: small state plan that called for equal representation in
government.
206. North Star: anti slavery newspaper published by Frederich Douglas.
207. Northwest Passage: an all water route to Asia through North America.
208. Northwest Territory: area of land around the Great lakes that became 5
states. This was the major accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation
which was our first government in the US. The Ordinance of 1785 organized
the land into sections and the Northwest Ordinance created territorial
governments in the area.
209. Nullification Crisis: In 1832, when South Carolina nullified or cancelled
the Tariff of 1832 and threatened to secede or withdraw from the Union.
210. Nullify: to cancel a federal law.
211. Oligarchy: political system where the country is ruled by a few or a group
of individuals.
212. Olive Branch Petition: last ditch effort by the colonists to avoid war with
England. King George III refused the petition.
213. Oregon Country: area of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of
Montana that was shared through joint occupation between the U.S. and
Britain.
214. Pacifists: those opposed to war.
215. Thomas Paine: Born in England in 1737 and traveled to the US and
became important in the Patriots’ cause. He was a soldier in the Continental
Army. He wrote two famous pamphlets-Common Sense and the American
Crisis.
216. Parliament: legislative body of England that consisted of the House of
Lords and House of Commons.
217. Patriot: those who favored independence.
218. Patroon: a Dutch land owner.
219. William Penn: born in London and his father was the Admiral of the
English Navy. He turned his father and country against him when he joined
the Quakers. He established the colony of Pennsylvania and his government
was called the Frame of government. He insisted women should have the
same equal rights as men.
220. Pickett’s Charge: famous charge during the Battle of Gettysburg which
devastated the Confederate Army.
221. Pilgrims: Separatists who journeyed to the colonies in 1620 to create their
own religious group.
222. Plantation System: large farms of the south that used slave labor.
223. Plurality: the person with the most votes.
224. Popular sovereignty: allowing the vote of the people to decide an issue.
225. Preamble: the introduction to the Constitution.
226. Precedent: a tradition established early by George Washington. Most
famous precedent was the no third term precedent.
227. Presidio: a Spanish fort.
228. Primary sources: first hand accounts of actual events. (auto-biographies
etc.)
229. Proclamation of 1763: an imaginary line along the crest of the
Appalachian Mountains that no one was allowed past into the Ohio River
Valley.
230. Prohibition: outlawed the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages
through the 18th amendment. It was later repealed by the 21st amendment.
231. Propaganda: ideas or information used to sway public opinion.
232. Puritans: Protestants who came to Massachusetts to purify the Church of
England.
233. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
234. Rural: in the country- most Americans lived in Rural areas prior to the
Industrial Revolution.
235. Quakers: people of Pennsylvania and the very first abolitionists.
236. Quartering Act: part of the Intolerable or Coercive Acts that allowed
British Soldiers to be housed in the homes of American citizens.
237. racism: hatred for other races.(Prejudice)
238. ratification: to approve
239. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War.
240. Rendezvous: French term meaning a get together. The yearly meeting of
mountain men to sale their furs from trapping season.
241. Republic: Representative government that uses elected officials to make
the laws.
242. Reserved Powers: powers that belong only to the states and not the
federal government.
243. Revels, Hiram: Black Senator from the state of Mississippi.
244. Richmond, Virginia: capitol of the Confederacy in the Civil War.
245. Roanoke Island: first attempted English settlement in the new world that
failed.
246. Robert Fulton: built the first steam boat in America called the Clermont
which were prone to accidents but made shipping faster and cheaper.
247. Rocky Mountains: mountain range in the western US.
248. Rule of law: no one, not even the highest government official is above the
law.
249. Rural: means in the country—prior to the Industrial Revolution most
Americans lived in rural areas.
250. Haym Salomon: Polish born Jewish immigrant who played an important
role in the financing the American Revolution. He joined the Patriots and was
a member of the sons of Liberty. He spent all his money helping the
Americans win the war and died penniless in 1785.
251. Salutary Neglect: British policy of ignoring the colonies between 16901760 which allowed the colonies to develop their own self government.
252. Saratoga: site of the battle which was the turning point of the
Revolutionary War because it persuaded the French to join the war on our
side.
253. Secondary sources: descriptions or interpretations prepared by people
who were not involved in the event described.
254. Sectionalism: the love for your area of the country.
255.
Sedition Act: forbade anyone from criticizing the government or any of
its officials.
256. Segregation: the separation of blacks and whites in all areas of activities.
257. Senate: part of the legislative branch that makes the laws and all states
have equal representation or 2 senators per state.
258. Seneca Falls Convention: organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and was the first women’s rights convention.
259. Separation of powers: the division of government into the 3 branches.
Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.
260. Separatists: Pilgrims who wanted to start their own church and sparate
from the Church of England.
261. Sharecropping: a system of farming where the farmer rents the land and
has to share a portion of the crop with the landowner.
262. Shay’s Rebellion: led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts as a protest
against the government failure to protect farmers land from repossession by
the courts. It showed the need for a strong central government to protect the
rights of citizens.
263. Slave codes: restrictions against slaves such not learning to read or write
etc. (Black codes after the war.)
264. Smuggling: illegally trading with other countries.
265. Sons of Liberty: led by Samuel Adams and were resistance fighter against
British rule. They were responsible for the Boston Tea Party.
266. Southern Colonies: southern Atlantic states whose economy was bases on
the production of cotton, tobacco, and rice.
267. Spoils system: to the victor belong the spoils, reward workers in your
campaign with government jobs. Started by Andrew Jackson.
268. Stamp Act: British tax imposed on the colonists on all legal documents.
269. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: leader in the women’s rights movement. She
helped plan the Seneca Falls convention and wrote the Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions.
270. States Rights: the right of any state to nullify or cancel any federal law.
Created by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
271. Strikes: the refusal of workers to work and therefore shutting down the
business.
272. Subsistence Farming: the type of farming practiced in the New England
colonies. Families produced, in small gardens, enough food only for their
families.
273. Suffrage: the right to vote.
274. Tariff: tax on imported goods.
275. Temperance: drinking little or no alcohol.
276. Henry David Thoreau: Transcendentalist author of Walden and Civil
Disobedience. He spent time in jail for his refusal to pay $1 in taxes to support
the Mexican War. He believed a person should follow their own conscience
and not be influenced by outside foes.
277. Three-fifths compromise: how slaves would be counted for representation
purposes in the House of Representatives. 5 slaves would count as 3 or 60%
of the slaves would count toward the states population.
278. Tories or Loyalists: those on the side of the British or King George.
279. Total War: type of warfare during the Civil War where the union
destroyed everything that could be used by the south in the war effort. Waged
by William Tecumseh Sherman and George Sheridan.
280. Trail of Tears: the forced march of the Cherokee Indians in 1830 to
Oklahoma.
281. Transcendentalists: stressed the relationship between the human spirit and
nature and the importance of the individual conscience. Leaders were
Emerson and Thoreau.
282. Treaty of Ghent: ended the War of 1812 and returned everything to the
way it was before the war.
283. Treaty of Greenville: treaty that gave the state of Ohio to the Americans
at a cost of one-eighth of a cent per acre.
284. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: the treaty that ended the Mexican War and
gave the Mexican Cession to the US.
285. Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and Indian war and Britain gained
Canada and all land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.
286. Treaty of Paris(1781) ended the American Revolution and made the US an
independent nation.
287. Triangular trade: New England trade that consisted of 3 legs from NE to
Africa to trade for slaves, to sell the slaves in the West Indies (this part is
called the Middle Passage) and finally back to NE to start over again.
288. Unalienable Rights: rights that cannot be taken away.
289. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: famous book about the evils of slavery written by
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
290. Underground Railroad: a system that helped enslaved African Americans
escape from the South to the North.
291. Urban: means in the city—after the Industrial Revolution many
Americans moved to urban areas or the suburbs to work in factories.
292. Utopia: community based on the vision of a perfect society.
293. Veto: to reject an act of Congress by the President or executive branch.
294. Vicksburg: battle site along the Mississippi River during the Civil War.
The Union Victory gave the North control of the Mississippi River.
295. Vigilantes: private citizens in California that took the law in to their own
hands.
296. Vikings: the first Europeans to land in the New World. Leif Erickson
actually landed in Newfoundland.
297. Virginia Dare: first English born child in the new world (at Roanoke).
298. Virginia Plan: large state plan of government. Key point was
membership in congress would be based on Population.
299. War Hawks: Congressmen who wanted war with England in 1812.
300. Mercy Otis Warren: an American Patriot. She authored plays, poems,
and essays supporting the idea of independence. She was an Anti-Federalist
after the war and was opposed to the newly written constitution.
301. George Washington: Virginian born in 1732 and a delegate to the House
of Burgesses. He fought during the French and Indian War and was chosen
Commander in chief of the continental Army during the Revolutionary War.
He was President of the Constitutional convention and the First President of
the US. He is referred to as “the Father of our country”. He warned the
country the dangers of political parties and the importance of avoiding foreign
alliances in his Farewell Address.
302. Daniel Webster: born in New Hampshire and served as a member of the
House of Representatives and a US Senator from Massachusetts. He was
known as the “Great Orator” of his time. He was the leader of the Federalist
Party and was opposed to the War of 1812.
303. Whig Party: political party of the 1840’s led by Clay and the two Whig
Presidents were William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor.
304. Whiskey Rebellion: Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a tax on whiskey
and the rebellion was ended when the army was sent to collect the taxes.
305. Wilmot Proviso: an agreement that failed to pass in the Congress that
would have outlawed slavery in any new territories won from Mexico after the
war.
306. Writ of Assistance: legal document that allows officers to search homes
and warehouses- a search warrant.
307. XYZ Affair: problem with the French when Talleyrand asked for a 10
million dollar loan for France and $250,000 for himself and then the French
would stop attacking American ships.
308. Yeoman: the largest group of whites in the south that did not own slaves.
309. Yorktown: final battle of the Revolutionary War. Charles Cornwallis
surrendered his army to Washington and the French army and navy.