Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
(9/13) BR 1. What are some things that affect or cause animal behavior? Consider both internal and external stimuli that cause or change an animal’s behavior. 2. Could a behavior be an adaptation? Why or why not? 4 Questions: 1. Causation: What is the immediate stimulus for the behavior? 2. Development: How does behavior change with age and learning—what experiences are necessary for it to be displayed? 3. Function: How does the behavior affect chances for survival and reproduction? 4. Evolution: How does the behavior compare with similar behaviors in related species, and how might it have evolved? Proximate causes—genetic, physiological, neurological, and developmental mechanisms “How does a trait work?” Ultimate causes—evolutionary processes that produced the capacity and tendency to behave in certain ways “Why does a trait exist?” How does it increase an organism’s chances to survive and reproduce? Behaviorism—neural reflexes can be modified by experience (learning) Pavlov’s dogs: the conditioned reflex Ethology is the study of fixed action patterns – genetically determined instinctive behaviors Triggered by releasers (simple stimuli) Example: Gull chicks respond to a red dot on their parents’ bills to initiate pecking behavior to get food…what is the releaser for this fixed action pattern? What can you conclude from this graph??? (correct head shape) *A red dot is more important than a realistic profile *Head color and shape have little effect on the ability of a red dot to stimulate the begging response Some behaviors are genetically determined Ex: hygienic & nonhygienic behavior in honeybees Hygienic bees uncap (u) cells and remove (r) the dead pupae u is the “uncap” allele r is the “remove” allele u is the “uncap” allele r is the “remove” allele Uurr are nonhygienic, but will remove dead pupae if cells are uncapped uuRr are nonhygienic. They will uncap cells of dead pupae, but won’t remove them Mutants with altered behaviors allow studies to identify the genes involved Ex: fru in fruit flies Gene knockouts (animals engineered to lack a gene) can reveal roles of specific genes Ex: olfactory reception in mice related to mating behavior via pheromones (signaling molecules) Examine the results of this gene knockout experiment in which males were engineered to lack the VNO receptor. What is the role of the VNO pheromone receptor in male mice? Was the hypothesis correct? Hormones can control development and expression of behavior Ex: sexual behavior in rats What is necessary for estrogen (♀sex steroid) to produce FEMALE sexual behavior in adults? Estrogen exposure later in development & NO testosterone early in development In part (B) what is always necessary for an adult to exhibit MALE sexual behavior? Exposure to testosterone as a newborn Conclusion: sex steroids present at birth determine pattern of behavior; steroids present as adults determine when behavior is expressed Imprinting—animal learns a set of stimuli during a critical period, or sensitive period Ex: Emperor penguin recognition of parents and offspring. (9/19) BR 1. When a new lion takes over a pride he often will kill the young cubs of his predecessor. Describe: a. a proximate cause b. and an ultimate cause for this behavior . 2. In silverback gorillas the males will hoot and pound their chests when other animals enter their territory. Describe: a. a proximate cause b. and an ultimate cause for this behavior . Bird song males learn during a limited developmental time frame When a bird is deafened before starting to sing, he cannot match his song with his song memory When a bird is deafened after singing has begun, he will continue singing like a normal bird Birds must make song memory (imprinting) AND later be able to match singing to memory Birds will only learn the song of their species (genetic/instinct) Hormones control timing and expression by altering brain structure and function Bird must first acquire a song memory by hearing the song as a nestling AND must then be able to hear himself as he attempts to match his singing to that song memory. Yellow = LIGHT, Black = DARK, Gray = ACTIVE Mouse activity in 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark Mouse activity in constant dark 3. Does the natural circadian rhythm of the mouse follow a 24-hour cycle? Use the diagrams to explain your answer. Yellow = LIGHT, Black = DARK, Gray = ACTIVE Mouse activity when exposed to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark Mouse activity in constant dark shows a natural cycle that is slightly less than 24 hours If a mouse is given 20 minutes of light at the same time every day, it becomes entrained (9/20) BR 1. We have discussed investigations that revealed the proximate causes for several behaviors. Identify the proximate cause for each behavior below: a. Hygienic & nonhygienic behavior in bees b. Distinguishing male vs. female during mating in mice c. Sexual behavior in rats d. Imprinting (video) e. Male white crown sparrows sing their speciesspecific song f. Circadian rhythms in mice Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of activities dependent on both genetics (e.g., clock genes expressed in the brain) and environmental conditions (e.g., hours of light/dark) In mammals, the expression of “clock genes” within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the brain control circadian rhythms. Rhythm has to be entrained to light-dark cycle Under constant conditions (e.g., constant dark), an animal’s circadian clock will run according to its genetically determined cycle Navigation & movement Piloting - knowing and remembering the structure of the environment Homing- ability to return to a specific location even w/out visual cues Ex: pigeons Compass sense allows them to use environmental cues like the sun & stars The gray-headed albatross may be able to detect latitude and longitude in returning to its island of birth after being gone 8-9 years!! Communication - behaviors can evolve into signaling systems if both sender and receiver benefit Pheromones – chemical signals (odor) Species-specific because proper receptor is needed for detection Visual, Acoustic, Mechanosensory (touch) signaling may be utilized Ex of mechanosensory communication: waggle dance in honeybees Courtship behaviors often involve a combination of communication sensory signals Waggle dance in honeybees (mechanosensory) The angle of the waggle dance in relation to the sun tells other bees the direction of the food source, and the duration of the dance indicates how close it is. (9/20) BR 2. What are some costs that an animal may have to consider before engaging in a behavior? 3. Mating behaviors have evolved that maximize the fitness of the parents and offspring. What does fitness mean? 4. What does it mean if someone is altruistic? Habitat must provide food, shelter, nest sites, escape routes, etc. The cues animals use to select habitat increase fitness: the ability to survive and reproduce Cost–benefit approach assumes animals have limited time and energy a. Energy cost b. Risk cost c. Opportunity cost - benefit the animal forfeits by not performing other behaviors The Cost-benefit approach is used to study territorial behavior, which: requires considerable energy may make a male more vulnerable to predation reduce time for feeding or parental behavior Ex: spiny lizards In some species males gather in a lek—a communal area to display prowess and impress females If the performance requires time and energy, why do the males perform the behavior? What is the ultimate cause? Mating systems vary widely among species; ultimately, the mating system of a species is the one that that maximizes fitness Monogamous—strong lifelong pair bonds; shared parenting Promiscuous—males mate with many females; females raise young Polygyny – male has more than one mate—fitness is increased by having more females. Leads to sexual dimorphism (males look different from females) Ex: elephant seals Polyandry – one female mates with many males— increased paternal care improves fitness Ex: golden lion tamarin Altruism – behavior benefits another at a cost to the performer An animal’s offspring contribute to its individual fitness Inclusive fitness: individual reproductive success plus that derived from relative’s success. Kin selection: selection for behaviors that increase a relative’s success, at a cost to the performer Ex: scrub jays Eusocial species include nonreproductive members Ex: Hymenoptera order (wasps, bees, ants) Haplodiploidy—females are diploid, males are haploid; only the queen is fertile Ex: mole rats Group living costs/benefits improves foraging efficiency reduces risk of members becoming prey Alarm calling reduces predation risk Ex: ground squirrels Costs: Less food/individual Increased risk of disease and parasites EXIT slip When a male robin is in reproductive condition, it has bright red breast feathers. It aggressively attacks other male robins, but it will also attack a simple tuft of red feathers on a stick. 1. What is/are the proximate cause(s) of the behavior? 2. What is/are the ultimate cause(s) of the behavior? (9/21) BR: Explain the ultimate cause for altruistic behavior. Use the term inclusive fitness in your explanation. You have a quiz on CH 1 & 41 on FRIDAY. Take out your notes for CH 1 & 41 and jot down any concepts you are struggling to understand. * You should ALWAYS do your study guides with your notes and, if possible, textbook handy! PILLBUGS! • Next week you will be performing a lab in which you investigate pillbug behavior in groups of 3 or 4. Figure out your groups, then share your research information AND citations. Add new information to your research page if you hear/see any! • In your groups discuss the proximate and ultimate causes of the different behaviors you recorded • Your experiment will attempt to determine if pillbugs prefer one type of environment over another, so you will be distinguishing two general types of orientation behavior: • Kinesis – change in activity in response to a stimulus; random movement • Taxis – oriented movement toward (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus • Ex: chemotaxis, phototaxis Exit: Reflection 1. On your bellringer, reflect on your score on the quiz on Wednesday. Did you do as well as you expected? If so, which study strategies worked for you? If not, how do you think you can better prepare yourself for future quizzes and tests? 2. Create 2 rectangles on your bellringer, and label one “Clear” and the other “Unclear.” In the “Clear” box, write down the information from CH 42 that you feel you understand. In the “Unclear” box, write down any information or concepts about which you feel confused.