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PAP World History Notes: Jarrett Book – Chapters 16 Chapter 16 Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out European Imperialism Imperialism: political and economic control of one area or country by another o Examples Persia and Rome conquered neighbors to build empires Colonization The gaining of independence by the Americas after their colonization was a setback for European imperialism o European rulers questioned the value of colonies if they could just gain independence The British “Raj” (Reign) in India During the 18th century, Britain had defeated many to establish control in India o This brought changes No more widow suicide First RR in 1853 Muslims and Hindus lived together – peacefully Missionaries spread Christianity British schools and colleges opened English became the language of government The British brought good changes, but many Indians were still upset with the changes to their traditional customs The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) Britain was able to stay in control of India because the people were split on how they felt about the British o Britain used sepoys (Indian soldiers) in their army o There was revolt by some of the sepoys, it spread but was crushed by the British army with their loyal sepoys o British government took official control of India Abolished the East India Company Queen Victoria became the Empress of India The Impact of British Rule Government o Unified India with single system of law and government o Provided jobs o Increased education opportunities o English as a unifying language Economic o Built roads, bridges, RR’s, telegraph wires o However, cottage industry in India was hurt because they couldn’t compete with British manufactured goods Health o o o o Social o o o Built hospitals New medicines Famine relief This led to population increase without a similar increase in economic opportunities British looked down on Indians Indian culture was treated as inferior Indians were inexpensive workers for the British Worked long hours Terrible conditions Other British Colonies Britain also took Cape Colony from Holland on the tip of Africa and several West Indies islands Continued to hold Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore Other European Colonies France o Colonies in West Indies o Trading posts in W. Africa and India o Algeria in N. Africa o Indochina Dutch o Dutch West Indies Spain o Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico Appeared that Imperialism was over after the Americas gained their independence o But between 1880-1900 Europe was controlling almost every corner of the earth The Causes of “New Imperialism” Why did Imperialism suddenly revive o Technology Steamboat – could travel up river inland in Africa Telegram – could communicate with settlements in the interior Railroads – ships goods and raw materials from one colony to another Medicines – Quinine – treat malaria Antiseptics Both made living and exploring in the tropics easier Rifles – used to control people Motives for Imperialism o Belgium, Germany and Italy – wanted colonies to establish power on world stage o Britain seized Egypt for the Suez Canal – shortest route from Britain to India o Preserve the balance of power – with everyone taking other areas, everyone else felt compelled to do the same o Obtain natural resources and markets to sell goods o Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden” duty of Europeans to spread their culture to Africa and Asia Technology o Steamships, rifles, telegraphs, better medicines – allowed travel deep into Africa, Asia and the Pacific Economic Motives o Need for raw materials to keep factories busy o New markets to sell goods Political Motives o Wanted colonies in order to demonstrate power o Sought to preserve the balance of power among themselves Social Motives o Social Darwinism Superior cultures should spread their beliefs (Christianity) Sometimes Imperialism was met with opposition The Scramble for Africa 1870: With exception of France in Algeria and Britain in South Africa, Europe controlled very little of Africa Most activity was limited to coastal trading posts Interior remained isolated o Immense diversity of cultures o Many different political structures This changed over the next 20 years o European explorers mapped out the interior of Africa and Europe took control 1880’s: local revolted o Threatened use of Suez Canal Shortest route from Europe to E. Africa, India and East Asia Britain shut it down, took Egypt and then the Sudan France, Italy, Germany and Belgium wanted parts of Africa too o Diamonds and gold o Berlin Conference: European leaders divided up the rest of Africa In the end only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent Major Imperial Powers European powers with colonies in Africa o Great Britain o France o Germany o Belgium o Portugal o Italy African peoples were treated harshly o Many killed as examples to make others work harder Britain controlled almost the whole Eastern seaboard of Africa o Rhodes planned a rail system down the entire eastern side of Africa The Legacy of Imperialism in Africa Prior to Imperialism in Africa the boundaries were loosely drawn o They were based on different tribal and ethnic groups o When the lines were drawn with Imperialism, there was no thought about the preexisting tribal boundaries o Wherever they wanted the set up mines and cash crops To be sold in Europe o Native Africans were used as cheap labor o Europeans brought Western technology and ideas o Thus, Imperialism was good and bad for Africa Positive Effects o Lifespan increase: medicines and better nutrition Led to increase in population o Modern transportation and communications Telegraphs, railroads and telephones o Improved education and greater economic opportunities Served as administrators in the army Negative Effects o Erosion of traditional African values; destroyed existing relationships o Africans treated as inferior; forced to work long hours, for low pay, in horrible conditions o Divided by ignoring tribal, ethnic and cultural boundaries – this led to tribal conflicts Informal Imperialism This is when Europe did not control an area directly but their power still dominated the area’s economy The European Powers and China China had remained united under emperors China had remained isolated China lacked military technology to defeat Europe’s attempts at Imperialism The west was interested in China because o Had huge population to sell goods to o Had valuable raw materials o Produced local goods desired by Europeans Thus, Europe installed an informal Imperialism o China’s rulers remained in power o But were subject to foreign pressure The Opium Wars (1839-1842) 1800’s o Britain began selling opium in China to make money to buy tea Chinese government opposed this and sentenced opium dealers to death Britain retaliated by declaring war China was defeated and opium sales continued This damaged the Chinese economy Created chaos Created political instability China was forced to open several treaty ports o Giving British new trade privileges British established “spheres of influence” o Areas in China under their complete economic control o Cheap British textiles hurt Chinese industry o Other nations began to demand their own “spheres of influence” in China All this weakened the Qing Dynasty o They realized they were no longer the “Heavenly Middle Kingdom” Revolts occurred o Millions of Chinese were killed o China’s rulers put down the Taiping Rebellion with Europe’s help America’s Open Door Policy Fearing it would be shut out of China’s profitable trade, the United States proposed equal trading rights for all nations in China in 1899 Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) A Chinese group calling themselves “Boxers” rebelled against the foreign influence in China o Hundreds of foreigners in the cities were killed in the riots o An international force of foreign powers ended the Boxer rebellion U.S. played a key role in ending this rebellion o U.S. troops and ships in the nearby Philippines o U.S. wanted China to remain independent Thus prevented powers from further dividing up China Kept it “open” to trade with all nations The Opening of Japan 19th Century o Had cut off foreign trade in 1639 fearing foreign influences o Citizens not allowed to travel out of Japan to other countries o Foreigners were banned from Japan Except at one Dutch outpost The United States Opens Japan 1853 – U.S. sent navy (led by Matthew Perry) to Japan Wanted better treatment of shipwrecked sailors New markets Establish a port where their ships to China could stop to obtain supplies Fearing what happened to China, Japan opened their doors to trade The Meiji Restoration Samurai and Daimyos (nobles) did not like the opening of trade with the west Under the criticism and Shogunate collapsed and the previous “puppet” emperor was restored to power Emperor Meiji o Was convinced that Japan had to become more westernized in order to avoid Western domination Sent scholars to retrieve Advanced technologies Foreign customs Took visits from foreign ministers Built steamboats and railroads New constitution Japan became first non-western country to copy and adapt Western ways Latin America Spain lost most of its colonies in the Americas but retained o Cuba o Puerto Rico o Few Caribbean island Cubans rebelled against sugar cane owners because of harsh conditions o Spanish army was sent to stop the rebellion with brutal force o Many Americans sympathized with the Cuban rebels o 1898: battleship U.S.S. Maine was blown up in Havana harbor Killed 250 American sailors U.S. declared war and quickly defeated Spain This was the Spanish-American War America acquired its first colonies o Puerto Rico o Guam o Philippines Cuba became independent in name but remained under U.S. influence U.S. took Hawaii as a new colonial empire Many American opposed colonization but realized it was necessary to keep up with the Imperialistic movement Meanwhile o Independent nations in Latin America became dependent on Britain and the U.S. for trade and economic prosperity o Thus Latin America came under “informal” imperialism The Panama Canal o U.S. wanted to build a canal across the narrow isthmus of Panama o This would make the journey between the Atlantic and the Pacific only half as long o But Panama was still a part of Columbia Columbia was asking a high price for permission to build the canal Theodore Roosevelt o Encouraged Panama rebels to declare their independence from Columbia o He protected the rebels – who gave the rights to the U.S. to the strip of land or the Panama Canal Zone o Ten years to complete o U.S. had to protect the canal: both during the building and after o Monroe Doctrine American presidents repeatedly sent armed forces to intervene in the Caribbean area