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AP Exam Chapters 4 and 5
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula
C 4 H 10?
A) 3
B) 2
C) 1
D) 11
1)
E) 4
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8
2) Which molecule is a thiol?
2)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3) Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from
inorganic starting materials?
A) Friedrich Wohler
B) Hermann Kolbe
C) Jakob Berzelius
D) Stanley Miller
E) August Kekulé
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3)
Figure 4.3
4) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as
A) nonisotopic isomers.
B) enantiomers.
C) geometric isomers.
D) radioactive isotopes.
E) structural isomers.
4)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6
5) Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent
cross-links within or between protein molecules?
5)
6) Which is a carbonyl functional group?
6)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Figure 4.4
7) What is the name of the functional group shown in Figure 4.4?
A) ketone
B) hydroxyl
C) carboxyl
D) aldehyde
2
7)
E) carbonyl
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8
8) Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules?
8)
The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6
9) Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
9)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
10) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
A) carbonyl and carboxyl
B) carboxyl and amino
C) ketone and aldehyde
D) phosphate and sulfhydryl
E) hydroxyl and aldehyde
10)
11) Testosterone and estradiol are
A) phospholipids.
B) nucleic acids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.
E) steroids.
11)
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12) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
A) They are lighter than water.
B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
C) They are hydrophilic.
D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
E) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
12)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8
13) Which molecule contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid?
13)
14) Which molecule is an organic phosphate?
14)
The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6
15) Which is a hydroxyl functional group?
15)
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The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.8
16) Which molecule contains a sulfhydryl functional group?
16)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
17) Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as
a result of possessing a "life force" that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter.
The term given to this belief is
A) inorganic synthesis.
B) mechanism.
C) organic evolution.
D) vitalism.
E) organic synthesis.
17)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6
18) Which is a carboxyl functional group?
18)
5
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
19) One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in
living organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving
world. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important research
into organic compounds. Who suggested this?
A) Friedrich Wohler
B) August Kekulé
C) Jakob Berzelius
D) Stanley Miller
E) Hermann Kolbe
19)
20) Which of the following people's synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials
provided evidence against vitalism?
20)
A) Hermann Kolbe
B) August Kekulé
C) Stanley Miller
D) Jakob Berzelius
E) Friedrich Wohler
21) Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic
compound with molecular formula C6 H 14. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown;
hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any,
is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E) Each of the illustrations in the other answer choices depicts a structural isomer of the
compound with molecular formula C6 H 14.
6
21)
22) Which functional groups can act as acids?
A) hydroxyl and aldehyde
B) carboxyl and phosphate
C) ketone and amino
D) amine and sulfhydryl
E) carbonyl and carboxyl
22)
23) Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric
forms) of the same molecule?
A)
23)
B)
C)
D)
E)
24) Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
A) CH4
B) C 2 H 4
C) C 2 H 6
D) C 3 H 8
E) C 2 H 2
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24)
The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5
25) Which of the structures contain(s) a carboxyl functional group?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) C and E
E) none of the structures
25)
26) Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic
molecules?
A) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis.
B) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.
C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
D) Only A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
26)
The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.7
27) Which molecules contain a carbonyl group?
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
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27)
D) D and E
E) E and A
28) A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional
groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
A) amino
B) sulfhydryl
C) hydroxyl
D) phosphate
E) carboxyl
28)
29) Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:
29)
A) structural isomers
C) geometric isomers
B) enantiomers
D) isotopes
30) Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as
enantiomers, or molecules that
30)
A) are mirror images of one another.
B) differ in their electrical charge.
C) differ in the location of their double bonds.
D) lack an asymmetric carbon.
E) have identical three-dimensional shapes.
31) Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis?
A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water
B) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water
C) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
with the production of a molecule of water
D) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water
E) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water
31)
32) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.
(A) The number of purines in the DNA strand 5'-AAGAGGAGAAA-3'
(B) The number of pyrimidines in the DNA strand 5'-AAGAGGAGAAA-3'
A) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
B) Item (A) is greater than item (B).
C) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
D) Item (A) is less than item (B).
32)
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33) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the
monomers are the form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
A) glycogen and cellulose
B) starch and chitin
C) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
D) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose
E) cellulose and chitin
33)
34) A molecule with the chemical formula C6 H 12O6 is probably a
34)
A) lipid.
B) carbohydrate.
C) monosaccharide
D) A and B only.
E) A, B, and C.
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The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
Figure 5.8
35) Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
A) 1, 4, and 6
B) 12, 13, and 15
C) 11, 12, and 13
D) 2, 7, and 8
E) 7, 8, and 13
35)
36) Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase.
A) bioinformatics
B) high-speed centrifugation
C) NMR spectroscopy
D) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
E) X-ray crystallography
36)
37) Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules?
A) nucleic acids
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
37)
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D) proteins
38) Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to
one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
A) as a pentose
B) as a polysaccharide
C) as a monosaccharide
D) as a disaccharide
E) as a hexose
38)
39) Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true?
A) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
B) They generally solidify at room temperature.
C) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon
atoms.
D) They are more common in animals than in plants.
E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.
39)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
40) Draw the polynucleotide strand in Figure 5.27a from your textbook, and label the bases G, T, C, and T,
starting from the 5' end. Now, draw the complementary strand of the double helix, using the same
symbols for phosphates (circles), sugars (pentagons), and bases. Label the bases. Draw arrows showing the
5'
3' direction of each strand. Use the arrows to make sure the second strand is antiparallel to the first.
Hint: After you draw the first strand vertically, turn the paper upside down; it is easier to draw the second
strand from the 5' toward the 3' direction as you go from top to bottom.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
41) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.
(A) The number of cis double bonds in saturated fatty acids
(B) The number of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids
A) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
B) Item (A) is less than item (B).
C) Item (A) is greater than item (B).
D) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
41)
42) Which term includes all others in the list?
A) polysaccharide
B) starch
C) disaccharide
D) monosaccharide
E) carbohydrate
42)
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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.
Figure 5.6
43) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide,
back to its component amino acid?
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43)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
Figure 5.8
44) Which of the following molecules is an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group or side chain?
A) 7
B) 12
C) 5
D) 3
E) 8
44)
45) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because
A) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract.
B) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.
C) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose.
D) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha ( ) glycosidic linkages of starch but
not the beta ( ) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
E) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta ( ) glycosidic linkages of starch but
not the alpha ( ) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
45)
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46) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
A) disulfide bonds
B) phosphodiester bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) peptide bonds
E) A, B, and C
46)
47) The molecular formula for glucose is C6 H 12O6 . What would be the molecular formula for a
47)
molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C 18H 36O18
B) C 3 H 6 O3
C) C 18H 10O15
D) C 18H 30O15
E) C 6 H 10O5
48) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the
monomers are the form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
A) cellulose
B) chitin
C) glycogen
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
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48)
The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
Figure 5.8
49) Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA?
A) 1
B) 13
C) 12
D) 4
50) A molecule with the formula C18H 36O2 is probably a
49)
E) 6
50)
A) hydrocarbon.
B) fatty acid.
C) nucleic acid.
D) carbohydrate.
E) protein.
51) All of the following are polysaccharides except
A) cellulose
B) glycogen
C) amylopectin
D) starch
E) chitin
51)
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52) DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides
together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?
A) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
B) The two strands of the double helix would separate.
C) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
D) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
E) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
52)
53) Enzymes are
A) nucleic acids.
53)
B) carbohydrates.
C) proteins.
D) lipids.
Figure 5.7
54) The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the
A) 1-4 linkage of the glucose monomers of starch.
B) pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.
C) double helical structure of a DNA molecule.
D) helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.
E) 1-4 linkage of the glucose monomers of cellulose.
54)
55) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following?
A) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis
B) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
55)
56) Which of the following is not a polymer?
A) cellulose
B) DNA
C) starch
56)
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D) glucose
E) chitin
57) The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
A) secondary level.
B) quaternary level.
C) primary level.
D) tertiary level.
E) All structural levels are equally affected.
57)
The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once,
or not at all.
Figure 5.8
58) Which of the following statements is false?
A) 1 and 4 could be joined together by a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide.
B) 9 and 10 could be joined together by ester bonds to form a triacylglycerol.
C) 2, 7, and 8 could be joined together to form a short peptide.
D) 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide.
E) 2 and 7 could be joined together to form a short peptide.
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58)
59) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?
A) thymine and guanine
B) adenine and thymine
C) cytosine and uracil
D) ribose and deoxyribose
E) guanine and adenine
59)
60) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be
synthesized using the 20 common amino acids?
A) 1220
B) 4 12
C) 125
D) 20
E) 2012
60)
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