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Chapter 18 The Great Depression and World War II Page 1A: Introduction • The violence of WWI was only a prelude to greater violence to come as improvements in technology made more deadly weapons possible. In this chapter, you will learn how the prosperity of the 1920’s was followed by the Great Depression and the rise of totalitarian dictators in Europe. These dictators deliberately launched WWII, the greatest explosion of violence the world has seen, in an attempt to establish global domination. The war was fought on 4 oceans and 3 continents. As many as 70 million people lost their lives in the horrendous conflict before the dictators were finally defeated. WWII resulted in the atomic bomb, the United Nations, and the end of imperialism in Africa and Asia. Page 1B: Important Ideas • The world experienced a short recession immediately following WWI. The later 1920’s were generally a period of global prosperity. • Overproduction and speculation led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The interrelationship of loans and debts helped the depression spread from the U.S. to Europe and then to the rest of the world. • Fascism was a political ideology that developed after WWI. Started in Italy by Benito Mussolini, fascists believed in extreme nationalism, glorified violence, opposed socialism and democracy, and encouraged blind obedience to a strong leader who expressed the national will. In Germany, Adolf Hitler became leader of a fascist party known as the Nazis. Hitler was strongly anti-Semitic and blamed Jews for Germany’s defeat in WWI. Page 1C: Important Ideas • Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922, where he created a totalitarian state. In Germany, millions of workers lost their jobs in the Great Depression. Members of the middle classes, working classes and farmers turned to the Nazi Party. In 1933, Germany’s leaders appointed Hitler as Chancellor. Blaming Communists for starting the Reichstag fire, he took on emergency powers. • Hitler and Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at expansion. Italy invaded Ethiopia. Hitler annexed Austria and part of Czechoslovakia. Britain and France yielded to Hitler’s demands in the policy of appeasement. In September 1939, Hitler attacked Poland, starting WWII. • Germany introduced a new form of rapid warfare—the blitzkrieg– using tanks, aircraft, and trucks. Nazi Germany quickly conquered all of Western Europe except Britain. Page 1D: Important Ideas • Winston Churchill of Britain refused to surrender. In 1941, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Later that year Germany’s ally Japan, led by Hideki Tojo, attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • The Soviets stopped the Nazi advance at Stalingrad. In 1944, Britain and the U.S. landed troops in Normandy, France. In 1945, Germany surrendered. • Japan surrendered in August 1945, after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on 2 Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • The war brought untold devastation. World leaders founded the United Nations in 1945 in a new effort to promote world peace. Page 3: Essential Questions 1) What were the major causes of the Great Depression? (2,4) 2) What factors allowed the rise of totalitarian dictators like Mussolini and Hitler? (6,8,10,14) 3) What were the main causes of WWII? (12) 4) How were the allies able to defeat the dictators and win the war? (16,18,20,22) Page 5: Key Terminology/Vocabulary 1) Totalitarianism 2) Joseph Stalin 3) Great Depression 4) Fascism 5) Benito Mussolini 6) Weimar Republic 7) Adolf Hitler 8) Nazi Party 9) Gestapo 10) Appeasement 11) Blitzkrieg 12) Allied Powers 13) Axis Powers 14) Normandy Landing 15) Holocaust 16) Nuremberg Trials 17) Hideki Tojo 18) Pearl Harbor 19) Winston Churchill 20) Albert Einstein 21) Atomic Bomb 22) United Nations Page 2: The World in Prosperity & Depression • Europe in 1919 differed in many significant ways from before WWI • The former imperial govts. of Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey were gone • New states such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Baltic states had emerged • Russia was in the midst of a civil war Page 2: Reconstruction & Prosperity • 1st years after WWI were harsh • People in central Euro. suffered from famine, returning soldiers faced unemployment, major flu epidemic in 1919 killed millions • Farms, railroad lines torn up during war • Europeans spent next 5 years rebuilding/recovering from war • Based on Treaty of Versailles, Germans had 2 pay huge reparations 2 France & Britain, slowing German economic recovery • Germany printed extra $$ 2 pay war debt, triggering hyper-inflation • Workers know 2 collect wages in suitcases, then spend $$ immediately • U.S. emerged from war as world’s greatest economic power • During war Britain & France bought war goods from U.S. on credit • Americans faced a brief recession but soon began buying mass-produced goods made in U.S. factories • 1 of most important factors promoting U.S. prosperity was the automobile • Cars 1st came into wide spread use in U.S. & Europe during WWI • Ford produced 10 million Model T’s in 1924, 9 of 10 cars in world were Fords • Consumers in U.S. & Euro. benefitted from new electric appliances: vacuum cleaner, fridge, toaster • Went 2 movies, listened to radio 4 1st time • American prosperity spread 2 Euro. by late 1920’s • Europeans began buying goods from their colonies • Prosperity spread 2 Asia, Africa, Latin America • 1920’s saw expression of new values as an outcome of WWI, women began working in place of men, received right 2 vote in U.S., Britain & other countries • Women enjoyed greater freedom, pursued higher education • Fragile new democracies emerging during the 1920’s like the Weimar Republic in Germany • Socialist Parties came 2 power in several countries for 1st time Page 4: The Great Depression • In 1929, New York stock market crash started chain reaction that sent world economy into the Great Depression • Depression- economic downturn in which large #’s of businesses fail & workers lose jobs • Prices of stocks started falling & people scrambled 2 sell stocks • Those who lost $$ in stock market stopped spending • American banks & investors recalled their loans from Europe • Depression quickly spread world-wide • 40 million people now unemployed in U.S., Germany, Japan, & other industrialized nations • Farmers in E. Euro., Asia, Africa, Latin Am. could no longer sell cash crops What Factors Caused The Great Depression? 1) Stock market & real estate over speculation, investors borrowed $$ 2 invest in order 2 make quick profit 2) Overproduction, at 1st there was great demand 4 new products, now people couldn’t afford 2 buy them 3) Recession spread quickly, people stopped spending, credit was limited, no: international trade, savings, social security benefits 4) Franklin Roosevelt new U.S. President, begins “New Deal” plan attempts 2 put people 2 work in public works projects Page 7: Graphic Organizer • Create a chart or other graphic organizer featuring the below question/information • What economic, political, and international factors caused the global recession of the 1930’s? • Graphic organizer must have a title and be clearly labeled Page 6: The Rise of Fascism • Fascism, refers to new political system that appeared in Euro. in troubled nations after WWI • Fascism, the term is taken from political party formed by Mussolini in Italy but is also used to identify similar political system as Nazism in Germany Main Characteristics of European Fascism • Nationalism, belief that highest value is your nation, extreme nation superiority, deeply opposed 2 Communism • Unity of all Social Classes, 1 party unites nation, the strong should dominate the weak, opposed worker unions and strikes • All-Powerful Leaders, dictator could best guide & rule nation • Extreme Militarism, used violence to govern & use war 4 national expansion, believed “war was glorious” The Roots of Fascism • Several earlier currents of Euro. thoughts helped prepare the way 4 rise of fascism • Anti-Semitism, the hatred of Jews, their unique beliefs & customs made them easy targets in times of social unrest and economic difficulty, Jews blamed 4 problems • Racism, a contempt 4 people of other races, Euro. racism strengthened by overseas imperialism & spirit of nationalism • Social Darwinism, believed all human groups competed 4 survival, the strong had right 2 succeed over the weak, who deserved 2 die out The Old Order Collapses • Old Europe shaken to its core by WWI • Immense political changes had taken place—new countries created • Old ruling families lost power, new leaders of govt. not used to holding so much power • Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced out when WWI was lost, Weimar Republic was weak, people feared German socialists might follow example of Soviet Russia, blamed leaders of Weimar Republic 4 accepting Treaty of Versailles • U.S.S.R., Soviet Communists built totalitarian state, Lenin dies in 1924 & Joseph Stalin becomes new leader • Stalin eliminates political rivals in a series of “purges” accusing rivals of disloyalty 2 Communist ideals, opponents sent 2 icy gulags in Siberia • Stalin starved the Ukraine into submission in 1928 2 pursue collectivization of agriculture • Many Europeans feared spread of Communism so they supported extremist anti-Communist leaders like Mussolini & Hitler The Roots of Fascism • Italy, following WWI, Communists were gaining political support • Frightened Italians tired of constant strikes and riots & were willing 2 submit 2 a strong leader • In Italy, fear of revolution & desire 4 glory led 2 Fascists, led by Mussolini (a former socialist) 2 take power • Army of party members called “Black Shirts” pledged absolute obedience to Mussolini • After Mussolini’s Black Shirts “March on Rome”, he passed laws controlling press, unions abolished, strikes outlawed, used violence, murdered opposition leaders, Italy now a totalitarian state Page 8: The Nazi Rise 2 Dictatorship in Germany • In Germany, socialist leaders of democratic Weimar Republic blamed 4 signing the Treaty of Versailles, which forced Germany 2 pay crippling reparations 2 Britain & France • 2 pay debt, govt. printed large amounts of $$, leading 2 a soaring German inflation in 1923 • Common items came to cost millions of German marks, middle class families saw life savings wiped out The Weimar Republic Collapses • Late 1920’s, Weimar Republic created new currency & achieved some measure of stability • This ended when the Great Depression spread from U.S. 2 Germany in 1930 • 6 million Germans lost jobs– more that 1/3 of workforce • Leaders of Weimar govt. could not agree on how 2 cope with economic disaster • In elections farmers, the unemployed, members of middle class turned 2 more radical solutions offered by both the Communists & Nazi Party The Nazi Rise 2 Dictatorship in Germany • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) leader of Nazi Party, electrifying speaker, spelled out his radical ideas in book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) • An important part of Nazi beliefs was fanatical loyalty & obedience 2 their “Fuhrer” or leader of Germany Hitler’s Vision 4 Germany • Condemnation of the Weimar Republic: blamed Germany’s humiliation at Versailles on Weimar’s leaders, urged Germans 2 abandon democracy & return Germany 2 glory under his leadership • Aryan Race: Hitler believed Germans were superior, “Aryan” race should rule the world, he wanted to wipe out Slavic peoples like the Poles 2 make room 4 German settlers in E. Euro. • Anti-Semitism: Hitler called Jews an “evil race” that should be destroyed 4 causing Germany’s defeat in WWI, he saw Communism as a Jewish plot 2 control the world The Nazi’s Come 2 Power • Nazi’s built their power with private army of “Brown Shirts” made up of former soldiers & unemployed workers • They beat up political opponents & Jews, staged rallies & parades • When Great Depression hit Germany support 4 Nazi party increased • Nazi party became largest party in Reichstag (German legislature) • Hitler appointed chief minister/Chancellor in 1933 • Hitler & Nazi’s determined 2 establish dictatorship • Created chaos, using violence & murder, martial law declared in Berlin • Reichstag burned down, possibly by Nazi’s themselves, Hitler blamed Communists 4 fire, he used this incident 2 take emergency powers • Hitler becomes dictator of Germany Page 10: Germany Under Nazi Control • Nazi party like Fascists in Italy, took over every aspect of German social, economic, political life • Army took personal oath of loyalty 2 Hitler • Hitler murdered rivals within Nazi party • Under Hitler’s “New Order”, changes swept Germany Hitler’s Nazi Dictatorship • Human Rights Violations: people arrested & executed w/out trials, rivals, unions, newspapers closed & replaced by pro-Nazi ones • Economic Changes: Hitler used public works projects like building highways & military rearmament 2 secure full employment so economic prosperity returned to Germany • Persecution of Jews: Jews thrown out of govt. jobs, lost citizenship, forced 2 wear yellow stars on clothes, barred from marrying other Germans, shops & synagogues burned down, forced into ghettoes & concentration camps • Secret Police: newspapers, radios, films blared out Nazi propaganda, all info. censored by Nazi’s, Gestapo (secret police), arrested & shipped Jews to concentration camps • Dachau: 1st concentration camp, was outside Munich 1938 • Many Germans admired Hitler because he: restored full employment, told of Germany’s superior race, overturned humiliation of Treaty of Versailles, restored Germany’s military power • Hitler’s opponents arrested, killed, or went into hiding, were terrorized by Gestapo • Propaganda played great roll as terror in early success of Nazism • Young children recruited as “Hitler Youths” • All art & theater directed toward celebrating Nazism; no other ideas were tolerated Page 9: Applying What You Have Learned • Summarize Hitler’s rise from the leader of a minor party to the dictator of Germany • Length of response should be 2-3 paragraphs • Cite, highlight, and underline your evidence/proof from your notes Comparing & Contrasting • Hitler used govt. agencies 2 create public works projects & rearm Germany • U.S. Pres. Roosevelt in America introduced “New Deal”, massive public works projects 2 get Americans back 2 work • Roosevelt pushed Congress 4 social security 2 help combat Great Depression • In Soviet Union they did not suffer from Great Depression since they lacked a free market economy Page 12: World War II (1939-1945) • The rise of Fascist dictators in Italy, Germany, & elsewhere made outbreak of WWII inevitable • These dictators glorified war & laid plans 4 national expansion • However, the war was postponed 4 several years while dictators built up their armaments/weapons • Meanwhile, Japan launched a war in East Asia in 1931 The Origins of WWII • WWII could be seen as a resumption of WWI that ended in 1918 • Hitler sought revenge from Britain & France 4 Germany’s humiliating defeat in WWI • Hitler’s claims 4 territories in E. Euro. meant 2 satisfy German nationalist desires • Hitler’s vision of new world order went far beyond Germany’s territorial ambitions • Hitler planned 2 enslave whole populations & 2 enslave others • WWII became a struggle 2 the death for mastery of the world • Devastating new weapons & linkage of German desires in Europe with Japanese ambitions in Asia made this most destructive war in history • WWII transformed entire world just as WWI had earlier transformed Europe Events that led 2 Outbreak of WWII • Hitler & Mussolini began taking aggressive steps • Mussolini invaded Ethiopia • Hitler helped Francisco Franco, fascist dictator of Spain • Hitler demanded Austria and part of Czechoslovakia/Sudetenland that had many German nationalists living there • Britain & France hoped 2 avoid war and appeased Hitler at the Munich Conference • Hitler next demanded Danzig in Poland, Poles now backed by Britain & France, refused 2 give in The Road to WWII • League of Nations Fails: league relied on members 2 help each other prevent another war, Hitler in violation of Treaty of Versailles rebuilt his armed forces, league could do nothing 2 stop Hitler since member nations refused 2 take action, they feared any action might lead 2 war • Appeasement: British Prime Minister Chamberlain met with Hitler at Munich Conference & tried appeasement (granting concessions to an aggressor), by agreeing 2 give Hitler Czechoslovakia • Invasion of Poland: In 1939, Hitler made new demands 4 Poland, this time, Britain & France refused 2 give in, Hitler made secret deal with USSR’s Stalin 2 keep Soviet Union out of the war, Germany then invaded Poland, starting WWII, Stalin took part of E. Poland • Hitler’s invasion of Poland in Sept. 1939 starts WWII Page 14: The Nazi Blitzkrieg & Battle of Britain • German army developed the blitzkrieg—the use of planes, tanks, & troop carriers 2 advance rapidly into enemy territory • Nazi’s quickly overran: Poland, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, N. Africa • By end of 1940, Germany controlled most of W. Europe– only Britain remained unconquered • Hitler began bombing London & other cities from the air • Winston Churchill, new British Prime Minister, rallied British forces • Churchill inspired British people with his stirring public broadcasts 2 keep fighting, 2 never surrender • Use of radar, bravery of British air force/RAF, Britain’s island location helped defend Britain from German air attacks • Hitler was unable 2 defeat the British Germany Invades the Soviet Union • Hitler wanted 2 expand eastwards, racial theories, outlined in Mein Kampf, made him look down on Slavs, including Russians • In 1941, Hitler betrayed Stalin by launching surprise attack on USSR • At 1st German army appeared successful but winter of 1941 was 1 of coldest on record • German tanks, trucks froze before they could reach Moscow • Russians push Germans back defeating them at Battle of Stalingrad, a key turning point The Holocaust • The Holocaust, “burnt offering” refers 2 the attempted genocide of the Jews of Europe during WWII • Genocide- the effort 2 murder an entire people or nationality • The Final Solution, after outbreak of war, Hitler decided 2 execute all Euro. Jews under the cover of war, he called his plan the “Final Solution” • Jews were first marched out of towns and machine gunned next 2 open trenches that they were forced to 1st dig themselves, or gassed in trucks Concentration Camps • Large camps like Aushchwitz were built throughout Europe • Jews throughout Nazi Europe sent 2 camps in cramped railroad cattle cars • Upon arrival most were killed with poison gas & bodies burned in large ovens • Some Jews were spared to work in camps, they were half starved & subjected to inhumane conditions • Human Toll: 6 million Jews, 2/3’s of those living in Europe killed, 6 million gypsies, Slavs, political prisoners, elderly, mentally-disabled also died in Nazi concentration camps Page 16: The U.S. Enters the War • December 7, 1941, Japan attacks America at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Hitler joined Japan declaring war on U.S. • Hitler now opposed by Allied Powers • Allied Powers: Britain, USSR, U.S., France • Germany was helped by Italy & Japan, together known as the Axis Powers • Allied Powers decided to 1st defeat Germany in Europe then turn full strength against Japan in the Pacific • Roosevelt & Churchill waged joint campaign against Germany The War in Europe Ends • Despite Stalin’s protests, the U.S. & Britain delayed opening a 2nd front in Europe • Finally, on D-Day, June 1944, allied troops landed in Normandy, in N. France • Largest amphibious assault in history • Tide of war now turns in favor of allies • Soviet Union had greater manpower than Germany, U.S. had greater manufacturing capability • U.S. & British forces pushed through France Germany 2 east, Soviet army advanced through Poland & E. Germany • In August 1941, Roosevelt & Churchill met in the Atlantic & issued the Atlantic Charter • Atlantic Charter promised self-determination 2 all peoples & future disarmament • Churchill, Roosevelt, & Stalin met in 1943 Teheran, (Iran) Conference and again in 1945 at Yalta Conference (USSR) • Roosevelt & Churchill obtained a promise from Stalin that free elections would be held in countries of E. Europe, then occupied by Soviet Union • By 1945, Soviet, British, American, & French troops occupied all of Germany • Hitler preferred destruction of his country 2 than 2 surrender • On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide, soon after, German military leaders surrendered Nuremberg Trials (Germany) • Nazi leaders tried & convicted by at Nuremberg, Germany 4 “crimes against humanity” • Trials revealed 2 world full extent of Nazi atrocities, use of slave labor, medical experiments on humans, forced starvation, & genocide • Germany now divided into 4 separate zones occupied by victorious Allied Powers Page 11: Acting as an Amateur Historian • Read excerpt on top of page 308 • Read 1 of the opening statements of the prosecution at the military trial at Nuremberg, Germany • Answer the following question, write the question • The prosecutor said these Nazi leaders did not deserve mercy. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your decision in detail • Length of answer should be 1-2 paragraphs Page 18: The War in Asia • Japan’s aggressive actions led 2 war in Asia • Japanese leaders needed raw materials & markets 4 their industries • Wished 2 replace European imperialism in Asia by themselves taking power • Military leaders began glorifying traditional samurai beliefs of discipline & loyalty • Japan went on expansion mission, they successfully invaded N. Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 • Japan invaded the rest of China in 1937 • Japan’s army committed atrocities against civilians in Shanghai & other Chinese cities Japan in WWII • Japanese saw war in Europe as opportunity 2 gain control of mainland Asia • Japan took advantage of the conflict by occupying French Indochina • Only U.S. was in position 2 prevent Japan’s expansion • When U.S. threatened 2 blockade shipments of oil supplies unless Japan gave up some of its conquests Japan plots 2 attack U.S. • In 1941, Hideki Tojo, a former general was appointed Prime Minister • Tojo convinces Emperor Hirohito 2 attack U.S. at Pearl Harbor • Japan hoped 4 short war, after they planned to negotiate a treaty with U.S. that would give them control of E. Asia Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) • Massive surprise air attack from aircraft carriers on the U.S. fleet • 2,400 Americans killed The War in Asia & Pacific (1941-43) • Japanese leaders badly miscalculated ability of U.S. • Quick war they hoped 4 drug on for 4 years • At 1st Japan won sweeping victories on Asian mainland & in Pacific • Japan invaded & occupied the Philippines, Hong Kong, Borneo, Solomon Islands, Java, Singapore The Tide Turns Against Japan (1943-45) • 1943, U.S. regained naval superiority in Pacific at the Battle of Midway, (turning point) • U.S. forces began “island hopping” –liberating Pacific islands from Japanese control, led by General Douglas MacArthur • Japanese armies slowly forced 2 retreat back 2 their home islands • After Germany was defeated in 1945, U.S. turned its full strength on Japan Page 20: The Atomic Bomb Ends the War • German Jewish physicist, Albert Einstein, played key role in developing atom bomb • 1n 1905, Einstein published papers claiming space & tie were relative and that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter • After Hitler came 2 power, Einstein fled Germany 2 come to U.S. • During war, Einstein feared Nazi Germany was developing an atomic weapon • Einstein wrote letter urging Roosevelt 2 support research 2 create an atomic bomb • Due 2 this letter Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan Project • Leading scientists gathered at Manhattan, N.Y. then at Los Alamos, N.M. 2 develop atomic bomb • In August 1945 after sudden death of Roosevelt, Pres. Harry Truman authorized use of new atomic bomb against Japan • Truman hoped 2 prevent high U.S. casualties expected in a land invasion of Japan • On August 6, 1945, American atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima • 3 days later, 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Fearing additional attacks Japanese leaders convinced the emperor 2 surrender • WWII finally came 2 an end The U.S. Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) • American General Douglas MacArthur, who led Pacific campaign, assigned task of rebuilding post-war Japan • Under his leadership important reforms made Japan less imperialistic and less aggressive • Japan lost overseas empire and stripped of its army & navy • Japan’s leaders put on trial & punished, Tojo executed at Nuremberg Trials • Japan was given democratic constitution • Emperor Hirohito allowed 2 remain on throne, but his powers drastically reduced Page 13: Graphic Organizer • Complete 2 graphic organizers by describing 3 main causes of WWII in Europe and Asia • You may choose to use bubble maps or other types of graphic organizers • If you use bubble maps you should have 6-8 bubbles per continent • Be sure 2 be continent specific Page 15: Graphic Organizer • Create a graphic organizer (your choice) for topics below • Describe some of the changes that were brought about as a result of WWII • Be specific, cite your ISN notes and express your own personal opinions Holocaust Nuremberg Trials Division of Germany Atomic Bomb Occupation of Japan United Nations Page 22: Global Impact of WWII • Global conflict unparalleled in terms of destruction • 80 million people died, much of Europe & Asia lay in ruins • Germany, Japan, Italy were occupied and turned into democratic nations • Collapse of European power ended imperialism in Asia & Africa • Cost of war was more than 2 trillion $$ • Although U.S. shouldered bulk of Allied costs in war, its distance spared it from destruction faced by other Allied and Axis powers Page 17: Mini-Poster • Create a mini-poster over any WWII topic we have studied • I will supply you with a separate piece of copy paper for this assignment • Mini-poster must be colored and labeled/titled Page 19: Atomic Bomb • In first paragraph explain reasons why America shouldn’t have dropped the atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • In second paragraph explains reason why America should’ve dropped the atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • In the third paragraph answer this question. If you were American President Harry S. Truman, would you have given permission to drop the atomic bombs on Japan? Explain your answer. Page 21: Bubble Map: United Nations • Create a bubble map featuring the importance and duties of the United Nations • 4-5 bubbles The United Nations • The League of Nations proved 2 be a failure • Churchill & Roosevelt created international peacekeeping organization in 1945, the United Nations • U.N. Charter established purpose to maintain peace • Members agreed 2 give up use of force except in self-defense • U.N. also seeks 2 eliminate hunger, disease, and ignorance • U.N. has a Security Council, made up of leading powers, it can apply economic sanctions or use military power 2 resolve disputes • U.N. also has a General Assembly which includes all member nations, it makes recommendations 2 the Security Council The End