Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Week 12 of 32 • Page 4 Week 12 of 32 • Page 1 Across 3. British lieutenant governor 5. town near training camp for Clark’s army 7. tough biscuit made and eaten on ships and the frontier Down 1. young American Indian woman guide who traveled with Lewis and Clark 2. when you fool someone into thinking you have something you don’t 4. American Indian nickname for George Rogers Clark 6. capital city; home of the signing of many treaties 8. we’re lucky Hamilton didn’t _____ Clark’s bluff Synonyms Synonyms are words that have the same or almost the same meanings. Learning synonyms for common words is important. Synonyms build your vocabulary. They can make your writing more interesting (alluring, compelling, fascinating) to read. Below, you will find a common (ordinary, average, passable) fairy tale. Work with a partner to find synonyms for as many words as possible. Rewrite the fairytale using your favorite synonyms. Do you want to find synonyms on the computer? Use this Web site to see what you can find: http://thesaurus.reference.com Goldilocks and the Three Bears Once upon a time, there were three bears. They lived in the forest in a cute little cottage. There was a big papa bear, a middle-sized mama bear, and a little baby bear. One chilly morning, mama bear stirred up some porridge. It was too hot to eat, so they went for a walk in the forest. While they were out, Goldilocks came right in. She saw the porridge on the table and, forgetting her manners, Alaska is home to both the northernmost and westernmost point in the United States. The northernmost is in Point Barrow and the westernmost is Cape Wrangell. It is also home to the highest point in the United States (Mt. McKinley). If you’d like to make any editorial comments about our paper, please write to us at [email protected]. sat down to eat. “Wow,” said Goldilocks, “this big bowl is really hot.” She tasted the porridge in the middle-sized bowl. It was cold. “Oh my heart,” she said, “this bowl of porridge is too cold.” Then she spied a little bowl. She took a little bite. “Yummy!” she squeaked. It was just right. With a big smile on her face, she ate all of the porridge. It was just perfect for a crisp fall morning. Vol. 9 Issue 2 Second Quarter Week 12 • Treaty of Paris • Perseverance • Muskrat Clark Joins the Revolution “T he redcoats are coming! The redcoats are coming!” The American Revolution was mostly fought in the East. But the Midwest was also a battleground. This area was British because of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Many of the old French forts were being used by the British to protect their land. The British wanted their American Indian friends to attack settlements in Kentucky. They even paid the American Indians for each scalp they took. The story of the revolution in the Midwest is really the story of George Rogers Clark. He was 24 years old when the American Revolution began. Clark was tall and had long, red hair. He dressed in deerskin and was an excellent hunter and fighter. The American Indians called him “Long Knife.” George Rogers Clark was a young surveyor from Virginia and Kentucky. He enjoyed living on the frontier, but his conscience told him he needed to do something to help the birth of his new nation, the United States of America. He got the approval of American leaders in Virginia to fight the British in the west. In 1777, Clark was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia. He then gathered 170 volunteers to serve as his army. He trained them on an island in the Ohio River near Jeffersonville, Indiana. Clark led his men on an expedition across Illinois and Indiana, THIS WEEK Revolutionary War in Indiana where they defeated both the British and the American Indians. George Rogers Clark played an important part in paving the way to both freedom for the United States and the establishment of the up-andcoming Northwest Territory. George Rogers Clark’s life did not end happily. He eventually retired from military service and returned to Kentucky. During his final years, he lived alone and in poverty in his home near Louisville, Kentucky. He was bitter toward Virginia for not paying him a pension. He died in 1818. The Road NOT Taken The new United States government asked George Rogers Clark to explore the land west of the Mississippi River. No one knew what was between the United States and the Pacific Ocean at that time — can you imagine? For reasons of his own, Clark refused. Twenty years later, his younger brother William took the job. William Clark, along with Meriwether Lewis and 48 other men, traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean. A young American Indian woman guide, Sacajawea, also accompanied them. The Lewis and Clark expedition discovered many things about weather, plants, animals and American Indians. Their travels helped open the West to future settlers. Popcorn: An Explosive Indian Snack Popcorn is one of America’s favorite snacks. Today, the average American eats about 70 quarts of the fluffy kernels each year. You may already know that popcorn tastes great at the movies, at the amusement park, or even in your own living room, but did you know that most of the world’s popcorn comes from either Indiana or Nebraska? Indiana produces more than 269 million pounds of popcorn per year, more than any other state, except Nebraska. The top popcorn producing counties in Indiana include White, Pulaski, Fulton, Tipton and Daviess. Indiana is also home to several popcorn companies including the Orville Redenbacher Popcorn Company, Ramsey Popcorn Inc. and Weaver Popcorn. The popcorn produced here is shipped to snack lovers all over the world. A popcorn kernel is actually a seed with a tiny plant inside, waiting to grow. When a popcorn kernel is heated to a high temperature, the moisture in the plant turns to steam and the kernel pops. The fluffy, white insides of the popcorn seed becomes the popcorn we love to eat. When Columbus first arrived in the Americas, he found the natives eating popcorn, as well as wearing it as a headdress. The American Indians brought bags of popcorn to the first Thanksgiving celebration and the Pilgrims enjoyed it as much as we do, although they often ate it in a different way. A cob of dried popcorn would be placed on a stick, oiled and then roasted over a fire until the corn popped. The popcorn could then be eaten right off the cob. Today, we enjoy our popcorn with butter, salt, caramel, cheese, sugar and even hot pepper sauce. No matter which flavor your prefer, popcorn continues to be one of our most explosive and delicious Hoosier snack foods. Week 12 of 32 • Page 2 Week 12 of 32 • Page 3 treaties. Let’s take a look at them: Indiana in the Revolutionary War Treaty of 1763 This was the one that ended the French and Indian War, which was a branch of the Seven Years’ War taking place in Europe at the same time. The treaty was signed by England, France, and Spain. The terms of this treaty went like this: • France lost Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River. • England gained all land previously claimed by France. • Spain traded Florida for Cuba. • Louisiana went to Spain. England was the big winner in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The country was on its way to becoming a worldwide empire. The story of Indiana’ s involvement in the American Revolution equally involves Illinois, our neighbor to the west. This week, we’ll take a look at the exploits of George Rogers Clark and his feats across what eventually became these two states. Clark on the March! Hamilton decided to stay at Fort Sackville and give his men a rest. Clark wanted to retake Fort Sackville, but he did not have enough soldiers to fight the English army. He would have to make another surprise attack! In February 1779, Clark and his men began marching east from Kaskaskia toward Vincennes. By faking out Hamilton in a brilliant military bluff (fool someone), Fort Sackville at Vincennes once again returned to American soil. Farewell to British rule! George Rogers Clark has been celebrated as a hero in both Illinois and Indiana ever since. t In 1777, Clark was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia. He trained and led an expedition of 175 men against the British in Illinois/Indiana country. They marched more than 100 miles and arrived in six days. He quickly captured the British forts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in Illinois. Clark learned that the British had already left Fort Sackville at Vincennes, and it was deserted. Clark sent his two aides to take command at Vincennes. What Clark didn’t know was that his biggest British rival, Governor of Detroit Henry Hamilton, was angrily marching What Does It Mean to Bluff Someone? Have you ever called someone’s bluff? That’s when you see if south to stop “that upstart army of Clark’s” from taking over any a person meant what he or she said or was just pretending. That’s more forts. what George Rogers Clark did in 1779 in Vincennes, Indiana. Henry Hamilton vs. George Rogers Clark At Vincennes, Clark did two important things: First, he counted The English governor at Detroit, Henry Hamilton, was upset by on his troops’ expert marksmanship with their rifles. Second, he Clark’s victories in Kaskaskia and Vincennes. He was determined used a classic military bluff. Clark had only 175 buckskin-clad to recapture both settlements. Hamilton arrived at Vincennes with pioneers as troops, but he had his men raise enough flags to make his army in the middle of December. Clark had left only two men the British think there were 600! The British fired on Clark’s to hold the fort. They certainly could not fight any army of 600 army, but the members of the small army were much better shots. men, so they surrendered. Because of flooding and bad weather, Believing himself overwhelmed by so many troops, British Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton surrendered the fort. If Hamilton had called Clark’s bluff (made him show how few men he had), things might have turned out differently. Along the Trail to Freedom . . . Nearly half of Clark’s men were French settlers who had never been soldiers. Clark trained them well. The little army took nearly three weeks to get to Vincennes. They waded through mud and water sometimes up to their necks. The men camped most nights with no fires to dry and warm them. They didn’t want to be seen by American Indians. Sometimes, the men slept in trees. On one long march, they had only one deer to eat among all of them. Clark’s soldiers wanted to go home. They were hungry, cold, wet and discouraged. They did not want to go on until their drummer raised their spirits. He used his drum as a raft to cross the high water. That made the men laugh! Clark took his fiddle Perseverance W hat does a train have to do with positive character traits? In the story The Little Engine That Could, a small steam engine struggled to pull its load up a steep hill. The determined engine chanted, “I think I can, I think I can.” Because he would not give up, he finally accomplished his goal. This story is a good example of perseverance. Perseverance is an important character trait. A person who perseveres keeps trying, never gives up and works steadily to achieve goals. Through perseverance, a person can master any other great character trait. How can you practice perseverance? A famous quote tells us, “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” For example, if you didn’t receive a high score on this week’s Studies Weekly quiz, study harder and try again next week. Many of history’s heroes were great examples of perseverance. Revolutionary War hero George Rogers Clark fought to victory even though his troops were outnumbered. General George Washington battled for our country’s freedom from England, even when the task seemed impossible. Sir Winston Churchill, the English leader who helped his country triumph during World War II, once said, “Never give in, ever, never, never, never.” That’s the key to perseverance— never giving up. The people who achieve their goals and dreams aren’t the richest, the most beautiful, or the luckiest. They are those who understand the value of perseverance and never stop trying. Treaty of 1783 Just 20 years later, following the American Revolution, another treaty took place in the French capital. This time, it was signed by England and the new United States of America. It recognized the complete independence of the 13 former colonies. Mystery Men The Paris Treaty of 1783. on the march. He raised their spirits by playing it and singing around the campfire on those nights when they had a fire. He also held singing and cooking contests to cheer them up. Paris and Its Many Treaties You will hear the phrase “Treaty of Paris” quite often in your study of the history of the world. Just how many treaties of Paris have there been? Big years for Paris treaties were 1763, 1781, 1783, 1856 and 1898. Mix together and roll on floured board to 1/2-inch thickness. Cut into 3-inch squares and punch about nine holes per cracker with an ice pick or fork. Spray cookie sheets with cooking spray. Bake at 400 degrees for about 45 minutes or until golden brown. Don’t store in plastic; the crackers will get soft. (The cinnamon isn’t very authentic, but it sure makes the hardtack taste better!) © Indiana Studies Weekly • Toll free phone (800) 361-0502 • For pricing information go to www.studiesweekly.com • For ordering information or questions e-mail [email protected] • For editorial comments and feedback e-mail feedback@ studiesweekly.com • Material in this publication may not be reproduced for sale in print or electronic format. © 2009 American Legacy Publishing, Inc. 1 2 3 Why Paris? France was the economic center of the world for several hundred years. Even treaties that were written in other countries were all written in the French language. This month in Indiana Studies Weekly, we’ve witnessed the signing of two of those Make your own hardtack Try your hand at this old-fashioned frontier food, prepared and eaten by early soldiers and sailors: • 1-1/2 cups milk • 1-1/2 tsps. salt • 4 Tbs. shortening • 4 cups flour • 4 tsps. brown sugar • 1-1/2 tsps. cinnamon These five men were representatives at the Treaty of Paris from our new country. Just for fun, see if you can match their names to their faces: A. ______ Benjamin Franklin B. ______ William Franklin (secretary and Ben’s grandson) C. ______ John Adams D. ______ John Jay E. ______ Henry Laurens 4 5 Muskrat T What is the difference between a violin and a fiddle? The violin and the fiddle are the same instrument. The difference lies in how that instrument is played. When a musician performs melodic classical or popular music, the instrument is called a violin. When a musician plays lively jigs, bluegrass or boot-stompin’ square-dance music, the instrument is called a fiddle. It’s all a matter of musical style. Some musicians describe the difference between the violin and the fiddle this way: a violin sings, while a fiddle dances! That means Clark played the instrument that danced. ake a trip to the river preserve area in Benton/Goshen. Floating the river in a canoe from Benton to Baintertown is an excellent way to observe wildlife. You’ll see deer, raccoons, turtles and water snakes, as well as several . . . muskrats! This rat-like rodent has a long tail, short ears and thick body. In other words, it’s not very attractive. Its front feet are small, the hind feet are long, and the toes are partly webbed. It averages 24 inches in length. The muskrat is similar to the beaver in river habits. It builds stick houses in marshes and swamps. Breeding months are March and April, and only a month later, litters of up to 13 are born. As many as five litters are born each year. This rodent eats a lot of corn in farming areas. Here at the lake, it eats roots, freshwater mussels, leaves and cattail. The mink and the hawk are the worst enemies of the muskrat. Ask your teacher, your parents or your grandparents to sing you a few bars of “Muskrat Love”—a very popular song from the 1970s by Captain and Tennille. They’ll be flattered you asked!