Download Chapter Expectations Language of Biology

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Chapter Expectations
Language of Biology
Briefly explain each of the following points.
Write a sentence using each of the following words or
terms. Use any six terms in a concept map to show
your understanding of how they are related.
• Cells reproduce continually through a
sequence known as the cell cycle (5.1)
• The growth stage of the cell cycle is called
interphase. (5.1)
• The division stage consists of mitosis and
cell division. (5.1)
• Mitosis functions to produce new cells,
allowing organisms to grow, repair, and
maintain regular functions. (5.1)
• Mitosis consists of four stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (5.1)
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs
in reproductive organs. (5.2)
• Meiosis involves two sequences known as
Meiosis I and Meiosis II. (5.2)
• Genetic variation in gametes is a result of
the re-assortment of genes on chromosomes
by the processes of crossing over and
random assortment. (5.2)
• Sex-linked inheritance involves traits
carried on genes located on the sex
chromosomes. (5.3)
• An inactivated X chromosome is called a
Barr body. (5.3)
• Some traits, controlled by more than one
gene, are called polygenic inheritance. (5.3)
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cell cycle
interphase
mitosis
chromosomes
sister chromatids
centromere
parent cell
daughter cells
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
mutations
oncogenes
meiosis
haploid
diploid
reduction division
autosome
sex chromosome
homologous
chromosome
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tetrad
crossing over
non-sister chromatids
independent
assortment
gametogenesis
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
spermatogonium
oogonium
genetic recombination
nondisjunction
trisomy
triploid
polyploids
chromosome theory of
inheritance
sex-linked inheritance
Barr body
polygenic inheritance
continuous variation
modifier genes
UNDE RSTAN DIN G CON CEPTS
1. Which of the chromosomes shown here are
homologous? Explain briefly.
1
2
3
4
5
-F-
-F-
-F-
-K-
-F-
-m-g-
-G-
-G-
-g-
-h-
-h-
-h-
-h-
-J-
-j-
-K-
-J-
3. What role does mitosis play in the survival of
an organism? What plant and animal tissues
would be best to use to study the process of
mitosis?
4. What role does meiosis play in the survival of
an organism? What plant and animal tissues
would be best to use to study the process of
meiosis?
5. Explain the consequence if no crossing over
takes place in meiosis I.
-n-
6. Why is meiosis often referred to as reduction
division?
-O-
7. Draw a series of diagrams illustrating meiosis
in a plant cell that has a chromosome number
of 2n = 8.
2. Explain how mitosis would be affected if DNA
were prevented from replicating.
Cellular Reproduction and Chromosomes • MHR
181
8. A plant can be reproduced using a clipping
consisting of a stem and a few leaves. The
clipping is placed in water until roots form
from the stem. What process, mitosis or
meiosis, is responsible for the reproduction of
plants through clippings? Explain your answer.
9. How would mitosis differ between a haploid
and a diploid organism? How would meiosis
differ between a haploid and a diploid organism?
14. What are the disadvantages in the ability of
plants to reproduce both sexually and asexually?
15. What happens to inheritance information as a
zygote divides?
16. What is the relationship between a
chromosome and a gene?
17. Explain how an individual can be heterozygous
or homozygous for a particular trait.
10. What scientific processes were used by Thomas
Morgan to construct an understanding of sexlinked inheritance?
18. Do both autosomes and sex chromosomes
consist of genes and alleles? Explain your
answer.
11. How does polygenic inheritance differ from
single gene inheritance?
19. Does a human skin cell contain the same
genetic information as a human brain cell?
Explain your answer.
12. What information can be determined from a
Punnett square involving a sex-linked cross?
20. Do both sperm and egg cells contain the same
genetic information? Explain your answer.
13. What are the advantages in plants that can
reproduce both sexually and asexually?
IN QU IRY
21. Using the information provided in Table 5.1
(on page 161), draw a fruit fly cell undergoing
mitosis and answer the following questions.
(a) How many chromatids would be found in a
leopard frog body cell in prophase I?
(b) How many chromosomes would be found
in a dog sperm cell?
22. An organism is heterozygous for two genes
located on two different chromosomes, as
shown in the diagram. Prepare short written
answers (including diagrams) to the questions
that follow.
a
b
A
B
(a) What happens to the alleles A, a and B, b
when they are transmitted through mitosis
from a parent cell to two daughter cells?
(b) What happens to the alleles A, a and B, b
when they are transmitted through meiosis
from a parent cell to gametes?
(c) How does the sorting of these alleles during
meiosis provide the physical basis for
Mendel’s law of segregation and
independent assortment?
(d) Predict what would happen if the spindle
fibres in a cell undergoing mitosis only
formed from one pole of the cell.
182
MHR • Genetic Continuity
23. Is every gene in all cells expressed through the
production of proteins all of the time? What
evidence supports your answer? Explain your
answer.
24. What evidence would you use to indicate that
a mushroom contains genes? Outline an
experimental procedure you could use to prove
the presence of genes.
25. Suppose a geneticist wanted to study frequency
of crossing over to estimate the amount of
variation in a population. Describe a procedure
to investigate this idea. What problems might
there be with this approach?
26. Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked trait. What
is the probability of a couple having a child
with hemophilia if the man does not have
hemophilia and the woman is a carrier?
27. The F1 phenotypic ratio for eye colour from a
cross between a pair of fruit flies is 1 red-eyed
female : 1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male.
Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the
parent generation.
28. The F1 phenotypic ratio for eye colour from a
cross between a pair of fruit flies is 2 red-eyed
females : 2 red-eyed males. Determine the
genotypes and phenotypes of the parent
generation.
COMMU N ICATIN G
29. In which cells in the human body does mitosis
occur most frequently? Explain your answer.
30. In which cells in the human body does mitosis
occur least frequently? Explain your answer.
31. Create a chart to illustrate the number of
chromosomes in the following list of cells
before, during, and as a result of mitosis. A
human cell with 46 chromosomes, a dog cell
with 78 chromosomes, an apple cell with
34 chromosomes, and a corn cell with
20 chromosomes.
32. Create a chart to illustrate the number of
chromosomes in the following list of cells
before, during, and as a result of meiosis. A
human cell with 46 chromosomes, a dog cell
with 78 chromosomes, an apple cell with
34 chromosomes, and a corn cell with
20 chromosomes.
33. Would species that have more traits that are
determined through polygenic inheritance than
single gene inheritance have a survival
advantage over species that have very few traits
that are determined through polygenic
inheritance? Write a short essay to support and
explain your reasoning.
34. Compare and contrast the terms gene and allele.
35. Explain the role of autosomal chromosomes
and explain the role of sex chromosomes. You
may write your answer or use diagrams.
36. What would happen if homologous
chromosomes paired with non-homologous
chromosomes in meiosis I instead of the
matching homolog?
37. What is the purpose of using a Punnett square
to predict the outcome of a genetic cross?
38. Can a single Punnett square predict the
outcome of several crosses at one time? Explain
your answer.
39. In your notebook, complete the following table
that compares mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Occurs in
all body cells
Number of cells produced per parent cell
two
Number of chromosomes in parent cell
Number of chromosomes in daughter cells
Meiosis
diploid (2n)
same as parent cell
Type of cell produced
gametes
Function
transfer of genetic information from
generation to generation; increases variation
M A KIN G CON N ECTION S
40. Does mitosis in humans occur more frequently
in a five-year-old or an 85-year-old individual?
Explain your answer. Many scientists are
working on ways to slow the effects of aging.
Given your answer to the first part of the
question, suggest an area for further research?
List three ways this research could be applied.
41. A scientist produces a new strain of seeds
using genetic engineering. What process,
mitosis or meiosis, would the seed go through
when germinating into a mature plant? Would
the seeds produced by the mature plant be
identical or different from the original
genetically engineered seeds? Explain.
Cellular Reproduction and Chromosomes • MHR
183