Download History Standard

History Standard:
SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and
Reconstruction on Georgia.
a.
Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War;
include slavery, states' rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise,
Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act,
Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and
the role of Alexander Stephens.
b.
State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam,
Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union
blockade of Georgia's coast, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's
March to the Sea, and Andersonville.
c.
Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern
states, emphasizing Freedmen's Bureau; sharecropping and tenant
farming; Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the
constitution; Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux
Klan.
Slavery
• Was first introduced in the Spanish
Colonies in the 1560s
• The first English colony to acquire slaves
was Virginia in 1619
Slavery
Why did slavery
thrive in the
Southern colonies,
and not in the
Northern colonies?
States’ Rights & Nullification
States’ Rights
• The belief that STATES
should have the RIGHT
to decide to enforce or
ignore laws that are not
specifically outlined in
the U.S. Constitution
Nullification
• The right to nullify, or
invalidate, any federal
law that a state has
deemed unconstitutional
• To make something void
– “If it ain’t in there (the
Constitution), we ain’t
gotta do it!!!
These issues became prominent with the tariffs of 1828 (on imported manufactured
goods in order to protect northern factories) and of 1832 (an attempt to appease the
southern states).
Missouri Compromise
Why did the
Missouri
Compromise
anger so
many
Southerners?
Compromise of 1850 &
the Georgia Platform
• Why did the
Compromise of
1850 anger
Southerners?
• Georgia Platform
– Alexander Stephens
of GA spoke out to
encourage Georgians
to accept the
Compromise instead
of Nullification.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
•
Kansas voted to become a slave
state
•
Nebraska voted to become a free
state
•
“Bleeding Kansas”
– Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery
advocates poured into Kansas and
began violently fighting one another
•
Under this act, citizens of Kansas
and Nebraska would vote to
decide if they would allow slavery
or not.
– Popular sovereignty
•
Congress accepts Nebraska’s request to
join the union, but denies statehood to
Kansas
•
This further proves to the southern states
that abolitionists in Congress will do
whatever it takes to put an end to slavery
Dred Scott Case
• As a slave, Scott had traveled with
his owner from Missouri (S) to
Illinois (F) and Wisconsin (F)
• He claimed that since he had briefly
resided in two free states, he should
be freed
• The Court decided that Scott was not
eligible to sue because he was a slave,
and slaves were not citizens
• Pro-slavery citizens took this as a
small victory, thinking that it gave
them justification for continuing the
institution of slavery
Election of 1860 & Secession
• There were 4 candidates
running for office
– This split the voters so
much that it gave Lincoln
enough electoral votes to
be named President
• Upon Lincoln’s win,
South Carolina seceded
from the Union
– Eventually 10 other states
would follow and form
the Confederate States of
America
Debate over secession in GA
• Alexander Stephens had urged
Georgians to accept the Compromise
of 1850 and cautioned against
breaking away from the Union.
• After witnessing the actions of
Congress and listening to the will of
the citizens of Georgia voted to secede
from the Union and join the CSA
– Stephens accepted the role of Vice
President under Pres. Jefferson Davis
A Nation Divided
The North (Union)
VS
The South (Confederates)
Key Events of the Civil War
• Battle of Antietam
– September 17, 1862, Sharpsburg, Maryland
• “Bloodiest day of the war”
• Nearly 24,000 casualties
• Battle of Gettysburg
– July 1-3, 1863, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• Turning point in the war  Union won, and gained a new
momentum towards winning the war
• Nearly 60,000 casualties
– November 1863, Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg
Address
Key Events of the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
• An executive order issued by President Lincoln announced
in September of 1862 and set to go into effect on January 1,
1863
• Gave the states in rebellion (Confederacy) an opportunity
to end the fighting and return to the Union
• No Confederate states did so, and on January 1st all slaves
in rebelling states were declared free
– Although the United States recognized this act, the Confederate
States did not, and therefore still maintained slavery
Key Events of the Civil War
• Union blockade of Georgia’s coast
– Prevented much needed supplies from reaching
Confederate troops
• Battle of Chickamauga (GA)
– September 19-20, 1863
– Gen. Bragg and the Confederates successfully
pushed the Union soldiers led by Gen Rosencrans
out of GA
• However, the Confederates failed to push the Union
soldiers far enough away and this allowed Major
General William T. Sherman to meet up with the
defeated Union forces to form an army of over 60,000
men to begin Sherman’s infamous “March to the Sea.”
Key Events of the Civil War
• Andersonville Prison
– Officially named Camp Sumter
• A Confederate-operated prison which held
Union P.O.W.s (prisoners of war)
• Of the 45,000 soldiers that were held here,
more than 13,000 died
– What were some of the causes of death at
Andersonville?
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign & the
March to the Sea
• Atlanta was targeted because it had
become the 2nd most important city in
the Confederacy
• Sherman employed the tactic of “Total
War” to bring a quick end to the war
– Psychological warfare intended to
destroy not only implements of war, but
to also destroy Confederate soldiers’
commitment to the army
A Nation Reunited
• Several factors led to the eventual surrender of the
Confederacy by General Robert E. Lee to Union
General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 at the
Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
– Sherman’s tactic of Total War
– The Confederacy’s inability to produce and transport supplies
and food
– Smaller Army with continuously diminishing numbers
compared to the superior Union Army with an continuous
supply of fresh soldiers and supplies
An American Tragedy
• April 14, 1865
– Five days after the surrender of the Confederacy
• President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth
– Booth is an actor by trade, but is a Southern sympathizer
• Lincoln’s assassination did not help the South
– Lincoln wanted to reconstruct the Union and treat the
Southern states in a civilized manner
– Lincoln’s death put the fate of the South in the hands of a
Congress seeking to punish them
Reconstruction
Freedman’s Bureau
• Original purpose was to
help poor whites and newly
freed slaves adjust after the
war
• Ku Klux Klan
– From Greek word “kuklos”
which means “circle” = circle
of brothers
• Focus shifted to the
education of newly freed
slaves
• Began in 1865 in Tennessee,
as a social club formed by
returning Confederate
veterans
• Why did this anger many
Southerners?
• It sought to maintain white
supremacy
• In what ways did they
react?
– Harassed, beat, and killed
freedmen to prevent voting
and equality
– Intimidated and harassed
any white person seen to be
supporting racial equality
Reconstruction
• The end of the war created a situation for Southerners
- Landowners had land but no workers
- Newly freed slaves had agricultural skills but no land to work on
Sharecropping
Tenant Farming
• An arrangement in which
a landowner would allow
a farmer to work his land
in exchange for a “share”
of the final crop
• An arrangement in which a
farmer may have their own
equipment, tools, animal,
etc. but not the land to work
upon
• A landowner would allow a
tenant farmer to work his
land for an agreed upon
amount of money, or
amount of crop
– Landowner would provide
tools, seed, work animals,
fertilizer and other
necessary items
Reconstruction
• 13th Amendment
– Formally abolished slavery in the U.S.
• 14th Amendment
– Gave citizenship rights and equal protection
under the law to former slaves
• 15th Amendment
– Protected voting rights
Georgia and Reconstruction
• Georgia was placed under military control directly
after the end of the war
– Readmitted after ratifying the 13th Amendment
• Georgia will be kicked out two more times and placed
back under military control
– Due to actions such as refusal to allow black legislators to
participate in government (Henry McNeal Turner & other
black legislators), racial violence, voter intimidation
– Will only be readmitted by ratification of 14th Amendment,
and the passage of the Georgia Act of 1869 which required
the ratification of the 15th Amendment
• Georgia is readmitted to the Union for the final time
on July 15, 1870