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Review Session for Exam 1 Chapters 1-3 • • • • Split into groups of approximately 4 Grab PRS unit from front Put books away This review will be posted on Laulima The Watson-Crick Challenge Please select a Team. 1. Covalent Bonds 2. Team Eukaryotic 3. Lane, Vince, Reisha, Leotina 4. Team Prokaryotic 5. Team 5 6. Team 6 7. Team 7 8. Team 8 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0% 10 Which represents the greatest total magnification? 1. 2. 3. 4. 100X 1000X 400X 40X 88% 13% 0% 1 2 3 0% 4 Which represents the best resolution? 1. 2. 3. 4. 100 nm 2 nm 4000 nm 500 nm 88% 13% 0% 1 0% 2 3 4 Light Microscopy • Total magnification – The magnification of a microscopic specimen – How many times is the image bigger in the microscope than the specimen? – 100X total magnification means the image in the microscope is 100 times bigger than the specimen Image seen in Actual specimen size 10X total magnification microscope Light Microscopy • Resolution (or resolving power) Example of resolved and unresolved objects – Ability of a microscope to distinguish fine detail – How far apart do two points have to be in order to see them as two points? http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/formulas/formulasresolution.html Resolving power of 4 µm means that 2 points less than 4 µm apart will look like 1 object A _____ microscope requires staining to view the specimen 1. 2. 3. 4. brightfield darkfield phase-contrast DIC 75% 13% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 Light Microscopy Brightfield microscopy • Specimens are dark against bright background • Observe stained (colored) microbes • Can’t resolve very small specimens (viruses) • Inexpensive, easy to use A ____ produces an image of a light cell against a dark background 1. 2. 3. 4. brightfield darkfield phase-contrast DIC 100% 0% 1 0% 2 3 0% 4 Light Microscopy Darkfield microscopy • Uses filter that blocks light • Only light that hits specimen is seen • Specimen appears bright against black background • Useful for some live cells or when microscopes can’t be stained properly Team Scores 400 400 400 400 Covalent Bonds Team Eukaryotic Team Prokaryotic Team 5 300 300 300 300 Team 3 Team 6 Team 7 Team 8 Which of these microscopes employs UV light? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Brightfield Darkfield Phase-contrast DIC Fluorescence Confocal 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 0% 5 6 Light Microscopy Fluorescence microscopy • Fluorescence – ability of objects to absorb short wavelengths of light (UV) and give off (fluoresce) longer wavelengths • Objects stained with fluorochromes (fluorescent dyes) • Only fluorochrome can be seen against black background • Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent antibodies – Antibodies bind to specific objects • Can rapidly identify microbes in clinical samples – Only see desired microbe The ____ has the greatest total magnification? 1. 2. 3. 4. compound light scanning acoustic confocal transmission electron 5. scanning electron 63% 25% 13% 0% 1 0% 2 3 4 5 Electron Microscopy TEM • Beams of electrons pass through ultrathin slices of specimen • Total magnification: 10,000X to 100,000X • Resolution: 2.5 nm • Only thin sections can be viewed • Specimens are dehydrated, fixed – Can distort some specimens A _____ microscope would allow you to identify a specific microbe in a clinical sample 1. DIC 2. transmission electron 3. scanning electron 4. fluorescent 50% 25% 25% 0% 1 2 3 4 A _____ microscope could be used to view a 100 nm cell attached to the surface of a larger cell? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. brightfield darkfield phase-contrast DIC fluorescence confocal TEM SEM 38% 25% 25% 13% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 0% 0% 5 6 7 8 Electron Microscopy SEM • Bounces electrons off specimen, collects electrons to create image • Creates 3D images – Useful for surfaces of cells, viruses • Total magnification: 1,000X to 10,000X • Resolution: 20 nm Team Scores 700 600 500 500 Team 3 Covalent Bonds Team Eukaryotic Team Prokaryotic 500 500 500 400 Team 5 Team 7 Team 8 Team 6 A _____ microscope could be used to view specific microbe amongst many different cells? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. brightfield darkfield phase-contrast DIC fluorescence confocal TEM SEM 38% 38% 13% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 13% 0% 4 5 6 7 8 Light Microscopy Fluorescence microscopy • Fluorescence – ability of objects to absorb short wavelengths of light (UV) and give off (fluoresce) longer wavelengths • Objects stained with fluorochromes (fluorescent dyes) • Only fluorochrome can be seen against black background • Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent antibodies – Antibodies bind to specific objects • Can rapidly identify microbes in clinical samples – Only see desired microbe The colored ion in a stain or dye is called the _____. 1. 2. 3. 4. Fluorochrome colorchrome chromogen chromophore 63% 25% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 _____ dyes work best because most bacteria are negatively charged. 1. 2. 3. 4. Basic Acidic Neutral Covalent 75% 25% 0% 1 2 3 0% 4 Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy • Two general types of dyes – Basic dyes – chromophore is positive ion – Acidic dyes – chromophore is negative ion • Most bacteria are negatively charged – Basic dyes work best (opposites attract) • Negative staining involves staining the background – Specimen remains colorless • Three types of staining techniques – Simple stains, Differential stains, Special stains An acid-fast stain can be used to identify pathogenic members of the genus ______. 1. 2. 3. 4. Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Staphylococcus Leprococcus 75% 25% 0% 1 2 3 0% 4 Differential Stains Acid-fast stain • Dye binds to waxy material on surface of cell wall • Used to identify pathogenic members of Mycobacterium, Nocardia Acid-fast stained M. leprae show up in red Team Scores 1000 900 800 700 Team 3 Team 7 Team 5 Covalent Bonds 700 700 600 600 Team Eukaryotic Team 6 Team Prokaryotic Team 8 In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the ____. 1. 2. 3. 4. domain kingdom specific epithet genus 75% 13% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 You find an organism that is able to produce methane. This organism is probably a(n) _______. 1. Bacteria 88% 2. Archaea 3. Fungi 4. Algae 5. Virus 6. Protozoa 13% 0% 1 2 0% 0% 0% 3 4 5 6 Which of the following statements is false? 1. All bacteria lack nuclei. 2. All fungi are multicellular. 3. All protozoa have nuclei. 4. All viruses are parasites. 5. All algae contain cellulose. 50% 25% 13% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 Team Scores 1200 1000 1000 1000 Team 3 Team Eukaryotic Team 5 Team 6 1000 900 800 800 Team 7 Team Prokaryotic Covalent Bonds Team 8 The use of microorganisms to clean up pollutants and toxins from a chemical spill is an example of _____. 1. recombinant DNA technology 2. bioremediation 3. vaccination 4. gene therapy 63% 38% 0% 1 2 3 0% 4 What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Electron bond 63% 25% 13% 0% 1 2 3 4 Vitamin E does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in body fat. If you mix Vitamin E with fat, which one serves as the solute? 1. Vitamin E 2. Water 3. Fat 75% 25% 0% 1 2 3 Team Scores 1400 1300 1300 1200 Team 3 Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 1100 1100 1000 900 Team Eukaryotic Team 8 Team Prokaryotic Covalent Bonds What type of bond will form between these two molecules? …..N-H N-O………. 88% 1. Hydrogen bond 2. Ionic bond 3. Covalent bond 13% d tb on on d Io ni cb Co va le n Hy dr og en bo nd 0% What type of organic molecule is pictured below? 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid 50% 25% 25% 0% 1 2 3 4 What is the function of the organic molecule pictured below? 1. Cellular tool 2. Component of membranes 3. Hereditary information 4. Source of energy 63% 38% 0% 1 0% 2 3 4 Team Scores 1500 1400 1400 1400 Team 3 Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 1300 1300 1100 1100 Team Eukaryotic Team 8 Covalent Bonds Team Prokaryotic The process by which two amino acids are joined is called … 1. Hydrolysis 2. Dehydration synthesis 3. Covalent bond synthesis 4. Peptide bond 63% 38% Co va l en t bo nd e tid Pe p bo n d sy nt he sis sy nt he sis 0% t io n De hy dr a Hy dr ol ys is 0% You’ve isolated a new organic molecule. It is soluble in water, and contains only C, H, O. How did you classify it? Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid 25% Ac id Nu cle ic in 0% Pr ot e id Lip bo hy d ra t e 0% Ca r 1. 2. 3. 4. 75% You’ve isolated a virus that has uracil as part of its nucleic acid. You know the virus has … 1. a double stranded genome 2. a DNA genome 3. a small genome 4. an RNA genome 100% ad ou bl e om e ge n RN A an m all ge no m ge no m e aD NA 0% e 0% as st r an de d ge no m e 0% Team Scores 1800 1600 1600 1600 Team 3 Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 1500 1500 1400 1200 Team Eukaryotic Team 8 Covalent Bonds Team Prokaryotic