Download Review 1 - 1PM

Review Session for Exam 1
Chapters 1-3
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Split into groups of approximately 4
Grab PRS unit from front
Put books away
This review will be posted on Laulima
The Watson-Crick Challenge
Please select a Team.
1. Covalent Bonds
2. Team Eukaryotic
3. Lane, Vince, Reisha,
Leotina
4. Team Prokaryotic
5. Team 5
6. Team 6
7. Team 7
8. Team 8
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0%
10
Which represents the greatest total
magnification?
1.
2.
3.
4.
100X
1000X
400X
40X
88%
13%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
Which represents the best resolution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
100 nm
2 nm
4000 nm
500 nm
88%
13%
0%
1
0%
2
3
4
Light Microscopy
• Total magnification
– The magnification of a microscopic specimen
– How many times is the image bigger in the
microscope than the specimen?
– 100X total magnification means the image in
the microscope is 100 times bigger than the
specimen
Image seen in
Actual specimen size
10X total
magnification
microscope
Light Microscopy
• Resolution (or resolving
power)
Example of resolved and unresolved
objects
– Ability of a microscope
to distinguish fine
detail
– How far apart do two
points have to be in
order to see them as
two points?
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/formulas/formulasresolution.html
Resolving power of 4 µm means that 2 points less than 4 µm
apart will look like 1 object
A _____ microscope requires staining
to view the specimen
1.
2.
3.
4.
brightfield
darkfield
phase-contrast
DIC
75%
13%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
Light Microscopy
Brightfield microscopy
• Specimens are dark
against bright
background
• Observe stained
(colored) microbes
• Can’t resolve very small
specimens (viruses)
• Inexpensive, easy to use
A ____ produces an image of a light
cell against a dark background
1.
2.
3.
4.
brightfield
darkfield
phase-contrast
DIC
100%
0%
1
0%
2
3
0%
4
Light Microscopy
Darkfield microscopy
• Uses filter that blocks light
• Only light that hits specimen
is seen
• Specimen appears bright
against black background
• Useful for some live cells or
when microscopes can’t be
stained properly
Team Scores
400
400
400
400
Covalent Bonds
Team Eukaryotic
Team Prokaryotic
Team 5
300
300
300
300
Team 3
Team 6
Team 7
Team 8
Which of these microscopes employs
UV light?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Brightfield
Darkfield
Phase-contrast
DIC
Fluorescence
Confocal
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1
2
3
4
0%
5
6
Light Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy
• Fluorescence – ability of objects to absorb short
wavelengths of light (UV) and give off (fluoresce)
longer wavelengths
• Objects stained with fluorochromes (fluorescent
dyes)
• Only fluorochrome can be seen against black
background
• Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent antibodies
– Antibodies bind to specific objects
• Can rapidly identify microbes in clinical samples
– Only see desired microbe
The ____ has the greatest total
magnification?
1.
2.
3.
4.
compound light
scanning acoustic
confocal
transmission
electron
5. scanning electron
63%
25%
13%
0%
1
0%
2
3
4
5
Electron Microscopy
TEM
• Beams of electrons pass
through ultrathin slices of
specimen
• Total magnification: 10,000X to
100,000X
• Resolution: 2.5 nm
• Only thin sections can be
viewed
• Specimens are dehydrated,
fixed
– Can distort some specimens
A _____ microscope would allow you to identify
a specific microbe in a clinical sample
1. DIC
2. transmission
electron
3. scanning electron
4. fluorescent
50%
25%
25%
0%
1
2
3
4
A _____ microscope could be used to view a 100 nm
cell attached to the surface of a larger cell?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
brightfield
darkfield
phase-contrast
DIC
fluorescence
confocal
TEM
SEM
38%
25%
25%
13%
0%
0%
1
2
3
4
0%
0%
5
6
7
8
Electron Microscopy
SEM
• Bounces electrons off
specimen, collects electrons
to create image
• Creates 3D images
– Useful for surfaces of cells,
viruses
• Total magnification: 1,000X to
10,000X
• Resolution: 20 nm
Team Scores
700
600
500
500
Team 3
Covalent Bonds
Team Eukaryotic
Team Prokaryotic
500
500
500
400
Team 5
Team 7
Team 8
Team 6
A _____ microscope could be used to view specific
microbe amongst many different cells?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
brightfield
darkfield
phase-contrast
DIC
fluorescence
confocal
TEM
SEM
38%
38%
13%
0%
0%
0%
1
2
3
13%
0%
4
5
6
7
8
Light Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy
• Fluorescence – ability of objects to absorb short
wavelengths of light (UV) and give off (fluoresce)
longer wavelengths
• Objects stained with fluorochromes (fluorescent
dyes)
• Only fluorochrome can be seen against black
background
• Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent antibodies
– Antibodies bind to specific objects
• Can rapidly identify microbes in clinical samples
– Only see desired microbe
The colored ion in a stain or dye is
called the _____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fluorochrome
colorchrome
chromogen
chromophore
63%
25%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
_____ dyes work best because most
bacteria are negatively charged.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Basic
Acidic
Neutral
Covalent
75%
25%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy
• Two general types of dyes
– Basic dyes – chromophore is positive ion
– Acidic dyes – chromophore is negative ion
• Most bacteria are negatively charged
– Basic dyes work best (opposites attract)
• Negative staining involves staining the
background
– Specimen remains colorless
• Three types of staining techniques
– Simple stains, Differential stains, Special stains
An acid-fast stain can be used to identify
pathogenic members of the genus ______.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus
Leprococcus
75%
25%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
Differential Stains
Acid-fast stain
• Dye binds to waxy material
on surface of cell wall
• Used to identify
pathogenic members of
Mycobacterium, Nocardia
Acid-fast stained M. leprae
show up in red
Team Scores
1000
900
800
700
Team 3
Team 7
Team 5
Covalent Bonds
700
700
600
600
Team Eukaryotic
Team 6
Team Prokaryotic
Team 8
In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the
____.
1.
2.
3.
4.
domain
kingdom
specific epithet
genus
75%
13%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
You find an organism that is able to produce
methane. This organism is probably a(n)
_______.
1. Bacteria
88%
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Algae
5. Virus
6. Protozoa
13%
0%
1
2
0%
0%
0%
3
4
5
6
Which of the following statements is
false?
1. All bacteria lack nuclei.
2. All fungi are
multicellular.
3. All protozoa have
nuclei.
4. All viruses are
parasites.
5. All algae contain
cellulose.
50%
25%
13%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
Team Scores
1200
1000
1000
1000
Team 3
Team Eukaryotic
Team 5
Team 6
1000
900
800
800
Team 7
Team Prokaryotic
Covalent Bonds
Team 8
The use of microorganisms to clean up
pollutants and toxins from a chemical spill
is an example of _____.
1. recombinant DNA
technology
2. bioremediation
3. vaccination
4. gene therapy
63%
38%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
What type of bond is formed when
atoms share electrons?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Electron bond
63%
25%
13%
0%
1
2
3
4
Vitamin E does not dissolve in water, but it does
dissolve in body fat. If you mix Vitamin E with fat, which
one serves as the solute?
1. Vitamin E
2. Water
3. Fat
75%
25%
0%
1
2
3
Team Scores
1400
1300
1300
1200
Team 3
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
1100
1100
1000
900
Team Eukaryotic
Team 8
Team Prokaryotic
Covalent Bonds
What type of bond will form between
these two molecules?
…..N-H
N-O……….
88%
1. Hydrogen bond
2. Ionic bond
3. Covalent bond
13%
d
tb
on
on
d
Io
ni
cb
Co
va
le
n
Hy
dr
og
en
bo
nd
0%
What type of organic molecule is
pictured below?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
50%
25%
25%
0%
1
2
3
4
What is the function of the organic
molecule pictured below?
1. Cellular tool
2. Component of
membranes
3. Hereditary
information
4. Source of energy
63%
38%
0%
1
0%
2
3
4
Team Scores
1500
1400
1400
1400
Team 3
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
1300
1300
1100
1100
Team Eukaryotic
Team 8
Covalent Bonds
Team Prokaryotic
The process by which two amino acids
are joined is called …
1. Hydrolysis
2. Dehydration
synthesis
3. Covalent bond
synthesis
4. Peptide bond
63%
38%
Co
va
l
en
t
bo
nd
e
tid
Pe
p
bo
n
d
sy
nt
he
sis
sy
nt
he
sis
0%
t io
n
De
hy
dr
a
Hy
dr
ol
ys
is
0%
You’ve isolated a new organic molecule. It is
soluble in water, and contains only C, H, O. How
did you classify it?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
25%
Ac
id
Nu
cle
ic
in
0%
Pr
ot
e
id
Lip
bo
hy
d
ra
t
e
0%
Ca
r
1.
2.
3.
4.
75%
You’ve isolated a virus that has uracil as part of
its nucleic acid. You know the virus has …
1. a double stranded
genome
2. a DNA genome
3. a small genome
4. an RNA genome
100%
ad
ou
bl
e
om
e
ge
n
RN
A
an
m
all
ge
no
m
ge
no
m
e
aD
NA
0%
e
0%
as
st
r
an
de
d
ge
no
m
e
0%
Team Scores
1800
1600
1600
1600
Team 3
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
1500
1500
1400
1200
Team Eukaryotic
Team 8
Covalent Bonds
Team Prokaryotic