Download Blood and Circulation guide

Blood and
Circulation
Teacher's Guide
Editors:
Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D.
Stephanie Zak Jerome
Assistant Editors:
Anneliese Brown
Louise Marrier
Graphics:
Fred Thodal
Lyndsey Canfield
Dean Ladago
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Copyright © 2008
ISBN 978-1-59234-248-8
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Blood and Circulation
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Table of Contents
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A Message from our Company
2
Viewing Clearances
2
Use and Copyright
2
National Standards Correlations
4
Student Learning Objectives
5
Assessment
6
Introducing the Program
7
Program Viewing Suggestions
7
Video Script
8
Answer Key to Student Assessments
12
Answer Key to Student Activities
13
Pre-Test
14
Post-Test
16
Video Review
18
Vocabulary
19
Writing Activity
20
The Amazing Heart
21
Your Changing Pulse Rate
23
What’s in Blood?
25
Blood and Circulation
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National Standards Correlations
Benchmarks for Science Literacy
(Project 2061 - AAAS) Grades 3-5
The Human Organism - Basic Functions (6C)
By the end of fifth grade, students should know that:
• From food, people obtain energy and materials for body repair and growth. The
indigestible parts of food are eliminated.
• To burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be supplied to cells,
and carbon dioxide removed. Lungs take in oxygen for the combustion of food and
they eliminate the carbon dioxide produced. The urinary system disposes of dissolved
waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and lungs rid the
body of heat energy. The circulatory system moves all these substances to or from cells
where they are needed or produced, responding to changing demands.
The Human Organism - Physical Health (6E)
By the end of fifth grade, students should know that:
• Eating a variety of healthful foods and getting enough exercise and rest help people to
stay healthy.
• Tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, and certain poisons in the environment (pesticides, lead)
can harm human beings and other living things.
• White blood cells engulf invaders or produce antibodies that attach them or mark them
for killing by other white cells. The antibodies produced will remain and can fight off
subsequent invaders of the same kind.
National Science Education Standards
(Content Standards: K-4, National Academy of Sciences)
Science in Personal and Social Perspectives - Content Standard F
As a result of their activities in grades K-4, all students should develop an understanding of:
Personal Health
• Individuals have some responsibility for their own health. Students should engage in
personal care--dental hygiene, cleanliness, and exercise--that will maintain and improve
health. Understandings include how communicable diseases, such as colds, are
transmitted and some of the body’s defense mechanisms that prevent or overcome illness.
• Regular exercise is important to the maintenance and improvement of health. The
benefits of physical fitness include maintaining healthy weight, having energy and strength
for routine activities, good muscle tone, bone strength, strong heart/lung systems,
and improved mental health. Personal exercise, especially developing cardiovascular
endurance, is the foundation of physical fitness.
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Blood and Circulation
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Student Learning Objectives
Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed student activities, students will be
able to do the following:
• Identify the primary components of the cardiovascular system: blood, heart, and blood
vessels.
• Describe some of the important jobs of the cardiovascular system, including
transporting blood and nutrients to the body; removing wastes, such as carbon
dioxide; and fighting infections.
• List the following components in blood and briefly describe their function: plasma, white
blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
• Compare the structure and function of red and white blood cells.
• Explain the important role platelets play in the body.
• Understand that the heart is the body’s pump and circulates blood throughout the body.
• Understand that the heart not only pumps blood throughout the body, but also back and
forth to the lungs. Blood is sent to the lungs, where it delivers waste gases and also
picks up fresh oxygen, which is then delivered throughout the body.
• Explain the role blood vessels play in carrying blood throughout the body.
• List the three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• Describe the functions of the different types of blood vessels.
• Differentiate between a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer, and state the purpose
of each instrument.
• List some things that can be done to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system,
including: having a medical physical examination once a year, eating a well-balanced
diet, exercising vigorously four to five times a week, and avoiding substances that are
harmful to the body.
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Blood and Circulation
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Assessment
Preliminary Test (p. 14-15):
The Preliminary Test is an assessment tool designed to gain an
understanding of students’ preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a
benchmark upon which to assess student progress based on the objectives
stated on the previous pages.
Post-Test (p. 16-17):
The Post-Test can be utilized as an assessment tool following student
completion of the program and student activities. The results of the
Post-Test can be compared against the results of the Preliminary Test to
assess student progress.
Video Review (p. 18):
The Video Review can be used as an assessment tool or as a student
activity. There are two sections. The first part contains questions displayed
during the program. The second part consists of a five-question video quiz
to be answered at the end of the video.
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Introducing the Program
Before showing the program to your students, demonstrate how to take a pulse.
Show them how to place their index and middle fingers on the underside of their
wrist in line with their thumb. Tell them to locate the rhythmic pulse. Have them
count their pulses for 60 seconds. Now, show them how to find their pulse in their
neck in the carotid artery. Have them count their pulse for 60 seconds to determine
their pulse rate.
Next, ask them what causes the pulse in the body. Have students make a fist.
Tell them that this is the approximate size of their heart. Explain that the heart is
a muscle in the body responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Have
students work in small groups to answer the following questions:
• How does the structure of the heart muscle enable it to pump blood?
• About how many times per minute does the heart pump?
• How does the pumping of the heart muscle relate to pulse?
• When you take your pulse, what are you actually feeling?
• What makes up blood?
Review the answers to these questions when students have finished. Tell students
to pay close attention to the video program to learn more complete answers to
these questions.
Program Viewing Suggestions
The student master “Video Review” (p. 18) is provided for distribution to students.
You may choose to have your students complete this master while viewing the
program or do so upon its conclusion.
The program is approximately 14 minutes in length and includes a five-question
video quiz. Answers are not provided to the Video Quiz in the video, but are
included in this guide on page 12. You may choose to grade student quizzes as an
assessment tool or to review the answers in class.
The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason you
may want to periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and
concepts.
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Blood and Circulation
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Video Script
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Have you ever exercised so hard that you could actually feel your heart beating?
Perhaps a doctor has listened to your heart...
...or checked your blood pressure.
And you’ve probably had a cut that has bled.
All these things are related to blood and circulation in the body.
So, what exactly is blood?
What is it made of?
How is blood circulated?
And what other parts of the body are involved in circulation?
During the next few minutes, we are going to answer these questions and others,...
...as we explore the fascinating features of blood and circulation in our body.
Graphic Transition – The Body’s Transportation System
You Predict! What will happen to the heart rates of these people after they run 100
meters?
Their heart rates will increase.
Why does this occur?
As you exercise, your body needs more oxygen, which is an important gas.
You breathe harder to get more oxygen from the air.
The oxygen mixes with blood in your lungs and is then pumped throughout the
body.
The cardiovascular system is made up of blood, the heart, and tubes called blood
vessels. One job of the cardiovascular system is to supply the body with certain
things, such as oxygen.
Blood not only carries oxygen, but also nutrients, which are broken down from the
food we eat.
Blood also transports wastes produced by cells in the body.
Carbon dioxide is one of these wastes. It is a gas which we eventually breathe out.
The cardiovascular system also helps fight disease and infection.
These are just a few of the important jobs carried out by the cardiovascular system.
Graphic Transition – What is Blood?
Here is five liters of water. This is about how much blood is in your body.
At first glance, blood looks like red water.
But, if you look at blood under a microscope, you will see that there are many
different things in it.
The liquid part of blood is called plasma. It is made up mostly of water.
But plasma also contains many important substances, including vitamins, minerals,
and nutrients, to name just a few.
The other parts of blood float in the plasma.
Red blood cells, for example, carry oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cells are bigger but much less numerous than red blood cells.
Blood and Circulation
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Video Script
34. White blood cells help fight infections and foreign invaders.
35. Have you ever wondered why a cut you receive usually stops bleeding within a few
minutes?
36. You can thank a substance in the blood called platelets for that. Platelets are
actually pieces of cells which help clot or stop bleeding.
37. Through a series of reactions, platelets help weave a net across a cut or injury.
38. Graphic Transition – The Body’s Pump
39. You Observe! Place your finger on your wrist, like this. What do you feel?
40. You should feel a slight rhythmic bump or pulse.
41. This is caused by blood flowing through tubes in your arm.
42. What causes blood to be pumped throughout your body?
43. Your heart is the body’s pump. Every time it beats it sends blood throughout your
body. The heart beats constantly your entire life.
44. The amount of blood it pumps everyday could fill several swimming pools!
45. The heart is actually a hollow muscle about the size of your fist.
46. It not only pumps blood throughout the body, but it also pumps blood back and forth
to the lungs.
47. Blood sent to the lungs delivers waste gases, which the lungs breathe out.
48. Once in the lungs, blood picks up fresh oxygen, which it then delivers throughout
the
body.
49. Graphic Transition – Blood Vessels
50. Within the body is a vast network of tubes called blood vessels.
51. A blood vessel is a hollow tube that carries blood.
52. Some blood vessels are so tiny they can only be seen with a microscope...
53. ...and others are as big around as your finger.
54. There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
55. Arteries are blood vessels that take blood away from the heart.
56. You Decide! Why do arteries have thick, elastic walls?
57. That is so they can handle the large force of blood being pumped through them by
the heart.
58. Blood in arteries is oxygen-rich, and that is because the blood has just come from
the lungs, where it picks up oxygen.
59. Veins carry blood toward the heart.
60. Veins tend to have thinner walls.
61. The blood in veins contains less oxygen than the blood in arteries. It also contains
waste gases, such as carbon dioxide.
62. Capillaries exchange materials, such as gases and nutrients, between blood and
other body tissues.
63. Arteries, veins, and capillaries form a vast network of tubes in the body that, if joined
end to end, could wrap around the world at least two and a half times!
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Video Script
64. Graphic Transition – Monitoring the Cardiovascular System
65. As you know, the cardiovascular system is one of the first things a doctor checks
during an office visit.
66. The doctor or physician’s assistant will check your pulse rate.
67. The pulse rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute.
68. An average pulse rate is generally between 60 and 100 beats per minute.
69. This instrument, called a stethoscope, helps the medical professional to listen to
your heart.
70. You have also probably had your blood pressure measured with this instrument.
71. Blood pressure is the force placed on the walls of the blood vessels by flowing
blood.
72. This device, called a sphygmomanometer, is used to measure blood pressure.
73. It is suggested that you visit a physician once a year to have your cardiovascular
system and other body systems checked to make sure you are in good health.
74. Graphic Transition – Caring for Your Cardiovascular System
75. Besides seeing your physician once a year for a regular physical examination,...
76. ...there are other important things that you can do to take care of your
cardiovascular system.
77. First, never take up the habit of smoking.
78. Smoking is a major cause of heart disease, high blood pressure, and different types
of cancer.
79. Another thing you can do is to eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
80. If you are confused about how to eat a healthy, well-balanced diet, ask your doctor
or school nurse.
81. Regular, vigorous exercise is important to maintain a healthy heart and blood
vessels.
82. If you are physically able, exercise four to five times a week by playing sports,
running, and just having fun.
83. Last, avoid substances that are harmful to your body, such as alcohol and drugs.
84. Graphic Transition – Summing Up
85. During the past few minutes, we have explored the cardiovascular system.
86. We began by learning about the different functions of the cardiovascular system,
such as supplying the body with oxygen, removing waste produced by cells, and
fighting off disease and infection.
87. We also learned about what makes up the cardiovascular system – blood, the heart,
and blood vessels.
88. We showed you the four main parts of blood – plasma, platelets, and red and white
blood cells.
89. We compared red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, to white
blood cells, which help fight infections.
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Video Script
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
We learned about the role and the composition of the heart.
The function and structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries were described.
Finally, we explored different ways to care for your cardiovascular system.
So the next time you cut your finger,…
…breathe air out,…
…or feel your heart beat,…
...think about some of the things we have discussed during the past few minutes.
You might just think about blood and circulation a little differently.
97. Graphic Transition – Video Assessment
Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence. Good luck and let’s get started.
1. The cardiovascular system is made up of ______, the heart, and blood vessels.
2. The liquid part of blood is called ________.
3. Red blood cells carry __________ throughout the body.
4. ___________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
5. The _____ rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute.
Answers may be found on page 12.
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Answer Key to Student Assessments
Pre-Test (p. 14-15)
Post-Test (p. 16-17)
1. b - cardiovascular system
2. a - oxygen and nutrients
3. d - plasma
4. c - fight infection
5. a - heart
6. b - lungs
7. d - blood vessels
8. c - pulse rate
9. c - capillaries
10. d - smoke
11. true
12. true
13. true
14. true
15. false
16. The main components of the
cardiovascular system are blood, the heart, and
blood vessels.
17. Functions of the cardiovascular system
include supplying the body with things such
as oxygen and nutrients; transporting wastes
produced by cells; and helping to fight disease
and infection.
18. The job of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the body. It also pumps blood back
and forth to the lungs.
19. The three main types of blood vessels are
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
20. The following are things that can be done
to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system:
see a physician once a year for a physical
examination; don’t smoke; eat a healthy, wellbalanced diet; exercise four to five times a
week; and avoid substances that are harmful to
the body.
1. c - capillaries
2. d - blood vessels
3. a - heart
4. d - plasma
5. b - cardiovascular system
6. d - smoke
7. c - pulse rate
8. b - lungs
9. c - fight infection
10. a - oxygen and nutrients
11. true
12. true
13. false
14. true
15. true
16. The job of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the body. It also pumps blood back
and forth to the lungs.
17. The three main types of blood vessels are
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
18. The following are things that can be done
to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system:
see a physician once a year for a physical
examination; don’t smoke; eat a healthy, wellbalanced diet; exercise four to five times a
week; and avoid substances that are harmful
to the body.
19. Functions of the cardiovascular system
include supplying the body with things such
as oxygen and nutrients; transporting wastes
produced by cells; and helping to fight disease
and infection.
20. The main components of the
cardiovascular system are blood, the heart,
and blood vessels.
Video Review (p. 18)
1. Their heart rates will increase after they
have run 100 meters.
2. You feel a slight rhythmic bump or pulse
caused by blood flowing through tubes in your
arms.
3. Arteries have thick, elastic walls so they can
handle the large force of blood being pumped
through them by the heart.
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Blood and Circulation
1. The cardiovascular system is made up of
blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
2. The liquid part of blood is called plasma.
3. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout
the body.
4. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.
5. The pulse rate is the number of times your
heart beats per minute.
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Answer Key to Student Activities
Vocabulary (p. 19 )
The Amazing Heart (p. 21-22)
1. cardiovascular system
2. carbon dioxide
3. plasma
4. red blood cells
5. heart
6. artery
7. veins
8. pulse rate
9. sphygmomanometer
10. smoking
1. aorta
2. pulmonary artery
3. pulmonary vein
4. left atrium
5. left ventricle
6. septum
7. inferior vena cava
8. right ventricle
9. right atrium
10. valve
11. superior vena cava
Writing Activity (p. 20)
The cardiovascular system is made up of
blood, the heart, and blood vessels. Blood
carries oxygen, nutrients, and other materials
throughout the body. Blood is made up of
a liquid called plasma and solid structures,
such as red and white blood cells. Red blood
cells transport oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cells help fight infection. Blood
is pumped throughout the body by an organ
called the heart. The body has a vast network
of tubes called blood vessels. There are
three main types of blood vessels: arteries,
veins, and capillaries. Blood flows through
arteries in rhythmic bumps called a pulse.
The pulse rate is the number of times the
heart beats in one minute.
In Your Own Words (p. 20)
1. Functions of the cardiovascular system
include: supplying the body with oxygen and
nutrients, transporting waste products produced
by cells, and helping the body fight infection.
2. Blood is made up of the following
components: plasma, red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
3. Things that can be done to maintain
a healthy cardiovascular system include:
eating a healthy, well-balanced diet; avoiding
substances harmful to the body; not smoking;
exercising four to five times a week; and seeing
a physician for a physical examination once a
year.
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Your Changing Pulse Rate (p. 23-24)
1. The main job of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the body.
2. The pulse rate is the number of times the
heart beats per minute.
3. The pulse rate increased as the amount of
exercise increased.
4. As you exercise, the body needs more
oxygen, causing you to breathe harder.
Because cells in the body demand more
oxygen, the heart needs to pump faster to
deliver it.
What’s in Blood? (p. 25)
1. Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It
carries particles that come from the
breakdown of food as well as other important
things the body needs. The water represents
plasma in the blood mixture.
2. The red beans represent red blood cells
and the white lima bean represents a white
blood cell.
3. There are many more red beans than
white beans because there are many more
red blood cells than white blood cells in the
blood.
4. The crushed beans represent platelets in
the blood mixture.
5. Platelets play an important role in clotting
blood when a cut or injury occurs.
Blood and Circulation
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Pre-Test
Name
Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. Blood, the heart, and blood vessels make up the:
a. digestive
system
b. cardiovascular
system
c. nervous
system
d. endocrine
system
2. One job of the cardiovascular system is to supply the body with:
a. oxygen and
nutrients
b. gasoline and
benzene
c. waste gases
d. carbon dioxide
3. The liquid part of blood is called:
a. water
b. fluid
c. solution
d. plasma
c. fight infection
d. carry carbon
dioxide
4. One job of white blood cells is to:
a. carry oxygen
b. carry nutrients
5. The organ that pumps blood throughout the body is the:
a. heart
b. stomach
c. brain
d. liver
c. brain
d. feet
c. muscles
d. blood vessels
6. The blood picks up fresh oxygen in the:
a. stomach
b. lungs
7. Veins and arteries are types of:
a. cells
b. nutrients
8. The number of times the heart beats per minute is the:
a. rhythm
b. pattern
c. pulse rate
d. blood pressure
c. capillaries
d. tubes
9. The smallest blood vessels are called:
a. arteries
b. veins
10. One of the worst things you can do for the cardiovascular system is to:
a. exercise
b. have a medical
examination
c. eat healthy
d. smoke
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Pre-Test
Name
Write true or false next to each statement.
11.
As you exercise, your body needs more oxygen.
12.
We breathe out a waste gas called carbon dioxide.
13.
Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.
14.
The heart is a hollow muscle about the size of your fist.
15.
Veins carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
Write a short answer for each of the following.
16. List the main components of the cardiovascular system.
17. State one job of the cardiovascular system.
18. What is the job of the heart?
19. List the three main types of blood vessels.
20. Identify two things you can do to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system.
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Post-Test
Name
Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. The smallest blood vessels are called:
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
d. tubes
c. muscles
d. blood vessels
2. Veins and arteries are types of:
a. cells
b. nutrients
3. The organ that pumps blood throughout the body is the:
a. heart
b. stomach
c. brain
d. liver
c. solution
d. plasma
4. The liquid part of blood is called:
a. water
b. fluid
5. Blood, the heart, and blood vessels make up the:
a. digestive
system
b. cardiovascular
system
c. nervous
system
d. endocrine
system
6. One of the worst things you can do for the cardiovascular system is to:
a. exercise
b. have a medical
examination
c. eat healthy
d. smoke
7. The number of times the heart beats per minute is the:
a. rhythm
b. pattern
c. pulse rate
d. blood pressure
c. brain
d. feet
c. fight infection
d. carry carbon
dioxide
8. The blood picks up fresh oxygen in the:
a. stomach
b. lungs
9. One job of white blood cells is to:
a. carry oxygen
b. carry nutrients
10. One job of the cardiovascular system is to supply the body with:
a. oxygen and
nutrients
b. gasoline and
benzene
c. waste gases
d. carbon dioxide
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16
Post-Test
Name
Write true or false next to each statement.
11.
Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.
12.
The heart is a hollow muscle about the size of your fist.
13.
Veins carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
14.
We breathe out a waste gas called carbon dioxide.
15.
As you exercise, your body needs more oxygen.
Write a short answer for each of the following.
16. What is the job of the heart?
17. List the three main types of blood vessels.
18. Identify two things you can do to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system.
19. State one job of the cardiovascular system.
20. List the main components of the cardiovascular system.
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Video Review
Name
While you watch the video, answer these questions:
You Predict!
1. What will happen to the heart rates of these people after they run 100 meters?
You Observe!
2. Place your finger on your wrist, like this. What do you feel?
You Decide!
3. Why do arteries have thick, elastic walls?
After you watch the video, test your knowledge with these questions.
1. The cardiovascular system is made up of _________, the heart, and blood
vessels.
2. The liquid part of blood is called ________.
3. Red blood cells carry ___________ throughout the body.
4. ____________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
5. The __________ rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute.
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Vocabulary
Name
Use these words to fill in the blanks next to the sentences below.
Words
carbon dioxide
heart
sphygmomanometer
plasma
cardiovascular system
veins
pulse rate
artery
red blood cells
smoking
1.
Consists of blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
2.
A waste gas produced by the body that is exhaled.
3.
Liquid part of the blood; made up mostly of water.
4.
Responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
5.
Organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
6.
A hollow tube that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the
heart.
7.
Hollow, thin-walled tubes that carry blood back to the heart.
8.
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
9.
An instrument used to measure blood pressure.
10.
A major cause of heart disease, high blood pressure, and
cancer.
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Writing Activity
Name
Words
heart
arteries
plasma
pulse
rate
vessels
cardiovascular
cells
infection
oxygen
Use the correct word from above to complete the sentences in the following
paragraph.
The ____________________ system is made up of blood, the heart, and blood vessels. Blood
carries ________________, nutrients, and other materials throughout the body. Blood is made
up of a liquid called ________________ and solid structures, such as red and white blood
_____________. Red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells
help fight _________________. Blood is pumped throughout the body by an organ called the
___________. The body has a vast network of tubes called blood ___________ . There are
three main types of blood vessels: ________________, veins, and capillaries. Blood flows
through arteries in rhythmic bumps called a ____________. The pulse _____________ is the
number of times the heart beats in one minute.
In Your Own Words
1. Describe two jobs of the cardiovascular system.
2. List the parts of blood.
3. Explain two things you can do to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system.
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The Amazing
Heart
Name
Activity: Read the information below. Label the diagram of the heart on the next
page.
Background: The heart is one of the most amazing and important
organs in our bodies. It is constantly at work throughout your entire
life. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and is the
main organ of the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system
is also made up of blood and blood vessels. This system has many
important jobs, such as supplying the body with oxygen and nutrients,
and transporting wastes, such as carbon dioxide, out of the body. It
also helps fight disease and infection.
Your heart is about the size of a fist. It is a thick and hollow organ made up of muscle.
The heart is separated into four different chambers - two on the right side and two on
the left side. The top chambers are called atria. The bottom chambers are called
ventricles. The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a wall of muscle
called the septum. There are two main types of blood vessels that transport materials
to and from the heart. Blood travels into the heart through veins and out of the heart
through arteries.
Blood enters the heart from the upper and lower body. The superior vena cava is the
vein that carries blood from the upper body into the heart. The inferior vena cava is
the vein that carries blood from the lower body into the heart. The vena cavas carry
blood into the right atrium, which is the first of the four chambers. Blood from the
right atrium is pumped through one-way valves and then into the chamber below,
called the right ventricle. The blood needs to pick up oxygen at this point, so it must
travel to the lungs. Blood from the right ventricle travels through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs. Here the blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
Now that the blood is oxygenated, it travels back into the heart via the pulmonary
vein. The pulmonary vein transports the blood from the lungs into the left side of the
heart. First, it goes into the top chamber, called the left atrium. The blood is then
pumped through a one-way valve into the lower chamber, called the left ventricle.
The blood leaves the heart through the body’s largest artery, called the aorta. From
here, blood travels throughout the rest of the body.
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The Amazing
Heart
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
septum
Name
right atrium
left atrium
pulmonary artery
right ventricle
valve
aorta
left ventricle
pulmonary vein
Directions: Use the words above to label the diagram of the heart. When you are
labeling left and right, remember that what appears on the left side of this diagram is
actually the right side of the patient’s heart.
1.
2.
3.
11.
4.
10.
9.
5.
8.
6.
7.
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Your Changing
Pulse Rate
Name
Background: Your heart is an extremely important organ. It has contracted millions of times since you
were born. In fact, it is beating at this very moment while you are reading these words. What is the
primary job of the heart? The main job of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. The heart is
an amazing, tireless muscle. In fact, if you were to measure the amount of blood the heart pumps in a
day, the blood could fill an entire train car!
Even though the heart is always at work, the amount of work it carries out varies. One simple way to
measure the activity of the heart is to measure your pulse rate. The pulse rate is the number of times the
heart beats per minute. Your pulse rate changes many times throughout the course of the day. Many
factors influence pulse rate. Resting, sitting up, lying down, and exercising all have different effects on
the pulse rate. In this activity you will explore how your pulse rate changes with different activities.
Materials: watch with a second hand or stopwatch; Data Chart
Directions:
1. You will work in pairs. Before you start the activity, you and your
partner need to learn how to take each other’s pulse. Have one
person sit down next to a table. Have him/her place his/her arm on the
table in a relaxed position, palm side up. Gently place your middle and
pointer finger on the inside top of the wrist. Look at the drawing to get
an idea of how to do this. Move your finger until you feel a pulse.
2. Obtain a watch with a second hand or a stopwatch.
3. Have your partner time you when you count the pulse. Count the number of pulses for 60 seconds.
Write the pulse rate in the chart in the blank space next to “sitting.” Next, have your partner take your
pulse rate for 60 seconds.
4. Now you will take the pulse rate of your partner while he/she is standing. Have your partner stand for
one minute before taking their pulse. Count the pulse for 60 seconds. Write the pulse rate in the space
in the chart next to “standing.” Have your partner take your pulse rate while you are standing.
5. You will now see how moderate exercise affects pulse rate. Have your partner walk in place by lifting
their knees for one minute. After walking in place for one minute, take their pulse for 60 seconds. Write
their pulse rate in the blank space next to “walking.” Next, you need to walk in place for one minute.
Then have your partner take your pulse for 60 seconds. Record your pulse in the chart.
6. You will now see how more vigorous exercise affects your pulse rate. Have your partner run in place
for two minutes. After running in place for two minutes, take his/her pulse rate for 60 seconds. Write his/
her pulse rate in the blank next to “running.” Next, you need to run in place for two minutes. Then have
your partner take your pulse for 60 seconds. Record your pulse in the chart.
7. Answer the questions below the chart.
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Your Changing
Pulse Rate cont.
Name
Data Chart
Partner #1 Pulse (60 seconds)
Partner #2 Pulse (60 seconds)
Sitting
Standing
Walking
Running
Questions:
1. What is the main job of the heart?
2. What is pulse rate?
3. What caused your pulse rate to increase?
4. Why does the heart beat faster when you run?
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What’s in Blood?
Name
Background: Have you ever had vegetable soup for lunch? There are
many different things in vegetable soup. The liquid part, sometimes called
broth, is thin and watery. Vegetable soup also includes different kinds of solid
vegetables, such as carrots, potatoes, and peas. Your blood is kind of like
vegetable soup. For example, your blood is not the same throughout. The
blood contains a liquid part, as well as solids.
There are four main components of blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The
liquid part of blood is called plasma. About 90% of plasma is made up of water. Plasma carries particles
that come from the breakdown of food as well as other important things the body needs. Floating in the
plasma are the three other components of blood. Red blood cells, the most abundant cells in blood,
supply the body with oxygen. White blood cells are the body’s disease fighters. They are bigger than red
blood cells but there are fewer of them There is only about one white blood cell for every 500 to 1,000 red
blood cells. Drifting in the plasma are small platelets. Platelets are fragments, or pieces, of cells that play
an important role in clotting blood when you have a cut or injury. In this activity, you will create a bloodlike mixture using some simple ingredients.
Materials: Water, red beans, large white lima beans, crushed beans, 1000 ml. container, spoon or glass
stirring rod.
Directions:
1. Obtain a 1000 ml. container. Fill it with about 600 ml. water. Add a couple drops of juice or a few
crumbs of food. Stir.
2. Count out about 50 red beans. Pour these into the container. Stir.
3. Add one large white lima bean. Stir.
4. Next, add a few pinches of crushed beans. Stir.
Questions:
1. What is plasma? What represents plasma in your blood mixture?
2. What represents red and white blood cells in the blood mixture?
3. Why are there so many more red beans than white lima beans?
4. What do the crushed beans represent?
5. What is the role of platelets?
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