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Name ____________________________________________ CHART Chapters 15-18 Theme Chapter 15 Chapter 16 The Maritime Revolution Transformations in Europe 1. Interaction between humans and the environment. 2. Development and interaction of cultures. 3. State-building, expansion, and conflict 4. Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems 5. Development and transformation of social structures Chapter 17 American Colonies Chapter 18 The Atlantic System & Africa ~ Polynesian peoples settled throughout Pacific Ocean; colonized islands; spread of languages ~ China – Zheng He/Ming Dynasty led exploratory voyages throughout Indian Ocean; strong navy/Chinese junk (larger than caravel) ~ Portugal – Navigation school (Prince Henry) ~ Tech. (Astrolabe, Compass, New maps) ~ Euro. Explore Conquer Christianize Colonize make $$$$$ ~ Smallpox – mass killer of native Americans ~ European motives (Portugal & Spain) – God, Glory, & Gold ~ Because Christianity was the dominant religion of Europe, it will become the dominant/main religion in the new areas of the world colonized ~ Euro.’s use caravels/Chinese use junks ~ Magellan attempts to circumnavigate the world ~ European encounters with Aztec & Inca indians ~ Greater knowledge of tradewind patterns for sailing ~ Euro. Explore Conquer Christianize Colonize make $$$$$ ~ Spain (colonizes Mexico/New Spain & rest of MesoAmerica, except Brazil) ~ Portugal (colonizes Brazil) ~ Treaty of Tordesillas settles the land that Spain & Portugal are able to control in the world ~ The Columbian Exchange – transfer of diseases (smallpox), animals, & plants (maize, cassava, tomato, potato, etc… ~ Smallpox kills about 50% of native population ~ Settlements in the Americas (i.e. New Spain, Peru, N. America) – Europeans seek to control their new colonies on behalf of the mother country ~ Atlantic Slave Trade – Middle Passage ~ 25-50% mortality rate; mainly due to disease ~ Middle Passage most difficult part of journey ~ Slaves take to Brazil & W. Indies (Caribbean) to work on sugar plantations ~ Plantation owners control islands, slaves hard laborers, most slaves die due to disease in the Tropics & harsh working conditions ~ Christianization becomes common in the New World, Christianity becomes the official religion of the New World ~ Puritans/Pilgrims seek religious freedom from Britain/Netherlands & migrate to American colonies to make settlements ~ Tobacco/silver mining factories (Potosi) created ~ Most slaves become Christianized, but still retain many of their African customs & religious traditions ~ Plantation culture becomes more Creole (blend of African & European cultures & language) ~ Sunday becomes an important cultural day for the slaves ~ Council of the Indies – dominated how Spanish colonies operated in the New World ~ Spain – use Viceroys (responsible as leaders or in charge of the colony in the name of the king/queen) ~ House of Burgesses – democratic institution that helped lead British colonies ~ Iroquois Confederacy – alliance of Indian tribes ~ Dutch W. India Company controlled early economies of W. Indies (Barbados) 16-17th cent. ~ Power of the plantations was in the hands of the plantocracy – rich men who owned most of the slaves & most of the land. ~ Maroons – Caribbean runaway slaves regulated slave revolts ~ Tacky – led slave revolt in Jamaica ~ China – established trade contacts throughout the Indian Ocean, Middle East & Africa ~ Spain – Columbus discovers New World with the attempt to find a new route to the worlds spices ~ Portugal – leads in global exploration (B. Dias, Vasco da Gama, Magellan) = leads to control of Spice Islands (E. Indies) ~ V. da Gama – establishes trade contacts/ports in India ~ Euro. Explore Conquer Christianize ~ Encomienda system (i.e. New Spain, physically devastating, attempt to Christianize indians, hard physical labor for natives, seen as extremely harsh by B. de las Casas) ~ Mita system (i.e. Peru/Bolivia, physically devastating, harsh labor, silver mining ~ Europeans made a profit by selling the raw materials of the colonies (i.e. silver, tobacco, cotton, indigo, sugar, etc…) ~ Triangular Trade (most slaves purchased in exchange for guns, textiles, and liquor) ~Slaves work at taking raw materials away from colonies in order for European use ~Sugar plantations were the primary business on the islands ~Mercantilism & Capitalism at this time ~Sugar, Tobacco & Cotton primary $$$ crops at this ~ Social system of Americas – Peninsulares (Europeans) Creoles (American-born Europeans) Mestizos & Mulattos (1/2 European & ½ Indian or Black) Indians & Africans ~ Indentured servants (obligatory or forced labor of the British colonies – indenture = contract) – made up 80% of all migrants to the British colonies – worked for a set number of years (4-7) to pay off/work off passage to New World ~ Social hierarchy in the plantations; plantation owners free slaves/ ½ slave ½ whites maroons slaves ~ Most slaves in the plantations were men ~ Drivers – slaves who controlled and supervised the plantations ~ Children were used as slaves in groups known as grass gangs ~ Slaves worked in gangs ~ Sunday was a day of rest; farming their own land Colonize make $$$$$ Spain – Hernan Cortes leads conquest of Mexico & Moctezuma & Francisco Pizarro leads conquest of Peru & Atahualpa King Afonso of Africa – places trust in Portuguese govt., and complains of the effects of Portuguese businessmen/slave trading on his land Name: _________________________________ Period: _____ Unit 4 (600-1450 CE) Chapters 15-18 I. Interaction between humans and the environment o Migration o Patterns of settlement o Technology o Demography and disease II. Development and interaction of cultures o Religion o Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies o Science and technology o The arts and architecture III. State-building, expansion, and conflict o Political structures and forms of governance o Empires o Nations and Nationalism o Revolts and Revolution o Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations AP Themes Chart Ch. 15 The Maritime Revolution European exploration, Encounters w/Europe, Fall of Aztecs/Inca Ch. 16 Transformations in Europe Ch. 17 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies IV. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems o o o o o Reformation, Counter Reformation, Scientific Revolution Columbian Exchange, Spanish America, English/French colonies Ch. 18 The Atlantic System & Africa Slave Trade, Plantations in the W. Indies, Atlantic Economy V. Agriculture and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism Development and transformation of social structures o Gender roles and relations o Family and kinship o Racial and ethnic constructions o Social and economic classes