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Fungi Subclassification
All fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, absorptive organisms. The mycelium, a mass of hyphae (individual cells that are long and thin), is the absorptive body of the
fungus. Hyphae can be coenocytic with many nuclei and no cell walls, or septate, which contain nuclei separated by cell walls. The cell wall is always made of chitin.
All fungi produce spores, most asexually and sexually. Plasmogamy occurs when when hyphae of different mating types fuse without nuclear fusion, whereas
karyogamy occurs when hyphae and nuclei fuse. The fungi are closely related to the animals.
Division
Examples
Habitat
Food Chain
Mycelium
Sexual Reproduction
Chytridiomycota
(polyphyletic)
chytrids,
lakes, ponds,
soils
decomposers and some parasites
coenocytic hyphae
produce flagellated zoospores which fuse to
form a diploid zygote that resumes meiosis to
form haploid dispersal cells
Zygomycota
(polyphyletic)
black bread
molds (Rhizopus)
soils, decaying
plant matter
decomposers, some parasites or
commensals
hyphae are coenocytic
plasmogamy eventually produces diploid
zygospores that resist adverse conditions;
under better conditions the zygospore
resumes meiosis and forms haploid dispersal
cells
Microsporidia
host cells
all are parasites
hyphae are dikaryotic
dikaryotic vegetative spores penetrate host
gut epithelial cells and grow intracellular as
parasites; all microsporidia lack mitochondria
and rely on host cell energy for fuel
symbiosis with plant roots, making
up over 50% of all soil fungi
hyphae are coenocytic
sexual reproduction of spores unclear, most
species reproduce asexually
Glomeromycota
mycorrhizae
plant roots,
either inside or
on the surface
Ascomycota
sac fungi;
yeasts, morels,
truffles
marine,
freshwater, and
soil habitats
Basidiomycota
(contains 4 clades)
club and shelf
fungi, puffballs,
mushrooms,
toadstools, rusts
soils and
decaying plant
matter
Deuteromycota?
imperfect fungi
soils and hosts
decomposers, few parasites (Dutch
diploid nuclei produce an ascus by meiosis
elm disease); half of the species are hyphae are dikaryotic that makes 4 cells that each undergo mitosis
in lichens - symbiosis with green
(made by plasmogamy) to make a total of 8 haploid dispersal spores;
algae or cyanobacteria
conidia make spores asexally
decomposers of plant material
dikaryotic hyphae for
most of the cell cycle
(made by plasmogamy)
diploid nuclei produce a basidium by meiosis
that releases haploid nuclei one at a time as
dispersal cells; most do not make spores
asexually
decomposers and parasites
most are probably
ascomytes
no known method of sexual reproduction