Download Notes Section II (2) File

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Name
Global Studies
The Industrial Revolution
Starting around 1750, Europe experienced a series of major changes. The Agrarian or the
Agricultural Revolution began with improvements in farming that led to an increase in population.
These changes happened before the Industrial Revolution began.
CAUSES
An event that produces an effect, result, or consequence
HAPPENS BEFORE
The Industrial Revolution didn't happen over night. There were several events or contributions
made BEFORE !!!!!!!!!
Agrarian Revolution
•
•
Made farming easier and better
Technology
Fertilization
Jethro Tull invented the seed drill which
planted seeds in rows
Making Bigger farms
Enclosure-taking over and fencing off land that once
had been shared by peasant farmers. The goal was to
replace several small farms and creating bigger farms.
This made farming more efficient and improved the
production of crops. More food was grown.
iS^Tm"
•
•
•
Population increase
People eat better
Women gave birth to heahhier babies
Better medical care
MORE PEOPLE NEED GOODS
•
•
Energy Revolution
Water wheels powered new machines
Coal was used to fuel the steam engine
FASTER PRODUCTION OF GOODS
Industrial R e v o l u t i o n B e g i n s
Name
Global Studies
The Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The changes of life brought on by the Industrial Revolution, caused the social classes, people's roles,
/orking conditions, and city life to change. Economic systems and social systems were dramatically changed
around the world. Economic life became more global and a lot of people started to move to different areas of the
world.
EFFECT
An event or contribution brought on by a cause
What happened DURING or AFTER
EFFECTS of the Industrial Revolution
Economics
$
Rise Of Big Business
Laissez faire-was an idea that came from the Enlightenment. Businesses
and industries should be allowed to operate with little or no government
involvement. It was the belief that natural laws governed economic life.
Adam Smith was a university professor and author. He wrote the
book. The Wealth of Nations to spread and promote the idea of laissez
faire. He believed that if the government had no say, the economy
would get stronger.
With new technology came the need for factories to buy expensive machines.
To get this money, factory owners sold stocks or shares in their companies to
investors. In return, each stockholder owned a part of the factory. Stockholders
allowed businesses to form their factories into corporations.
Upper Class
Rich industry and business owners
Upper Middle Class
New Social Classes
Business workers, lawyers, and doctors
Lower Middle Class
Big gap between the rich and the poor
Teachers, office workers, shop owners, and clerks
Lower Class
Factory workers and peasants
*Benefited the least from the Industrial Revolution. They had horrible living
conditions and working conditions in the overcrowded cities.
Urbanization
The development of cities
People moved from small villages to the towns and cities where the
factories were located.
Conditions in the cities were very bad
People lived in crowded buildings
Human waste and rotting garbage rotted in the streets
Disease started to spread
Working Conditions
New Social Roles
improved
Transportation
Living Standards
Improved
•
•
•
Working conditions were long. From 5am - 9pm (12-16 hour days).
Did the same job everyday
all day.
Jobs were boring and dangerous
Since people moved from their farms there were new roles for men and woman.
Middle Class
Men-worked outside the home in businesses or factories
Women-worked inside the home. They took care of their home and children.
However, some worked long hours in the factories but were paid less than men.
Family life suffered as women worked 12 hours or more and then came home to
care for their families.
Children- Poor children worked in factories. Rich children got an education and
stayed home
•
•
•
•
Roads and canals were built and improved
Steam Locomotive was invented.
Railroads were buih and improved
Steam Engines powered ships at sea
Rich
Lived in nice neighborhoods on the edges of the cities
Poor
Lived in crowded slums in the cities near the factories
*As time passed, city conditions improved
*Advances in medicine
*A11 people were heahhier because of their varied diets from the abundant food
supply.
Closure
DIJiECTIONS- Choose a phrase fro the word bank and decide if it is a positive or negative effect of this ti
period and write it in the chart below.
What are the positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?
WORD BANK
-More jobs
-12-16 hour work days
-New social roles (men/women)
-Railroads were buih
-Crowded cities
-Strong Economy
-Make products faster
-Child Labor
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
f no^
During the Industrial Revolution, the production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex
machines and from human and animal power to steam power. Technology developed fast and
production of goods increased. More goods were made in a shorter amount of time. Goods were also
sold at a much cheaper price.
Industrialization started in Britain in 1750. In time, the Industrial Revolution would spread
throughout the world. By the end of the 1800s it spread to Belgium, France, Germany, the United
States, and Japan.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?????
More people to work
People moved to the chies were they could find jobs in factories
The upper and Middle class had the money to invest in mines, railroads,
and factories.
Population Growth
Natural Harbors
Rivers-good for trade, transportation, and as power sources for factories
Natural Resources- coal and iron
Geography
Strong Economy
Energy
And
Technology
Giant water wheels to power new machines.
Coal was used to power steam engines
List 3 causes of the Industrial Revolution
1-
. . . Passing to manufactures, we find here die all-prominent fact to be the substitution of the
factory for the domestic system, the consequence of the mechanical discoveries of the time.
Four great inventions altered [changed] the character of the cotton manufacture; the spinningjenny, patented by Hargreaves in 1770; the water-frame, invented by Arkwright the year before;
Crompton's mule [spinning machine] introduced in 1779, and the self-acting mule, first
invented by Kelly in 1792, but not brought into use till Roberts improved it in 1825. None of
these by themselves would have revolutionised the industry. But in 1769—the year in which
Napoleon and Wellington were bom—James Watt took out his patent for the steam-engine.
Sixteen years later it was applied to the cotton manufacture. In 1785 Boulton and Watt made
an engine for a cotton-mill at Papple\\dck in Notts, and in the same year Arkwright's patent
expired. These two facts taken together mark die introduction of the factoiy system. But the
most famous invention of all, and the most fatal to domestic industry, the power-loom, though
also patented by Cartwright in 1785, did not come into use for several years, and till the powerloom was introduced the workman was hardly injured. At first, in fact, machinery raised the
wages of spinners and weavers owing to the great prosperity it brought to the trade. In fifteen
years the cotton trade trebled [tripled] itself; from 1788 to 1803 has been called "its golden age;"
for, before the power-loom but after the introduction of the mule [spinning machine] and other
mechanical improvements by which for the first time yarn sufficiently fme for muslin [a fabric]
and a variety of other fabrics was spun, the demand became such that "old barns, cart-houses,
out-buildings of all descriptions were repaired, windows broke through the old blank walls, and
all fitted up for looni-sliops; new weavers' cottages with loom-shops arose in eveiy direction,
every family bringing home weekly from 40 to 120 shillings per week." At a later date, the
condition of the workman was very different. Meanwhile, the iron industry had been equally
revolutionised by the invention of smelting by pit-coal brought into use between 1740 and 1750,
and by the application in 1788 of the steam-engine to blast furnaces. In the eight years which
followed diis latter date, the amount of iron manufactured nearly doubled itself . . .
Source: Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on ttie Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England, Humboldt (adapted)
According to this document, what were two results of die use of machineiy? [2]
(1)
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(2)
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b
Document
a
Document
Invention
II
Improved steam
engine
(James Watt)
Description
Improved version of s t e a m
engine that used coal rather
than water power. First used
to pump water from mines
and to forge iron. By the late
1780s, powered m a c h i n e s
in cotton mills.
Source: Ellis and Esler, World History: Connections to Today,
Prentice Hall, 1999 (adapted)
Power Loom Weaving
Drawn by T. Allom
Engraved by J. Tingle
Source: Edward Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain,
Fisher, Fisher, and Jackson, 1835 (adapted)
According to these documents, how did the steam engine promote the growth of the factory system? [l]
Score
Document
a
Document
b
At Work in a Woollen Factory
Source: The Illustrated London News,
August 25, 1883
Based on these pictures, state two changes in how cloth was produced. [2]
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. . . Steam-engines furnish the means not only of their support but of their multiplication. They
create a vast demand for fuel; and, while they lend their powerful arms to drain the pits and to
raise the coals, they call into employment multitudes of miners, engineers, ship-builders, and
sailors, and cause the construction of canals and railways: and, while they enable these rich fields
of industry to be cultivated to the utmost, they leave thousands of fine arable fields free for the
production of food to man, which must have been otherwise allotted to the food of horses.
Steam-engines moreover, by the cheapness and steadiness of their action, fabricate [produce]
cheap goods, and procure [acquire] in their exchange a liberal supply of the necessaries and
comforts of Ufe, produced in foreign lands. . . .
Source: Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures: or, an Exposition of the Scientific, Moral, and
Commercial Economy of the Factory System of Great Britain, A. M. Kelley
iVccording to this document, what are two ways that steam engines helped the economy in
Great Britain? [2]
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In comparing the advantages of England for manufactures with those of other countries, we can by no means overlook the excellent commercial position of the country
— intermediate between the north and south of Europe; and its insular situation
[island location], which, combined widr the command of the seas, secures our territory from invasion or annoyance. The German ocean, the Baltic, and the
Mediterranean are the regular highways for our ships; and our western ports command an unobstructed [clear] passage to the Atlantic, and to every quarter [part] of
the world.
Source: Edward Baines, History of ttie Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, A.M. Kelly
Based on this document, identify two ways England has benefited from its location. [2]
Score
. . .England, however, has grown great in both respects. She is both a great colonial
power and a great industrial power And she has been fortunate in possessing the
natural conditions necessary to success.
For industry and commerce, no less than the command of the seas, are limited by
natural conditions. Modem manufactures cluster round coal-fields, where power can
be had cheaply; the possession of good harbours is essential to maritime trade; a country where broad and gently-flowing rivers act as natural canals will have advantages in
internal communications over a countiy broken up by mountain ranges. . . . When we
recognize that England is rich in these advantages, that she has coal and iron lying
close together, that her sheep give die best wool, that her harbours are plentiful, that
she is not ill-off for rivers, and that no part of the country is farther than some seventy
miles from the sea, we have not said all. . . .
Source: George T. Warner, Landmarl<s in English! Industrial History, Blackie & Son Limited
According to this document, what are two ways Great Britain has benefited from its geography?
[2]
The Agricultural Revolution in Britain
. . . The English Revolution of 1688, confirming the ascendancy [rise] of Parliament over the
king, meant in economic terms the ascendancy of the more well-to-do property-owning classes.
Among these the landowners were by far the most important, though they counted the great
London merchants among their allies. For a century and a half, from 1688 to 1832, the British
government w a s substantially in the hands of these landowners—the "squirearchy" or
"gentlemen of England." The result was a thorough transformation of farming, an Agricultural
Revolution without which the Industrial Revolution could not have occurred.
Many landowners, seeking to increase their money incomes, began experimenting with
improved methods of cultivation and stock raising. They made more use of fertilizers (mainly
animal manure); they introduced new implements (such as the drill seeder and horse-hoe); they
brought in new crops, such as turnips, and a more scientific system of crop rotation; they
attempted to breed larger sheep and fatter cattle. An improving landlord, to introduce such
changes successfully, needed full control over his land. He saw a mere barrier to progress in the
old village system of open fields, common lands, and semicollective methods of cultivation.
Improvement also required an investment of capital, which was impossible so long as the soil was
tilled by numerous poor and custom-bound small farmers. . . .
Source: R. R. Palmer, et al., A History of tlie Modern World, 9th edition, McGraw-Hill
What were two changes in the methods of food production that occurred during the Agricultural Revolution
in Britain, according to the authors of A History of the Modem World? [2]
Score
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. . . 1 have frequently \nsited many of the Cotton Factories in this neighbourhood, with friends
who came from a distance; on coming out, it has always been a general reflection, tliat the
cliildren were very great sufferers, and seemed sickly and unhealthy; being obhged to work such
long hours under such unfavourable circumstances. As 1 dedicate an hour or two ever)' morning
to giving advice to the poor, I have a great many opportunities of witnessing the bad effects of'
such confinement on the health of children; frequently the parents say their children were stout
and healthy, until they were sent out, and confined so close and long in the Factory; but now they
had become delicate and sickly. . . .
Source: Robert Agnew, M.D., "Observations on the State of the Children in Cotton Mills,"
Manchester, March 23, 1818
According to Dr. Agnew, what is one impact the Industrial Revolution liad on children? [l]
Score
Domestic System of Making Cloth
Source: Farah and Karis, World History: Ttie Human Experience, Section Focus Transparencies,
Glencoe McGraw-Hill (adapted)
Based on diis chart, how is ck)tli produced in the domestic system?
[l]
Score
Use of Inventions in the Factory System
Merchant
buys raw
wool from
sheep raiser'
and sells to
factory
Carding machines comb
the raw wool and Samuel
Crompton's spinning
machine, called the mule,
is powered by water and
spins thread
Source: Drawn by T. Allom
Fabric is shipped
to markets
Ink rollers are used
to add designs to
fabric
Based on this chart, how is ck)th produced in the factor)' system?
Edmund Cartwright's automatic
power loom weaves thread into
cloth
[l]
Score
/j
f^Based
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
Population Density: Great Britain, 1801
Population Density: Great Britain, 1851
People per $q. km,
~1
0 to 40
40 to 130
;| More Than 130
"o"
Cities
•
Large City
50
100 Miles
Source: World Civilizations:
Sources, Images, and Interpretations, McGraw-Hill (adapted)
on these maps, state one change that occurred in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution, [l]
Score
A
H
Selected Factors of Industrial Production in Great Britain
1820 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855
1860
Year
20000 r-
1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895
1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900
1900
Year
Year
Source: Brian Mitcliell, AhstracX of British IHistorical Statistics, Cambridge University Press, 1962 (adapted)
What do these graphs imply about die effect of steam-powered machinery on industrial production in
Great Britain? [l]
Score
The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters
Source: The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century, Highsmith, 2000 (adapted)
Which effect of the Industrial Revolution is implied by this cartoon? [l]
700s
The Chinese
start printing with
woodblocl<s.
A.D. 500
1200s
The Koreans begin
experimenting with
movable type.
A.D.
1500
More than 1,000
printers are active
in Europe.
1868
The monotype machine is patented. It
combines a typewriter-lil<e l<eyboard
with a type casting unit to create
individual letters at the stroke of a
finger.
A.D. 1501
1000
1456
Gutenberg's
42-line Bible
is finished.
000
1980s
Computerized typesetting is
created at video screens,
storing text and illustrations
on a computer disk.
Late 1800s
More efficient
printing presses
are developed,
including self-inking
capabilities and
some motorization.
Source: Stephen Krensky, Breal<ing Into Print, Before and After the invention of the Printing Press,
Little, Brown and Company, 1996 (adapted)
Based on this document, state two advances in printing technology that took place between 500 and
2000. [2]
Score