Download WEstER EUROPE I

Name ___________________________ Date _________
CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
107
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: ACfING- AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
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• Research the economic, political, cultural, and religious influences of the Byzantine Empire on Russia and other countries in
Eastern Europe. Then write a short paragraph summarizing the
information you have found.
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WEstER EUROPE I
While the Byzantine Empire survived as a center of
classical culture, important changes were taking place
in Western Europe. Historians sometimes refer to this
period of history, from the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. to
the 1400s, as the "Middle Ages" or medieval period
- the period between ancient and modern times.
THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
Beyond Rome 's frontiers lived
Germanic tribes like the Goths,
Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians, and Franks. The Romans
considered these peoples to be
uncivilized "barbarians." The
Romans considered anyone to
be a barbarian who came from a
foreign, non-Roman culture.
ATLANTIC
OCEA N
In the 4th century, a war-like
tribe known as the Huns moved
from Central Asia to Europe. As
the Huns moved into Europe,
they forced the Germanic tribes
to move westward. These Germanic tribes in tum pushed forward into the Roman Empire.
Name
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
The Visigoths were permitted by the Romans to enter the empire to escape the Huns.
Later, the Visigoths turned against the Romans. The Visigoths defeated the Roman army
and sacked the city of Rome in 410 A.D. They were assisted in defeating the Romans by the
many Germanic slaves inside the city.
After a period of invasions, Germanic tribes then established their own kingdoms in
many parts of the former Roman Empire. The Angles and Saxons invaded England; the
Visigoths moved westward to Spain; the Lombards occupied northern Italy, and the Franks
took Gaul (present-day France).
The constant warfare of this period disrupted trade across Europe. Travel became unsafe
because of violence. Bridges and roads fell into disrepair. Cities and towns were abandoned. Bandits roamed freely. Life became increasingly rural and unsafe. Wealthy families
moved out of towns to the safety of fortified homes in the countryside. People gave up their
interest in learning. Shortages of food and goods grew. Churches and monasteries became
the only places where people could read and write.
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: ACfIN& AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
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Use your local library or the Internet to learn more about one of
the groups shown on the map on the previous page, such as the
Goths, Slavs, or Saxons. Then create a chaIt showing their major ~I!.!!!'
characteristics, their unique skills, and where they originated
from. Include illustrations in your chart.
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THE RISE OF THE FRANKS
The Franks established the largest of
the new Germanic kingdoms in what
is now France. Charles Martel, a
powerful nobleman, helped unite the
Franks. In 732, at the Battle of Tours,
Martel stopped the advance of Islam
from Spain into France.
In 751 , his son Pepin seized power
and became King of the Franks. With
the support of the Pope, Pepin marched
across the Alps and took control of
Northern Italy. Frankish kings created
a powerful army by granting lands to
their nobles in exchange for service in
the king's army with their knights.
At the Battle of Tours. Martel halted
the adl'ance of Islam into Ellrope.
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CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
109
THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE
Pepin's son, Charlemagne, became king in 768. Charlemagne expanded the practice of
giving land to his nobles in exchange for their promises of loyalty and service. At the same
time, his nobles gave land to their knights in exchange for similar promises. Peasants gave
up their rights to their local lords for better security. They offered services "in kind," providing firewood, livestock and crops.
Charlemagne enlarged his kingdom to include France, Germany, Holland, Belgium,
and Northern Italy. Charlemagne established a new capital at Aachen, which he turned into
a center of learning. He constructed a beautiful palace in imitation of the imperial court of
Rome. He used riches from his conquests to attract scholars to his palace school for children of the nobility.
At the request of the Pope, Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire" in 800. This step announced to the world that Western Europe was now independent from the Byzantine emperor. The coronation of Charlemagne also signified the new
political and religious unity of Western Europe under the concept of Christendom. After
Charlemagne's death, his empire was divided among his sons.
EUROPE FACES NEW THREATS
The division of Charlemagne's empire occurred just as Europeans were facing new threats.
From the east, Slavs and Magyars invaded the lands of Germany, France, and Italy. From
North Africa, Muslims attacked Southern Italy. The greatest threat came from the Vikings
-- fierce warriors and sailors from Scandinavia in Northern Europe. They sailed south in
search of trade, loot, and land.
Between 800 and 1000, the Vikings launched repeated assaults on the coasts of Western
Europe, often committing brutal atrocities. Although spreading fear and destruction, the
Vikings also created new trade routes. Their longboats were easy to maneuver and could
sail in heavy seas or close to the land. In many places, they created new settlements -- such
as the Danelaw in Northern England, Normandy in France, and their own communities on
the island of Siciliy.
How did the collapse of central authority have continuing effects on Western Europe?
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
FEUDAL SOCIEty (800-1400)
To protect themselves from violence and to provide for basic economic needs, people
throughout Western Europe adopted the system introduced by the Franks. Kings offered
nobles a grant of land, known as a feud or fief, in exchange for loyalty and service. The nobleman, known as the vassal, gave homage (allegiance) to the king. This new order, known as
feudalism, helped people survive the breakdown of central government and order.
Feudalism in Europe was characterized by a number of key social, political, and economic relationships:
SOCIAL
A major characteristic of
feudal society was the
development of a strict
c lass structure based on the
control of land and military
power. People born as serfs,
knights, or lords could not
change their social position. Local lords (nobles)
were given land by their
rulers in exchange for military service. These lords
had their own small armies
of knights - armed warriors on horseback.
Medieval knights practice their fightin g skills.
POLITICAL
Under the feudal system, the leading nobles controlled political life. They built large castles for their own protection, often rivaling those of the king in size . They surrounded
themselves with armed knights. The king relied on his nobles for his own army, and the
nobles often fought among themselves or challenged the king's authority. Civil wars were
frequent, and powerful nobles often grabbed land for themselves.
ECONOMIC
During feudalism, most people lived on manors. A manor consisted of the lord's house
and the peasants living in the surrounding territory. This aspect of the feudal system is also
sometimes known as manorialism. Each manor produced its own food, clothing, and shelter. Manors varied in size, depending on their lord 's wealth. Every noble had at least one
manor, but some powerful or wealthy nobles had many manors. For example, in England
there were more than 9,000 manors.
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CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
111
Peasant fanners known as serfs gave their lord part of their harvest in return for the
use of land and other services. The lord protected the serfs from attacks by outsiders. Each
lord had almost complete power over the serfs who lived on his manor. The lord could pass
laws, require labor, and act as a judge. Serfs were bound to the land and had no voice in
most matters.
Farming in the Middle Ages. Fanners lacked specific knowledge of how to enrich the
soil or rotate crops. Each year, only two-thirds of the land was usually cultivated, letting
the other third remain fallow (uncultivated), so that it could recover its fertility. This was
known as the three-field system. One field was devoted to winter crops, a second to summer crops, and a third lay fallow each year. Fann animals were often small. Bad weather
and a poor harvest could lead to famine and death. For example, during the Great Famine
of 1315 to 1322, large numbers of people across Europe died.
FIEL[) 3: PUlNr£[J
Peasant Life-Styles. Peasant fanners produced the food used by medieval society.
Most worked long hours to grow enough food to survive each year. Although most peasants
were fanners, some were millers, blacksmiths, and tavern owners. Life revolved around
the agrarian calendar. Most of the time was spent working the land. Church feasts marked
sowing and reaping days. Peasants lived in small towns or nearby fanns on their lord's
manor. A typical peasant home was a two-room cottage with walls of dried mud, plastered
branches, and straw. The cottage often had a roof of thatch. Rooms had earthen floors and
a few furnishings, such as a stool, table, and a chest to hold clothes. Stacks of straw served
as beds for the entire family. Water was drawn from a nearby well or stream. Ventilation
was poor. Pigs and other fann animals often lived inside the house.
WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE AGES
During the Middle Ages, the role of women was detennined by the attitudes of the Catholic
Church and the nobility. Women were supposed to be obedient to men. Women's inferior status
was often blamed on the Biblical story of Eve's disobedience in the Garden of Eden.
Name
112
Date _________
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
Medieval people lived in extended families. Nobles maintained large households; related peasants lived close to one
another. Women of all social classes gave birth to a large number of children, but many children died in infancy.
Women's life-styles varied according to their social status.
Noble women spent most of their time in prayer and in domestic chores such as sewing and embroidery. Among the nobility,
only a handful of women received an education. Among the
peasants, a close partnership often existed between a husband
and wife. Both worked side-by-side in the fields . Women ran
the home and looked after the livestock.
•• ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN
•• Imagine you are a medieval noble or peasant. Write a short movie
•• script showing what life was like on a typical day. Include a
: description of the setting and some dialogue. You can search for
• additional information about medieval life in your school library
•• or on the Internet.
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THE AGE OF FAITH
During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church remained the single most powerful
organization in Western Europe. There were many reasons for this:
REASONS FOR THE CHURCH'S POWER
The Role of Faith. People were
very religIOUS. They believed
the Church represented God and
held the power to send a person 0 Heaven or Hell. Most fel
united by their common faith.
Power and Wealth. Many nobles
le land to he Church when
hey died, hoping 0 gain entry
in 0 Heaven. The Church became
Europe's larges
landowner.
Church wealth also increased
through tithes (church taxes).
Center of learning. The Church
was he main center of learning.
Church officials were usually h
only people who could read and
wri e. Rulers often relied on
Church officials, since they w re
he most educa ed people.
The head of the Catholic Church was the Pope in Rome. The Pope was regarded as the
successor of St. Peter, leader of the apostles after the death of Jesus. Catholics believed the
Pope had inherited the role of Peter in running the Church. The Pope governed the Church
with the help of cardinals, bishops and other church officials. The Church controlled enormous amounts of land throughout Europe. The Church also possessed monasteries, abbeys,
and convents, where monks and nuns spent their lives devoted to prayer.
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(HAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
113
TWO CHRISTIAN THINKERS
Two Christian thinkers who had a great influence on the Middle
Ages were St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. St. Augustine
(354-430) lived at the time of the fall of Rome. In The City of
God, Augustine asks why God is letting barbarians destroy the
Christian civilization of Rome. He concludes that no earthly
city, like Rome, can last forever. Only the "City of God" in
Heaven is eternal. Because our understanding is limited, he
said we must put our faith in God, who will reward us in the
afterlife.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) lived 800 years after
St. Augustine. His most famous book, Summa Theologica,
provided a summary of Christian beliefs. Aquinas wrote at a
time when Muslim and Jewish scholars had just discovered
lost works by Aristotle. Some Christian scholars felt such preChristian thinkers had no value. Aquinas showed how these
works by Aristotle were compatible with Christian teachings.
Aquinas said that God had given man the power of reason to
help him explain and interpret the world. Therefore, we should
trust reason as well as faith.
St. Augustine
Aquinas also believed in the existence of "natural law"
- universal laws independent of any laws passed by government. These laws are based on reason. Our reason tells us what
we must do in order to "do good and to avoid evil." Aquinas
believed that we can use our understanding of natural law to
St. Thomas Aquinas
evaluate the laws of governments. If a human law conflicts
with natural law, it is not a law and we do not have to obey it. "Laws of this kind are acts
of violence rather than laws." Aquinas believed that citizens even have the right to remove
rulers who continually enact unjust laws. Although Aquinas thought a ruler's power came
from God, he felt this power came from God through the people.
APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LE R ED
Why do you think the teachings of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas were
important to people in the Middle Ages?
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Name
114
Date _________
MASTERING TH E TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
THE CRUSADES
The power and influence of the Catholic
Church in the Middle
Ages can be seen in
its ability to carry out
a "holy war" against
Muslims. For hundreds
of years, Christian pilgrims had regularly
visited
Jerusalem,
where the sacred events
depicted in the Bible
were believed to have
taken place. However,
in the 11 th century,
the Seljuk Turks took
control of the "Holy
Land" and drove out
Christian pilgrims.
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THE CALL TO FREE THE HOLY LAND
In 1095, Pope Urban II received a plea
from the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople for help against the threat of a
Muslim invasion. Shocked and angered
at the possibility of Constantinople's
falling to the Muslims, Urban II called
on all Christians in Europe to unite and
fight a holy Crusade - a war to recapture the Holy Land from its Muslim rulers. The Church promised salvation to
all who participated.
The word "Crusade" meant "war of
the cross." Crusaders fought under the
European Christians set off to recapture the
banner of a red cross against a white
Holy Land durin g the Crusades.
background. The Crusades brought rulers and nobles from different parts of Europe together in a common cause. Pilgrims, wives,
and children of many knights accompanied the Crusader army on its long journey from
different parts of Europe to Constantinople and then southward to the Holy Land. Many
of the participants died of hunger or disease along the way. Several Crusades were fought
over the next two centuries.
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CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
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ACflNt AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
Read the following primary source, a speech by the Pope Urban II.
Then answer the question that follows.
•
Pope Urban 11'5 Sermon Calling for the First Crusade:
"Begin . he journey to he Holy Sepulcher; conquer ha land which the wicked
have seized, the land given by God to the children of Israel and which, as the
Scripture says, 'is all milk and honey: Undertake this journey for [forgiveness] of
your sins, with the promise of 'glory which will not fade' in Heaven . When you
make an armed attack on the enemy, let all those on God's side cry out, 'God
wills it!'"
•
Source: The Crusades: A Documentary Survey, James A. Brundage, ed.
What were some of the reasons that inspired Europeans to take part in the Crusades?
.
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Although the Crusaders never achieved more than a temporary control of Jerusalem,
the Crusades had many important effects:
THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
Ideas and Products.
Europeans had greater exposure
to new ideas. such as he use of
zero in mathematics. and to foreign products. such as silk. nee,
spices, coffee. perfumes, co on
cloth, raisins. and glass mirrors.
New
Increased Trade. The European
demand for foreign products. like
spices. sugar. Lemons and rugs
eventually led to increased trade
with the Middle East as well as
WI h other parts of he world.
I
Growth of Intolerance. The
Crusades led to the Chn an persecu 'on of Jews and Muslims.
as weLL as to the Muslim persecution of Chris ian.
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES
During the later Middle Ages , Europe underwent gradual changes. Trade first revived
when merchants displayed their goods at fairs , often inside a castle's walls. Trade slowly
increased and cities along trade routes grew. The Crusades increased interest in luxury
goods from the East. A new merchant class arose in the towns. Merchants and craftsmen
organized into powerful associations known as guilds. New inventions, like better watermills, windmills and mechanical clocks, improved life. Cities like Bologna and Paris
founded the first universities.
Name
116
Date _________
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
Throughout the Middle Ages, important towns had often competed to build the largest
church or cathedral. The later Middle Ages saw the introduction of a new art style. The first
Gothic church was built in France in 1231. Its pointed arches, high spires, and beautiful
stained glass windows were designed to give worshippers the feeling that they were being
transported to another world.
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:• ACfING- AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
•
• Examine the photographs below.
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The Greek Parthenon
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Chartres Cathedral
What characteristics make these two buildings alike? How are they different?
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ENGLISH POLITICAL TRADITIONS
In the Middle Ages, England developed traditions of liberty and limited self-government
that were unique in Europe.
Magna Carta. In 1215, the English nobles (known as barons) rebelled against the taxes
and forced loans being collected by King John. They were helped by the Church and
towns. John was forced to sign an agreement promising not to take away any free man 's
property or to imprison any free man without following procedures established by the laws
of the land. The Magna Carta guaranteed all free men the right to a trial by jury, and further forced the king to obtain the consent of a council of nobles for most new taxes.
Parliament. Later English kings summoned nobles and representatives of the towns to
grant them new taxes. This led to the origins of Parliament.
Ell
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ __
CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
117
(ii
LEARNI G WITH GRAPH C ORGA IZERS '
Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the effects of feudalism on Western
Europe.
FEUDALISM
._ -- - - - ,
Economic
Political
Social
Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the influence of the Catholic Church
during the Middle Ages.
OLE OF THE CHURCH
Po
Learning and Art
/---
Crusades
Name
118
Date _________
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
p------------------------------y------------------------------.
Byzantine Empire
People in the Middle Ages
.. Emperor Constantine moved the capital
from Rome to Constantinople in 330 A.D.
. . Constantinople was located on the land
route between Europe and Asia.
. . Lasted for almost 1,000 years.
.. Religion. They developed their own form
of Christianity known as Eastern Orthodox
Christianity .
.. End of Empire. Over time, the Byzantine
Empire gradually lost its territories. In 1453,
the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the
Ottoman Turks.
Certain individuals had a major impact.
.. St. Augustine. Appealed to faith in God.
.. Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman
Emperor at Aachen in 800 A.D., expanded
the empire, and revived learning .
.. St. Thomas Aquinas argued men could
judge government laws against natural law
and could overthrow unjust rulers .
.. King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215.
It guaranteed Englishmen the right to a trial
and required consent of the nobles before
passing any new taxes.
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Feudalism
Age of Faith: Catholic Church
Feudalism arose in Europe out of the chaos after
the fall of Rome. It provided security and protection in a period of great turmoil.
.. Social System. Society was divided between
the king, nobles, knights, and serfs. Lords
gave land to vassals in exchange for service.
.. Political System. The king ruled with the
advice of his leading nobles. The nobles
served the king with their knights, armed
warriors on horses.
.. Economic System. (Manorialism) Serfs
worked on the land of their lord. Most people lived on a self-sufficient manor.
.. The Catholic Church was the most powerful
organization in Western Europe. The Pope
was the head of the Church.
• Christians believed the Church held power
to send persons to Heaven or Hell.
• Church was the main center of learning.
• Church wealth grew as many nobles who
died left their land to the Church in order
to gain entry to Heaven.
.. Crusades. Christian Europeans challenged
Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The
Crusades increased interest in trade with the
East.
Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.
Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
"The Peace of God declared that feudal warfare could not take place on church property,
and it promised sanctuary in churches and abbeys to fugitives from combat. The Truce
of God forbade fighting from Wednesday evening until Monday morning, on holidays,
and during the religious seasons of Christmas and Lent. ... "
Name ______________________ Date _________
CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
1
The
A
B
C
D
119
main idea of this passage is that war was limited to religious holidays
religion was dictated by custom and feudal law
landlords determined when warfare took place
the Church limited where and when Christians could fight
the question. This question tests your ability to interpret a document. .!SECALL what you know. The document shows the
gXAMINE
power of the Church over medieval society. It describes the Peace of
God and the Truce of God. These were plans and periods that specined where and when Christians could not nght. ApPLY what you know.
Choice A and Choice B are not stated in the passage. Choice C is inaccurate since it was the Church not landlords that limited when wars
took place. Choice D is the best answer, since it states in brief the main
message of the passage: the Church could limit when people fought.
Now try answering some additional questions on your own.
2
"Western Europe went into a long, deep sleep. Learning was found only in the religious orders. Fear and chaos reigned." What period in history does this statement by a
historian best describe?
F the early rise of Christianity
G the start of the Crusades
H Western Europe after the fall of Rome
J the rise of Islam
3
Two immediate results of the fall of the Roman Empire were A renewed interests in education and the arts
B a period of economic disorder and weak central government
C the growth of cities and the emergence by the middle class
D an increase in trade and improvements in manufacturing
4
In Western Europe, which development was the cause of the other three?
F Warfare disrupted trade throughout Europe.
G Travel became unsafe because of violence.
H Cities, towns and villages were abandoned.
J The Roman Empire was invaded and collapsed.
5
In the Byzantine Empire, one important feature of life was the development ofA Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Hi 4(A)
B social and political equality
C Islam
D civil service examinations
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
Use the map on the right and your
knowledge of social studies to
answer the following question.
6
.
Based on the information provided in this map, which statement about Constantinople is
accurate?
F
Africans traded more
goods in Constantinople
than in any other area.
G Constantinople was a city
located directly on the
Mediterranean Sea.
H Gold was the primary
commodity that China
sent to Constantinople.
J Constantinople was an
important trading center.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE A HUB OF 11th CENTURY WORLD TRADE
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7
Which is the most valid generalization about the impact of the Crusades?
A They strengthened the power of the serfs in Europe.
B They increased trade between Europe and Asia.
C They brought European influence to Africa.
D They promoted the idea of religious freedom.
Cult
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8
What did the caste system in India and the feudal system in Europe have in common?
F encouragement of trade between neighboring countries
Hist 4(C)
G a strong emphasis on the acquisition of wealth
H a strong belief in social equality
J a division of society into hereditary social classes
9
Which statement best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Western
Europe during the Middle Ages?
A The Church encouraged individuals to question authority.
B Church leaders were limited solely to spiritual activities.
C The Church gained influence as the world became more secular.
D The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.
10 Which institution served as the main unifying force of medieval Western Europe?
Hi t 4(A)
F legislature
G monarchy
-H church
J military
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Name ______________________ Date _________
CHAPTER 8: The Middle Ages in Europe
121
11 What was the primary characteristic of feudal society in medieval Europe?
A a representative government
B economic equality for all
C protection of individual rights
D an exchange of land for services
Use the two passages below and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following
question.
"The medieval Crusades were taken [by
some modem writers] and turned into
something that they never really were in
the first place. They were turned into an
attempt to bring the fruits of European
civilization to the Middle East, when, in
fact, during the Middle Ages the great
sophisticated and wealthy power was the
Muslim world."
" ... For many in the contemporary Arab
world, the Crusades are viewed as having begun nearly a millennium of conflict
with what would become the West. The
Crusades are seen as representing the
constant threat of Western encroachment
[aggression]. But many scholars say that
is an inaccurate view of the Crusades."
-
Mike Shuster, reporter
- Thomas Madden, St. Louis University, History of
Relations between the West and Middle East
12 These statements indicate that the history of the Crusades F has been neglected by experts
G was of little importance
H remains a subject of modem debate and interpretation
J illustrates the importance of tolerance and understanding
13 In Western Europe, feudalism developed after the A turmoil of repeated invasions
B Renaissance began
C city of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks
D Mongols invaded
14 Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire becauseF it was a religious center for Muslims
G the Pope had made it the capital of the Christian world
H it was geographically isolated from surrounding empires
J a Roman emperor had moved the capital of the empire eastwards
15 A major goal of the Catholic Church during the Crusades (1096-1291) was toA unite Arab peoples
_
B establish Christianity in Western Europe
C capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers
D strengthen the power of European rulers
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
THE ISLAMIC WORLD
AND AFRICA
9·
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• History 1 (C) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the ...
ITEKS~
development of [the] Islamic caliphates and their impact on Asia, Africa, and <::----_J (OVERED IN
Europe ... .
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CHAPTER 9
• History 4(0) Explain the political, economic, and social impact of Islam on
Europe, Asia, and Africa.
\
• History 4(E) Describe the interactions between Musli m, Christian , and Jewish
societies in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
• History 4(1) Explain the development of the slave trade.
• History 4(J) Ana lyze how ... the African gold-salt trade facilitated the spread of ideas and trade.
• Culture 23 (A) Describe the historical origins, central ideas, and spread of major religious, and
philosophical traditions, including Islam .. .
• Culture 23 (B) Identify examples of religious influence on various events referenced in the
major eras of world history.
• Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras
of wo rld history.
• Culture 25(0) Explain how Islam influences law and government in the Muslim world.
• Science, Technology, and Society 27 (A) Identify the origin and diffusion of major ideas in
mathematics, science, and technology that occurred in the Islamic caliphates between 700 and
1200 ....
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In this chapter, you willleam about developments in the Middle East and Africa during the
post-classical era.
Ess
AL QUESTIONS
What are the major beliefs of Islam?
What were the politica~ economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture?
What were the major civilizations of Africa in this period?
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Arabiatt Pulittsula
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Quratt (Koran)
Five Pillar of Isla
Sutttti / Shiite Muslilft'
Savatttta
kid-Salt Trade
122
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Mattsa Musa
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