Download Biogeography 3/e

Biogeography
Chapter 11
History of Lineages and Biotas
Figure 11.1 A hypothetical phylogeny, the only illustration Darwin
included in The Origin of Species
11.2 An evolutionary classification and reconstructed phylogeny of living vertebrates
Agnatha – A class of jawless fish
Placodermi – Jawless fish with boney
protective plates
Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fish
Osteichthyes – Boney fish
Aves - Birds
Molecular Clocks
► Molecular
biologists can use an estimated
constant rate of evolution for proteins and
DNA to determine the history of lineages.
§
§
§
§
Still a controversial technique
Calibrated from known fossil record
Tested against other lines of evidence
Can be used as a model for when to search for
important fossils.
11.8 Diagnostic fossils and rates of molecular divergence demonstrate that divergence from a
common ancestor happened 310 million years ago
11.8 Diagnostic fossils and rates of molecular divergence. Developing a model to examine the
rates of molecular divergence
11.9 Phylogeny and estimated divergence times of 12 known linyphiid spiders on the Hawaiian
Islands
Phylogeography
►
►
►
►
►
Systematics – The study of the evolutionary relationships
between organisms
Monophyletic – A group of organisms that include an
ancestral taxon and all of its descendents
Paraphyletic – A group that includes an ancestral taxon
and some but not all of its descendents
Polyphyletic – A grouping different from above that is an
artificial taxon
Clade – A monophyletic evolutionary branch
Figure 11.10 Gene trees embedded within population trees
Figure 11.11 Phylogeography as a bridge between traditionally separate concerns of
microevolution
Oldest known bat fossil
(Icaronycteris index) from the
Green River Shale in Wyoming at
about 50 Million Years BP
11.17 Estimated area of potentially fossil-bearing sedimentary geological strata of varying ages
Paleoecology
► Fossils
can be used as mileposts along the
path of evolution
► Provides a temporal perspective to the
changes ecological systems
► Geological provenance can tell us about
past environments
11.19 Fossil localities of camels (family Camelidae) from the Pleistocene in western North America
11.20 Information from the fossil record is essential for interpreting biogeographic history with this
example of lungfishes (Lepidoseriformes)
11.21 Distribution of limestone, indicating past location of shallow marine waters and coral reefs
11.22 (A) Geographic distribution, and (B) mtDNA phylogeny for a group of closely related species
of leaf-eared mouse (Part 1)
11.22 (A) Geographic distribution, and (B) mtDNA phylogeny for a group of closely related species
of leaf-eared mouse (Part 2)
11.17 Estimated volume of potentially fossil-bearing sedimentary geological strata of varying ages
11.3 A cladogram showing nested monophyletic groups within the Vertebrata
11.4 Cladograms illustrating monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups (Part 1)
11.4 Cladograms illustrating monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups (Part 2)
11.4 Cladograms illustrating monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups (Part 3)
11.5 Simple phylogenetic tree illustrating the concepts of ingroup, outgroups, and sister group
11.6 Morphological phylogeny placing 66–68 million-year old fossil bird Vegavis iiai in the waterfowl
11.7 An illustration of the hierarchical nature of phylogeny
11.12 Illustration of five possible categories of phylogeographic pattern (Part 1)
11.12 Illustration of five possible categories of phylogeographic pattern (Part 2)
11.13 Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic tree for mtDNA haplotypes of the Tailed frog (Part 1)
11.13 Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic tree for mtDNA haplotypes of the Tailed frog (Part 2)
11.14 Unrooted haplotype networks within and among three species of elephant
11.15 A gene tree that differs from the “true” phylogenetic relationships among species
11.16 A phylogenetic hypothesis for the family-level relationships and evolutionary history of South
American marsupials