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mwh10a-RSG-01pro_5-14_P3 12/16/2003 10:20 AM Page 7 Name ______________________________________________________________ PROLOGUE Section 2 (pages 12–17) Judeo-Christian Tradition BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the development of democracy in Greece and Rome. In this section, you will learn about the teachings of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. AS YOU READ Use this chart to take notes on the ways that Judaism, Christianity, Islam, the Renaissance, and the Reformation contributed to the idea of individualism. Date ______________________ TERMS AND NAMES Judaism Religion of the Hebrews Ten Commandments Written code of laws Christianity Religion founded by Jesus Islam Religion founded by the prophet Muhammad Roman Catholic Church Church that developed from Christianity Renaissance Cultural movement that started in Italy in the 1300s and spread throughout Europe Reformation Religious reform movement that began in the 16th century RELIGION/MOVEMENT CONTRIBUTION Judaism each person responsible for the choices he or she makes Christianity Islam © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Renaissance Reformation Judaism (pages 12–13) What was Judaism? The Hebrews were the ancient people who developed Judaism. People are the children of God according to the Hebrew Bible. (The Hebrew Bible is the Old Testament in Christianity.) Unlike other groups of people around them, Hebrews believed in one god. Hebrews also believed that God gave people the freedom to choose between good and evil. Therefore, each person was responsible for the choices he or she made. These beliefs led to a new emphasis on the worth of the individual. The Hebrews came to be known as the Jews. They developed a written code of law. It was called the Ten Commandments. The Bible says that God gave these laws to Moses in about 1200 B.C. These laws focused more on morality and ethics than they did on politics. The Hebrews believed in acting responsibly toward others. They thought that the community should help the less fortunate. The prophets of Judaism hoped for a world without poverty or PROLOGUE THE LEGACY OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME 7 mwh10a-RSG-01pro_5-14_P4 12/16/2003 10:20 AM Page 8 injustice. Prophets were leaders and teachers believed by the Jews to be messengers from God. 2. How did Judaism and Christianity spread throughout the world? 1. What were two beliefs of Judaism? Renaissance and Reformation How did Christianity and Islam start? Jesus was born during 6 to 4 B.C. At this time, the Romans ruled Judea, the homeland of the Jews. Jesus began to preach at the age of 30. His preaching contained many ideas from Jewish tradition, including the Ten Commandments. He also stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and themselves. When Jesus and his teachings seemed to threaten the power both of the Jewish priests and the Romans, they put him to death. In the first century after Jesus’s death, his followers started a new religion based on his messages. It was called Christianity. The apostle Paul was important in spreading this religion. He preached that all human beings were equal. The Romans opposed both Judaism and Christianity. But these religions spread throughout the Roman Empire. When the Jews rebelled against the Romans, they were forced from their homeland. The Jews then fled to many parts of the world. They carried their beliefs with them. As Christianity expanded, it became a powerful religion within the empire. By 380, it had become the empire’s official religion. Islam was another religion that believed in one god. It started in southwest Asia in the early 600s. This religion, too, taught that all people were equal. It also believed in the worth of the individual and the responsibility of the community to help its unfortunate members. Several beliefs of these three religions helped to shape democratic ideas. These beliefs included: • the duty of individuals and the community to help oppressed people • the worth of the individual • the equality of people before God (pages 16–17) How did the Renaissance and Reformation help democracy? The Roman Catholic Church was the church that developed from early Christianity. By the Middle Ages, it was the most powerful institution in Europe. It influenced all parts of life. In the 1300s, a cultural movement called the Renaissance spread through Europe. This movement led to an interest in the works of the Greeks and the Romans. Renaissance thinkers were concerned about earthly life. They did not think about it as a preparation for life after death. The Renaissance also focused on the importance of the individual. Artists focused on capturing individual character. Explorers went out to find new lands. Merchants took many risks to gain huge wealth. The Renaissance also led people to question the Church. This questioning caused the Reformation. The Reformation was a protest movement against the power of the Church. It started out as a call for reform. It ended up producing a new division of Christianity—Protestantism. The Reformation began in Germany. Martin Luther criticized the Church for selling pardons for sins. He also disagreed with the Church in its teaching that people were saved by grace and good works. Luther said people could be saved only through faith in God. Soon, many new Protestant faiths sprang up. Protestant ideas strengthened the belief in the importance of the individual. In Protestant faiths, the clergy did not have special powers. People could find their own way to God. They could read and interpret the Bible for themselves. The Reformation broke apart the religious unity of Europe. It challenged the authority of Catholic monarchs and popes. It contributed to the growth of democracy. 3. How did the Reformation contribute to the growth of democracy? 8 PROLOGUE SECTION 2 © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Christianity; Islam (pages 14–15)