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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 2120-2123 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Evaluation of the Relationship Between Culture and Traditional Architecture and its Effects on Design Quality Improvement. Gholamali Karimi Hessam Master of Architecture Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran. El-Din Sotoue Associate Professor Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad university, Qeshm, Iran. (2). The aim of this project is to provide an explanation with which one can access an architecture which accommodate with cultural features of its era and steps into fulfill the traditional needs of its users. The following question is in this regard: What is the relationship between culture and traditional architecture? Abstract In the past, the tribal, racial and ethnic differences, distances, class borders, climate, land, religions had effects on architecture and it resulted in forming different patterns of life styles, living space, invocation buildings and also residences. But the revolutions of the present decade creates differences in some of the life views and social culture and architecture has no time match with culture. This article aims at finding the relationship between culture and traditional architecture using logical reasoning method and previous studies and provide an explanation of culture according to the researchers and scientists of different scopes via creating a logical arrangement. Then the traditional architecture will be explained and by using the important extracted features from the concept of culture and traditional architecture, the relationship between culture and traditional architecture will be mentioned as a result. Culture has always been a directing factor for creating unique methods in architecture, especially the traditional one. Culture While every society and thinking provides its own explanation of culture based on its worldview, many concepts and meanings can be assigned to culture. Here we name only some of them. Ali Akbar Dehkhoda provides this meaning for culture “Farhang”: it is a Persian word containing the elements of “far” and “hang” which means front heaviness. Hassan Amid explains culture as the knowledge of educating scientific and literature works of an ethnic or nation and a combination of beliefs, myths, and folkloric lyrics of a land. The Latina word “culture” which means to worship, in fact means to respect. Some years later this word was used in the meaning of cultivation and then in the meaning of growing the soul. Al last, in 19th century this word has taken into use for describing open-mindedness and aesthetic aspects of civilization. According to Taylor’s theory in 1871 in the “primary Culture” book, culture includes: the collection of sciences, knowledge, arts, beliefs and thoughts, ethics, principles, traditions and other habits which an individual learns as a member of a society{4} It can be extracted from Taylor’s description that culture is a complex collection, a chain of combined activities. Religious traditions, ethnics, art, cookery, tailoring and social behaviors completes this collection. Culture is Adventitious and a collective phenomena. Hiller describes culture as: beliefs, systems of thinking, scientific techniques, life style, traditions and all the behavioral methods which is organized by the society is culture. According to this explanation “culture includes all the behaviors and activities among peoples of a society and is learnt from a social group but does not include those behaviors which are congenital” {4}DaryoushAshouri, one of the Iranian sociologists, believe that culture is nothing but the complex of human experiences during time. He says that: culture gives a “world” to human via direct and indirect Keywords: culture, architecture, traditional architecture Introduction According to Motyosis, architecture is the means of evaluating a nation’s culture {3}. Each nation’s culture indicates how thespaces had been formed. Culture in present in architecture in many ways. As an example, architecture can be present in the forms of elements, patterns, decorations and mass compounds. Architecture has the responsibility to subjectivize a mental concept via its visual form which is a way of indicating culture. The role of culture has always been more in organizing cultural, religious and public places. According to Powel Elior, traditional architecture is a type of architecture which grows from inside the societies and accommodates itself with social, climate and technological situations over time and improves and is harmonious with the values, economy and life styles of its culture. In other words, architecture is by people not for them {1}Doubtlessly, the responses of traditional architecture which is a type of permanent architecture is formed in order to fulfill the needs of residents in other cultures. Expressing architecture differs in different societies and cultures and can have a unique form in different cultures 2120 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 2120-2123 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com tradition and places him in his own world in which he can find his human identity The term “culture” has different meanings and has many meanings in its historical travel including: politeness, upbringing, knowledge, cognition, tradition, scientific and literature works of a nation, dictionary, art, goodness, power, education, training, schools and ideology {5} Blonette, one of the intercultural sociologists, introduces culture as: “a special type of cognition which is used by members of a society in order to give meaning to their behavior. They make their behavior acceptable and explainable in this way {6} Features of Culture {7} Culture reveals in compromising interaction. Culture has mutual elements. Culture is conveyed over different periods of different generations. Values are the essence of culture. Culture is life structure and life index thinking. Culture is a tradition for all the people of a society and doesn’t belong to a special group, therefore this activity is different in different groups. Culture is changing. One of the reasons of this changing is the relation of cultures whose aim is cultural revolution. This type of cultural convey is done by being in contact. The cultural differences and number of cultures lesson every day by cultural contacts but the cultural disagreements will remain until there are different groups of people. The other type of cultural changing is centralized on cultural intentional aspects and is done by inventing elements of culture and then deepens by effecting on public and private elements. Because of cultural changing and revolution, a cultural activity is a very dynamic activity which results in progression. According to Kant, acculturation is possible via two ways of art and science and the way of cultural conveying in generations is education and via observation and examination. The relationship between culture and education has two dimensions: the first one is the revolutionary form of culture which is given to the younger minds. The second one is the developmental phase of culture and the young minds are trained to accept and refine it. Therefore, the aim of culture education is to convey cultural heritage, evaluation of its value and development of cultural heritage; education or training is a process in which society tries to distribute its culture to all its members and it is a one-sided and supplying communicative process. Distribution includes acknowledging people and training them and changing the people’s behaviors which is a communicative supplying and demanding. Cultural survive depends on communication and communication is the way of cultural activity, culture is the product of communication and culture is the indicator of communication structure. Cultural development includes learning, act and evaluation debate, which is a continuous process using forming interpretations and ideas. Traditional architecture includes houses and other buildings which is related to climate and accessible resources of the land and is usually constructed via traditional technology or by the society owner {9} Features of traditional architecture 1. Expression of individual’s characteristic completely 2. Needlessness to birth time of the work 3. Anonymousness Traditional architecture can be described as follows: According to PAUL OLIVER, traditional architecture is a type of architecture which grows from inside of the societies and accommodates itself with social, technical and climate situations over time and faces revolution and is harmonious with values, economy and life style of its cultural roots; in other words, traditional architecture is by people architecture not an architecture for the people {10} In this explanation, one of the traditional architecture indexes is cooperation of people which must be taken into consideration and the other index is considering values and matching them with nature. Rapaport describes the traditional architecture as: this kind of residence (traditional) is the immediate expression of changing values and it is also the picture of home and worldview and life style and a combination of different situations. In his view, traditional architecture tries to create a balance with nature instead of dominate it and he considers this factor as the factor of superiority of this architecture in comparison with stylistic ones in terms of the relationship between human made environment and nature {11} PietroBelluschi, the Italian architect, describes architecture as follows: Traditional art is not a type of art planned by a small number of specialists, it is formed following the activities of all experienced men (heritage) and in a limited domain of experience by the ordinary men. Rodovsky in his book entitling “architecture without Architect” notes that there are many lessons which can be learnt from architecture before making it a professional art and assign it to a number of specialists. He introduces the architects of these works anonymous artists of this play – illiterate organization – who had had special talent over building in their environment in their special tie and place and respected climate and nature instead of dominate it, the thing which the architects of nowadays do much, and helped earth topography and damages. HasanFathi whose works are well known in Egypt in matching architecture and tradition and culture states in his “Constructing Buildings with People”: “Each nation which has built its own architecture, has expressed its own forms of language, traditions, habits. ” He also states the features of the form bed considering relationships between form and culture: Before the collapse of cultural boarders in 19th century, the traditional architecture special elements and forms were seen in the whole world and the buildings of each land was the wonderful fruit of people’s imagination and environmental needs. ” {12} Traditional architecture Traditional architecture is a collection of urban architecture collected in a special land whose harmony in terms of form, mass, color, level harmony, and building materials and systems is obvious {8} 2121 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 2120-2123 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Features of Traditional Architecture Alpagonovolo in the traditional architecture book explains the traditional architecture features as follows: {13} - There is a high familiarity between traditional architecture and traditional dialects which differentiates each group. - Production date and anonymousness of the traditional architecture - Includes a building constructed for human being - Is built by the owners or society and is dependent on accessible resources and profits from all the traditional technologies - Traditional architecture forms are constructed in order to fulfill the needs of economy, life and lifestyles of their cultures. The weaknesses of theoretical foundations of architecture has not resulted in proper works of artists and researchers. Some of the contemporary architects have provided new theories in order to connect past and present architecture. They believe that the previous architecture must be taken into account in order to make a good connection between past and present. Considering the general sprit, foundations and using them is important in order to complete previous and present architecture. It must be considered that reflecting the pastern architecture regardless of its roots and features is a useless job. Therefore, it is expected that the experts of contemporary era refine the features of architecture, history and tradition according to the rich identity of Iranian architecture. Traditional constructs are created from the residents’ views with climate situations {14} The effective factors on forming traditional architecture include: culture, beliefs, religion, climate, geography, economy, life, social structure. Traditional architecture is useful in every historical level and had always survived its identity although facing with revolutionary phenomena and indicates the traditions, emotions, thoughts and art of people as it is a credible identity of members of a land. Culture and Form of Architecture The form of architecture cane be important for two reasons: first reason is that each imagination of architecture cannot be fulfilled without citation of form, second reason is that the physical of visible form of anything is the most important and immediate thought of the building. Form can be the key to the culture which is revealed by the built space. The subject of form in the culture scope can be studied in two forms: 1) when we face the excising architecture of others, 2)when we look at architecture as something that we want to make. In the first case, the architectural space, cannot be understood without knowing its culture and culture is a phenomena which talks in the form of its form after passing thoughts, tactics, techniques and inventions. The form of a building constructed by others is their statement about that building whose resource is their cultural architecture. In the second case, when one wants to create a new architecture, there is no way but showing its form if we want to describe it. Our culture is a dynamic set of our knowledge about a special building and its main formation. What we grow in our mind and express it via its form is our architectural culture which cannot take the way of its building for granted. Architecture is like a viewpoint which changes during time, has root in culture which will never get a fixed form. In this regard, the way of wanting and designing an architecture are considered as two separated moments of one phenomena. The first one is the cultural moment and the second one is technologic moment, showing architectural culture of groups and societies. In fact, the human perception of space is not static. This feeling is dynamic because it is related to act; that is, it is what can be done in a special space not what is seen via inactive view. What makes the human works following the world’s dynamic everlasting is its solidarity of concepts. These concepts has been indicated differently in each period and resulted in differentiation and creativity just as energy is fixed in the whole universe and will be expressed differently and will never die. For example the heat us permanent and fixed but it has different functions and the previous systems are replaced by the advance ones and result in a better functionality. Culture and Architecture The presence of culture in architectural and civil spaces is by many ways among which one can note elements, roles, decorations, mass complexes, or special combinations in plan. Each building as a part of a whole architectural culture has the responsibility of subjectiving an objective thinking by its form which is a way of evaluation of culture. The role of culture has not been the same in forming all the architectural spaces and it has been more in cultural, religious and public spaces. It is mostly tried to forget that each building is a cultural evidence because it may be built for a special purpose. Indication of culture in space includes signs with special meanings and contents. These signs are sometimes have one meaning and sometimes have multiple meanings. They can also be obvious or non-obvious. Obvious signs (e. g. Dome, minaretandporch) are visible for non-experienced and ordinary people. Space in its ordinary meaning is a reality with specific identical features. The result of human’s conception of space is effected from mental, personal, cultural and social experiences. Therefore, an architectural space in its general concept shows the cultural and social features of a land. The usage of building is also important. In some cultural and traditional buildings one can see the tradition and identity explicitly or inexplicitly while it is taken for granted in other ones. Our land has seen many revolutions in architectural era in its thousand year history including central yard, Dome, minaretandporch. Unfortunately, in the present time we cannot find a building with the national architecture identity. The revolutions of this era has removed the connection between life and culture and has a westernized theme which is developing. Traditional architecture has stopped working and is replaced by technology and new situations. Therefore it can be concluded that: 1. Culture is a connection between aim (perfection) and plan (art, religion and science) 2122 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 2120-2123 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. culture of a region has a direct relationship with form, materials, relations and architecture of that region. The form of architecture is created from environmental and philosophical features and time forms new spaces because of its revolutionary element of human life style as the main parameter. The architectural form is the most obvious index of cultural effect on architecture. According to the stability principle of direct concepts in each phenomena, the stated principles can be maintained over time and be used as main concepts. In fidelity to culture and art of a land, saving and repeating the previous errors are not considered and creative and dynamic view is among the primary necessities in designing and art. Architecture conveys meaning, not form Architecture has two main cultural and scientific principles and when one of them gets weak, the result will grow uncompleted. Using main cultural and artistic factors in a building can change a simple and cold building to a complete and good architecture. A work which contains all the history, culture, thinking and art of a society can improve the expression of architect and show the main message of architecture in this stage according to realities and necessities of building. Conclusion This article evaluated the descriptions of culture and traditional architecture in order to conclude that culture and tradition of a land have a direct relationship with architecture. Architecture is building according to mental formats and the architectural form and system of each region is affected by its cultural environment. In traditional architecture we face ethnicity, people and new operational methods of beliefs, religion, climate, geography, economy, life and social structure of a region. These factors had been taken into traditional architecture while being combined and affected by culture as the most important factor as a controlling element. Resources [1] NourMohammadi, Sousan (2009) Understanding the Essence of Architecture by Thinking of Similar Spaces in Traditional Residences, Architecture PHD Thesis, College of Fine Arts and Architecture, Tehran University [2] Sayyadi, Ehsan, Maddahi, Mehdi, (2011), Permanent Architecture, first Edition, Teheran, Lotus Publication [3] Gouter, Y (1996). Aesthetic in Architecture, Translated by JanshahPakzad-AbdolrezaHomayoun, Teheran, ShahidBeheshti University Publication Center [4] Ashouri, Daryoush, Description and Meaning of Culture, Agah Publication [5] Sahebi, Mohammad Javad, the Relation of Religion and Culture in Iran (Collection of Articles), Islamic Culture Ministry, Publication Organization, No (2005) [6] Moeini, Jahangir, Theory and Culture, Publication: Center of Cultural Studies and Researches [7] Teriandis, Harry (1944), NosratFanni, Social Culture and Behavior, Forth Edition, Teheran: Resanesh Publication [8] Falamaki, Mohammad Mansour, Traditional Architecture, Unknown Space, Second Edition 1384, p17 [9] OLIVER PAUL. (2006). BUILTTO MEETNEEDSCULTURAL ISSUES INVERNACULAR, ARCHITECTURE, FIRST EDITION. [10] Khademi, Saeid, Babaei, Soude, (2013). Effectiveness of Traditional Architecture from Culture. National Architecture and Permanent Urban Spaces Conference [11] Rapaport, Emous (1388), Housing Anthropology, First Edition, Teheran: Artist Occupation Publication [12] Fathi, Hassan. 1372, Translated by Ali Ashrafi, Building with People, Art University Publication of Tehran University, p59 Culture and Traditional Architecture Three important elements of ethnicity, people and social operational methods create traditional method by getting combined and passing some filters the most important of which is cultural filter. Architecture is one of the main factors which both fulfills the need of residence and has a close relationship with culture. Architecture has roots in culture as a social phenomena and is like a mirror of human thoughts about space, aesthetic and culture. The architecture of each era has a direct relationship with its culture and art and different thoughts create different architecture and styles. Architecture pays attention to people’s cultural needs. Religious and beliefs of Iranian people which is a part of Iranian architecture creates the separation of inside and outside spaces and the focus of Quran on nature and lightening was the reason of presence of nature in Iranian architecture. The sprite of hospitality and respecting guests resulted in creating Hashti space which is a door with two stone platforms which are created for the guest to sit before the host opens the door and don’t wait while sitting. Also in the Gymnasium buildings because of the humble sprite of heroes and athletes, the entrance is shorter than people’s height because those who enter bend and make themselves far from pride. Keeping fundamental cultural and artistic factors in building changes an ordinary building into a perfect and good architecture. A work which includes history, culture, thoughts and art of a society. This view leads to perfection of architecture and reveals the message of architecture. Culture is the connecting circle between aim and plan and architecture will come into life by following environmental and philosophical features. The architectural form is the most obvious Index which shows that it is affected from culture. This description enlightened the relationship between culture and traditional architecture and showed that the traditional 2123 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3 (2016) pp 2120-2123 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com [13] Alpagonovolo, Adriano, 1384, Translated by Afsari, Traditional Architecture and New Perspectives, Space Publication [14] Norouzi, Malihe, Shayeste, Nima. (2013) Traditional Architecture and Culture. Permanent Architecture and Civilization and Development 2124