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Support and Movement April 30, 2017 1 What are tissues? A group of cells that look alike and work together make up a tissue. Tissues form from stem cells that differentiate during development. April 30, 2017 2 Tissues are named for the job they do. There are 4 main kinds: muscle tissue, covering tissue, connective tissue and nerve tissue April 30, 2017 3 1. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue makes up muscles Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can become shorter There are several types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Smooth and cardiac. April 30, 2017 4 April 30, 2017 5 Skeletal Muscle April 30, 2017 Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, usually attached to the skeleton. Skeletal muscles are used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints . 6 They generally contract voluntarily. April 30, 2017 7 Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle is a type of nonstriated muscle. Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped, and like all muscle, can contract and relax. April 30, 2017 8 Smooth muscle is usually found within the "walls" of hollow organs and elsewhere like the bladder and abdominal cavity, the uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. April 30, 2017 9 Cardiac Muscle April 30, 2017 'Cardiac muscle' is a type of involuntary striated muscle found within the heart. Its function is to "pump" blood through the circulatory system by contracting. 10 2. Covering Tissue The skin that covers your body is made up of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissues is made up of cells that join tightly together. Epithelial tissue also covers many parts inside the body. It is your first line of defense against many disease and bacteria April 30, 2017 11 April 30, 2017 EPITHELIAL TISSUE is a tissue composed of a layer of cells.. The outermost layer of our skin is composed of dead epithelial cells. 12 Functions of epithelial cells Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability. April 30, 2017 13 3. Connective Tissue Tissue that holds some parts of the body together is called connective tissue. Connective tissue supports and protects the body. There are 4 types: Bone, ligaments, tendons and blood April 30, 2017 14 Bones April 30, 2017 Bones are rigid connective organs that make up the skeleton of vertebrates. Bones are primarily comprised of osseous tissue which may also be referred to as bone or bone tissue. 15 Ligaments Ligaments connect bones to one another. April 30, 2017 16 April 30, 2017 17 Tendons Tendons connect muscle to bones. April 30, 2017 18 Blood Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It has blood cells that float in a yellow liquid, known as blood plasma. . Blood carries food, gases, and other important substances to and from all the cells in the body. April 30, 2017 19 4. Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue is made up of nerve cells, or neurons. Nerve tissue carries messages. It causes muscles to expand and contract, controls breathing, digestion and heart rhythms. Your brain and spinal cord are made mostly of nerve tissue. April 30, 2017 20 April 30, 2017 21 What are Organs and Organ Systems? April 30, 2017 22 Organs A group of tissues that works together to do a special job is called an organ. Examples -Heart - function is to pump blood into the blood vessels. April 30, 2017 23 Nerve tissue – carry impulses to the heart and control the heartbeat. Blood vessels – surround the heart and supply its cells with oxygen and nutrients. April 30, 2017 24 April 30, 2017 25 Glands April 30, 2017 Organs or groups of cells that give off substances used by the body are called glands. 26 Organ Systems A group of organs that work together is called an organ system. All the organs in an organ system work together to carry out certain life processes. There are 11 major organ systems April 30, 2017 27 Skeletal system Major structures – Bones Function – Provides structure and supports the internal organs. April 30, 2017 28 Muscular system April 30, 2017 Major structures muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) Function – Provides structure; supports and moves trunk and limbs 29 Circulatory System Major structures – Heart, blood vessels, Blood Function – Transports nutrients and wastes to and from all body tissues. April 30, 2017 30 Respiratory System April 30, 2017 Major structures - Air passages, lungs Function – Carries air into and out of lungs, where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged. 31 Immune system Major structures – Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells Function – Provides protection against infection and disease. April 30, 2017 32 Integumentary System • • Major Structures: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Function: Serves a barrier against infection and injury: helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun. November 17, 2009 Digestive system Major structures – mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines Function – Stores and digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates wastes April 30, 2017 34 Excretory System Major structures – kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs Function – Eliminates waste; maintain water and chemical balance April 30, 2017 35 Nervous system Major structures – brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs, receptors Function – controls and coordinates body movements and senses; controls consciousness and creativity; helps monitor and maintain other body systems April 30, 2017 36 Endocrine system April 30, 2017 Major structures – Glands (such as adrenal, thyroid, and pancreas), hypothalamus Function – Maintains homeostasis, regulates metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth and sexual development, and reproduction. 37 Reproductive system Major structures – ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (in females), testes (in males) Function – produces offspring April 30, 2017 38 • Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology) • Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it • Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk • Appendicular Portion - arms & legs 1. Several body cavities 2. Layers of membranes within cavities 3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs") Popular in horror movies and games Homework: Organ Systems Concept Map Homework: Fill out the chart on the body regions What is the Skeletal System? April 30, 2017 46 Three Types of Skeletons 1. Hydrostatic (water) - like a starfish 2. Exoskeleton (arthropods) - tough, hard , outer covering. - Protects the animal 3. Endoskeleton (vertebrates) - skeleton inside the body April 30, 2017 47 The Skeleton of Humans is composed of a special connective tissue called BONE There are 206 bones in the human body April 30, 2017 48 April 30, 2017 The skeleton is divided into two groups: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, each with it's own purpose. 49 Axial The axial skeleton, making up 80 of your 206 bones, encompasses all your upper body bones. It is subdivided into three groups: the skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax. April 30, 2017 50 April 30, 2017 51 It's main purposes are to protect your vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, and to provide an efficient structure to perform a variety of work. April 30, 2017 52 The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton refers to your arms and legs. They are called appendicular (from "append") because they are attached by girdles, which bridge each with the main body April 30, 2017 53 April 30, 2017 54 Jobs of the Skeleton April 30, 2017 Support, shape and protect the body The spine also allows for movement 55 April 30, 2017 The backbone is made up of separate bones called – vertebrae. These bones are hollow and allow us to bend and twist. 56 April 30, 2017 57 Other jobs of the skeleton Work with muscles to move the body Protect important organs Store minerals like calcium Make blood April 30, 2017 58 Bones are classified by their shape 1. Long bones (humerus, femur) 2. Flat bones (skull) 3. Short bones (fingers) 4. Irregular bones (vertebrae ) April 30, 2017 59 Cartilage April 30, 2017 Cartilage is a tough, but flexible connective tissue. All of our bones are made of cartilage first, but during the 2nd and 3rd months of embryonic development, they slowly turn into bone. 60 April 30, 2017 61 Bone Formation Over time, cartilage is replaced by hard, living bone tissue Specialized cells produce calcium – enriched material that makes up bone. Other cells break down bone tissue during the growth and remodeling stage of bone development. The size and shape of bones change as a person matures April 30, 2017 62 What are bones? April 30, 2017 63 Bones The bones of the ear are the smallest bones in the body. April 30, 2017 64 Structure of Bones April 30, 2017 Bones are made up of living and non living material Each bone is covered by a periosteum - thin membrane that contains blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the living bone cells. 65 The hardest part of bone is called compact bone. It is made up of living bone cells, protein fibers, and nonliving materials. April 30, 2017 66 EPIPHYSIS – expanded ends of bone. ARTICULATES (forms a joint) with another bone. DIAPHYSIS – shaft of the bone ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones Synovial fluid – fills spaces between bones April 30, 2017 67 April 30, 2017 68 The role of calcium Calcium is an important part of your diet. It helps make bones hard. Osteoporosis can result from bones that are not calcium rich. April 30, 2017 69 April 30, 2017 70 April 30, 2017 71 The ends of bones are soft and spongy. Spongy bone is very porous, with many holes in it. Spongy bone gives bone its strength. April 30, 2017 72 April 30, 2017 73 Marrow April 30, 2017 Bone marrow is soft connective tissue that fills the spaces in spongy bone. Bone marrow is usually red or yellow in color. 74 Spongy bone contains red bone marrow. This is where new red blood cells are made. Adults only have red bone marrow in certain bones, such as the femur and the hips. April 30, 2017 75 April 30, 2017 76 Long bones contain yellow marrow Yellow marrow contains mostly fat. April 30, 2017 77 Bone Marrow Transplants Used to treat disorders such as leukemia and anemia Needed when a person’s blood cells produce abnormal cell April 30, 2017 78 Radiation is given to a person with abnormal bone marrow and cells from a healthy donor are inserted into the patient’s bloodstream. April 30, 2017 79 2 drawbacks to bone marrow transplants April 30, 2017 The patient’s body can accept or reject the new bone marrow. High risk of infection 80 How do Joints Work? April 30, 2017 81 Joints The place where two or more bones meet is called a joint. Some bones are connected directly to other bones at the joint. Most bones are held together by ligaments. April 30, 2017 82 April 30, 2017 83 3 Main Kinds of joints Fixed (fibrous) joints – do not allow any movement The joints in your skull are fixed. April 30, 2017 84 April 30, 2017 Cartilaginous joints Partly movable joints – allow a little bit of movement. The joints between your ribs and your breastbone move a little bit. 85 April 30, 2017 Synovial joints Movable joints – allow a lot of movement. Your arms and legs are movable joints. 86 April 30, 2017 87 4 major kinds of movable joints Ball and socket joints allow bones to move in most directions. Joint between upper arm and shoulder allows your arm to move around in a circle. April 30, 2017 88 Gliding joints allow some movement in all directions. The bones slide along each other. Your wrist is a gliding joint. April 30, 2017 89 April 30, 2017 Hinge joints allow bones to backward and forward in one direction. Elbows and knees 90 Pivotal Joints allow bones to move side to side and up and down. The joint between your skull and your neck is a pivotal joint. April 30, 2017 91 Cartilage and bones Cartilage is usually found in the joints. It cushions bones and prevents them from rubbing against one another. It also acts as a shock absorber for the spinal vertebrae. April 30, 2017 92 Bones you must know! April 30, 2017 93 cranium the bones of the skull surrounding the brain, not including the face bones; the bone just above/in front of the ear is the temporal bone April 30, 2017 94 mandible the jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw is the temporomandibular joint, and problems with malfunctioning of this joint are known as TMJ April 30, 2017 95 vertebrae April 30, 2017 bones which make up the spine 96 Cervical vertebrae - the vertebrae in the neck region Thoracic Vertebrae - the vertebrae with ribs attached Lumbar vertebrae - the vertebrae in the lower back Sacrum - five fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvis Coccyx - four fused vertebrae which comprise the tailbone April 30, 2017 97 Ribs bones protecting the chest cavity (we all have twelve pairs) April 30, 2017 98 Sternum the breastbone April 30, 2017 99 Clavicle the collar bone April 30, 2017 100 Scapula the shoulder blade April 30, 2017 101 humerus the top of the arm April 30, 2017 102 Ulna the little finger side of the lower arm which also forms the elbow April 30, 2017 103 Radius April 30, 2017 the thumb side of the lower arm; the Radius Rotates around 104 Carpals the wrist bones April 30, 2017 105 Metacarpals the palm of the hand April 30, 2017 106 Phalanges the fingers and toes April 30, 2017 107 Os (Coxa) the hip bones April 30, 2017 108 Ileum the big bone on top that we think of as the hip bone April 30, 2017 109 Ischium the bones on which you sit April 30, 2017 110 Pubis the lower front hip bone April 30, 2017 111 Femur the thigh bone April 30, 2017 112 Patella the kneecap April 30, 2017 113 Tibia the thick, inside (bigtoe side) shinbone April 30, 2017 114 Fibula the thin, outer (little-toe side) shinbone April 30, 2017 115 Tarsals the heel bones April 30, 2017 116 Metatarsals the arch of the foot, the sole April 30, 2017 117 Phalanges the fingers and toes April 30, 2017 118 What is the muscular system? April 30, 2017 119 Muscles More than 600 muscles make up the muscular system Muscles are tissues that can shorten along their length April 30, 2017 120 Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. A tendon is a strong elastic band of tissue. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon, which makes the bone move April 30, 2017 121 Muscle Fibers A muscle is composed of many fibers (or cells). Individual muscles are separated from each other and held in place by a covering called the fascia. April 30, 2017 122 3 types of connective tissue found in muscles 1. 2. 3. Epimysium – outermost layer – surrounds entire muscle Perimysium – separated and surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers Endomysium - surrounds each individual muscle fiber. April 30, 2017 123 April 30, 2017 124 Muscle actions Muscles only move bones when they contract, Muscles can only pull bones, they cannot push bones. April 30, 2017 125 Flexors April 30, 2017 Muscles that bend or flex your joints 126 April 30, 2017 127 extensors Muscles that straighten, or extend your joints. April 30, 2017 128 Teamwork April 30, 2017 Muscles must work in teams of 2. Example- biceps are flexors, triceps are extensors. Flexion and extension are opposite movements 129 April 30, 2017 130 Types of muscle movement Abduction - Movement of muscle away from the center of the body Adduction - Movement of muscle towards the center of the body Circumduction – circular movement of a limb April 30, 2017 131 3 kinds of muscles There are three main kinds of muscles, skeletal, smooth and cardiac April 30, 2017 132 Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is striated muscle, meaning it has stripes or dark bands. Skeletal muscle is attached directly to the skeleton - they make your body move. Skeletal muscles are usually voluntary – meaning you can control their movements. April 30, 2017 133 http://health.howstuffworks.com/ad am-200006.htm April 30, 2017 134 Smooth muscle Muscle tissue found in the walls of blood vessels, the stomach and other internal organs. It is involuntary muscle because you cannot control its movements. April 30, 2017 135 Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart and major blood vessels. It is very strong and striated. Cardiac muscle is involuntary. April 30, 2017 136 Functions of muscle Movement Posture Stabilize joints Generate heat Protect organs April 30, 2017 137 http://health.howstuffworks.com/ad am-200005.htm April 30, 2017 138 Types of Joint Movement Nonaxial joints - Allow only slipping or gliding movements – also known as plane joints Uniaxial joints – permit flexion and extension only – April 30, 2017 Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints 139 Biaxial joints permit all angular motions Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints Multiaxial joints April 30, 2017 permit the most freely moving synovial joints Examples: shoulder and hip joints 140 Major muscles you must know April 30, 2017 141 Heart Contractile muscle responsible for circulating blood throughout the body April 30, 2017 142 Diaphragm April 30, 2017 Responsible for inflating and deflating our lungs 143 Biceps and Triceps Arm muscles April 30, 2017 144 Deltoid Shoulder muscle April 30, 2017 145 Trapezius Muscle of the upper back April 30, 2017 146 Obliques To the left and right of our abdominal muscles. Help us develop a 6pack April 30, 2017 147 Gluteus maximus Butt muscle - we sit on it! April 30, 2017 148 Hamstrings Muscles to the rear of the thigh April 30, 2017 149 Soleus Calf muscle April 30, 2017 150 Temporalis Used for chewing and crushing April 30, 2017 151 Frontalis Thin muscle - the forehead April 30, 2017 152 Nervous System Parts of the Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Vocabulary to Know Homeostasis The regulation of steady, life-maintaining conditions inside an organism, despite changes in its environment Nerve Cells Neurons Basic functioning units of the nervous system http://35.9.122.184/images/40-AnimalStructureAndFunction/ Neurons Made up of a cell body and branches called dendrites and axons Dendrites receive messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body Axons carry messages away from the cell body Neurons A message carried by a neuron is called an impulse Types of Neurons Sensory Motor Interneuron Sensory Neurons Receive information Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord Interneurons Send impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons Motor Neurons Conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands throughout your body Synapse Small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron Synapse An impulse reaches the end of an axon Axon releases a chemical Flows across the synapse Stimulates the impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron Impulse moves from neuron to neuron http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/On_The_Brain/Volume7/Number1/images/Neuron.jpg Two Parts Central (CNS) Peripheral (PNS) http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord The Brain Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Divided into three major parts the cerebrum the cerebellum the brain stem. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are interpreted. Cerebellum Interprets stimuli from eyes, ears, muscles Controls voluntary muscle movements Maintains muscle tone Helps maintain balance Brain Stem Connects brain to spinal cord Made up of the midbrain, the pons, Act as pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other Medulla controls involuntary actions http://www.cbituk.org/GRAPHICS/brain.gif The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the dles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all pa brain to all parts of your body The Peripheral Nervous System Your brain Somatic and and spinal Autonomic cord are Systems connected to The the rest of peripheral your body nervous by the system has peripheral two major nervous divisions. system. The The somatic PNS is system made up of controls 12 pairs of voluntary nerves from actions. It is your brain made up of called the cranial cranial and spinal nerves, and nerves that 31 pairs go from the from your central spinal cord nervous called spinal system to nerves. your skeletal Spinal muscles. nerves are The made up of autonomic bundles of system sensory and controls motor involuntary neurons actionsbound those not together by under connective conscious tissue. For control-such this reason, Research as your a single Visit the heart rate, spinal nerve Glencoe breathing, can have Science digestion, impulses Web site at and going to and tx.science.gl glandular from the encoe.com functions. brain at the for more These two same time. information divisions, Some about with along the nerves nervous the central contain only system. nervous sensory Make a system, neurons, brochure make up and some outlining your body's contain only recent nervous motor medical system. neurons, but advances. most nerves contain both types of neurons. Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves) 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves) Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue http://www.christopherreeve.org/Research/Research.cfm?ID=178&c=21 Peripheral Nervous System Two divisions Somatic Autonomic http://abdellab.sunderland.ac.uk/lectures/Parmacology/Pics/anatomy/PNS.GIF Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary actions Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/autonomic.gif Reflexes Involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus Involves a simple nerve pathway called a reflex arc