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February 01, 2009 Where is...? Fr. Guiana Uruguay Bolivia Suriname Venezuela Brazil Columbia Guyana Paraguay Peru Argentina Ecuador Chile February 01, 2009 Chapter 7 Lesson 1 Vocabulary estuary A partially enclosed body of water in which salty seawater and fresh water mix sharecropping A system of working the land, in which the worker was paid with a "share" of the crop factors of production The human, capital, and natural resources needed for industry and business cordillera A mountain system made up of parallel ranges escarpment A steep slope between a high surface and a low surface El Nino An ocean and weather pattern in the Pacific Ocean in which ocean waters become warmer humidity The amount of water vapor in the air transportation corridor A route by which people and goods move from one place to another Chapter 7 Lesson 1 A Vast Land Land Regions * Mountains - Western and Eastern Mountains Andes Mountains are the largest Brazilian Highlands - The Great Escarpment a sharp drop into the Atlantic Ocean on the the eastern edge of the mountains Guiana Highlands * South Americas Central Plains Llanos - rolling grasslands Selva - jungle and rainforest Gran Chaco - scrub forest with small trees Pampas - vast grassland February 01, 2009 A Range of Climates * Hottest area located in the center of the continent in Argentina's Gran Chaco lowland * Patagonia - driest area in Southern Argentina * Atacama Desert - one of the driest areas in the world, located on the western coast; dry as a result of a rain shadow * The Tierra del Fuego, a chain of islands near Antarctica at the southern tip of South America is cold in contrast to the rest of the continent * Peru Current - cold ocean current causing dry climate sometimes over powered by an El Nino ** Four Areas that receive an abundance of rain ** * Amazon Basin * Coastal French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname * Southwest Chile * Coasts of Columbia and Ecuador - Quibodo, Columbia is the wettest The Waters of South America ** Five huge River Systems drain South America ** Rich in Resources * South America's natural resources include fertile soil, minerals, and fossil fuels * The Amazon River is the largest and longest river in South America A transportation route for much of South America * Large commercial farms produce exports products such as bananas, beef, coffee, and grains * The Magdalena River * The Orinoco River * The Sao Francisco * The Rio del la Plata * Argentina, Brazil, and Chile are the leading manufacturing countries; automobiles, airplanes and computers * Many lakes Lake Titicaca - freshwater, highest navigable lake on earth, crops grow near, located on the high plateau of the Andes Lake Maracaibo - in Venezuela, largest lake on South America * Fossil Fuels - coal and oil * Minerals in abundance are copper, iron ore, and tin * Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela have the most-developed economies Average per capita GDP $10,000 February 01, 2009 * Three factors to have successful industries - human, natural and capital resources Natural Resources = Raw Materials Human Resources = Workers Capital Resources = money, buildings, and machines Read a Map of Cultural Regions Practice the Skill * The other countries have developing economies Primary industries such as farming and mining Low standard of living Average per capita GDP $4,000 Chapter 7 Lesson 2 Vocabulary slash and burn To cut and burn forest lands to gain farmland terrace A flat area that was created on the slope of a steep mountainside to prevent soil loss and aid farming demarcation line A line that marks a boundary viceroy The governor of a Spanish colony social class A group that has a particular level of importance in society adobe A mixture of sand and straw that is shaped into bricks and dried Lesson 2 Cultures and Lifeways The Earliest South Americans Native Groups: * Caribs and Chibchas Northern South America Farming Fishing Thatched homes * Tupi-Guarani Slash and burn farming Rainforest regions * Tehuelches Hunters Caves and simple homes Southern South America *Chavins/Mochicas North Central Highlands Traders Advanced civilization February 01, 2009 A Blend of People The Incas * The Incas built a civilization based on unity in the area of the Andes Mountains * They made conquered lands and people follow the Inca beliefs * They overcame trade barriers of mountains and gorges by building roads and bridges * They built terraces to make more farmland available to the farmers * The Andes region has the largest native population in South America * The Quechua and Spanish are the official languages of Peru 1492 - Columbus landed 1493 - Pope Alexander settled the boundary dispute of Spain and Portugal 1494 - Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which moved the demarcation line farther west 1520s - Francisco Pizarro of Spain settles in Peru and by 1533 has taken control of the Inca civilization 1530s - Portuguese have colonies in Brazil Three main ethnic groups emerge: Europeans, Africans, and people of mixed ancestry (caboclos) 1535 - Pizarro established the first European city in Peru; the city of Lima Ways of Life Chapter 7 Lesson 3 Vocabulary * More than 70% of the people live in urban areas * Large cities in South America resemble cities of North America with a variety of activities available for everyone junta In Latin America, an independent governing council * South American cities experience poverty and hardship like all large cities of the world aristocracy A wealthy ruling class landlocked Completely surrounded by land, with no direct access to the sea diversify To make different or varied invest To buy a share of a business in the hope of making a profit * Social classes exist in South America Upper Class ~ Europeans, government officials, priests, landowners, and mine operators Middle Class ~ business workers, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers Lower Class ~ Meztisos, Native People February 01, 2009 Lesson 3 Building A Future mutual defense A system in which a group of nations provides military defense for each other free trade zone A region in which countries trade without barriers * Spain and Portugal ruled over South America in the early and mid 1700s * The people of South America had no say in their government * The French-American Revolution showed colonists in South America they could fight for their freedom and win Moves Toward Independence Freedom Fighters * Jose de San Martin ~ Fought for freedom in southern South America ~ 1811 Paraguay declared its independence after defeating the Spanish viceroy ~ 1816 Argentina freed from Spanish rule ~ 1818 Chile won its independence *Simon Bolivar ~ Fought for freedom in northern South America ~ 1824 major battle won at Ayacucho, Peru ~This battle ensured the independence of Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela * Brazil's independence won peacefully in 1822 * Republics were set up in these new independent countries * Poor leaders with little experience led to poorly run governments * Dictators and juntas began governing and were supported by the military * Aristocracy gained control, land disputes and boundary lines began * A three year war broke out over the land between Argentina and Brazil in 1825. A treaty was signed and the disputed land became known as Uruguay * The War of the Pacific in the late 1800s between Chile, Bolivia and Peru resulted in Bolivia being landlocked South America Today EXPORTS: Columbia - Coffee Chile - Copper Venezuela - Petroleum Bolivia - Tin * Latin American Integration Association - trade organization between some countries in South America * In 1947 - nearly all the countries in South America, Middle America, and North America signed a treaty providing military defense * 1948 Organization of American States - used to promote cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes * Free Trade Zone - little limit and no tax on trade February 01, 2009 Chapter 7 Test TEST REVIEW Vocabulary Senteo Format ~ 21 Points BOOK TEST Main Ideas Senteo Format ~ 14 Points True and False Multiple Choice MAP REVIEW Reading a Double Bar Graph 10 Points VOCABULARY REVIEW Make Inferences 5 Points Essay ~ Do the countries of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela have the factors of production necessary to raise their standard of living? 10 Points Total Points ~ 60 Points BASIC FACTS Fr. Guiana Guyana Uruguay Columbia Bolivia Paraguay Suriname Venezuela Peru Brazil Argentina Ecuador Chile
