Download Anatomy and Physiology Workbook Academic Year 2010-2011

Diploma in Operating Department Practice
Anatomy and Physiology Workbook
Academic Year 2010-2011
DipHE ODP/A&P10-11
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Dear Student,
This Anatomy & Physiology work book is designed to equip you with the basic
knowledge that you will need during the Dip HE Operating Department Practice
Programme. As with any work book it is not exhaustive and does not replace
extensive reading around your subjects. Module Reference Lists will be helpful in
directing you to useful texts and links.
This workbook does not form part of the module summative assessment criteria.
However, completing it will better equip you to manage the theoretical assessment
and your development in clinical practice.
Whilst the majority of this workbook will be completed during your private study time
you will also be required on occasion to undertake elements during your theory
weeks, so it must be brought during this time. In addition, you will have lectures to
underpin the knowledge and understanding in each module.
The programme team is here to help you with any issues or advice that you may
need, please do not hesitate to contact us,
Katie Hide
Programme Lead
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Index:
Section
Page Number
1.
Cells and Tissues
4
2.
Bones and joints
7
3.
Blood and the circulatory system
10
4.
Respiratory system
14
5.
Nervous system
17
6.
Digestive system & Accessory Organs
20
7.
Endocrine system
25
8.
Skin & thermoregulation
27
9.
Urinary system
29
10.
Reproductive system
31
11.
Lymphatic system
34
12.
Ear
36
13.
Pharynx
37
14.
Eye
38
15.
Teeth & Jaw
39
Personal Sections:
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Section 1:
Cells and Tissues
1. Name the 6 characteristics of cells:
2. What are enzymes?
3. Actual division of the cytoplasm to form two cells is called?
4. What are mitochondria?
5. Lysosomes are produced by the what?
6. Where would you find Simple Squamous Epithelium?
7. Name the types of Fibrous connective tissue
8. Name the types of muscular tissue and provide a brief description of each.
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9. What is muscular tone?
10. Where would you find Schwann cells?
11. Draw and label a neuron to include the following structures:
Dendrites
Cell Membrane
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Neurilemma
Synapse
Node of Ranvier
Cytoplasm
12. Name three serous membranes.
13. What neuro-transmitter is found in the neuro end plates?
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14. What is the function of tendons?
15. Where would you find Bursae?
16. How does voluntary muscle contract?
17. What muscles move a limb away from the body?
18. Where would you find the sternomastoid muscle?
19. Describe the function of the neuromuscular junction:
20. What is ATP?
21. Define the Superficial Fascia:
22. What is the Deep Fascia?
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Section 2:
Bones & Joints
1. The Human skeleton consists of two divisions the ____________ division, which
consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage; and the_________ skeleton,
consisting of the bones of the arms and legs along with the bones of the shoulder
girdle and pelvic girdle.
2. The ends of a long bone are known as the_____________, while the shaft is
called the _________________.
3. An Inflammation of the joints caused by the body’s own antibodies is called
______________ arthritis
4. In fracture repair, a blood clot forms first at the fracture site, followed by an
invasion of fibroblasts forming the initial repair structure, the ___________
5. Prolonged bone degeneration, which results in brittle bones and occurs chiefly in
post-menopausal women, is called____________
6. What is a hinge joint?
7. What is the dense tissue which covers the outer surface of the bone called?
8. What is the term for a depression in the bone?
9. How many bones are there in the human body?
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10. What does yellow bone marrow consist of?
11. What are the diaphysis and epiphysis?
12. What is Cancellous or Trabecular bone?
13. Where would you find discs of fibro cartilage?
14. Where would you find a fixed joint?
15.Name two “ball and socket” joints:
16. Name the joints of the pelvic girdle:
17. What structures are present in the knee joint?
13. What is synovial fluid?
14. What are the functions of the skeleton?
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15. Label the skeleton in Figure 1
Figure 1
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Section 3:
Blood and the circulatory system
1. Fill in the missing words:
White blood cells or _______________ can be further divided into ______________
and ________________. The _______________ contains Neutrophils, __________
and ________________. The ______________ contains Monocytes and ________.
2. Fill in the missing words:
Red blood cells or (i) _________________ are described as (ii) ___________ (iii)
_______________ discs. They are formed in the (iv) _______________ which is
present in the ends of (v) ____________ bones and in (vi) _________ and (vii)
_________ bones. They have a life span of about (viii) _________ days. Red blood
cells contain (ix) ______________ which combine with (x)______________ when
blood passes through the lungs.(xi) ________________ a waste product of
metabolism is also transported by (xii)__________________________ and this
waste product is released during exhalation.
3. What is the function of platelets?
4. What are the two subdivisions of the circulatory system?
5. What is the largest component of whole blood?
6. What are the functions of blood?
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7. What are the layers of the heart called?
8. Label the PQRST complex below and describe the activity in each phase:
Complex Description of heart activity
P
Q
R
S
T
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9. Starting with the SA node describe the conduction pathway of the heart:
10. Draw a cross section of an artery and label:
11. Name the parts of the aorta:
12. Describe portal circulation?
13. What is meant by the term blood pressure?
14. Where would you find the brachiocephalic vein?
15. Label the diagram of the heart at Figure 2
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Figure 2:
A h fA t
S
i
V
L ft P l
At
L ft P l
V i
V i
A ti S
Ri ht At i
L ft At i
Ch d
Ri ht V
I f i
D
P
ti l
V
C
di
A t
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S
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il
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M
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(M
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Section 4
Respiratory System
1. Label the diagram at Figure 3:
Figure 3
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2. Where would you find the posterior nares?
3. The pharynx is divided into:
4. What are the respiratory functions of the nose?
5. What are the functions of the alveoli?
6. Describe the main muscles used in breathing?
7. Describe inspiration and expiration and include the action of the muscles you have
described in Question 6.
8. Define the following terms:
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual Volume
Vital Capacity
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9. Fill in the table for the composition of inspired and expired air:
Inspired Air %
Expired Air %
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen and other gases
10. Describe the layers of the pleura:
11. Where would you find the respiratory rhythm generator?
12. How is respiration regulated?
13. What is surfactant?
14. Where would you find the arytenoid cartilages?
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Section 5
The Nervous System
1. Name the layers of the meninges:
2. What are the components of the autonomic nervous system?
3. When could the protein content of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) be elevated?
4. What are the components of the hindbrain?
5. Which part of the brain is involved in hearing, language and perception?
6. Where is the “respiratory centre” in the brain?
7. Name 5 neuro transmitters?
8. How many spinal nerves are there?
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9. Complete the table below by inserting the names and functions of the cranial
nerves:
Number
I
Name
Function
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
10. Name 4 of the more important branches of the Brachial Plexus Nerve:
11. What does the involuntary nervous system control?
12. What are the two parts of the parasympathetic nervous system called?
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13. Describe the difference between Cholinergic and Adenergic nerve fibres?
13.Label the diagram below:
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Section 6
The Digestive System & Accessory Organs
1. What substance is important in building myelin sheaths?
2. Label the diagram below:
3. What are the functions of the alimentary tract?
4. What are the functions of the stomach?
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5. What is bile?
6. Name the papillae found on the tongue:
7. What is the function of the Parotid glands in digestion?
8. Describe the stages of swallowing:
9. Which nerves control swallowing?
10. Draw and label a diagram of the stomach, including the orifices and layers of the
stomach wall:
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11. Name the arterial blood supply to the stomach:
12. Name the enzymes in gastric juice:
13. What is intrinsic factor?
14. Describe the layers of the small intestine.
15. Where is the sigmoid flexure?
16.Which layer of the peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity?
17. What is the division between the right and left lobes of the liver called?
18. What is the Porta Hepatis?
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19. Name and describe the functions of the liver:
Function
Description
20. Name the components of the biliary tract:
21. What are the functions of the gall bladder?
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22. Briefly explain the exocrine function of the pancreas:
23. From the diagram below, what do numbers 1, 11, 12 & 4 refer to?
1
11
12
4
=
=
=
=
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Section 7
The Endocrine System
1. List three main steroid substances secreted by the adrenal glands.
2. What is cortisol and what are its functions?
3. Label the diagram below:
4. What is the inactive form of thyroid hormone called?
5. Describe the location of and function of the Parathyroid Glands:
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6. Where are adrenalin and noradrenalin secreted?
7. List the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Glands:
8. What is the Pineal Gland?
9. What do you understand by the term hormone?
10 What are the types of islets cells found in the pancreas and what do they
produce?
11. What does Vasopression do?
12. What is Tetany?
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Section 8
Skin & Thermoregulation
1. Label the diagram below:
2. What is normal body temperature in degrees Celsius?
3. Write the correct word in the space provided:
The temperature regulating centre in the _____________ is responsive to the
temperature of the circulating blood. The centre affects body temperature
through _____________ nervous stimulation of the _____________ glands.
The vasomotor centre in the _____________ _____________ controls the
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diameter of the small arteries and arterioles, and they control the amount of blood
which circulates in the ___________ in the dermis. The centre is influenced by the
temperature of its ____________ ___________ and by ____________ from the
Hypothalamus.
4. How is heat produced in the human body?
5. What are the main organs involved in heat production?
6. What are the three layers of a hair?
7. What are the functions of the skin?
8. What is hyperpyrexia?
9. What percentage of circulating volume is contained in skin capillaries?
10. Describe wound healing:
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Section 9
The Urinary System
1. What are shown in the diagram below?
2. What are the 4 main functions of the kidney?
3. Draw and label a renal tubule:
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4. What processes take place in the nephrons to produce urine?
5. What is the detrusor muscle?
6. What are the three sections of the male urethra?
7. What % of cardiac output is received in adult kidneys per minute?
8. How much urine is produced per minute by adult kidneys?
9. What is the minimum volume of urine production needed per day by adults for
healthy function?
10. Which sections of the spinal column innervate the ureters?
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Section 10
The Reproductive System
1. How many chromosomes does a human normally have?
2. What is the function of the male reproductive organs?
3. Where is the prostate situated?
4. What is the function of the dartos muscle?
5. Using the diagram below highlight the passage of spermatozoa through the testes
to the ductus deferens:
6. What do the interstitial cells of Leydig secrete?
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7. What is the fourchette?
8. Name two differences between the male and female pelvis:
9. Describe the layers of the vaginal wall:
10. What does antiflexion mean in relation to the uterus?
11. Label the diagram below:
12. Describe oogenesis
13. How many phases are there in the menstrual cycle?
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14. What gland is responsible for controlling the production of ovarian hormones?
15. How many lactiferous ducts does each lobule contain?
16.Describe the blood supply to the breasts:
17. What is a morula?
18. What changes occur to the respiratory system during pregnancy?
19. By what % is the circulating plasma increased by approximately during
pregnancy?
20. What is the female climacteric?
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Section 11
Lymphatic System
1. What does the lymphatic system consist of?
2. What is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?
3. What important cells for protection are found within lymph nodes?
4. Fill in the blanks in the table below:
Nodes
Cervical
Location
Region served
Axilla
lower limbs
pelvic viscera
Near lumbar vertebrae
Mesentery
Hepatic
Pre-aortic
Hilum of lung
5. What are the recesses on the tonsils called?
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6. What is an abscess in the tonsil bed known as?
7. What are the four functions of the spleen?
8. What is the thoracic duct?
9. What is chyle?
10. What is the major function of the thymus?
11. Why are macrophages important?
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Section 12
The ear and hearing
1. List the auditory apparatus:
2. Label the diagram below:
3. What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
4. What function do the semi-circular canals serve?
5. What are the three qualities of sound?
6.Which cranial nerve serves the ear?
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Section 13
The Pharynx
1. Label the diagram below:
2. What is the function of the false vocal cords?
3. What are the respiratory functions of the nose?
4. What are the functions of the larynx?
5. Where do the lobes of the thyroid lie in relation to the larynx?
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Section 14
The Eye
1. What is the lacrimal apparatus?
2. What are the 4 functions of tears?
3. Describe the three layers of the eye:
4. What does the vitreous body do?
5.Using the diagram below, give a summary of the journey that light waves take to
the brain:
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Section 15
The Teeth and Jaw
1. Label the following diagrams and note what are the key differences:
2. Where is the infra-orbital foramen?
3. Where is the intermaxillary suture?
4. What does the zygomatic bone articulate with posteriorly?
5. What would leak if the condylar heads are displaced upwards and backwards
to enter the mid cranial fossa?
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