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THE MONGOL AND MING Mongol Origins Nomadic horse people N. China Grasslands Raised horses, tended sheep Felt tents: Yerts, Ger Language: Altaic (Rel. To Turkic, Manchurian) Could not marry between tribes and clans Organization Families-->Clans-->Tribes--> Tribes gathered during annual migration Chiefs elected. Based on nobility, military ability, wisdom, leadership skills Religion: Shamanism Nature deities, but key God is the Sky God Sacred color: blue Temujin: Ghengis Khan b. 1167, son of tribal chief Father poisoned…fled as youth Returned as adult, avenged father, Eventually chief By age forty had unified all Mongol tribes Battles, alliances, ability to survive Elected as the Great Khan Amazing talents along with sons and grandsons positive aspects of the Mongol conquests promoted commercial and cultural exchanges global civilizations stable government based on precedents in provided lengthy period of peace Mongol Army Tactics All males 15-70 served in army Organized into“Myriads” (10,000’s) Units within each of 1000, 100, and 10 Unpaid Elaborate signals Soldiers supplied military equipment Conquest Intelligence gathering high priority Foreign experts and advisors Every man carried own supplies; had 2 horses. Loyalty oaths Creation of Yasa, law code 32 million square kilometers Divisions at Genghis Khan’s Death Four Khanates Kipchak Khanate (Golden Hoarde) IlKhanate Persia Chagatai Khanate Russia Mongolia Great Khanate China, Outer Mongolia, Border States, to which the others owed allegiance. Later became the Yuan Dynasty China under Mongol Rule Kublai Khan conquered all of China and defeated the Song. Ruled from Cambulac (Beijing) Called himself the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) Building Projects Religious Toleration Ethnic Ranking Marco Polo spent 17 years in Kublai’s service Decline and succession o o o o o o o Chinese never really accepted as legitimate Succession wars between heirs and generals High Taxes, Corrupt officials Paper money controversy Yellow River changed course and flooded Grand Canal among other natural disasters Decentralization & Rise of Warlords Last Khan fled to Mongolia in 1368 after the Red Turbans Buddhist led revolts The Ming Restore Chinese Rule After Kublai Khan’s death, the Chinese despised the foreign Mongol rulers. Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Mongols back to the other side of the great wall & began the Ming (brilliant) Dynasty The Ming ended foreign rule and restored Chinese traditions. Revival of the arts & better methods of printing which led to a flood of books The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) China under Ming Rule Rebuilding China • 1368, peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang, rebel army, overthrew last Mongol emperor • rulers gained control of Korea, Mongolia, parts of Central, Southeast Asia • Zhu took name Hongwu, “vastly martial,” founded Ming dynasty • worked to rebuild China • Ming means “brilliant”; dynasty lasted nearly 300 years, until 1644 • Reduced taxes, improved trade, agriculture, increased stability In addition, Hongwu worked to eliminate Mongol influences and revive traditional Chinese values and practices, like Confucian principles. Ming Economy and Society Prosperity • Improved methods of irrigation increased farm production • Peasants produced huge rice crops in southern river valleys Growth of Crops, Population • 1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China • crops further increased farm output • Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth Growth of Cities, Industries • As population grew, so did cities • Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand • At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society Social hierarchy and mobility scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants scholar-official-landlord learning, political power, and economic wealth local elite (gentry) and lineage lack of work ethic literati’s long gown foot-binding for women China’s Tributary System Traditional system for managing foreign relations The ``Central Kingdom” worldview Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa Values, Traditions • To obtain government officials educated in Confucian ideas, Hongwu restored, improved civil service examination system • To root out corruption, increased influence of censors, officials who monitored government Expanded Power • Hongwu also greatly expanded power as emperor • Did away with positions of some high level officials, took over more control of government • As result, Ming emperors more powerful than in previous dynasties • Eliminated anyone challenging authority; killed thousands of rivals Yonglo In 1398 Hongwu died Following power struggle, son Yonglo became emperor Ruled from 1402 until 1424 Moved Ming capital to Beijing, in northeast China Built vast imperial city at center of Beijing City complex became known as Forbidden City because most people forbidden from entering Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) Over 300 ships & 20,000 men trade and commerce Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa China and the World 1405 – the voyages by Zheng He - to promote trade & collect tribute. Showed others the power of the Chinese empire. After he died, sea trading was halted b/c Confucian scholars were loyal to tradition & didn’t want foreign influence. China missed its opportunity. Outside Influences European Influence European Learning • Some Europeans gained influence in China • Ricci learned Chinese, adopted customs to gain acceptance • One was Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest; arrived 1583 • Introduced European learning in math, science Mongol Threat Great Wall • Ming also faced renewed Mongol threat to north • Parts of earlier walls repaired, but most construction new • To improve defense, Ming restored China’s Great Wall • Much of Great Wall seen today built during Ming period Ming Foreign Relations The policy to end the voyages was part of a move in Ming China toward isolation from the outside world. Ming Foreign Relations • 1500s, move toward isolation gained full force • Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel • Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times • Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants Beginning of Isolation • Arrival of European traders, Christian missionaries influenced decision to isolate China • Europeans introduced new goods and ideas • Ming disliked European influences • Sought to preserve Chinese traditions Ming Decline Reasons for Decline • Late 1500s, Ming Dynasty began to decline • Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule The Manchu • Ming China weakened; the Manchu, a people to northwest in Manchuria, saw their chance • 1644, Manchu swept into Beijing, took capital • Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes • Last Ming emperor killed himself to avoid capture • 1600s, high taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out • Manchu formed own dynasty; gave it Chinese name—Qing